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STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Dated December 20, 2024

AIM Counselor Series Trust (Invesco Counselor Series Trust)

This Statement of Additional Information (the SAI) relates to each portfolio (each a Fund, collectively the Funds) of AIM Counselor Series Trust (Invesco Counselor Series Trust) (the Trust) listed below. Each Fund offers separate classes of shares as follows:

Fund	A	C	R	Y	Investor	Class R5	Class R6	Prospectus Date
Invesco American Franchise Fund	VAFAX	VAFCX	VAFRX	VAFIX	N/A	VAFNX	VAFFX	December 20, 2024
Invesco Core Plus Bond Fund	ACPSX	CPCFX	CPBRX	CPBYX	N/A	CPIIX	CPBFX	December 20, 2024
Invesco Discovery Fund	OPOCX	ODICX	ODINX	ODIYX	N/A	DIGGX	ODIIX	December 20, 2024
Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund	OPTFX	OTFCX	OTCNX	OTCYX	N/A	CPTUX	OPTIX	December 20, 2024
Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund	VADAX	VADCX	VADRX	VADDX	N/A	N/A	VADFX	December 20, 2024
Invesco Equity and Income Fund	ACEIX	ACERX	ACESX	ACETX	N/A	ACEKX	IEIFX	December 20, 2024
Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund	AFRAX	AFRCX	AFRRX	AFRYX	N/A	AFRIX	AFRFX	December 20, 2024
Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund	ASRAX	ASRCX	N/A	ASRYX	N/A	ASRIX	ASRFX	December 20, 2024
Invesco Growth and Income Fund	ACGIX	ACGKX	ACGLX	ACGMX	N/A	ACGQX	GIFFX	December 20, 2024
Invesco Income Advantage U.S. Fund	SCAUX	SCCUX	SCRUX	SCAYX	SCNUX	SCIUX	SLESX	December 20, 2024
Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	IVNQX	December 20, 2024
Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund	SPIAX	SPICX	N/A	SPIDX	N/A	N/A	SPISX	December 20, 2024
Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund	OOSAX	OOSCX	OOSNX	OOSYX	N/A	SFRRX	OOSIX	December 20, 2024
Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund	ISHAX	ISHCX	N/A	ISHYX	N/A	ISHFX	ISHSX	December 20, 2024
Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund	ORSTX	N/A	N/A	ORSYX	N/A	N/A	STMUX	December 20, 2024

This SAI is not a Prospectus, and it should be read in conjunction with the Prospectuses for the Funds listed above. Invesco Discovery Fund, Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund, Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund and Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund were organized on May 24, 2019 for the purpose of acquiring the assets and liabilities of its corresponding predecessor funds (as defined below). Portions of each Fund's financial statements are incorporated into this SAI by reference to each Fund’s most recent Form N-CSR for its fiscal year ended August 31, 2024.

You may obtain, without charge, a copy of any Prospectus, shareholder report, and/or financial statements for any Fund listed above from an authorized dealer or by writing to:

Invesco Investment Services, Inc.
P.O. Box 219078
Kansas City, MO 64121-9078

or by calling (800) 959-4246

or on the Fund’s website: http://www.invesco.com/us

The Trust has established other funds which are offered by one or more separate prospectuses and SAIs. Any reference to the term “Fund” or “Funds” throughout this SAI refers to each Fund named above unless otherwise indicated.

ACST-SOAI-1

STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

	Page
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE TRUST	1
Fund History	1
Shares of Beneficial Interest	2
Share Certificates	4
DESCRIPTION OF THE FUNDS AND THEIR INVESTMENTS AND RISKS	4
Classification	4
Investment Strategies and Risks	4
Equity Investments	5
Foreign Investments	10
Exchange-Traded Funds	20
Exchange-Traded Notes	21
Debt Investments	22
Other Investments	49
Investment Techniques	57
Derivatives	64
LIBOR Transition Risk	77
Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Considerations	78
Receipt of Issuer’s Nonpublic Information	79
Business Continuity and Operational Risk	79
Artificial Intelligence Risk	79
Cybersecurity Risk	80
Natural Disaster/Epidemic Risk	80
Custody and Banking Risks	81
Litigation Risk	81
Fund Policies	82
Portfolio Turnover	86
Policies and Procedures for Disclosure of Fund Holdings	86
MANAGEMENT OF THE TRUST	89
Board of Trustees	89
Management Information	94
Committee Structure	96
Trustee Ownership of Fund Shares	98
Compensation	98
Retirement Policy	98
Pre-Amendment Retirement Plan For Trustees	98
Amendment of Retirement Plan and Conversion to Defined Contribution Plan	99
Deferred Compensation Agreements	99
Code of Ethics	100
Proxy Voting Policies	100
CONTROL PERSONS AND PRINCIPAL HOLDERS OF SECURITIES	101
INVESTMENT ADVISORY AND OTHER SERVICES	101
Investment Adviser	101
Investment Sub-Advisers	106
Service Agreements	107

	Page
Other Service Providers	107
Custodian	108
Securities Lending Arrangements	108
Portfolio Managers	111
BROKERAGE ALLOCATION AND OTHER PRACTICES	112
Brokerage Transactions	112
Commissions	112
Broker Selection	113
Affiliated Transactions	116
Regular Brokers	116
Allocation of Portfolio Transactions	116
Allocation of Initial Public Offering (IPO) Transactions	116
PURCHASE, REDEMPTION, EXCHANGE AND PRICING OF SHARES	117
DIVIDENDS, DISTRIBUTIONS AND TAX MATTERS	117
Dividends and Distributions	117
Tax Matters	117
DISTRIBUTION OF SECURITIES	134
Distributor	134
Distribution Plans	135
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	138
APPENDIX A - RATINGS OF DEBT SECURITIES	A-1
APPENDIX B - PERSONS TO WHOM INVESCO PROVIDES NON-PUBLIC PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS ON AN ONGOING BASIS	B-1
APPENDIX C - TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS	C-1
APPENDIX D - TRUSTEE COMPENSATION TABLE	D-1
APPENDIX E - PROXY POLICY AND PROCEDURES	E-1
APPENDIX F - CONTROL PERSONS AND PRINCIPAL HOLDERS OF SECURITIES	F-1
APPENDIX G - MANAGEMENT FEES	G-1
APPENDIX H - PORTFOLIO MANAGER(S)	H-1
APPENDIX I - ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES FEES	I-1
APPENDIX J - BROKERAGE COMMISSIONS AND COMMISSIONS ON AFFILIATED TRANSACTIONS	J-1
APPENDIX K - RESEARCH SERVICES AND PURCHASES OF SECURITIES OF REGULAR BROKERS OR DEALERS	K-1
APPENDIX L - PURCHASE, REDEMPTION, EXCHANGE AND PRICING OF SHARES	L-1
APPENDIX M - AMOUNTS PAID TO INVESCO DISTRIBUTORS, INC. PURSUANT TO DISTRIBUTION PLANS	M-1
APPENDIX N - ALLOCATION OF ACTUAL FEES PAID PURSUANT TO DISTRIBUTION PLANS	N-1
APPENDIX O - TOTAL SALES CHARGES	O-1
APPENDIX P – SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS RELATING TO JURISDICTIONS IN WHICH THE FUND INVESTS	P-1

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE TRUST

Fund History

AIM Counselor Series Trust (Invesco Counselor Series Trust) (the Trust) is a Delaware statutory trust registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the 1940 Act), as an open-end series management investment company. The Trust was originally organized as a Maryland corporation on April 24, 2000 and re-organized as a Delaware statutory trust on July 29, 2003. Under the Trust’s Agreement and Declaration of Trust, as amended (the Trust Agreement), the Board of Trustees of the Trust (the Board) is authorized to create new series of shares without the necessity of a vote of shareholders of the Trust.

Prior to April 30, 2010, the Trust was known as AIM Counselor Series Trust.

The following table shows each Fund’s current name and Fund history:

Fund Name	Fund History
Invesco American Franchise Fund	Prior to September 24, 2012, Invesco American Franchise Fund was known as Invesco Van Kampen American Franchise Fund. On June 1, 2010, Invesco Van Kampen American Franchise Fund assumed the assets and liabilities of Van Kampen American Franchise Fund.
Invesco Discovery Fund	Prior to September 30, 2020, Invesco Discovery Fund was known as Invesco Oppenheimer Discovery Fund. On May 24, 2019, Invesco Oppenheimer Discovery Fund assumed the assets and liabilities of its predecessor fund Oppenheimer Discovery Fund.
Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund (formerly, Invesco Capital Appreciation Fund)	Prior to December 20, 2024, Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund was known as Invesco Capital Appreciation Fund. Prior to September 30, 2020, Invesco Capital Appreciation Fund was known as Invesco Oppenheimer Capital Appreciation Fund. On May 24, 2019, Invesco Oppenheimer Capital Appreciation Fund assumed the assets and liabilities of its predecessor fund Oppenheimer Capital Appreciation Fund.
Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund	On June 1, 2010, Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund assumed the assets and liabilities of Morgan Stanley Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund.
Invesco Equity and Income Fund	Prior to September 24, 2012, Invesco Equity and Income Fund was known as Invesco Van Kampen Equity and Income Fund. On June 1, 2010, Invesco Equity and Income Fund assumed the assets and liabilities of its predecessor fund Van Kampen Equity and Income Fund.
Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund	Prior to August 21, 2020, Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund was known as Invesco Floating Rate Fund.
Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund	Prior to September 1, 2011, Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund was known as Invesco Select Real Estate Income Fund.
Invesco Growth and Income Fund	Prior to September 24, 2012, Invesco Growth and Income Fund was known as Invesco Van Kampen Growth and Income Fund. On June 1, 2010, Invesco Growth and Income Fund assumed the assets and liabilities of its predecessor fund Van Kampen Growth and Income Fund.
Invesco Income Advantage U.S. Fund	Prior to July 15, 2021, Invesco Income Advantage U.S. Fund was known as Invesco Low Volatility Equity Yield Fund. Prior to July 31, 2013, Invesco Low Volatility Equity Yield Fund was known as Invesco U.S. Quantitative Core Fund. Prior to March 1, 2012, Invesco U.S. Quantitative Core Fund was known as Invesco Structured Core Fund.
Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund	On June 1, 2010, Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund assumed the assets and liabilities of Morgan Stanley S&P 500 Index Fund.
Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund	Prior to September 30, 2020, Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund was known as Invesco Oppenheimer Senior Floating Rate Fund. On May 24, 2019, Invesco Oppenheimer Senior Floating Rate Fund assumed the assets and liabilities of its predecessor fund Oppenheimer Senior Floating Rate Fund.

Fund Name	Fund History
Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund	Prior to September 30, 2020, Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund was known as Invesco Oppenheimer Short Term Municipal Fund. On May 24, 2019, Invesco Oppenheimer Short Term Municipal Fund assumed the assets and liabilities of its predecessor fund Oppenheimer Short Term Municipal Fund.

Shares of Beneficial Interest

Shares of beneficial interest of the Trust are redeemable at their net asset value at the option of the shareholder or at the option of the Trust, in accordance with any applicable provisions of the Trust Agreement and applicable law, subject in certain circumstances to a contingent deferred sales charge, if applicable.

The Trust allocates cash and property it receives from the issue or sale of shares together with all assets in which such consideration is invested or reinvested, all income, earnings, profits and proceeds thereof, to the appropriate Fund, as applicable, subject only to the rights of creditors of that Fund. These assets constitute the assets belonging to each Fund, are segregated on the Trust’s books, and are charged with the liabilities and expenses of such Fund and its respective classes. The Trust allocates any general liabilities and expenses of the Trust not readily identifiable as belonging to a particular Fund primarily on the basis of relative net assets or other relevant factors, subject to oversight by the Board.

Each share of each Fund represents an equal pro rata interest in that Fund with each other share and is entitled to dividends and other distributions with respect to the Fund, which may be from income, capital gains, capital or distributions in kind, as declared by the Board.

Each class of shares of a Fund represents a proportionate undivided interest in the net assets belonging to that Fund. Differing sales charges and expenses will result in differing net asset values and dividends and distributions. Upon any liquidation of the Trust, shareholders of each class are entitled to share pro rata in the net assets belonging to the applicable Fund allocable to such class available for distribution after satisfaction of, or reasonable provision for, the outstanding liabilities of the Fund allocable to such class.

The Trust Agreement provides that each shareholder, by virtue of having become a shareholder of the Trust, is bound by terms of the Trust Agreement and the Trust’s Bylaws. Ownership of shares does not make shareholders third party beneficiaries of any contract entered into by the Trust.

The Trust is not required to hold annual or regular meetings of shareholders. Meetings of shareholders of a Fund or class will be held for any purpose determined by the Board, including from time to time to consider matters requiring a vote of such shareholders in accordance with the requirements of the 1940 Act, state law or the provisions of the Trust Agreement. It is not expected that shareholder meetings will be held annually.

The Trust Agreement provides that the Board may authorize (i) a merger, consolidation or sale of assets (including, but not limited to, mergers, consolidations or sales of assets between two Funds, or between a Fund and a series of any other registered investment company), and (ii) the combination of two or more classes of shares of a Fund into a single class, each without shareholder approval but subject to applicable requirements under the 1940 Act and state law.

Each share of a Fund generally has the same voting, dividend, liquidation and other rights; however, each class of shares of a Fund is subject to different sales loads, conversion features, exchange privileges and class-specific expenses, as applicable.

Except as specifically noted above, shareholders of each Fund are entitled to one vote per share (with proportionate voting for fractional shares), irrespective of the relative net asset value of the shares of the Fund. However, on matters affecting an individual Fund or class of shares, a separate vote of shareholders of that Fund or class is required. Shareholders of a Fund or class are not entitled to vote on any matter which does not affect that Fund or class but that requires a separate vote of another Fund or class. An example of a matter that would be voted on separately by shareholders of each Fund is the approval of the advisory agreement with Invesco Advisers, Inc. (the Adviser or Invesco).

When issued, shares of each Fund are fully paid and nonassessable, have no preemptive or subscription rights, and are freely transferable. Shares do not have cumulative voting rights in connection with the election of Trustees or on any other matter.

Under Delaware law, shareholders of a Delaware statutory trust shall be entitled to the same limitation of personal liability extended to shareholders of private for-profit corporations organized under Delaware law. There is a remote possibility, however, that shareholders could, under certain circumstances, be held liable for the obligations of the Trust to the extent the courts of another state, which does not recognize such limited liability, were to apply the laws of such state to a controversy involving such obligations. The Trust Agreement disclaims shareholder personal liability for the debts, liabilities, obligations and expenses of the Trust and requires that every undertaking of the Trust or the Board relating to the Trust or any Fund include a recitation limiting such obligation to the Trust and its assets or to one or more of the Funds and the assets belonging thereto. The Trust Agreement provides for indemnification out of the property of a Fund (or class, as applicable) for all losses and expenses of any shareholder of such Fund held personally liable solely on account of being or having been a shareholder.

The trustees and officers of the Trust will not be liable for any act, omission or obligation of the Trust or any trustee or officer; however, a trustee or officer is not protected against any liability to the Trust or to the shareholders to which a trustee or officer would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of his or her office with the Trust or applicable Fund (Disabling Conduct). The Trust’s Bylaws generally provide for indemnification by the Trust of the trustees, officers and employees or agents of the Trust, provided that such persons have not engaged in Disabling Conduct. Indemnification does not extend to judgments or amounts paid in settlement in any actions by or in the right of the Trust. The Trust Agreement also authorizes the purchase of liability insurance on behalf of trustees and officers with Fund assets. The Trust’s Bylaws provide for the advancement of payments of expenses to current and former trustees, officers and employees or agents of the Trust, or anyone serving at their request, in connection with the preparation and presentation of a defense to any claim, action, suit or proceeding, for which such person would be entitled to indemnification; provided that any advancement of expenses would be reimbursed unless it is ultimately determined that such person is entitled to indemnification for such expenses.

The Trust Agreement provides that any Trustee who serves as chair of the Board, a member or chair of a committee of the Board, lead independent Trustee, or an expert on any topic or in any area (including an audit committee financial expert), or in any other special appointment will not be subject to any greater standard of care or liability because of such position.

The Trust Agreement provides a detailed process for the bringing of derivative actions by shareholders. A shareholder may only bring a derivative action on behalf of the Trust if certain conditions are met. Among other things, such conditions: (i) require shareholder(s) to make a pre-suit demand on the Trustees (unless such effort is not likely to succeed because a majority of the Board or the committee established to consider the merits of such action are not independent Trustees under Delaware law); (ii) require 10% of the beneficial owners to join in the pre-suit demand, or if a pre-suit demand is not required, require 10% of beneficial owners to join in the demand for the Board to commence such action; and (iii) afford the Trustees a reasonable amount of time to consider the request and investigate the basis of the claims (including designating a committee to consider the demand and hiring counsel or other advisers). These conditions generally are intended to provide the Trustees with the ability to pursue a claim if they believe doing so would be in the best interests of the Trust and its shareholders and to preclude the pursuit of claims that the Trustees determine to be without merit or otherwise not in the Trust’s best interest to pursue. Insofar as the federal securities laws supersede state law, these provisions do not apply to shareholder derivative claims that arise under the federal securities laws.

The Trust Agreement also generally requires that actions by shareholders in connection with or against the Trust or a Fund be brought only in certain Delaware courts, provided that actions arising under the U.S. federal securities laws are required to be brought in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and that the right to jury trial be waived to the fullest extent permitted by law. These provisions

may result in increased shareholder costs in pursuing a shareholder derivative claim and/or may limit a shareholder's ability to bring a claim in a different forum.

The foregoing summary does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Trust Agreement and Trust Bylaws, as periodically amended and/or restated.

Share Certificates

Shareholders of the Funds do not have the right to demand or require the Trust to issue share certificates and share certificates are not issued. Any certificate previously issued with respect to any shares is deemed to be cancelled without any requirement for surrender to the Trust.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FUNDS AND THEIR INVESTMENTS AND RISKS

Classification

The Trust is an open-end management investment company. Each of the Funds (except Invesco American Franchise Fund and Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund) is classified as "diversified" for purposes of the 1940 Act. Invesco American Franchise Fund and Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund are classified as "non-diversified" for purposes of the 1940 Act, which means the Funds can invest a greater percentage of their assets in a small number of issuers or any one issuer than a diversified fund can.

Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund intends to be diversified in approximately the same proportion as its target index is diversified. However, the Fund may be “non-diversified,” as defined in the 1940 Act, solely as a result of a change in relative market capitalization or index weighting of one or more constituents of its target index. A non-diversified fund can invest a greater percentage of its assets in a small number of issuers or any one issuer than a diversified fund can.

Investment Strategies and Risks

Set forth below are detailed descriptions of the various types of securities and investment techniques that Invesco and/or the Sub-Advisers (as defined herein) may use in managing the Funds, as well as the risks associated with those types of securities and investment techniques. The descriptions of the types of securities and investment techniques below supplement the discussion of principal investment strategies and risks contained in each Fund's Prospectus. Where a particular type of security or investment technique is not discussed in a Fund’s Prospectus, that security or investment technique is not a principal investment strategy.

A Fund may invest in all of the following types of investments (unless otherwise indicated). A Fund might not invest in all of these types of securities or use all of these techniques at any one time. Invesco and/or the Sub-Advisers may invest in other types of securities and may use other investment techniques in managing the Funds, including those described below for Funds not specifically mentioned as investing in the security or using the investment technique, as well as securities and techniques not described. A Fund’s transactions in a particular type of security or use of a particular technique is subject to limitations imposed by a Fund’s investment objective, policies and restrictions described in that Fund’s Prospectus and/or this SAI, as well as the federal securities laws.

Unless a Fund’s prospectus or this SAI states that a percentage limitation or fundamental or non-fundamental restriction applies on an ongoing basis, it applies only at the time a Fund makes an investment. That means a Fund is not required to sell securities to meet the percentage limits or investment restrictions if the value of the investment increases in proportion to the size of a Fund. Percentage limits on borrowing and illiquid investments apply on an ongoing basis.

The Funds' investment objectives, policies, strategies and practices described below are non-fundamental and may be changed without approval of the holders of the Funds’ voting securities, unless otherwise indicated.

Incidental to their other investment activities and unless otherwise indicated in a Fund’s prospectus, Funds that have a principal investment strategy of primarily investing in fixed income securities, may acquire

equity securities (including common stocks, preferred stocks, convertible securities, warrants and rights) or other investments that the Fund ordinarily would not purchase, in connection with a bankruptcy, restructuring, workout or other extraordinary event concerning a particular portfolio investment. To the extent a Fund acquires equity securities or investments as described above, it may also purchase additional equity securities or investments of those issuers.

Equity Investments

Common Stock. Common stock is issued by a company principally to raise cash for business purposes and represents an equity or ownership interest in the issuing company. Common stockholders are typically entitled to vote on important matters of the issuing company, including the selection of directors, and may receive dividends on their holdings. A Fund participates in the success or failure of any company in which it holds common stock. In the event a company is liquidated or declares bankruptcy, the claims of bondholders, other debt holders, owners of preferred stock and general creditors take precedence over the claims of those who own common stock.

The prices of common stocks change in response to many factors including the historical and prospective earnings of the issuing company, the value of its assets, general economic conditions, interest rates, investor perceptions and market liquidity.

Over-the-Counter Securities. Securities of small- and mid-capitalization issuers may be traded on securities exchanges or in the over-the-counter market. The over-the-counter markets, both in the U.S. and abroad, may have less liquidity than securities exchanges. That lack of liquidity can affect the price the Fund is able to obtain when it wants to sell a security, because if there are fewer buyers and less demand for a particular security, the Fund might not be able to sell it at an acceptable price or might have to reduce the price in writing in order to dispose of the security. There are a number of over-the-counter markets in the U.S., as well as those abroad, as long as a dealer is willing to make a market in a particular security.

Preferred Stock. Preferred stock, unlike common stock, often offers a specified dividend rate payable from a company’s earnings. Preferred stock also generally has a preference over common stock on the distribution of a company’s assets in the event the company is liquidated or declares bankruptcy; however, the rights of preferred stockholders on the distribution of a company’s assets in the event of a liquidation or bankruptcy are generally subordinate to the rights of the company’s debt holders and general creditors. If interest rates rise, the fixed dividend on preferred stocks may be less attractive, causing the price of preferred stocks to decline.

Some fixed rate preferred stock may have mandatory sinking fund provisions which provide for the stock to be retired or redeemed on a predetermined schedule, as well as call/redemption provisions prior to maturity, which can limit the benefit of any decline in interest rates that might positively affect the price of preferred stocks. Preferred stock dividends may be “cumulative,” requiring all or a portion of prior unpaid dividends to be paid before dividends are paid on the issuer’s common stock. Preferred stock may be “participating,” which means that it may be entitled to a dividend exceeding the stated dividend in certain cases. In some cases an issuer may offer auction rate preferred stock, which means that the interest to be paid is set by auction and will often be reset at stated intervals.

Small- and Mid-Capitalization Companies. Small-capitalization (small-cap) companies may be either established or newer companies, including “unseasoned” companies that have typically been in operation for less than three years. Mid-capitalization (mid-cap) companies are generally companies that have completed their initial start-up cycle, and in many cases have established markets and developed seasoned market teams. While smaller companies might offer greater opportunities for gain than larger companies, they also involve greater risk of loss. They may be more sensitive to changes in a company’s earnings expectations and may experience more abrupt and erratic price movements. Small- and mid-cap companies’ securities often trade in lower volumes and in many instances, are traded over-the-counter or on a regional securities exchange, where the frequency and volume of trading is substantially less than is typical for securities of larger companies traded on national securities exchanges. Therefore, the securities of smaller companies may be subject to wider price fluctuations and it might be harder for the Fund to dispose of its holdings at an

acceptable price when it wants to sell them. Small- and mid-cap companies may not have established markets for their products or services and may have fewer customers and product lines. They may have more limited access to financial resources and may not have the financial strength to sustain them through business downturns or adverse market conditions. Since small- and mid-cap companies typically reinvest a high proportion of their earnings in their business, they may not pay dividends for some time, particularly if they are newer companies. Small- and mid-cap companies may have unseasoned management or less depth in management skill than larger, more established companies. They may be more reliant on the efforts of particular members of their management team and management changes may pose a greater risk to the success of the business. Securities of small, unseasoned companies may be particularly volatile, especially in the short-term, and may have very limited liquidity in a declining market. It may take a substantial period of time to realize a gain on an investment in a small- or mid-cap company, if any gain is realized at all.

When the Fund invests in smaller company securities that might trade infrequently, investors might seek to trade Fund shares based on their knowledge or understanding of the value of those securities (this is sometimes referred to as “price arbitrage”). If such price arbitrage were successful, it might interfere with the efficient management of the Fund’s portfolio and the Fund may be required to sell securities at disadvantageous times or prices to satisfy the liquidity requirements created by that activity. Successful price arbitrage might also dilute the value of fund shares held by other shareholders.

Convertible Securities. Convertible securities are generally bonds, debentures, notes, preferred stocks or other securities or investments that may be converted or exchanged (by the holder or by the issuer) into shares of the underlying common stock (or cash or securities of equivalent value) at a stated exchange ratio or predetermined price (the conversion price). A convertible security is designed to provide current income and also the potential for capital appreciation through the conversion feature, which enables the holder to benefit from increases in the market price of the underlying common stock. A convertible security may be called for redemption or conversion by the issuer after a particular date and under certain circumstances (including a specified price) established upon issue. If a convertible security held by a Fund is called for redemption or conversion, the Fund could be required to tender it for redemption, convert it into the underlying common stock, or sell it to a third party, which may have an adverse effect on the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objectives. Convertible securities have general characteristics similar to both debt and equity securities.

A convertible security generally entitles the holder to receive interest paid or accrued until the convertible security matures or is redeemed, converted or exchanged. Before conversion, convertible securities have characteristics similar to non-convertible debt obligations and are designed to provide for a stable stream of income with generally higher yields than common stocks. However, there can be no assurance of current income because the issuers of the convertible securities may default on their obligations. Convertible securities rank senior to common stock in a corporation’s capital structure and, therefore, generally entail less risk than the corporation’s common stock. Convertible securities are subordinate in rank to any senior debt obligations of the issuer, and, therefore, an issuer’s convertible securities entail more risk than its debt obligations. Moreover, convertible securities are often rated below investment grade or not rated because they fall below debt obligations and just above common stock in order of preference or priority on an issuer’s balance sheet. To the extent that a Fund invests in convertible securities with credit ratings below investment grade, such securities may have a higher likelihood of default, although this may be somewhat offset by the convertibility feature.

Convertible securities generally offer lower interest or dividend yields than non-convertible debt securities of similar credit quality because of the potential for capital appreciation. The common stock underlying convertible securities may be issued by a different entity than the issuer of the convertible securities.

The value of convertible securities is influenced by both the yield of non-convertible securities of comparable issuers and by the value of the underlying common stock. The value of a convertible security viewed without regard to its conversion feature (i.e., strictly on the basis of its yield) is sometimes referred to as its “investment value.” The investment value of the convertible security typically will fluctuate based on the credit quality of the issuer and will fluctuate inversely with changes in prevailing interest rates. However, at the

same time, the convertible security will be influenced by its “conversion value,” which is the market value of the underlying common stock that would be obtained if the convertible security were converted. Conversion value fluctuates directly with the price of the underlying common stock, and will therefore be subject to risks relating to the activities of the issuer and general market and economic conditions. Depending upon the relationship of the conversion price to the market value of the underlying security, a convertible security may trade more like an equity security than a debt instrument.

If, because of a low price of the common stock, the conversion value is substantially below the investment value of the convertible security, the price of the convertible security is governed principally by its investment value. Generally, if the conversion value of a convertible security increases to a point that approximates or exceeds its investment value, the value of the security will be principally influenced by its conversion value. A convertible security will sell at a premium over its conversion value to the extent investors place value on the right to acquire the underlying common stock while holding an income-producing security.

While a Fund uses the same criteria to rate a convertible debt security that it uses to rate a more conventional debt security, a convertible preferred stock is treated like a preferred stock for the Fund’s financial reporting, credit rating and investment limitation purposes.

Contingent Convertible Securities (CoCos). CoCos (also referred to as contingent capital securities) are a form of hybrid fixed income security typically issued by non-U.S. banks that may either convert into common stock of the issuer or undergo a principal write-down by a predetermined percentage upon the occurrence of a “trigger” event, such as if (a) the issuer’s capital ratio falls below a specified level or (b) certain regulatory events, such as a change in regulatory capital requirements, affect the issuer’s continued viability. Unlike traditional convertible securities, the conversion is not voluntary and the equity conversion or principal write-down features are tailored to the issuing banking institution and its regulatory requirements. In certain circumstances, CoCos may be automatically written down to zero, thereby cancelling the securities, and investors (including a Fund) could lose the entire value of their investment even as the issuer remains in business. If such an event occurs, an investor may not have any rights to repayment of the principal amount of the securities that has not become due. Additionally, an investor may not be able to collect interest payments or dividends on such securities.

CoCos are subject to credit, interest rate and market risks associated with fixed income and equity securities generally, along with risks typically applicable to convertible securities. CoCos are also subject to loss absorption risk because coupon payments can potentially be cancelled or deferred at the issuer’s discretion or at the request of the relevant regulatory authority in order to help the bank absorb losses. Additionally, certain call provisions permit an issuer to repurchase CoCos if the regulatory environment or tax treatment of the security (e.g., tax deductibility of interest payments) changes. This may result in a potential loss to the Fund if the price at which the issuer calls or repurchases the CoCos is lower than the initial purchase price by the Fund.

CoCos are subordinate in rank to traditional convertible securities and other debt obligations of an issuer in the issuer’s capital structure, and therefore, CoCos entail more risk than an issuer’s other debt obligations.

CoCos are generally speculative and their market value may fluctuate based on a number of unpredictable factors, including, but not limited to, the creditworthiness of the issuer and/or fluctuations in the issuer’s capital ratios, supply and demand for CoCos, general market conditions and available liquidity, and economic, financial and political events affecting the particular issuer or markets in general.

Enhanced Convertible Securities. “Enhanced” convertible securities are equity-linked hybrid securities that automatically convert to equity securities on a specified date. Enhanced convertibles have been designed with a variety of payoff structures, and are known by a variety of different names. Three features common to enhanced convertible securities are (i) conversion to equity securities at the maturity of the convertible (as opposed to conversion at the option of the security holder in the case of ordinary convertibles); (ii) capped or limited appreciation potential relative to the underlying common stock; and (iii) dividend yields that are typically higher than that on the underlying common stock. Thus, enhanced convertible securities offer holders the opportunity to obtain higher current income than would be available from a traditional equity security

issued by the same company in return for reduced participation in the appreciation potential of the underlying common stock. Other forms of enhanced convertible securities may involve arrangements with no interest or dividend payments made until maturity of the security or an enhanced principal amount received at maturity based on the yield and value of the underlying equity security during the security’s term or at maturity.

Synthetic Convertible Securities. A synthetic convertible security is a derivative position composed of two or more distinct securities whose investment characteristics, taken together, resemble those of traditional convertible securities, i.e., fixed income and the right to acquire the underlying equity security. For example, a Fund may purchase a non-convertible debt security and a warrant or option, which enables a Fund to have a convertible-like position with respect to a security or index.

Synthetic convertibles are typically offered by financial institutions in private placement transactions and are typically sold back to the offering institution. Upon conversion, the holder generally receives from the offering institution an amount in cash equal to the difference between the conversion price and the then-current value of the underlying security. Synthetic convertible securities differ from true convertible securities in several respects. The value of a synthetic convertible is the sum of the values of its fixed-income component and its convertibility component. Thus, the values of a synthetic convertible and a true convertible security will respond differently to market fluctuations. Purchasing a synthetic convertible security may provide greater flexibility than purchasing a traditional convertible security, including the ability to combine components representing distinct issuers, or to combine a fixed income security with a call option on a stock index, when the Adviser determines that such a combination would better further a Fund’s investment goals. In addition, the component parts of a synthetic convertible security may be purchased simultaneously or separately.

The holder of a synthetic convertible faces the risk that the price of the stock or the level of the market index underlying the convertibility component will decline. In addition, in purchasing a synthetic convertible security, a Fund may have counterparty risk with respect to the financial institution or investment bank that offers the instrument.

Alternative Entity Securities. Alternative entity securities are the securities of entities that are formed as limited partnerships, limited liability companies, business trusts or other non-corporate entities that are similar to common or preferred stock of corporations.

Special Purpose Acquisition Companies. Special purpose acquisition companies (“SPACs”) are investment entities, acquired through stocks, warrants and other securities, that pool funds to seek potential acquisition or merger opportunities. A SPAC is a publicly traded company that raises funds through an initial public offering (“IPO”) for the purpose of acquiring or merging with another company to be identified subsequent to the SPAC’s IPO. The securities of a SPAC are often issued in “units” that include one share of common stock and one right or warrant (or partial right or warrant) conveying the right to purchase additional common shares or partial shares of the SPAC. In some cases, the rights and warrants may be separated from the common stock at the election of the holder, after which they may become freely tradeable. If a Fund purchases shares of a SPAC in an IPO it will generally bear a sales commission, which may be significant.

Unless and until a business combination transaction is completed, a SPAC generally invests its assets (which are constituted solely by the proceeds of the IPO), less a portion retained to cover expenses, in U.S. government securities, money market funds and similar investments whose returns or yields may be significantly lower than those of a Fund’s other investments. If an acquisition or merger that meets the requirements for the SPAC is not completed within a pre-established period of time, the invested funds are returned to the SPAC’s shareholders, less certain permitted expenses, and any rights or warrants issued by the SPAC will expire worthless. Under any circumstances in which a Fund receives a refund of all or a portion of its original investment in a SPAC, the returns on that investment may be negligible, and a Fund may be subject to opportunity costs to the extent that alternative investments would have produced higher returns. Further, a Fund may be delayed in receiving any redemption or liquidation proceeds from a SPAC to which it is entitled.

Because SPACs are in essence “blank check” companies without operating histories or ongoing business operations (other than identifying and pursuing acquisition or merger opportunities), the potential for the long term capital appreciation of their securities is dependent on the ability of the SPAC’s sponsor to identify and complete a profitable business combination. There is no guarantee that the SPACs in which a Fund invests will complete a business combination or that any transaction completed by the SPACs in which a Fund invests will be profitable. Even if a SPAC in which a Fund has invested identifies a desirable acquisition or merger target and reaches agreement with that company as to the terms of the business combination, there can be no guarantee that the transaction will ultimately be consummated because, among other conditions that must be satisfied, a requisite number of shareholders of the SPAC or of the target company do not vote in favor of the transaction. The values of investments in SPACs may be highly volatile and may depreciate significantly over time. Some SPACs may pursue acquisitions or mergers only within certain industries or regions, which may ultimately lead to an increase in the volatility of their prices following completion of a business combination. In addition, some of these securities may be considered illiquid and/or subject to restrictions on resale, leaving a Fund unable to sell its interest in a SPAC or able to sell its interest only at a price below what that Fund believes is the SPAC interest’s intrinsic value. Additionally, an investment in a SPAC may be diluted by additional later offerings of interests in the SPAC or by other investors exercising their warrants to purchase shares of the SPAC.

Due to the risk of the loss of sponsors’ and other initial investors’ capital if an acquisition or merger is not consummated, sponsors of SPACs may be incentivized to consummate business combinations at less attractive valuations at the expense of SPAC shareholders. In addition, as the number of SPACs grows, there is greater competition among SPACs and traditional purchasers of companies, which further increases the likelihood that SPAC sponsors may be incentivized to consummate acquisitions or mergers at less attractive valuations, as well as the risk that SPACs cannot successfully complete business combinations. In addition, recent regulations promulgated by the SEC impose additional disclosure obligations and other requirements on SPACs and may impact the ability of a SPAC to conduct its operations.

Equity-Linked Notes (ELNs). ELNs are hybrid derivative-type instruments, in a single note form, that are specially designed to combine the characteristics of one or more reference securities (such as a single stock, exchange-traded fund or an index or basket of securities (underlying securities)) and one or more related equity derivatives, such as put or call options, or a combination thereof. Unlike a direct investment in equity securities, ELNs have a maturity date, potentially increasing the Fund’s turnover rate, transaction costs and tax liability. Upon the maturity of an ELN, the Fund generally receives an interest coupon payment and the par value of the note plus or minus a return based on the performance of the underlying securities and the related equity derivatives. If the underlying securities have depreciated in value or if their price appreciates or depreciates outside of a preset range, depending on the type of ELN, the Fund may receive only the principal amount of the note or less than the principal amount of the note, or may even lose the entire principal invested in the ELN. A Fund will only invest in ELNs for which the underlying security is a permissible investment for the Fund in accordance with its investment policies and restrictions.

Investments in ELNs possess the risks associated with the underlying securities, such as management risk, market risk and, as applicable, foreign securities and currency risks. In addition, as a note, ELNs are also subject to certain debt securities risks, such as interest rate and credit risk. An investment in an ELN also bears the risk that the ELN issuer will default or become bankrupt. In such an event, the Fund may have difficulty being repaid, or fail to be repaid, the principal amount of, or income from, its investment. A downgrade or impairment to the credit rating of the issuer may also negatively impact the price of the ELN. ELNs may also be less liquid than more traditional investments and the Fund may be unable to sell ELNs at a desirable time or price. ELNs may be subject to resale restrictions such as those contained in Rule 144A promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the 1933 Act). The price of an ELN may not correlate with the price of the underlying securities or a fixed-income investment. As the holder of an ELN, the Fund generally has no rights to the underlying securities, including no voting rights or rights to receive dividends. The Adviser’s ability to accurately forecast movements in the underlying securities will determine the success of the Fund’s ELNs investments.

ELNs utilized by the Fund may involve synthetic exposure to options that can create economic leverage risk which, depending on the performance of the underlying securities, could magnify or otherwise increase investment losses to the Fund and result in losses on the ELN that exceed the losses on the underlying securities. The economic leverage associated with investments in ELNs is distinguishable from indebtedness leverage in that it does not expose the Fund to losing more than the principal amount of the ELN. Should the prices of the underlying securities move in an unexpected manner, the Fund may not achieve the anticipated benefits of its ELN investments, and it may realize losses, which could be significant and could include the Fund’s entire principal investment. In addition, investments in ELNs allow for enhanced yield but are subject to limited upside appreciation potential based on movements of the underlying securities. Investing in ELNs may be more costly to the Fund than if the Fund had invested in the underlying securities directly.

Foreign Investments

Foreign Securities. Foreign securities are equity or debt securities issued by issuers outside the United States, and include securities in the form of American Depositary Receipts (ADRs), European Depositary Receipts (EDRs), Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs) or other securities representing underlying securities of foreign issuers (foreign securities). ADRs are receipts, issued by U.S. banks, for the shares of foreign corporations, held by the bank issuing the receipt. ADRs are typically issued in registered form, denominated in U.S. dollars and designed for use in the U.S. securities markets. GDRs are bank certificates issued in more than one country for shares in a foreign company. The shares are held by a foreign branch of an international bank. GDRs trade as domestic shares but are offered for sale globally through the various bank branches. GDRs are typically used by private markets to raise capital and are denominated in either U.S. dollars or foreign currencies. EDRs are similar to ADRs and GDRs, except they are typically issued by European banks or trust companies, denominated in foreign currencies and designed for use outside the U.S. securities markets. ADRs, EDRs and GDRs entitle the holder to all dividends and capital gains on the underlying foreign securities, less any fees paid to the bank. Purchasing ADRs, EDRs or GDRs gives a Fund the ability to purchase the functional equivalent of foreign securities without going to the foreign securities markets to do so. ADRs, EDRs or GDRs that are “sponsored” are those where the foreign corporation whose shares are represented by the ADR, EDR or GDR is actively involved in the issuance of the ADR, EDR or GDR and generally provides material information about the corporation to the U.S. market. An “unsponsored” ADR, EDR or GDR program is one where the foreign corporation whose shares are held by the bank is not obligated to disclose material information in the United States, and, therefore, the market value of the ADR, EDR or GDR may not reflect important facts known only to the foreign company.

Foreign debt securities include corporate debt securities of foreign issuers, certain foreign bank obligations (see “Bank Instruments”) and U.S. dollar or foreign currency denominated obligations of foreign governments or their subdivisions, agencies and instrumentalities (see “Foreign Government Obligations”), international agencies and supranational entities.

The Funds consider various factors when determining whether a company is in a particular country or in a particular region/continent, including whether (1) it is organized under the laws of a country or in a country in a particular region/continent; (2) it has a principal office in a country or in a country in a particular region/continent; (3) it derives 50% or more of its total revenues from businesses in a country or in a country in a particular region/continent; (4) its securities are traded principally on a security exchange, or in an over-the-counter (OTC) market, in a particular country or in a country in a particular region/continent; and/or (5) its “country of risk" as determined by a third party service provider such as Bloomberg. The issuer's “country of risk” is determined based on a number of criteria, including its country of domicile, the primary stock exchange on which it trades, the location from which the majority of its revenue comes, and its reporting currency.

Investments by a Fund in foreign securities, including ADRs, EDRs and GDRs, whether denominated in U.S. dollars or foreign currencies, may entail all of the risks set forth below in addition to those accompanying an investment in issuers in the United States.

Currency Risk. The value in U.S. dollars of a Fund’s non-dollar-denominated foreign investments will be affected by changes in currency exchange rates. The U.S. dollar value of a foreign security decreases when

the value of the U.S. dollar rises against the foreign currency in which the security is denominated and increases when the value of the U.S. dollar falls against such currency.

Political and Economic Risk. The economies of many countries may not be as developed as that of the United States’ economy and may be subject to significantly different forces. Political, economic or social instability and development, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, and limitations on the removal of funds or other assets could also adversely affect the value of portfolio investments. Certain foreign companies may be subject to sanctions, embargoes, or other governmental actions that may impair or otherwise limit the ability to invest in, receive, hold or sell the securities of such companies. These factors may affect the value of investments in those companies. Certain companies may operate in, or have dealings with, countries that the U.S. government has identified as state sponsors of terrorism. As a result, such companies may be subject to specific constraints or regulations under U.S. law and, additionally, may be subject to negative investor perception, either of which could adversely affect such companies' performance. Further, war and military conflict between countries or in a region, for example the current conflicts in the Ukraine and Middle East, may have an impact on the value of portfolio investments.

Regulatory Risk. Foreign companies may not be registered with the SEC and are generally not subject to the regulatory controls and disclosure requirements imposed on U.S. issuers and, as a consequence, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign securities than is available about domestic securities. Foreign companies may not be subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, corporate governance practices and requirements comparable to those applicable to domestic companies. Therefore, financial information about foreign companies may be incomplete, or may not be comparable to the information available on U.S. companies. Income from foreign securities owned by the Funds may be reduced by a withholding tax at the source, which tax would reduce dividend income payable to Fund shareholders.

There is generally less government supervision and regulation of securities exchanges, brokers, dealers, and listed companies in foreign countries than in the U.S., thus increasing the risk of delayed settlements of portfolio transactions or loss of certificates for portfolio securities. Foreign markets may also have different clearance and settlement procedures. If a Fund experiences settlement problems, it may result in temporary periods when a portion of that Fund’s assets are uninvested and could cause it to miss attractive investment opportunities or create a potential liability to that Fund arising out of its inability to fulfill a contract to sell such securities.

Market Risk. Investing in foreign markets generally involves certain risks not typically associated with investing in the United States. The securities markets in many foreign countries will have substantially lower trading volume than the U.S. markets. As a result, the securities of some foreign companies may be less liquid and experience more price volatility than comparable domestic securities. Obtaining and/or enforcing judgments in foreign countries may be more difficult, and there is generally less government regulation and supervision of foreign stock exchanges, brokers and issuers, each of which may make it more difficult to enforce contractual obligations. Increased custodian costs as well as administrative costs (such as the need to use foreign custodians) may also be associated with the maintenance of assets in foreign jurisdictions. In addition, transaction costs in foreign securities markets are likely to be higher, since brokerage commission rates in foreign countries are likely to be higher than in the United States.

Risks of Developing/Emerging Market Countries. Each Fund may invest in securities of companies located in developing and emerging markets countries subject to limits included in each Fund's prospectus.

Unless a Fund’s prospectus includes a different definition, the Fund considers developing and emerging market countries to be those countries that are (i) generally recognized to be an emerging market country by the international financial community, including the World Bank, (ii) determined by the Adviser to be an emerging market country or (iii) its “country of risk” is an emerging market country as determined by a third party service provider such as Bloomberg. As of the date of this SAI, the Adviser considers “emerging market countries” to generally include every country in the world except those countries included in the MSCI World Index. The Adviser has broad discretion to identify countries that it considers to be emerging market countries and may consider various factors in determining whether to classify a country as an emerging market country,

including a country’s relative interest rates, inflation rates, exchange rates, monetary and fiscal policies, trade and current account balances, legal and political developments and any other specific factors the Adviser believes to be relevant. Because emerging market equity and emerging market debt are distinct asset classes, a country may be deemed an emerging market country with respect to its equity only, its debt only, both its equity and debt, or neither.

Investments in developing and emerging market countries present risks in addition to, or greater than, those presented by investments in foreign issuers generally, and may include the following risks:

i. Restriction, to varying degrees, on foreign investment in stocks;

ii. Repatriation of investment income, capital, and the proceeds of sales in foreign countries may require foreign governmental registration and/or approval;

iii. Greater risk of fluctuation in the value of foreign investments due to changes in currency exchange rates, currency control regulations or currency devaluation. In addition, there may be higher rates of inflation and more rapid and extreme fluctuations in inflation rates and greater sensitivity to interest rate changes;

iv. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates may have negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain developing and emerging market countries;

v. Many of the developing and emerging market countries’ securities markets are relatively small or less diverse, have low trading volumes, suffer periods of relative illiquidity, and are characterized by significant price volatility;

vi. There is a risk in developing and emerging market countries that a future economic or political crisis could lead to price controls, forced mergers of companies, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, seizure, nationalization, or creation of government monopolies;

vii. Investments in such securities markets may be subject to unexpected market closures;

viii. The taxation systems at the federal, regional and local levels in developing or emerging market countries may be less transparent and inconsistently enforced, and subject to sudden change. Developing or emerging market countries may also have a higher degree of corruption and fraud than developed market countries, as well as counterparties and financial institutions with less financial sophistication, creditworthiness and/or resources;

ix. Less developed legal systems allowing for enforcement of private property rights and/or redress for injuries to private property, such as bankruptcy. The ability to bring and enforce actions in developing or emerging market countries, or to obtain information needed to pursue or enforce such actions, may be limited and shareholder claims may be difficult or impossible to pursue; and

x. Less stringent regulatory, disclosure, financial reporting, accounting, auditing and recordkeeping standards than companies in more developed countries and, as a result, the nature and quality of such information may vary. Information about such companies may be less available and reliable and, therefore, the ability to conduct adequate due diligence in developing or emerging markets may be limited which can impede the Fund's ability to evaluate such companies. In addition, certain developing or emerging market countries may impose material limitations on Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”) inspection, investigation and enforcement capabilities which can hinder the PCAOB’s ability to engage in independent oversight or inspection of accounting firms located in or operating in certain developing or emerging markets. There is no guarantee that the quality of financial reporting or the audits conducted by audit firms of developing or emerging market issuers meet PCAOB standards.

Investing in Greater China Risk. Investments in companies located or operating in Greater China involve risks not associated with investments in Western nations, such as nationalization, expropriation, or confiscation of property; lack of willingness or ability of the Chinese government to support the economies and markets of the Greater China region; difficulty in obtaining and/or enforcing judgments; lack of publicly available information; alteration or discontinuation of economic reforms; military conflicts and the risk of war,

either internal or with other countries; public health emergencies resulting in market closures, travel restrictions, quarantines or other interventions; inflation, currency fluctuations and fluctuations in inflation and interest rates that may have negative effects on the economy and securities markets of Greater China; and Greater China’s dependency on the economies of other Asian countries, many of which are developing countries. Events in any one country within Greater China may impact the other countries in the region or Greater China as a whole. For example, changes to their political and economic relationships with the mainland China could adversely impact the Fund’s investments in Taiwan and Hong Kong.

Certain securities issued by companies located or operating in Greater China, such as China A-shares, are subject to trading restrictions, quota limitations, and clearing and settlement risks. Significant portions of the Chinese securities markets may become rapidly illiquid, as Chinese issuers have the ability to suspend the trading of their equity securities, and have shown a willingness to exercise that option in response to market volatility and other events. The liquidity of Chinese securities may shrink or disappear suddenly and without warning as a result of adverse economic, market or political events, or adverse investor perceptions, whether or not accurate.

Export growth continues to be a major driver of China’s rapid economic growth. As a result, a reduction in spending on Chinese products and services, the institution of tariffs, sanctions, capital controls, embargoes, trade wars, or other trade barriers, or a downturn in any of the economies of China’s key trading partners may have an adverse impact on the Chinese economy. The current political climate has intensified concerns about a potential trade war between China and the United States, as each country has recently imposed tariffs on the other country’s products. These actions may trigger a significant reduction in international trade, the oversupply of certain manufactured goods, substantial price reductions of goods and possible failure of individual companies and/or large segments of China’s export industry, which could have a negative impact on the Fund’s performance. Events such as these and their consequences are difficult to predict and it is unclear whether further tariffs may be imposed or other escalating actions may be taken in the future. In addition, actions by the U.S. government, such as delisting of certain Chinese companies from U.S. securities exchanges or otherwise restricting their operations in the United States, may negatively impact the value of such securities held by the Fund. Further, from time to time, certain companies in which the Fund invests may operate in, or have dealings with, countries subject to sanctions or embargoes imposed by the U.S. government and the United Nations and/or in countries the U.S. government identified as state sponsors of terrorism. One or more of these companies may be subject to constraints under U.S. law or regulations that could negatively affect the company’s performance.

Additionally, developing countries, such as those in Greater China, may subject the Fund’s investments to a number of tax rules, and the application of many of those rules may be uncertain. Moreover, China has implemented a number of tax reforms in recent years, and may amend or revise its existing tax laws and/or procedures in the future, possibly with retroactive effect. Changes in applicable Chinese tax law could reduce the after-tax profits of the Fund, directly or indirectly, including by reducing the after-tax profits of companies in China in which the Fund invests. Chinese taxes that may apply to the Fund’s investments include income tax or withholding tax on dividends, interest or gains earned by the Fund, business tax and stamp duty. Uncertainties in Chinese tax rules could result in unexpected tax liabilities for the Fund. Additionally, any difficulties of the PCAOB to inspect audit work papers and practices of PCAOB-registered accounting firms in China with respect to their audit work of U.S. reporting companies may impose significant additional risks associated with investments in China.

Risks of Investing in Chinese Variable Interest Entities. Many Chinese companies have created a special structure, which is based in China, known as a variable interest entity (“VIE”) as a means to circumvent limits on direct foreign ownership of equity in Chinese operating companies in certain sectors, such as internet, media, education and telecommunications, imposed by the Chinese government. Typically in such an arrangement, a China-based operating company establishes an offshore “holding” company in another jurisdiction that likely does not have the same disclosure, reporting, and governance requirements as the United States. The holding company issues shares, i.e., is “listed”, on a foreign exchange such as the New York Stock Exchange or the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. The listed holding company enters into service and other contracts with the China-based operating company, typically through the China-based VIE. The VIE

must be owned by Chinese nationals (and/or other Chinese companies), which often are the VIE’s founders, in order to obtain the licenses and/or assets required to operate in the restricted or prohibited sector in China. The operations and financial position of the VIE are included in consolidated financial statements of the listed holding company. Foreign investors, including mutual funds and ETFs (such as the Fund), hold stock in the listed holding company rather than directly in the China-based operating company.

The VIE structure allows foreign shareholders to exert a degree of control and obtain economic benefits arising from the operating company but without formal legal ownership because the listed holding company’s control over the operating company is predicated entirely on contracts with the VIE. The listed holding company is distinct from the underlying operating company, and an investment in the listed holding company represents exposure to a company that maintains service contracts with the operating company, not equity ownership.

Investments in companies that use VIEs may pose additional risks because the investment is made through the listed holding company’s service and other contractual arrangements with the underlying Chinese operating company. As a result, such investment may limit the rights of an investor with respect to the underlying Chinese operating company. The contractual arrangements between the VIE and the operating company may not be as effective in providing operational control as direct equity ownership. The Chinese government could determine at any time and without notice that the underlying contractual arrangements on which control of the VIE is based violate Chinese law. While VIEs are a longstanding industry practice, well known to Chinese officials and regulators, VIEs historically have not been formally recognized under Chinese law. Effective March 31, 2023, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (“CSRC”) released new rules and implementing guidelines that permit the use of VIE structures, provided they abide by Chinese laws and register with the CSRC. The rules, however, may cause Chinese companies to undergo greater scrutiny and may make the process to create VIEs more difficult and costly. Further, while the rules and implementing guidelines do not prohibit the use of VIE structures, this does not serve as a formal endorsement. There is a risk that the Chinese government may cease to tolerate VIEs at any time, and any guidance or further rulemaking prohibiting or restricting these structures by the Chinese government, generally or with respect to specific industries, would likely cause impacted VIE-structured holding(s) to suffer significant, detrimental, and possibly permanent losses, and in turn, adversely affect the Fund’s returns and net asset value. The future of the VIE structure generally and with respect to certain industries remains uncertain.

The Chinese government previously placed restrictions on China-based companies raising capital offshore in certain sectors, including through VIEs, and investors face uncertainty about future actions by the Chinese government that could significantly affect the operating company’s financial performance and the enforceability of the contractual arrangements underlying the VIE structure. It is uncertain whether Chinese officials or regulators will withdraw their acceptance of the VIE structure, generally, or with respect to certain industries, or whether any new laws, rules or regulations relating to VIE structures will be adopted and what impact such laws may have on foreign investors. There is a risk that China might prohibit the existence of VIEs or sever their ability to transmit economic and governance rights to foreign individuals and entities; if so, the market value of any associated portfolio holdings would likely suffer substantial, detrimental, and possibly permanent loss.

Chinese companies, including those listed on U.S. exchanges, are generally not subject to the same degree of regulatory requirements, accounting standards or auditor oversight as companies in more developed countries. As a result, information about VIEs may be less reliable or complete. Foreign companies with securities listed on U.S. exchanges, including those that utilize VIEs, may be delisted if they do not meet the requirements of the listing exchange, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”) and the U.S. government, which could significantly decrease the liquidity and value of such securities. Actions by the U.S. government, such as delisting of certain Chinese companies from U.S. securities exchanges or otherwise restricting their operations in the U.S., may negatively impact the liquidity and value of such securities.

Risks of Investments in China A-shares through the Stock Connect Program. The Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect program and the Shenzhen-Hong Kong Stock Connect program (both programs

collectively referred to as the Stock Connect Program) are securities trading and clearing programs through which the Funds can trade eligible listed China A-shares. The Stock Connect Program is subject to quota limitations, which may restrict or preclude a fund's ability to invest in Stock Connect securities. Foreign investors, individually and in the aggregate, are subject to ownership limitations from Shanghai or Shenzhen listed companies, including those purchased through the Stock Connect Program. Once the daily quota is reached, orders to purchase additional China A-shares through the Stock Connect Program will be rejected. Only certain China A-shares are eligible to be accessed through the Stock Connect Program. Such securities may lose their eligibility at any time, in which case they could be sold but could no longer be purchased through the Stock Connect Program. Because the Stock Connect Program is still relatively in its early stages, the actual effect on the market for trading China A-shares with the introduction of large numbers of foreign investors is currently unknown. The Stock Connect Program is subject to regulations promulgated by regulatory authorities for the Shanghai Stock Exchange, the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited, and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange, and further regulations or restrictions, such as limitations on redemptions or suspension of trading, may adversely impact the Stock Connect Program, if the authorities believe it necessary to assure orderly markets or for other reasons. There is no guarantee that all three exchanges will continue to support the Stock Connect Program in the future and no assurance that further regulations will not adversely affect the availability of securities under Stock Connect or other operational arrangements.

Investments in China A-shares may not be covered by the securities investor protection programs of the exchanges and, without the protection of such programs, will be subject to the risk of default by the broker. In the event that the depository of the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange defaulted, a Fund may not be able to recover fully its losses from the depository or may be delayed in receiving proceeds as part of any recovery process. In addition, because all trades on the Stock Connect Program in respect of eligible China A-shares must be settled in Renminbi (RMB), the Chinese currency, the Funds investing through the Stock Connect Program must have timely access to a reliable supply of offshore RMB, which cannot be guaranteed. The existence of a liquid trading market for China A-shares may depend on whether there is supply of, and demand for, such China A-shares. Market volatility and settlement difficulties in the China A-shares markets may also result in significant fluctuations in the prices of the securities traded on such markets.

China A-shares purchased through the Stock Connect Program are held in nominee name and not the Fund’s name as the beneficial owner. It is possible, therefore, that a Fund’s ability to exercise its rights as a shareholder and to pursue claims against the issuer of China A-shares may be limited because the nominee structure has not been tested in Chinese courts, as Chinese courts generally have limited experience in applying the concept of beneficial ownership and the law in that area continues to evolve. In addition, a Fund may not be able to participate in corporate actions affecting China A-shares held through the Stock Connect Program due to time constraints or for other operational reasons.

Trades on the Stock Connect Program are subject to certain requirements prior to trading. If these requirements are not completed prior to the market opening, a Fund cannot sell the shares on that trading day. In addition, these requirements may limit the number of brokers that a Fund may use to execute trades. Additionally, there are foreign ownership limitations that may result in limitations on investment or the return of profits if a fund purchases and sells shares of an issuer in which it owns above a certain threshold determined by China's securities rules. As a result, a Fund may not be able to execute trading freely in accordance with its investment strategy and the profits that the Fund derives from such investments may be limited.

Risks of Investments in the China Interbank Bond Market through the Bond Connect Program. Certain Funds may invest in China onshore bonds traded on the China Interbank Bond Market (“CIBM”) through the China – Hong Kong Bond Connect Program (“Bond Connect”). In China, the Hong Kong Monetary Authority Central Moneymarkets Unit holds Bond Connect securities on behalf of ultimate investors (such as the Funds) in accounts maintained with a China-based custodian (either the China Central Depository & Clearing Co. or the Shanghai Clearing House). This recordkeeping system subjects a Fund to various risks, including the risks of settlement delays and counterparty default of the China custodian and Hong Kong custody agent. In addition, the Fund may have a limited ability to enforce rights as a bondholder

because enforcing the ownership rights of a beneficial holder of Bond Connect securities is untested and courts in China have limited experience in applying the concept of beneficial ownership.

Bond Connect uses the trading infrastructure of both Hong Kong and China and is not available on trading holidays in Hong Kong. As a result, prices of securities purchased through Bond Connect may fluctuate at times when the Fund is unable to add to or exit its position. Securities offered through Bond Connect may lose their eligibility for trading through Bond Connect at any time. If Bond Connect securities lose their eligibility for trading through Bond Connect, they may be sold but can no longer be purchased through Bond Connect.

Because Bond Connect trades are settled in RMB, the Funds investing through Bond Connect must have timely access to a reliable supply of offshore RMB, which cannot be guaranteed.

Market volatility and potential lack of liquidity due to low trading volume of certain bonds on the CIBM may result in prices of such bonds fluctuating significantly, exposing a Fund to liquidity and volatility risks. The bid-ask spreads of the prices of such securities may be large, and a Fund may therefore incur significant costs and may suffer losses when selling such investments. Bonds traded on the CIBM may be difficult or impossible to sell, which may impact a Fund’s ability to acquire or dispose of such securities at their expected prices.

Bond Connect is relatively new and its effects on the Chinese interbank bond market are uncertain. Trading through Bond Connect is performed through newly developed trading platforms and operational systems, and in the event of systems malfunctions or extreme market conditions, trading via Bond Connect could be disrupted. There can be no assurance as to Bond Connect’s continued existence or whether future developments regarding Bond Connect (including further interpretation and guidance provided by regulators in Hong Kong and China) may restrict or adversely affect the Fund’s investments or returns. Finally, uncertainties in China tax rules governing taxation of income and gains from investments via Bond Connect could result in unexpected tax liabilities for a Fund.

Eurozone Investment Risks. Many European Union (“EU”) member states have experienced, and may continue to experience, severe economic and financial difficulties, including recessions, large public debt, government debt restructuring and credit rating downgrades. Economic recovery has been challenged by high unemployment, budget deficits, and weaknesses in sovereign debt issued by certain EU member states, causing some member states to depend on assistance from the European Central Bank and other governments or institutions. The uncertain effects of these difficulties could affect the value and liquidity of certain of the Fund’s investments.

To address budget deficits and public debt concerns, some European countries have imposed strict austerity measures and comprehensive financial and labor market reforms. Continued assistance for EU member states could depend on a country’s implementation of reforms or attainment of a level of economic performance. Failure by one or more EU member states to reach those objectives, or a resulting loss of assistance, could result in a deeper or prolonged economic downturn, which could have a significant adverse effect on the value and liquidity of investments in European countries. In addition, by adopting the euro, an EU member state relinquishes control of its own monetary policy and is subject to the fiscal and monetary controls of the European Monetary Union, and a member state may be limited from implementing its own economic policies. Adjusting to a unified monetary system has resulted in the loss of exchange rate flexibility and, to some degree, the loss of economic sovereignty. A member state also could voluntarily abandon or be forced out of the euro. The effects of such events are difficult to predict but would likely have a negative impact on the rest of the Eurozone and global markets, including adversely impacted market values of Eurozone and other securities and currencies, redenomination of certain securities into less valuable local currencies, and more volatile and illiquid markets. Such circumstances could have an adverse impact on a Fund’s ability to operate its investment strategy.

Furthermore, the United Kingdom’s (“UK”) departure from the EU, known as “Brexit,” has affected the value and exchange rate of the euro and may have significant political and financial consequences for Eurozone markets, including greater market volatility and illiquidity, currency fluctuations, deterioration in

economic activity, a decrease in business confidence and an increased likelihood of a recession in the UK. Brexit may have adverse effects on asset valuations and the renegotiation of current trade agreements, as well as an increase in financial regulation of UK banks. Any market disruption in the EU and globally as a result of Brexit may have a negative effect on the value of the Fund’s investments. Additionally, the risks related to Brexit could be more pronounced if one or more additional EU member states seek to leave the EU.

Floating Rate Corporate Loans and Corporate Debt Securities of Non-U.S. Borrowers. Floating rate loans are made to and floating rate debt securities are issued by non-U.S. borrowers. Such loans and securities will be U.S. dollar-denominated or otherwise provide for payment in U.S. dollars, and the borrower will meet the credit quality standards established by Invesco and the Sub-Advisers for U.S. borrowers. The Funds similarly may invest in floating rate loans and floating rate debt securities made to U.S. borrowers with significant non-U.S. dollar-denominated revenues; provided that the loans are U.S. dollar-denominated or otherwise provide for payment to the Funds in U.S. dollars. In all cases where the floating rate loans or floating rate debt securities are not denominated in U.S. dollars, provisions will be made for payments to the lenders, including the Funds, in U.S. dollars pursuant to foreign currency swaps.

Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund may invest in floating rate loans that are made to and floating rate debt securities that are issued by non-U.S. borrowers, whether such loans provide for payment in U.S. dollars or another currency. Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund may invest in floating rate loans that are made to and floating rate debt securities that are issued by non-U.S. borrowers, provided that the loans are U.S. dollar-denominated or otherwise provide for payment in U.S. dollars, and any such borrower meets the credit quality standards established by Invesco and the Sub-Advisers for U. S. borrowers. A Fund similarly may invest in floating rate loans and floating rate debt securities made to U.S. borrowers with significant non-U.S. dollar-denominated revenues; provided that the loans are U.S. dollar-denominated or otherwise provide for payment to the Fund in U.S. dollars. In cases where the floating rate loans or floating rate debt securities are not denominated in U.S. dollars, provisions will be made for payments to the lenders, including the Fund, in U.S. dollars pursuant to foreign currency swaps or the currency risk of the transaction will be hedged using forward foreign currency contracts.

Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund may invest in floating rate loans and debt securities made to and issued by non-U.S. borrowers, provided the borrower meets the credit quality standards established by Invesco and the Sub-Advisers for U.S. borrowers. The Fund similarly may invest in floating rate loans and floating rate debt securities made to and issued by U.S. borrowers with significant non-U.S. dollar-denominated revenues.

Foreign Government Obligations. Debt securities issued by foreign governments are often, but not always, supported by the full faith and credit of the foreign governments, or their subdivisions, agencies or instrumentalities, that issue them. These securities involve the risks discussed above under “Foreign Securities”. Additionally, the issuer of the debt or the governmental authorities that control repayment of the debt may be unwilling or unable to pay interest or repay principal when due. Political or economic changes or the balance of trade may affect a country’s willingness or ability to service its debt obligations. Periods of economic uncertainty may result in the volatility of market prices of sovereign debt obligations, especially debt obligations issued by the governments of developing countries. Foreign government obligations of developing countries, and some structures of emerging market debt securities, both of which are generally below investment grade, are sometimes referred to as “Brady Bonds.” The failure of a sovereign debtor to implement economic reforms, achieve specified levels of economic performance, or repay principal or interest when due may result in the cancellation of third-party commitments to lend funds to the sovereign debtor, which may impair the debtor’s ability or willingness to service its debts.

Foreign Exchange Transactions. Certain Funds may invest in foreign currency-denominated securities and have the authority to purchase and sell put and call options on foreign currencies (foreign currency options), foreign currency futures contracts and related options, and currency-related swaps, and may engage in foreign currency transactions either on a spot (i.e., for prompt delivery and settlement) basis at the rate prevailing in the currency exchange market at the time or through forward foreign currency contracts (see “Forward Foreign Currency Contracts”). The use of these instruments may result in a loss to a Fund if the

counterparty to the transaction (particularly with respect to OTC derivatives, as discussed further below) does not perform as promised, including because of such counterparty’s bankruptcy or insolvency.

The Funds will incur costs in converting assets from one currency to another. Foreign exchange dealers may charge a fee for conversion. In addition, dealers may realize a profit based on the difference between the prices at which they buy and sell various currencies in the spot and forward markets.

A Fund will generally engage in these foreign exchange transactions in order to complete a purchase or sale of foreign currency denominated securities. The Funds may also use foreign currency options, forward foreign currency contracts, foreign currency futures contracts and currency-related swap contracts to increase or reduce exposure to a foreign currency, to shift exposure from one foreign currency to another in a cross currency hedge or to enhance returns. These transactions are intended to minimize the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currencies; however, at the same time, they tend to limit any potential gain which might result should the value of such currencies increase. Certain Funds may also engage in foreign exchange transactions, such as forward contracts, for non-hedging purposes to enhance returns.

A Fund may purchase and sell foreign currency futures contracts and purchase and write foreign currency options to increase or decrease its exposure to different foreign currencies. A Fund may also purchase and write foreign currency options in connection with foreign currency futures contracts or forward foreign currency contracts. Foreign currency futures contracts are traded on exchanges and have standard contract sizes and delivery dates. Most foreign currency futures contracts call for payment or delivery in U.S. dollars. The uses and risks of foreign currency futures contracts are similar to those of futures contracts relating to securities or indices (see “Futures Contracts”). Foreign currency futures contracts’ values can be expected to correlate with exchange rates but may not reflect other factors that affect the value of the Fund’s investments.

Whether or not any hedging strategy will be successful is highly uncertain, and use of hedging strategies may leave a Fund in a less advantageous position than if a hedge had not been established. Moreover, it is impossible to forecast with precision the market value of portfolio securities at the expiration of a forward foreign currency contract. Accordingly, a Fund may be required to buy or sell additional currency on the spot market (and bear the expense of such transaction) if Invesco’s or the Sub-Advisers’ predictions regarding the movement of foreign currency or securities markets prove inaccurate.

Certain Funds may hold a portion of their assets in bank deposits denominated in foreign currencies, so as to facilitate investment in foreign securities as well as protect against currency fluctuations and the need to convert such assets into U.S. dollars (thereby also reducing transaction costs). To the extent these monies are converted back into U.S. dollars, the value of the assets so maintained will be affected favorably or unfavorably by changes in foreign currency exchange rates and exchange control regulations. Foreign exchange transactions may involve some of the risks of investments in foreign securities. For a discussion of tax considerations relating to foreign currency transactions, see “Dividends, Distributions and Tax Matters — Tax Matters — Tax Treatment of Portfolio Transactions — Foreign currency transactions.”

Under definitions adopted by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), non-deliverable foreign exchange forwards and OTC foreign exchange options are considered “swaps.” These instruments are therefore included in the definition of “commodity interests” for purposes of determining whether fund service providers qualify for certain exemptions and exclusions from regulation by the CFTC. Although non-deliverable forward foreign currency contracts have historically been traded in the OTC market, as swaps they may in the future be regulated to be centrally cleared and traded on public execution facilities. For more information, see “Forward Foreign Currency Contracts” and “Swaps.”

Passive Foreign Investment Companies. Under U.S. tax laws, passive foreign investment companies (PFICs) are those foreign corporations which generate primarily “passive” income. Passive income is defined as any income that is considered foreign personal holding company income under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (Code). For federal tax purposes, a foreign corporation is deemed to be a PFIC if 75% or more of its gross income during a taxable year is passive income or if 50% or more of its assets during a taxable year are assets that produce, or are held to produce, passive income.

Foreign mutual funds are generally deemed to be PFICs, since nearly all of the income of a mutual fund is passive income. Foreign mutual funds investments may be used to gain exposure to the securities of companies in countries that limit or prohibit direct foreign investment; however, investments in foreign mutual funds by a Fund are subject to limits under the Investment Company Act.

Other types of foreign corporations may also be considered PFICs if their percentage of passive income or passive assets exceeds the limits described above. A determination as to whether a foreign corporation is considered a PFIC is based on an interpretation of complex provisions of the tax law. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that a conclusion regarding a corporation's status as a PFIC will not be challenged by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and conclusions as to a corporation's PFIC status may vary depending on who is doing the analysis. Unless a Fund makes an election with respect to its investment in a PFIC, which election may not always be possible, income from the disposition of a PFIC investment and from certain PFIC distributions may be subject to adverse tax treatment. The application of the PFIC rules may affect, among other things, the character of gains, the amount of gain or loss and the timing of the recognition of income with respect to PFIC shares, and may subject a Fund to tax on certain income from PFIC shares. Federal tax laws impose severe tax penalties for failure to properly report investment income from PFICs. Although every effort is made to ensure compliance with federal tax reporting requirements for these investments, foreign corporations that are PFICs for federal tax purposes may not always be recognized as such or may not provide a Fund with all information required to report, or make an election with respect to, such investment.

A foreign issuer will not be treated as a PFIC with respect to a shareholder if such issuer is a controlled foreign corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes (CFC) and the shareholder holds (directly, indirectly, or constructively) 10% or more of the voting interests in or total value of such issuer. In such a case, the shareholder generally would be required to include in gross income each year, as ordinary income, its share of certain amounts of a CFC’s income, whether or not the CFC distributes such shareholder’s share of such amounts to it. Under proposed regulations, such income will be considered “qualifying income” for purposes of a shareholder’s qualification as a regulated investment company only to the extent such income is timely distributed to that shareholder.

Additional risks of investing in other investment companies are described under “Other Investment Companies.”

Performance Indexed Paper. Performance indexed paper is U.S. dollar-denominated commercial paper the yield of which is linked to certain foreign exchange rate movements. The yield to the investor on performance indexed paper is between the U.S. dollar and a designated currency as of or about that time (generally, the index maturity two days prior to maturity). The yield to the investor will be within a range stipulated at the time of purchase of the obligation, generally with a guaranteed minimum rate of return that is below, and a potential maximum rate of return that is above, market yields on U.S. dollar-denominated commercial paper, with both the minimum and maximum rates of return on the investment corresponding to the minimum and maximum values of the spot exchange rate two business days prior to maturity.

Foreign Bank Obligations. Foreign bank obligations include certificates of deposit, banker’s acceptances and fixed time deposits and other obligations (a) denominated in U.S. dollars and issued by a foreign branch of a domestic bank (Eurodollar Obligations), (b) denominated in U.S. dollars and issued by a domestic branch of a foreign bank (Yankee Dollar Obligations), or (c) issued by foreign branches of foreign banks. Foreign banks are not generally subject to examination by any U.S. government agency or instrumentality.

Risks Related to Armed Conflict. As a result of increasingly interconnected global economies and financial markets, armed conflict between countries or in a geographic region, for example the current conflicts between Russia and Ukraine in Europe and Hamas and Israel in the Middle East, has the potential to adversely impact Fund investments. Such conflicts, and other corresponding events, have had, and could continue to have, severe negative effects on regional and global economic and financial markets, including increased volatility, reduced liquidity, and overall uncertainty. The negative impacts may be particularly acute in certain sectors. The timing and duration of such conflicts, resulting sanctions, related events and other impacts cannot be predicted. The foregoing may result in a negative impact on Fund performance and the

value of an investment in the Fund, even beyond any direct investment exposure the Fund may have to issuers located in or with significant exposure to an impacted country or geographic region.

Risks Related to Russian Invasion of Ukraine. In late February 2022, Russian military forces invaded Ukraine, significantly amplifying already existing geopolitical tensions among Russia, Ukraine, Europe, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the West. Russia’s invasion, the responses of countries and political bodies to Russia’s actions, and the potential for wider conflict may increase financial market volatility and could have severe adverse effects on regional and global economic markets, including the markets for certain securities and commodities such as oil and natural gas.

Following Russia’s actions, various countries, including the U.S., Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, and France, among others, as well as the European Union, issued broad-ranging economic sanctions against Russia. The sanctions freeze certain Russian assets and prohibit trading by individuals and entities in certain Russian securities, engaging in certain private transactions, and doing business with certain Russian corporate entities, large financial institutions, officials and oligarchs. The sanctions include a commitment by certain countries and the European Union to remove selected Russian banks from the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications, commonly called “SWIFT,” the electronic network that connects banks globally, and imposed restrictive measures to prevent the Russian Central Bank from undermining the impact of the sanctions. A number of large corporations have since withdrawn from Russia or suspended or curtailed their Russia-based operations.

The imposition of these current sanctions (and the potential for further sanctions in response to Russia’s continued military activity) and other actions undertaken by countries and businesses may adversely impact various sectors of the Russian economy, including, but not limited to, the financials, energy, metals and mining, engineering, and defense and defense-related materials sectors. Such actions also may result in the decline of the value and liquidity of Russian securities, a weakening of the ruble, and could impair the ability of a Fund to buy, sell, receive, or deliver those securities. Moreover, the measures could adversely affect global financial and energy markets and thereby negatively affect the value of a Fund’s investments beyond any direct exposure to Russian issuers or those of adjoining geographic regions.

In response to sanctions, the Russian Central Bank raised its interest rates and banned sales of local securities by foreigners. Russia also prevented the export of certain goods and payments to foreign shareholders of Russian securities. Russia may take additional countermeasures or retaliatory actions, which may further impair the value and liquidity of Russian securities and Fund investments. Such actions could, for example, include restricting gas exports to other countries, the seizure of U.S. and European residents’ assets, or undertaking or provoking other military conflict elsewhere in Europe, any of which could exacerbate negative consequences on global financial markets and the economy. The actions discussed above could have a negative effect on the performance of Funds that have exposure to Russia. While diplomatic efforts have been ongoing, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine is unpredictable and has the potential to result in broader military actions. The duration of the ongoing conflict and corresponding sanctions and related events cannot be predicted and may result in a negative impact on Fund performance and the value of Fund investments, particularly as it relates to Russian exposure.

Exchange-Traded Funds

Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs). Most ETFs are registered under the 1940 Act as investment companies, although others may not be registered as investment companies and are registered as commodity pools. Therefore, a Fund’s purchase of shares of an ETF may be subject to the restrictions on investments in other investment companies discussed under “Other Investment Companies.” ETFs have management fees, which increase their cost. The Fund may invest in ETFs advised by unaffiliated advisers as well as ETFs advised by Invesco Capital Management LLC (Invesco Capital). Invesco, the Sub-Advisers and Invesco Capital are affiliates of each other as they are all indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries of Invesco Ltd.

Generally, ETFs hold portfolios of securities, commodities and/or currencies that are designed to replicate, as closely as possible before expenses, the performance of a specified market index. The performance results of ETFs will not replicate exactly the performance of the pertinent index due to transaction and other expenses, including fees to service providers, borne by ETFs. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that the portfolio of securities, commodities and/or currencies purchased by an ETF will replicate a particular index. Some ETFs are actively managed and instead of replicating a particular index they seek to outperform it, or outperform a basket of securities or price of a commodity or currency.

Only Authorized Participants (APs) may engage in creation or redemption transactions directly with ETFs. ETF shares are sold to and redeemed by APs at net asset value only in large blocks called creation units and redemption units, respectively. Such market makers have no obligation to submit creation or redemption orders; consequently, there is no assurance that market makers will establish or maintain an active trading market for ETF shares. In addition, to the extent that APs exit the business or are unable to proceed with creation and/or redemption orders with respect to an ETF and no other AP is able to step forward to create or redeem units of an ETF, an ETF’s shares may be more likely to trade at a premium or discount to net asset value and possibly face trading halts and/or delisting. ETF shares may be purchased and sold by all other investors in secondary market trading on national securities exchanges, which allows investors to purchase and sell ETF shares at their market price throughout the day.

Investments in ETFs generally present the same primary risks as an investment in a conventional mutual fund that has the same investment objective, strategy and policies. Investments in ETFs further involve the same risks associated with a direct investment in the types of securities, commodities and/or currencies included in the indices the ETFs are designed to replicate. In addition, shares of an ETF may trade at a market price that is higher or lower than their net asset value and an active trading market in such shares may not develop or continue. Moreover, trading of an ETF’s shares may be halted if the listing exchange’s officials deem such action to be appropriate, the shares are de-listed from the exchange, or the activation of market-wide “circuit breakers” (which are tied to large decreases in stock prices) halts stock trading generally.

Exchange-Traded Notes

Exchange-Traded Notes (ETNs). ETNs are senior, unsecured, unsubordinated debt securities whose returns are linked to the performance of a particular market benchmark or strategy, minus applicable fees. ETNs are traded on an exchange (e.g., the New York Stock Exchange) during normal trading hours; however, investors can also hold the ETN until maturity. At maturity, the issuer pays to the investor a cash amount equal to the principal amount, subject to the day’s market benchmark or strategy factor. ETNs do not make periodic coupon payments or provide principal protection. ETNs are subject to credit risk, including the credit risk of the issuer, and the value of the ETN may drop due to a downgrade in the issuer’s credit rating, despite the underlying market benchmark or strategy remaining unchanged. The value of an ETN may also be influenced by time to maturity, level of supply and demand for the ETN, volatility and lack of liquidity in underlying assets, changes in the applicable interest rates, changes in the issuer’s credit rating, and economic, legal, political, or geographic events that affect the referenced underlying asset. When a Fund invests in ETNs it will bear its proportionate share of any fees and expenses borne by the ETN. A decision to sell ETN holdings may be limited by the availability of a secondary market. In addition, although an ETN may be listed on an exchange, the issuer may not be required to maintain the listing, and there can be no assurance that a secondary market will exist for an ETN.

ETNs are also subject to tax risk. No assurance can be given that the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) will accept, or a court will uphold, how ETNs are characterized or treated for tax purposes. Further, the IRS and Congress are considering proposals that would change the timing and character of income and gains from ETNs.

An ETN that is tied to a specific market benchmark or strategy may not be able to replicate and maintain exactly the composition and relative weighting of securities, commodities or other components in the applicable market benchmark or strategy. Some ETNs that use leverage can, at times, be relatively illiquid,

and thus they may be difficult to purchase or sell at a fair price. Leveraged ETNs are subject to the same risk as other instruments that use leverage in any form.

The market value of ETNs may differ from their market benchmark or strategy. This difference in price may be due to the fact that the supply and demand in the market for ETNs at any point in time is not always identical to the supply and demand in the market for the securities, commodities or other components underlying the market benchmark or strategy that the ETN seeks to track. As a result, there may be times when an ETN trades at a premium or discount to its market benchmark or strategy.

Debt Investments

U.S. Government Obligations. U.S. government obligations includes obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies and instrumentalities, including bills, notes and bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury, as well as "stripped" or "zero coupon" U.S. Treasury obligations.

U.S. government obligations may be, (i) supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury, (ii) supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury, (iii) supported by the discretionary authority of the U.S. government to purchase the agency’s obligations, or (iv) supported only by the credit of the instrumentality. There is a risk that the U.S. government may choose not to provide financial support to U.S. government-sponsored agencies or instrumentalities if it is not legally obligated to do so. In that case, if the issuer were to default, a Fund holding securities of such issuer might not be able to recover its investment from the U.S. government. For example, while the U.S. government has provided financial support to Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA) and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC), no assurance can be given that the U.S. government will always do so, since the U.S. government is not so obligated by law. There also is no guarantee that the government would support Federal Home Loan Banks. Accordingly, securities of FNMA, FHLMC and Federal Home Loan Banks, and other agencies, may involve a risk of non-payment of principal and interest. Any downgrade of the credit rating of the securities issued by the U.S. government may result in a downgrade of securities issued by its agencies or instrumentalities, including government-sponsored entities. Additionally, from time to time uncertainty regarding the status of negotiations in the U.S. government to increase the statutory debt limit, commonly called the “debt ceiling,” could increase the risk that the U.S. government may default on payments on certain U.S. government securities, cause the credit rating of the U.S. government to be downgraded, increase volatility in the stock and bond markets, result in higher interest rates, reduce prices of U.S. Treasury securities, and/or increase the costs of various kinds of debt. If a U.S. government-sponsored entity is negatively impacted by legislative or regulatory action, is unable to meet its obligations, or its creditworthiness declines, the performance of a Fund that holds securities of that entity will be adversely impacted.

Inflation-Indexed Bonds. Inflation-indexed bonds are fixed income securities whose principal value is periodically adjusted according to the rate of inflation. Two structures are common. The U.S. Treasury and some other issuers use a structure that accrues inflation into the principal value of the bond. Most other issuers pay out the Consumer Price Index (CPI) accruals as part of a semiannual coupon.

Inflation-indexed securities issued by the U.S. Treasury have maturities of five, ten or thirty years, although it is possible that securities with other maturities will be issued in the future. The U.S. Treasury securities pay interest on a semi-annual basis, equal to a fixed percentage of the inflation-adjusted principal amount. For example, if a fund purchased an inflation-indexed bond with a par value of $1,000 and a 3% real rate of return coupon (payable 1.5% semi-annually), and inflation over the first six months was 1%, the mid-year par value of the bond would be $1,010 and the first semi-annual interest payment would be $15.15 ($1,010 times 1.5%). If inflation during the second half of the year resulted in the whole years’ inflation equaling 3%, the end-of-year par value of the bond would be $1,030 and the second semiannual interest payment would be $15.45 ($1,030 times 1.5%).

If the periodic adjustment rate measuring inflation falls, the principal value of inflation-indexed bonds will be adjusted downward, and consequently the interest payable on these securities (calculated with respect to a smaller principal amount) will be reduced. Repayment of the original bond principal upon maturity (as adjusted for inflation) is guaranteed in the case of U.S. Treasury inflation-indexed bonds, even during a period

of deflation. However, the current market value of the bonds is not guaranteed, and will fluctuate. Certain Funds may also invest in other inflation related bonds which may or may not provide a similar guarantee. If a guarantee of principal is not provided, the adjusted principal value of the bond repaid at maturity may be less than the original principal.

The value of inflation-indexed bonds is expected to change in response to changes in real interest rates. Real interest rates in turn are tied to the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. Therefore, if inflation were to rise at a faster rate than nominal interest rates, real interest rates might decline, leading to an increase in value of inflation-indexed bonds. In contrast, if nominal interest rates increased at a faster rate than inflation, real interest rates might rise, leading to a decrease in value of inflation-indexed bonds.

While these securities are expected to be protected from long-term inflationary trends, short-term increases in inflation may lead to a decline in value. If interest rates rise due to reasons other than inflation (for example, due to changes in currency exchange rates), investors in these securities may not be protected to the extent that the increase is not reflected in the bond’s inflation measure.

The periodic adjustment of U.S. inflation-indexed bonds is tied to the Consumer Price Index for Urban Consumers (CPI-U), which is calculated monthly by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. The CPI-U is a measurement of changes in the cost of living, made up of components such as housing, food, transportation and energy. Inflation-indexed bonds issued by a foreign government are generally adjusted to reflect a comparable inflation index, calculated by that government. There can be no assurance that the CPI-U or any foreign inflation index will accurately measure the real rate of inflation in the prices of goods and services. Moreover, there can be no assurance that the rate of inflation in a foreign country will be correlated to the rate of inflation in the United States.

Any increase in the principal amount of an inflation-indexed bond will be considered taxable ordinary income, even though investors do not receive their principal until maturity.

Temporary Investments. Each Fund may invest a portion of its assets in affiliated money market funds or in other types of money market instruments in which those funds would invest or other short-term U.S. government securities for cash management purposes. Each Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in investments that may be inconsistent with the Fund's principal investment strategies for temporary defensive purposes in anticipation of or in response to adverse market, economic, political or other conditions, or atypical circumstances such as unusually large cash inflows or redemptions. As a result, a Fund may not achieve its investment objective.

Changing Interest Rates. In a low or negative interest rate environment, debt securities may trade at, or be issued with, negative yields, which means the purchaser of the security may receive at maturity less than the total amount invested. In addition, in a negative interest rate environment, if a bank charges negative interest, instead of receiving interest on deposits, a depositor must pay the bank fees to keep money with the bank. To the extent a Fund holds a negatively-yielding debt security or has a bank deposit with a negative interest rate, the Fund would generate a negative return on that investment. Cash positions may also subject a Fund to increased counterparty risk to the Fund's bank. Debt market conditions are highly unpredictable and some parts of the market are subject to dislocations. In the past, the U.S. government and certain foreign central banks have taken steps to stabilize markets by, among other things, reducing interest rates. To the extent such actions are pursued, they present heightened risks to debt securities, and such risks could be even further heightened if these actions are unexpectedly or suddenly reversed or are ineffective in achieving their desired outcomes. At times, the U.S. government also has sought to stabilize markets and curb inflation by implementing increases to the federal funds interest rate. As interest rates rise, there is risk that rates across the financial system also may rise. To the extent rates increase substantially and/or rapidly, the Funds may be subject to significant losses.

In a low or negative interest rate environment, some investors may seek to reallocate assets to other income-producing assets. This may cause the price of such higher yielding instruments to rise, could further reduce the value of instruments with a negative yield, and may limit a Fund's ability to locate fixed income

instruments containing the desired risk/return profile. Changing interest rates, including, rates that fall below zero, could have unpredictable effects on the markets and may expose fixed income markets to heightened volatility, increased redemptions, and potential illiquidity.

With respect to a money market fund, which seeks to maintain a stable $1.00 price per share, a low or negative interest rate environment could impact the money market fund’s ability to maintain a stable $1.00 share price. During a negative interest rate environment causing a money market fund to have a negative gross yield, the money market fund may reduce the number of shares outstanding on a pro rata basis through reverse distribution mechanisms or other mechanisms to seek to maintain a stable $1.00 price per share, subject to approval of the board of trustees of the money market fund and to the extent permissible by applicable law and its organizational documents. A money market fund that implements share cancellation would continue to maintain a stable $1.00 share price by use of the amortized cost method of valuation and/or penny rounding method but the value of an investor’s investment would decline if the fund reduces the number of shares held by the investor. Alternatively, the money market fund may discontinue using the amortized cost method of valuation to maintain a stable $1.00 price per share and establish a fluctuating NAV per share rounded to four decimal places by using available market quotations or equivalents. A money market fund that floats its NAV would no longer maintain a stable $1.00 share price and instead have a share price that fluctuates. An investor in a money market fund that floats its NAV would lose money if the investor sells their shares when they are worth less than what the investor originally paid for them.

Mortgage-Backed and Asset-Backed Securities. Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund currently intends to limit its investments in asset-backed securities to no more than 10% of its total assets. Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities include commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) and residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS).

Mortgage-backed securities are mortgage-related securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies and instrumentalities, or issued by non-government entities, such as commercial banks and other private lenders. Mortgage-related securities represent ownership in pools of mortgage loans assembled for sale to investors by various government agencies such as the Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA) and government-related organizations such as the FNMA and the FHLMC, as well as by non-government issuers such as commercial banks, savings and loan institutions, mortgage bankers and private mortgage insurance companies. Although certain mortgage-related securities are guaranteed by a third party or otherwise similarly secured, the market value of the security, which may fluctuate, is not so secured. These securities differ from conventional bonds in that the principal is paid back to the investor as payments are made on the underlying mortgages in the pool. Accordingly, a Fund receives monthly scheduled payments of principal and interest along with any unscheduled principal prepayments on the underlying mortgages.

Because these scheduled and unscheduled principal payments must be reinvested at prevailing interest rates, mortgage-backed securities do not provide an effective means of locking in long-term interest rates for the investor. Although the value of a mortgage-backed security may decline when interest rates rise, the converse is not necessarily true, since in periods of declining interest rates the mortgages and loans underlying the securities are prone to prepayment, thereby shortening the average life of the security and shortening the period of time over which income at the higher rate is received. When interest rates are rising, the rate of prepayment tends to decrease, thereby lengthening the period of time over which income at the lower rate is received. For these and other reasons, a mortgage-backed security's average maturity may be shortened or lengthened as a result of interest rate fluctuations and, therefore, it is not possible to predict accurately the security's return.

There are a number of important differences among the agencies and instrumentalities of the U.S. government that issue mortgage-related securities and among the securities they issue. Mortgage-related securities issued by GNMA include GNMA Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates (also known as Ginnie Maes) which are guaranteed as to the timely payment of principal and interest. That guarantee is backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Treasury. GNMA is a corporation wholly-owned by the U.S. government within the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Mortgage-related securities issued by FNMA include FNMA

Guaranteed Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates (also known as Fannie Maes) and are guaranteed as to payment of principal and interest by FNMA itself and backed by a line of credit with the U.S. Treasury. FNMA is a government-sponsored entity (GSE) wholly-owned by public stockholders. Mortgage-related securities issued by FHLMC include FHLMC Mortgage Participation Certificates (also known as Freddie Macs) and are guaranteed as to payment of principal and interest by FHLMC itself and backed by a line of credit with the U.S. Treasury. FHLMC is a GSE wholly-owned by public stockholders.

Another type of mortgage-related security issued by GSEs, such as FNMA and FHLMC, is credit risk transfer securities. GSE credit risk transfer securities are unguaranteed and unsecured fixed or floating rate general obligations issued by GSEs, which are typically issued at par and have stated final maturities. In addition, GSE credit risk transfer securities are structured so that: (i) interest is paid directly by the issuing GSE; and (ii) principal is paid by the issuing GSE in accordance with the principal payments and default performance of a pool of residential mortgage loans acquired by the GSE. The issuing GSE selects the pool of mortgage loans based on that GSE’s eligibility criteria, and the performance of the credit risk transfer securities will be directly affected by the selection of such underlying mortgage loans.

GSE credit risk transfer securities are not directly linked to or backed by the underlying mortgage loans. Thus, although the payment of principal and interest on such securities is tied to the performance of the pool of underlying mortgage loans, in no circumstances will the actual cash flow from the underlying mortgage loans be paid or otherwise made available to the holders of the securities and the holders of the securities will have no interest in the underlying mortgage loans. As a result, in the event that a GSE fails to pay principal or interest on its credit risk transfer securities or goes through a bankruptcy, insolvency or similar proceeding, holders of such credit risk transfer securities will have no direct recourse to the underlying mortgage loans. Such holders will receive recovery on par with other unsecured note holders (agency debentures) in such a scenario.

GSE credit risk transfer securities are issued in multiple tranches, which are allocated certain principal repayments and credit losses corresponding to the seniority of the particular tranche. Each tranche will have credit exposure to the underlying mortgage loans and the yield to maturity will be directly related to the amount and timing of certain defined credit events on the underlying mortgage loans, any prepayments by borrowers and any removals of a mortgage loan from the pool. Because credit risk exposure is allocated in accordance with the seniority of the particular tranche, principal losses will be first allocated to the most junior or subordinate tranches, thus making the most subordinate tranches subject to increased sensitivity to dramatic housing downturns. In addition, many credit risk transfer securities have collateral performance triggers (such as those based on credit enhancement, delinquencies or defaults) that could shut off principal payments to subordinate tranches.

The risks associated with an investment in GSE credit risk transfer securities will be different than the risks associated with an investment in mortgage-backed securities issued by GSEs, because some or all of the mortgage default or credit risk associated with the underlying mortgage loans in credit risk transfer securities is transferred to investors, such as the Fund. As a result, investors in GSE credit risk transfer securities could lose some or all of their investment in these securities if the underlying mortgage loans default.

The Funds may also invest in credit risk transfer securities issued by private entities, such as banks or other financial institutions. Credit risk transfer securities issued by private entities are structured similarly to those issued by GSEs, and are generally subject to the same types of risks, including credit, prepayment, extension, interest rate and market risks.

On September 7, 2008, FNMA and FHLMC were placed under the conservatorship of the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) to provide stability in the financial markets, mortgage availability and taxpayer protection by preserving FNMA and FHLMC’s assets and property and putting FNMA and FHLMC in a sound and solvent position.

Since 2009, both FNMA and FHLMC have received significant capital support through U.S. Treasury preferred stock purchases and Federal Reserve purchases of the entities’ mortgage-backed securities.

In February 2011, the Obama Administration produced a report to Congress outlining proposals to wind down FNMA and FHLMC and reduce the government’s role in the mortgage market. Discussions among policymakers continue as to whether FNMA and FHLMC should be nationalized, privatized, restructured, or eliminated altogether. Such discussions create uncertainty as to FNMA’s future including how long FNMA will continue to exist in its current form, the extent of its role in the market, how long it will be in conservatorship, what form it will have and what ownership interest, if any, current common and preferred stockholders will hold after the conservatorship is terminated, and whether FNMA will continue to exist following conservatorship. FHLMC faces similar uncertainty about its future. If FNMA and FHLMC are taken out of conservatorship, it is unclear how the capital structure of FNMA and FHLMC would be constructed and what effects, if any, there may be on FNMA’s and FHLMC’s creditworthiness and guarantees of certain mortgage-backed securities. It is also unclear whether the U.S. Treasury would continue to enforce its rights or perform its obligations related to senior preferred stock. Should FNMA’s and FHLMC’s conservatorship end, there could be an adverse impact on the value of their securities, which could cause Fund losses.

Asset-backed securities are structured like mortgage-backed securities, but instead of mortgage loans or interests in mortgage loans, the underlying assets may include such items as motor vehicle installment sales contracts or installment loan contracts, leases of various types of real and personal property, and receivables from credit card agreements and from sales of personal property. Regular payments received on asset-backed securities include both interest and principal. Asset-backed securities typically have no U.S. Government backing. Additionally, the ability of an issuer of asset-backed securities to enforce its security interest in the underlying assets may be limited.

If a Fund purchases a mortgage-backed or other asset-backed security at a premium, the premium may be lost if there is a decline in the market value of the security whether resulting from changes in interest rates or prepayments in the underlying collateral. As with other interest-bearing securities, the prices of such securities are inversely affected by changes in interest rates. Like mortgage-backed securities, the varied effects of fluctuating interest rates on asset-backed security values make it impossible to accurately predict the security’s return. In addition, while the trading market for short-term mortgages and asset-backed securities is ordinarily quite liquid, in times of financial stress the trading market for these securities may become restricted.

CMBS and RMBS generally offer a higher rate of interest than government and government-related mortgage-backed securities because there are no direct or indirect government or government agency guarantees of payment. The risk of loss due to default on CMBS and RMBS is historically higher because neither the U.S. government nor an agency or instrumentality have guaranteed them. CMBS and RMBS whose underlying assets are neither U.S. government securities nor U.S. government insured mortgages, to the extent that real properties securing such assets may be located in the same geographical region, may also be subject to a greater risk of default than other comparable securities in the event of adverse economic, political or business developments that may affect such region and, ultimately, the ability of property owners to make payments of principal and interest on the underlying mortgages. Non-government mortgage-backed securities are generally subject to greater price volatility than those issued, guaranteed or sponsored by government entities because of the greater risk of default in adverse market conditions. Where a guarantee is provided by a private guarantor, the Fund is subject to the credit risk of such guarantor, especially when the guarantor doubles as the originator.

Asset-Backed Securities. Asset-backed securities are interests in pooled mortgages, loans, receivables, or other assets. Payments of interest and repayment of principal may be largely dependent upon the cash flows generated by the assets backing the securities and, in certain cases, supported by letters of credit, surety bonds, or other credit enhancements. Asset-backed security values may also be affected by other factors including changes in interest rates, the availability of information concerning the pool and its structure, the creditworthiness of the servicing agent for the pool, the originator of the loans or receivables, or the entities providing the credit enhancement.

Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (CMOs). A CMO is a hybrid between a mortgage-backed bond and a mortgage pass-through security. A CMO is a type of mortgage-backed security that creates separate

classes with varying maturities and interest rates, called tranches. Similar to a bond, interest and prepaid principal is paid, in most cases, semiannually. CMOs may be collateralized by whole mortgage loans, but are more typically collateralized by portfolios of mortgage pass-through securities guaranteed by GNMA, FHLMC, or FNMA, and their income streams.

CMOs are structured into multiple classes, each bearing a different fixed or floating interest rate and stated maturity. Actual maturity and average life will depend upon the prepayment experience of the collateral. CMOs provide for a modified form of call protection through a de facto breakdown of the underlying pool of mortgages according to how quickly the loans are repaid. Monthly payment of principal received from the pool of underlying mortgages, including prepayments, is first returned to investors holding the shortest maturity class. Investors holding the longer maturity classes receive principal only after the first class has been retired. An investor is partially guarded against a sooner than desired return of principal because of the sequential payments.

In a typical CMO transaction, a corporation (issuer) issues multiple series (i.e., Series A, B, C and Z) of CMO bonds (Bonds). Proceeds of the Bond offering are used to purchase mortgages or mortgage pass-through certificates (Collateral). The Collateral is pledged to a third party trustee as security for the Bonds. Principal and interest payments from the Collateral are used to pay principal on the Bonds in the following order: Series A, B, C and Z. The Series A, B, and C Bonds all bear current interest. Interest on a Series Z Bond is accrued and added to principal and a like amount is paid as principal on the Series A, B, or C Bond is currently being paid off. Only after the Series A, B, and C Bonds are paid in full does the Series Z Bond begin to receive payment. With some CMOs, the issuer serves as a conduit to allow loan originators (primarily builders or savings and loan associations) to borrow against their loan portfolios.

CMOs that are issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or by any of its agencies or instrumentalities will be considered U.S. government securities by the Funds, while other CMOs, even if collateralized by U.S. government securities, will have the same status as other privately issued securities for purposes of applying the Funds' diversification tests.

FHLMC CMOs are debt obligations of FHLMC issued in multiple classes having different maturity dates which are secured by the pledge of a pool of conventional mortgage loans purchased by FHLMC. Payments of principal and interest on the FHLMC CMOs are made semiannually. The amount of principal payable on each semiannual payment date is determined in accordance with FHLMC’s mandatory sinking fund schedule, which, in turn, is equal to approximately 100% of FHA prepayment experience applied to the mortgage collateral pool. All sinking fund payments in the FHLMC CMOs are allocated to the retirement of the individual classes of bonds in the order of their stated maturities. Payment of principal on the mortgage loans in the collateral pool in excess of the amount of FHLMC’s minimum sinking fund obligation for any payment date are paid to the holders of the FHLMC CMOs as additional sinking fund payments. Because of the “pass-through” nature of all principal payments received on the collateral pool in excess of FHLMC’s minimum sinking fund requirement, the rate at which principal of the FHLMC CMOs is actually repaid is likely to be such that each class of bonds will be retired in advance of its scheduled maturity date. If collection of principal (including prepayments) on the mortgage loans during any semiannual payment period is not sufficient to meet the FHLMC CMO’s minimum sinking fund obligation on the next sinking fund payment date, FHLMC agrees to make up the deficiency from its general funds.

Classes of CMOs may also include interest only securities (IOs) and principal only securities (POs). IOs and POs are stripped mortgage-backed securities representing interests in a pool of mortgages the cash flow from which has been separated into interest and principal components. IOs receive the interest portion of the cash flow while POs receive the principal portion. IOs and POs can be extremely volatile in response to changes in interest rates. As interest rates rise and fall, the value of IOs tends to move in the same direction as interest rates. POs perform best when prepayments on the underlying mortgages rise since this increases the rate at which the investment is returned and the yield to maturity on the PO. When payments on mortgages underlying a PO are slow, the life of the PO is lengthened and the yield to maturity is reduced.

CMOs are generally subject to the same risks as mortgage-backed securities. In addition, CMOs may be subject to credit risk because the issuer or credit enhancer has defaulted on its obligations and a Fund may

not receive all or part of its principal. Obligations issued by U.S. government-related entities are guaranteed as to the payment of principal and interest, but are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. The performance of private label mortgage-backed securities, issued by private institutions, is based on the financial health of those institutions. Although GNMA guarantees timely payment of GNMA certificates even if homeowners delay or default, tracking the “pass-through” payments may, at times, be difficult.

Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs). A CDO is a security backed by a pool of bonds, loans and other debt obligations. CDOs are not limited to investing in one type of debt and accordingly, a CDO may own corporate bonds, commercial loans, asset-backed securities, residential mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities, and emerging market debt. The CDO’s securities are typically divided into several classes, or bond tranches, that have differing levels of investment grade or credit tolerances. Most CDO issues are structured in a way that enables the senior bond classes and mezzanine classes to receive investment-grade credit ratings. Credit risk is shifted to the most junior class of securities. If any defaults occur in the assets backing a CDO, the senior bond classes are first in line to receive principal and interest payments, followed by the mezzanine classes and finally by the lowest rated (or non-rated) class, which is known as the equity tranche. Similar in structure to a collateralized mortgage obligation (described above) CDOs are unique in that they represent different types of debt and credit risk.

Collateralized Loan Obligations (CLOs). CLOs are debt instruments backed solely by a pool of other debt securities. The risks of an investment in a CLO depend largely on the type of the collateral securities and the class of the CLO in which a Fund invests. Some CLOs have credit ratings, but are typically issued in various classes with various priorities. Normally, CLOs are privately offered and sold (that is, they are not registered under the securities laws) and may be characterized by a Fund as illiquid investments; however, an active dealer market may exist for CLOs that qualify for Rule 144A transactions. In addition to the normal interest rate, default and other risks of fixed income securities, CLOs carry additional risks, including the possibility that distributions from collateral securities will not be adequate to make interest or other payments, the quality of the collateral may decline in value or default a Fund may invest in CLOs that are subordinate to other classes, values may be volatile, and disputes with the issuer may produce unexpected investment results.

Credit Linked Notes (CLNs). A CLN is a security structured and issued by an issuer, which may be a bank, broker or special purpose vehicle. If a CLN is issued by a special purpose vehicle, the special purpose vehicle will typically be collateralized by AAA-rated securities, but some CLNs are not collateralized. The performance and payment of principal and interest is tied to that of a reference obligation which may be a particular security, basket of securities, credit default swap, basket of credit default swaps, or index. The reference obligation may be denominated in foreign currencies. Risks of CLNs include those risks associated with the underlying reference obligation including, but not limited to, market risk, interest rate risk, credit risk, default risk and foreign currency risk. In the case of a CLN created with credit default swaps, the structure will be “funded” such that the par amount of the security will represent the maximum loss that could be incurred on the investment and no leverage is introduced. An investor in a CLN also bears counterparty risk or the risk that the issuer of the CLN will default or become bankrupt and not make timely payments of principal and interest on the structured security. Should the issuer default or declare bankruptcy, the CLN holder may not receive any compensation. In return for these risks, the CLN holder receives a higher yield. As with most derivative instruments, valuation of a CLN may be difficult due to the complexity of the security.

Bank Instruments. Bank instruments are unsecured interest bearing bank deposits. Bank instruments include, but are not limited to, certificates of deposit, time deposits, and banker’s acceptances from U.S. or foreign banks, as well as Eurodollar certificates of deposit (Eurodollar CDs) and Eurodollar time deposits of foreign branches of domestic banks. Some certificates of deposit are negotiable interest-bearing instruments with a specific maturity issued by banks and savings and loan institutions in exchange for the deposit of funds, and can typically be traded in the secondary market prior to maturity. Other certificates of deposit, like time deposits, are non-negotiable receipts issued by a bank in exchange for the deposit of funds which earns

a specified rate of interest over a definite period of time; however, it cannot be traded in the secondary market. A banker’s acceptance is a bill of exchange or time draft drawn on and accepted by a commercial bank.

An investment in Eurodollar CDs or Eurodollar time deposits may involve some of the same risks that are described for Foreign Securities.

Commercial Instruments. Commercial instruments include commercial paper, master notes and other short-term corporate instruments, that are denominated in U.S. dollars or foreign currencies. Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund does not currently intend to invest more than 5% of its total assets in variable amount master demand notes. The Fund has no limitations on the type of issuer from whom these notes will be purchased.

Commercial instruments are a type of instrument issued by large banks and corporations to raise money to meet their short-term debt obligations, and are only backed by the issuing bank or corporation’s promise to pay the face amount on the maturity date specified on the note. Commercial paper consists of short-term promissory notes issued by corporations. Commercial paper may be traded in the secondary market after its issuance. Master notes are demand notes that permit the investment of fluctuating amounts of money at varying rates of interest pursuant to arrangements with issuers who meet certain credit quality criteria. The interest rate on a master note may fluctuate based on changes in specified interest rates or may be reset periodically according to a prescribed formula or may be a set rate. Although there is no secondary market in master demand notes, if such notes have a demand feature, the payee may demand payment of the principal amount of the note upon relatively short notice. Master notes are generally illiquid and therefore typically subject to the Funds' percentage limitations for investments in illiquid investments. Commercial instruments may not be registered with the SEC.

Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund can invest in commercial paper if it is rated within the top three rating categories by S&P Global Ratings (S&P) and Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (Moody’s) or another nationally recognized statistical rating organization (NRSRO). If the paper is not rated, it may be purchased if the investment adviser determines that it is comparable to rated commercial paper in the top three categories of nationally recognized statistical rating organizations.

Synthetic Municipal Instruments. Synthetic municipal instruments are instruments, the value of and return on which are derived from underlying securities. Synthetic municipal instruments in which the Funds may invest include tender option bonds, and fixed or variable rate trust certificates. These types of instruments involve the deposit into a trust or custodial account of one or more long-term tax-exempt bonds or notes (Underlying Bonds), and the sale of certificates evidencing interests in the trust or custodial account to investors such as the Funds. The trustee or custodian receives the long-term fixed rate interest payments on the Underlying Bonds, and pays certificate holders fixed rates or short-term floating or variable interest rates which are reset periodically. A “tender option bond” provides a certificate holder with the conditional right to sell its certificate to the sponsor or some designated third party at specified intervals and receive the par value of the certificate plus accrued interest (a demand feature). A "fixed rate trust certificate" evidences an interest in a trust entitling a certificate holder to fixed future interest and/or principal payments on the Underlying Bonds. A “variable rate trust certificate” evidences an interest in a trust entitling the certificate holder to receive variable rate interest based on prevailing short-term interest rates and also typically provides the certificate holder with the conditional demand feature (the right to tender its certificate at par value plus accrued interest under certain conditions).

All synthetic municipal instruments must meet the minimum quality standards for the Funds' investments and must present minimal credit risks. In selecting synthetic municipal instruments for the Funds, Invesco considers the creditworthiness of the issuer of the Underlying Bond, the sponsor and the party providing certificate holders with a conditional right to sell their certificates at stated times and prices (a demand feature).

Typically, a certificate holder cannot exercise the demand feature until the occurrence of certain conditions, such as where the issuer of the Underlying Bond defaults on interest payments. Moreover,

because synthetic municipal instruments involve a trust or custodial account and a third party conditional demand feature, they involve complexities and potential risks that may not be present where a municipal security is owned directly.

The tax-exempt character of the interest paid to certificate holders is based on the assumption that the holders have an ownership interest in the Underlying Bonds; however, the IRS has not issued a ruling addressing this issue. In the event the IRS issues an adverse ruling or successfully litigates this issue, it is possible that the interest paid to the Funds on certain synthetic municipal instruments would be deemed to be taxable. The Funds rely on opinions of special tax counsel on this ownership question and opinions of bond counsel regarding the tax-exempt character of interest paid on the Underlying Bonds.

Municipal Securities. Municipal Securities are typically debt obligations of states, territories or possessions of the United States and the District of Columbia and their political subdivisions, agencies and instrumentalities, the interest on which, in the opinion of bond counsel or other counsel to the issuers of such securities, is, at the time of issuance, exempt from federal income tax. The issuers of municipal securities obtain funds for various public purposes, including the construction of a wide range of public facilities such as airports, highways, bridges, schools, hospitals, housing, mass transportation, streets and water and sewer works. Other public purposes for which municipal securities may be issued include refunding outstanding obligations, obtaining funds for general operating expenses and obtaining funds to lend to other public institutions and facilities.

Certain types of municipal securities are issued to obtain funding for privately operated facilities. The credit and quality of private activity debt securities are dependent on the private facility or user, who is responsible for the interest payment and principal repayment.

The two major classifications of Municipal Securities are bonds and notes. Municipal bonds are municipal debt obligations in which the issuer is obligated to repay the original (or “principal”) payment amount on a certain maturity date along with interest. A municipal bond’s maturity date (the date when the issuer of the bond repays the principal) may be years in the future. Short-term bonds mature in one to three years, while long-term bonds usually do not mature for more than a decade. Notes are short-term instruments which usually mature in less than two years. Most notes are general obligations of the issuing municipalities or agencies and are sold in anticipation of a bond sale, collection of taxes or receipt of other revenues. Municipal notes also include tax, revenue notes and revenue and bond anticipation notes (discussed more fully below) of short maturity, generally less than three years, which are issued to obtain temporary funds for various public purposes.

Municipal debt securities may also be classified as general obligation or revenue obligations (or "special delegation securities"). General obligation securities are secured by the issuer's pledge of its faith, credit and taxing power for the payment of principal and interest.

Revenue debt obligations, such as revenue bonds and revenue notes, are usually payable only from the revenues derived from a particular facility or class of facilities or, in some cases, from the proceeds of a special excise tax or other specific revenue source but not from the general taxing power. The principal and interest payments for industrial development bonds or pollution control bonds are often the sole responsibility of the industrial user and therefore may not be backed by the taxing power of the issuing municipality. The interest paid on such bonds may be exempt from federal income tax, although current federal tax laws place substantial limitations on the purposes and size of such issues. Such obligations are considered to be Municipal Securities provided that the interest paid thereon, in the opinion of bond counsel, qualifies as exempt from federal income tax. However, interest on municipal securities may give rise to a federal alternative minimum tax (AMT) liability and may have other collateral federal income tax consequences. There is a risk that some or all of the interest received by the Fund from tax-exempt municipal securities might become taxable as a result of tax law changes or determinations of the IRS.

Another type of revenue obligations is pre-refunded bonds, which are typically issued to refinance debt. In other words, pre-refunded bonds result from the advance refunding of bonds that are not currently redeemable. The proceeds from the issue of the lower yield and/or longer maturing pre-refunding bond will

usually be used to purchase U.S. government obligations, such as U.S. Treasury securities, which are held in an escrow account and used to pay interest and principal payments until the scheduled call date of the original bond issue occurs. Like other fixed income securities, pre-refunded bonds are subject to interest rate, market, credit, and reinvestment risks. However, because pre-refunded bonds are generally collateralized with U.S. government obligations, such pre-refunded bonds have essentially the same risks of default as a AAA-rated security. The Fund will treat such pre-refunded securities as investment-grade securities, notwithstanding the fact that the issuer of such securities may have a lower rating (such as a below-investment-grade rating) from one or more rating agencies.

Within these principal classifications of municipal securities, there are a variety of types of municipal securities, including but not limited to, fixed and variable rate securities, variable rate demand notes, municipal leases, custodial receipts, participation certificates, inverse floating rate securities, and derivative municipal securities.

After purchase by a Fund, an issue of Municipal Securities may cease to be rated by Moody's Investors Service, Inc. (Moody's) or S&P Global Ratings (S&P), or another nationally recognized statistical rating organization (NRSRO), or the rating of such a security may be reduced below the minimum credit quality rating required for purchase by the Fund. Neither event would require a Fund to dispose of the security. To the extent that the ratings applied by Moody’s, S&P or another NRSRO to Municipal Securities may change as a result of changes in these rating systems, a Fund will attempt to use comparable credit quality ratings as standards for its investments in Municipal Securities.

The yields on Municipal Securities are dependent on a variety of factors, including general economic and monetary conditions, money market factors, conditions of the Municipal Securities market, size of a particular offering, and maturity and rating of the obligation. Because many Municipal Securities are issued to finance similar projects, especially those related to education, health care, transportation and various utilities, conditions in those sectors and the financial condition of an individual municipal issuer can affect the overall municipal market. The market values of the Municipal Securities held by a Fund will be affected by changes in the yields available on similar securities. If yields increase following the purchase of a Municipal Security, the market value of such Municipal Security will generally decrease. Conversely, if yields decrease, the market value of a Municipal Security will generally increase. The ratings of S&P and Moody’s represent their opinions of the quality of the municipal securities they undertake to rate. It should be emphasized, however, that ratings are general and are not absolute standards of quality. Consequently, municipal securities with the same maturity, coupon and rating may have different yields while municipal securities of the same maturity and coupon with different ratings may have the same yield.

Certain of the municipal securities in which the Funds may invest represent relatively recent innovations in the municipal securities markets and the markets for such securities may be less developed than the market for conventional fixed rate municipal securities.

Under normal market conditions, longer-term municipal securities generally provide a higher yield than shorter-term municipal securities. The Funds have no limitation as to the maturity of municipal securities in which they may invest. The Adviser may adjust the average maturity of a Fund’s portfolio from time to time depending on its assessment of the relative yields available on securities of different maturities and its expectations of future changes in interest rates.

The net asset value of a Fund will change with changes in the value of its portfolio securities. With fixed income municipal securities, the net asset value of a Fund can be expected to change as general levels of interest rates fluctuate. When interest rates decline, the value of a portfolio invested in fixed income securities generally can be expected to rise. Conversely, when interest rates rise, the value of a portfolio invested in fixed income securities generally can be expected to decline. The prices of longer term municipal securities generally are more volatile with respect to changes in interest rates than the prices of shorter term municipal securities. Volatility may be greater during periods of general economic uncertainty.

Municipal Securities, like other debt obligations, are subject to the credit risk of nonpayment. The ability of issuers of municipal securities to make timely payments of interest and principal may be adversely impacted

in general economic downturns and as relative governmental cost burdens are allocated and reallocated among federal, state and local governmental units. Such nonpayment would result in a reduction of income to a Fund, and could result in a reduction in the value of the municipal securities experiencing nonpayment and a potential decrease in the net asset value of the Fund. In addition, a Fund may incur expenses to work out or restructure a distressed or defaulted security.

The Funds may invest in Municipal Securities with credit enhancements such as letters of credit and municipal bond insurance. The Funds may invest in Municipal Securities that are insured by financial insurance companies. Since a limited number of entities provide such insurance, a Fund may invest more than 25% of its assets in securities insured by the same insurance company. If a Fund invests in Municipal Securities backed by insurance companies and other financial institutions, changes in the financial condition of these institutions could cause losses to the Fund and affect share price. Letters of credit are issued by a third party, usually a bank, to enhance liquidity and ensure repayment of principal and any accrued interest if the underlying Municipal Bond should default. These credit enhancements do not guarantee payments or repayments on the Municipal Securities and a downgrade in the credit enhancer could affect the value of the Municipal Security.

If the IRS determines that an issuer of a Municipal Security has not complied with applicable tax requirements, interest from the security could be treated as taxable, which could result in a decline in the security’s value. In addition, there could be changes in applicable tax laws or tax treatments that reduce or eliminate the current federal income tax exemption on Municipal Securities or otherwise adversely affect the current federal or state tax status of Municipal Securities. For example, 2017 legislation commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act repeals the exclusion from gross income for interest on pre-refunded municipal securities effective for such bonds issued after December 31, 2017.

Taxable municipal securities are debt securities issued by or on behalf of states and their political subdivisions, the District of Columbia, and possessions of the United States, the interest on which is not exempt from federal income tax. Taxable investments include, for example, hedging instruments, repurchase agreements, and many of the types of securities the Fund would buy for temporary defensive purposes.

At times, in connection with the restructuring of a municipal bond issuer either outside of bankruptcy court in a negotiated workout or in the context of bankruptcy proceedings, the Fund may determine or be required to accept equity or taxable debt securities, or the underlying collateral (which may include real estate or loans) from the issuer in exchange for all or a portion of the Fund’s holdings in the municipal security. Although the Adviser will attempt to sell those assets as soon as reasonably practicable in most cases, depending upon, among other things, the Adviser’s valuation of the potential value of such assets in relation to the price that could be obtained by the Fund at any given time upon sale thereof, the Fund may determine to hold such securities or assets in its portfolio for limited period of time in order to liquidate the assets in a manner that maximizes their value to the Fund.

Municipal Securities also include, but are not limited to, the following securities:

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Bond Anticipation Notes usually are general obligations of state and local governmental issuers which are sold to obtain interim financing for projects that will eventually be funded through the sale of long-term debt obligations or bonds.

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Revenue Anticipation Debt Securities, including bonds, notes, and certificates, are issued by governments or governmental bodies with the expectation that future revenues from a designated source will be used to repay the securities. In general, they also constitute general obligations of the issuer.

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Tax Anticipation Notes are issued by state and local governments to finance the current operations of such governments. Repayment is generally to be derived from specific future tax revenues.

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Tax-Exempt Commercial Paper (Municipal Paper) is similar to taxable commercial paper, except that tax-exempt commercial paper is issued by states, municipalities and their agencies.

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Tax-Exempt Mandatory Paydown Securities (TEMPS) are fixed rate term bonds carrying a short-term

maturity, usually three to four years beyond the expected redemption. TEMPS are structured as bullet repayments, with required optional redemptions as entrance fees are collected.

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Zero Coupon and Pay-in-Kind Securities do not immediately produce cash income. These securities are issued at an original issue discount, with the full value, including accrued interest, paid at maturity. Interest income may be reportable annually, even though no annual payments are made. Market prices of zero coupon bonds tend to be more volatile than bonds that pay interest regularly. Pay-in-kind securities are securities that have interest payable by delivery of additional securities. Upon maturity, the holder is entitled to receive the aggregate par value of the securities. Zero coupon and pay-in-kind securities may be subject to greater fluctuation in value and less liquidity in the event of adverse market conditions than comparably rated securities paying cash interest at regular interest payment periods. Prices on non-cash-paying instruments may be more sensitive to changes in the issuer’s financial condition, fluctuation in interest rates and market demand/supply imbalances than cash-paying securities with similar credit ratings, and thus may be more speculative. Special tax considerations are associated with investing in certain lower-grade securities, such as zero coupon or pay-in-kind securities.

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Capital Appreciation Bonds are municipal securities in which the investment return on the initial principal payment is reinvested at a compounded rate until the bond matures. The principal and interest are due on maturity. Thus, like zero coupon securities, investors must wait until maturity to receive interest and principal, which increases the interest rate and credit risks.

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Payments in lieu of taxes (also known as PILOTs) are voluntary payments by, for instance the U.S. government or nonprofits, to local governments that help offset losses in or otherwise serve as a substitute for property taxes.

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Converted Auction Rate Securities (CARS) are a structure that combines the debt service deferral feature of Capital Appreciation Bonds (CABS) with Auction Rate Securities. The CARS pay no debt service until a specific date, then they incrementally convert to conventional Auction Rate Securities. At each conversion date the issuer has the ability to call and pay down any amount of the CARS.

Some bonds may be “callable,” allowing the issuer to redeem them before their maturity date. To protect bondholders, callable bonds may be issued with provisions that prevent them from being called for a period of time. Typically, that is 5 to 10 years from the issuance date. When interest rates decline, if the call protection on a bond has expired, it is more likely that the issuer may call the bond. If that occurs, the Fund might have to reinvest the proceeds of the called bond in investments that pay a lower rate of return, which could reduce the Fund’s yield.

Inverse Floating Rate Interests. Inverse floating rate interests (Inverse Floaters) are issued in connection with municipal tender option bond (TOB) financing transactions to generate leverage for the Fund. Such instruments are created by a special purpose trust (a TOB Trust) that holds long-term fixed rate bonds sold to it by the Fund (the underlying security), and issues two classes of beneficial interests: short-term floating rate interests (Floaters), which are sold to other investors, and Inverse Floaters, which are purchased by the Fund. The Floaters have first priority on the cash flow from the underlying security held by the TOB Trust, have a tender option feature that allows holders to tender the Floaters back to the TOB Trust for their par amount and accrued interest at specified intervals and bear interest at prevailing short-term interest rates. Tendered Floaters are remarketed for sale to other investors for their par amount and accrued interest by a remarketing agent to the TOB Trust and are ultimately supported by a liquidity facility provided by a bank, upon which the TOB Trust can draw funds to pay such amount to holders of Tendered Floaters that cannot be remarketed. The Fund, as holder of the Inverse Floaters, is paid the residual cash flow from the underlying security. Accordingly, the Inverse Floaters provide the Fund with leveraged exposure to the underlying security. When short-term interest rates rise or fall, the interest payable on the Floaters issued by a TOB Trust will, respectively, rise or fall, leaving less or more, respectively, residual interest cash flow from the underlying security available for payment on the Inverse Floaters. Thus, as short-term interest rates rise, Inverse Floaters produce less income for the Fund, and as short-term interest rates decline, Inverse Floaters produce more income for the Fund. The price of Inverse Floaters is expected to decline when interest rates rise and

increase when interest rates decline, in either case generally more so than the price of a bond with a similar maturity, because of the effect of leverage. As a result, the price of Inverse Floaters is typically more volatile than the price of bonds with similar maturities, especially if the relevant TOB Trust is structured to provide the holder of the Inverse Floaters relatively greater leveraged exposure to the underlying security (e.g., if the par amount of the Floaters, as a percentage of the par amount of the underlying security, is relatively greater). Upon the occurrence of certain adverse events (including a credit ratings downgrade of the underlying security or a substantial decrease in the market value of the underlying security), a TOB Trust may be collapsed by the remarketing agent or liquidity provider and the underlying security liquidated, and the Fund could lose the entire amount of its investment in the Inverse Floater and may, in some cases, be contractually required to pay the shortfall, if any, between the liquidation value of the underlying security and the principal amount of the Floaters. Consequently, in a rising interest rate environment, the Fund’s investments in Inverse Floaters could negatively impact the Fund’s performance and yield, especially when those Inverse Floaters provide the Fund with relatively greater leveraged exposure to the underlying securities held by the relevant TOB Trusts.

Final rules implementing section 619 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the Volcker Rule) prohibit banking entities and their affiliates from sponsoring and/or providing certain services to TOB Trusts, which constitute “covered funds” under the Volcker Rule. As a result of the Volcker Rule, the Fund, as holder of Inverse Floaters, is required to perform certain duties in connection with TOB financing transactions previously performed by banking entities. These duties may alternatively be performed by a non-bank third-party service provider. A Fund’s expanded role in TOB financing transactions as a result of the Volcker Rule may increase its operational and regulatory risk.

Further, the SEC and various banking agencies have adopted rules implementing credit risk retention requirements for asset-backed securities (the Risk Retention Rules), which apply to TOB financing transactions and TOB Trusts. The Risk Retention Rules require the sponsor of a TOB Trust, which is deemed to be the Fund (as holder of the related Inverse Floaters), to retain at least 5% of the credit risk of the underlying security held by the TOB Trust. As applicable, the Fund has adopted policies and procedures intended to comply with the Risk Retention Rules. The Risk Retention Rules may adversely affect the Fund’s ability to engage in TOB financing transactions or increase the costs of such transactions in certain circumstances.

There can be no assurances that TOB financing transactions will continue to be a viable or cost-effective form of leverage. The unavailability of TOB financing transactions or an increase in the cost of financing provided by TOB transactions may adversely affect the Fund’s net asset value, distribution rate and ability to achieve its investment objective.

Municipal Lease Obligations. Municipal lease obligations are issued by state and local governments or authorities to finance the acquisition of land, equipment and facilities, such as state and municipal vehicles, telecommunications and computer equipment, and other capital assets. Municipal lease obligations, another type of Municipal Security, may take the form of a lease, an installment purchase contract or a conditional sales contract. Interest payments on qualifying municipal lease obligations are generally exempt from federal income taxes.

Municipal lease obligations are generally subject to greater risks than general obligation or revenue bonds. State laws set forth requirements that states or municipalities must meet in order to issue municipal obligations, and such obligations may contain a covenant by the issuer to budget for, appropriate, and make payments due under the obligation. However, certain municipal lease obligations may contain "non-appropriation" clauses which provide that the issuer is not obligated to make payments on the obligation in future years unless funds have been appropriated for this purpose each year. If not enough money is appropriated to make the lease payments, the leased property may be repossessed as security for holders of the municipal lease obligation. In such an event, there is no assurance that the property's private sector or re-leasing value will be enough to make all outstanding payments on the municipal lease obligation or that the payments will continue to be tax-free. Additionally, it may be difficult to dispose of the underlying capital asset in the event of non-appropriation or other default. Direct investments by the Fund in municipal lease

obligations may be deemed illiquid and therefore subject to the Funds' percentage limitations for illiquid investments and the risks of holding illiquid investments.

Municipal Forward Contracts. A municipal forward contract is an agreement by a Fund to purchase a Municipal Security on a when-issued basis with a longer-than-standard settlement period, in some cases with the settlement date taking place up to five years from the date of purchase. Municipal forward contracts typically carry a substantial yield premium to compensate the buyer for the risks associated with a long when-issued period, including shifts in market interest rates that could materially impact the principal value of the bond, deterioration in the credit quality of the issuer, loss of alternative investment options during the when-issued period and failure of the issuer to complete various steps required to issue the bonds.

Tobacco Related Bonds. Certain Funds may invest in two types of tobacco related bonds: (i) tobacco settlement revenue bonds, for which payments of interest and principal are made solely from a state’s interest in the Master Settlement Agreement (“MSA”) and (ii) tobacco bonds subject to a state’s appropriation pledge (“STA Tobacco Bonds”), for which payments may come from both the MSA revenue and the applicable state’s appropriation pledge.

Tobacco Settlement Revenue Bonds. Tobacco settlement revenue bonds are secured by an issuing state’s proportionate share of periodic payments by tobacco companies made under the MSA, a litigation settlement agreement reached out of court in November 1998 between 46 states and six U.S. jurisdictions and tobacco manufacturers representing a majority of U.S. market share. The MSA provides for annual payments by the manufacturers to the states and other jurisdictions in perpetuity in exchange for releasing all claims against the manufacturers and a pledge of no further litigation. The MSA established a base payment schedule and a formula for adjusting payments each year. Tobacco manufacturers pay into a master escrow trust based on their market share, and each state receives a fixed percentage of the payment as set forth in the MSA. Within some states, certain localities may in turn be allocated a specific portion of the state’s MSA payment pursuant to an arrangement with the state.

A number of states and local governments have securitized the future flow of payments under the MSA by selling bonds, some through distinct governmental entities created for such purpose. The bonds are backed by the future revenue flows from the tobacco manufacturers. Annual payments on the bonds, and thus the risk to the Fund, are dependent on the receipt of future settlement payments by the state or its instrumentality. The actual amount of future settlement payments depends on many factors including, but not limited to, annual domestic cigarette shipments, cigarette consumption, inflation and the financial capability of participating tobacco companies. As a result, payments made by tobacco manufacturers could be reduced if the decrease in tobacco consumption is significantly greater than the forecasted decline. Demand for cigarettes in the U.S. could continue to decline based on many factors, including without limitation, further regulation, anti-smoking campaigns, tax-increases, price increases implemented to recoup the cost of payments by tobacco companies under the MSA, reduced ability to advertise, enforcement of laws prohibiting sales to minors, elimination of certain sales venues such as vending machines, the spread of local ordinances restricting smoking in public areas, and increase in the use of other nicotine delivery devices (such as electronic cigarettes, smoking cessation products, and smokeless tobacco).

Because tobacco settlement bonds are backed by payments from the tobacco manufacturers, and generally not by the credit of the state or local government issuing the bonds, their creditworthiness depends on the ability of tobacco manufacturers to meet their obligations. A market share loss by the MSA companies to non-MSA participating tobacco manufacturers could also cause a downward adjustment in the payment amounts. A participating manufacturer filing for bankruptcy also could cause delays or reductions in bond payments, which could affect the Fund’s net asset value.

The MSA and tobacco manufacturers have been and continue to be subject to various legal claims, including among others, claims that the MSA violates federal antitrust law. In addition, the United States Department of Justice has alleged in a civil lawsuit that the major tobacco companies defrauded and misled the American public about the health risks associated with smoking cigarettes. Since the MSA, individual and class action healthcare cost recovery lawsuits have been brought against tobacco manufacturers by plaintiffs seeking various forms of relief, including compensatory and punitive damages, as well as reimbursement for

healthcare expenditures incurred in connection with the treatment of medical conditions allegedly caused by smoking or secondhand smoke. The MSA does not release participating manufacturers from liability in such cases as the MSA only settled claims of the participating states. An adverse outcome to these, or any litigation matters or regulatory actions relating to the MSA or affecting tobacco manufacturers, could adversely affect the payment streams associated with the MSA or cause delays or reductions in bond payments by tobacco manufacturers.

Tobacco Subject to Appropriation (STA) Bonds. In addition to the tobacco settlement bonds discussed above, Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund also may invest in STA Tobacco Bonds, that rely on both the revenue source from the MSA and a state appropriation pledge.

These STA Tobacco Bonds are part of a larger category of municipal bonds that are subject to state appropriation. Although specific provisions may vary among states, “government appropriation” or “subject to appropriation” bonds (also referred to as “appropriation debt”) are typically payable from two distinct sources: (i) a dedicated revenue source such as a municipal enterprise, a special tax or, in the case of tobacco bonds, the MSA funds, and (ii) the issuer’s general funds. Appropriation debt differs from a state’s general obligation debt in that general obligation debt is backed by the state’s full faith, credit, and taxing power, while appropriation debt requires the state to pass a specific periodic appropriation to pay interest and/or principal on the bonds. The appropriation is usually made annually. While STA Tobacco Bonds offer an enhanced credit support feature, that feature is generally not an unconditional guarantee of payment by a state and states generally do not pledge the full faith, credit, or taxing power of the state.

Investments in Municipal Preferred Shares Issued by a Closed-End Fund. Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund and Short Term Municipal Fund may invest in municipal preferred shares issued by a type of investment company known as a closed-end fund. A closed-end fund may issue municipal preferred shares to raise capital that can be used to purchase more securities for its portfolio. While these municipal preferred shares are equity securities that have a monthly dividend rate payable from the closed-end fund's earnings, they typically pay dividends at a variable rate. This variable dividend rate, among other features, causes preferred shares to have similar characteristics and risks to debt securities, which risks include interest rate risk, credit risk, inflation risk, early redemption risk and reinvestment risk. Certain municipal preferred shares may pay dividends that are tied to an index, such as the SIFMA Municipal Swap Index, whose returns may be impacted as a result of changes in the tax rates and tax statuses of municipal and non-municipal securities, the creditworthiness and supply and demand for municipal securities, and yield compression. Additionally, there is the risk that such index could be modified or discontinued, which could impact the level of dividends paid by municipal preferred shares. Income earned from investments in municipal preferred shares is expected to be exempt from federal income taxes (and, with respect to any such securities issued by single-state municipal closed-end funds, exempt from the applicable state's income tax), and as a result, may be impacted by changes in federal (or state, as applicable) income tax rates or changes in the tax-exempt treatment of that income. While the closed-end funds in which the Funds invest intend to treat municipal preferred shares as equity for federal income tax purposes, there is the risk that the Internal Revenue Service could assert a contrary position, which could result in income from these investments becoming taxable. Municipal preferred shares typically are not freely transferrable and therefore, the market for resale of these shares may be relatively illiquid compared to the market for other types of securities. The Fund may pay transaction fees in connection with acquiring or disposing of the preferred shares. Although these municipal preferred shares will be subordinated to the rights of holders of indebtedness, if any, of the closed-end fund, the municipal preferred shares rank ahead of common shares in claims for dividends and for assets of the issuer in a liquidation or bankruptcy. Investments in municipal preferred shares are subject to the risks associated with the issuing closed-end fund and to limits set forth in the 1940 Act. See “Description of the Funds and Their Investments and Risks — Investment Strategies and Risks — Other Investments — Other Investment Companies” for a discussion of these restrictions.

Land-Secured or “Dirt” Bonds. Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund may invest in municipal securities that are issued in connection with special taxing districts that are organized to plan and finance infrastructure development to induce residential, commercial and industrial growth and redevelopment. The bonds financed by these methods, such as tax assessment, special tax or tax increment financing generally are payable

solely from taxes or other revenues attributable to the specific projects financed by the bonds, without recourse to the credit or taxing power of related or overlapping municipalities.

These projects often are exposed to real estate development-related risks, such as the failure of property development, unavailability of financing, extended vacancies of properties, increased competition, limitations on rents, changes in neighborhood values, lessening demand for properties, and changes in interest rates. These real estate risks may be heightened if a project were subject to foreclosure. Additionally, upon foreclosure the Fund might be required to pay certain maintenance or operating expenses or taxes relating to such projects. These expenses could increase the overall expenses of the Fund and reduce its returns.

In addition, the bonds financing these projects may have more taxpayer concentration risk than general tax-supported bonds, such as general obligation bonds. Further, the fees, special taxes, or tax allocations and other revenues that are established to secure such financings generally are limited as to the rate or amount that may be levied or assessed and are not subject to increase pursuant to rate covenants or municipal or corporate guarantees. The bonds could default if a development failed to progress as anticipated or if taxpayers failed to pay the assessments, fees and taxes as provided in the financing plans of the projects.

Investment Grade Debt Obligations. Each Fund may invest in U.S. dollar-denominated debt obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. corporations or U.S. commercial banks, U.S. dollar-denominated obligations of foreign issuers or debt obligations of foreign issuers denominated in foreign currencies. Debt obligations include, among others, bonds, notes, debentures and variable rate demand notes. They may be U.S. dollar-denominated debt obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. corporations or U.S. commercial banks, U.S. dollar-denominated obligations of foreign issuers or debt obligations of foreign issuers denominated in foreign currencies.

The Adviser considers investment grade securities to include: (i) securities rated BBB- or higher by S&P or Baa3 or higher by Moody’s or an equivalent rating by another NRSRO, (ii) short-term securities with comparable NRSRO ratings, or (iii) unrated securities determined by the Adviser to be of comparable quality, each at the time of purchase. The Adviser may rely to some extent on credit ratings by NRSROs in evaluating the credit risk of securities selected for the Fund’s portfolio. Credit ratings evaluate the expectation that scheduled interest and principal payments will be made in a timely manner. They do not reflect any judgment of market risk. Ratings and market value may change from time to time, positively or negatively, to reflect new developments regarding the issuer. Rating organizations might not change their credit rating of an issuer in a timely manner to reflect events that could affect the issuer’s ability to make timely payments on its obligations. The Fund’s Adviser internally assigns ratings to unrated securities, after assessing their credit quality and other factors, in investment-grade or below-investment-grade categories similar to those of NRSROs. There can be no assurance, nor is it intended, that the Fund’s Adviser’s credit analysis process is consistent or comparable with the credit analysis process used by a NRSRO. The descriptions of debt securities ratings are found in Appendix A.

In choosing corporate debt securities on behalf of a Fund, portfolio managers may consider:

general economic and financial conditions;

ii.

the specific issuer’s (a) business and management, (b) cash flow, (c) earnings coverage of interest and dividends, (d) ability to operate under adverse economic conditions, (e) fair market value of assets, and (f) in the case of foreign issuers, unique political, economic or social conditions applicable to such issuer’s country; and,

iii.

other considerations deemed appropriate.

Debt securities are subject to a variety of risks, such as interest rate risk, income risk, prepayment risk, inflation risk, credit risk, currency risk and default risk.

Non-Investment Grade Debt Obligations (Junk Bonds). Bonds rated below or determined to be below investment grade (as defined above in “Investment Grade Debt Obligations”) are commonly referred to as

“junk bonds.” Analysis of the creditworthiness of junk bond issuers is more complex than that of investment-grade issuers and the success of the Adviser in managing these decisions is more dependent upon its own credit analysis than is the case with investment-grade bonds. Descriptions of debt securities ratings are found in Appendix A.

The capacity of junk bonds to pay interest and repay principal is considered speculative. While junk bonds may provide an opportunity for greater income and gains, they are subject to greater risks than higher-rated debt securities. The prices of and yields on junk bonds may fluctuate to a greater extent than those of higher-rated debt securities. Junk bonds are generally more sensitive to individual issuer developments, economic conditions and regulatory changes than higher-rated bonds. Issuers of junk bonds are often smaller, less-seasoned companies or companies that are highly leveraged with more traditional methods of financing unavailable to them. Junk bonds are generally at a higher risk of default because such issues are often unsecured or otherwise subordinated to claims of the issuer’s other creditors. If a junk bond issuer defaults, a Fund may incur additional expenses to seek recovery. The secondary markets in which junk bonds are traded may be thin and less liquid than the market for higher-rated debt securities and a Fund may have difficulty selling certain junk bonds at the desired time and price. Less liquidity in secondary trading markets could adversely affect the price at which a Fund could sell a particular junk bond, and could cause large fluctuations in the net asset value of that Fund’s shares. The lack of a liquid secondary market may also make it more difficult for a Fund to obtain accurate market quotations in valuing junk bond assets and elements of judgment may play a greater role in the valuation.

Structured Notes and Indexed Securities. Structured notes are derivative debt instruments, the interest rate or principal of which is linked to currencies, interest rates, commodities, indices or other financial indicators (reference instruments). Indexed securities may include structured notes and other securities wherein the interest rate or principal is determined by a reference instrument.

Most structured notes and indexed securities are fixed income securities that have maturities of three years or less. The interest rate or the principal amount payable at maturity of an indexed security may vary based on changes in one or more specified reference instruments, such as a floating interest rate compared with a fixed interest rate. The reference instrument need not be related to the terms of the indexed security. Structured notes and indexed securities may be positively or negatively indexed (i.e., their principal value or interest rates may increase or decrease if the underlying reference instrument appreciates), and may have return characteristics similar to direct investments in the underlying reference instrument or to one or more options on the underlying reference instrument.

Structured notes and indexed securities may entail a greater degree of market risk than other types of debt securities because the investor bears the risk of the reference instrument. Structured notes or indexed securities also may be more volatile, less liquid, and more difficult to accurately price than less complex securities and instruments or more traditional debt securities. In addition to the credit risk of the structured note or indexed security’s issuer and the normal risks of price changes in response to changes in interest rates, the principal amount of structured notes or indexed securities may decrease as a result of changes in the value of the underlying reference instruments. Further, in the case of certain structured notes or indexed securities in which the interest rate, or exchange rate in the case of currency, is linked to a reference instrument, the rate may be increased or decreased or the terms may provide that, under certain circumstances, the principal amount payable on maturity may be reduced to zero resulting in a loss to the Fund.

Senior Secured Floating Rate Securities. The Funds may invest in senior secured floating rate loans and senior secured floating rate debt instruments made to or issued by borrowers (which may include U.S. and non-U.S. companies) that (i) have variable rates which adjust to a base rate, such as Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR), on set dates, typically every 30 days but not to exceed one year; and/or (ii) have interest rates that float at a margin above a generally recognized base lending rate such as the Prime Rate of a designated U.S. bank.

U.S. Corporate Debt Obligations. Corporate debt obligations are debt obligations issued or guaranteed by corporations that are denominated in U.S. dollars. Such investments may include, among others,

commercial paper, bonds, notes, debentures, variable rate demand notes, master notes, funding agreements and other short-term corporate instruments. Commercial paper consists of short-term promissory notes issued by corporations. Commercial paper may be traded in the secondary market after its issuance. Variable rate demand notes are securities with a variable interest which is readjusted on pre-established dates. Variable rate demand notes are subject to payment of principal and accrued interest (usually within seven days) on a Fund’s demand. Master notes are negotiated notes that permit the investment of fluctuating amounts of money at varying rates of interest pursuant to arrangements with issuers who meet the credit quality criteria of the Fund. The interest rate on a master note may fluctuate based upon changes in specified interest rates or be reset periodically according to a prescribed formula or may be a set rate. Although there is no secondary market in master notes, if such notes have a demand feature, the payee may demand payment of the principal amount of the note upon relatively short notice. Funding agreements are agreements between an insurance company and a Fund covering underlying demand notes. Although there is no secondary market in funding agreements, if the underlying notes have a demand feature, the payee may demand payment of the principal amount of the note upon relatively short notice. Master notes and funding agreements are generally illiquid and therefore subject to the Funds' percentage limitation for illiquid investments.

Regulation S Securities. Regulation S securities of U.S. and non-U.S. issuers are offered through private offerings without registration with the SEC pursuant to Regulation S of the 1933 Act. Offerings of Regulation S securities may be conducted outside of the United States, and Regulation S securities may be relatively less liquid as a result of legal or contractual restrictions on resale. Although Regulation S securities may be resold in privately negotiated transactions, the price realized from these sales could be less than that originally paid by a Fund. Further, companies whose securities are not publicly traded may not be subject to the disclosure and other investor protection requirements that would be applicable if their securities were publicly traded. Accordingly, Regulation S securities may involve a high degree of business and financial risk and may result in substantial losses.

Loans, Loan Participations and Assignments.

How a Fund Invests in Loans. A Fund may invest in loans in one or more of three ways: a Fund may invest directly in a loan by acting as an original lender; a Fund may invest directly in a loan by purchasing a loan by an assignment from an agent or other lender; or a Fund may invest indirectly in a loan by purchasing a participation interest in a loan from an agent or other lender. A Fund may also gain exposure to loans indirectly using certain derivative instruments, which is discussed elsewhere in this SAI.

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Original Lender. A Fund can invest in loans, generally “at par” (a price for the loan equal approximately to 100% of a funded principal amount of the loan, minus any original issue discount) as an original lender. When a Fund is an original lender (including as one of a group of original lenders), it is entitled to receive a return at the full interest rate for the loan. When a Fund is an original lender, it may participate in structuring the loan and have a direct contractual relationship with the borrower, may enforce compliance by the borrower with the terms of the loan agreement and may have rights with respect to any funds acquired by other lenders through set-offs.

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Assignments. A Fund may also purchase a loan by assignment. When a Fund purchases a loan by assignment, it typically succeeds to whatever rights and obligations the assigning lender had under the loan agreement and becomes a “lender” under the loan agreement, entitled to the same rights (including, but not limited to, enforcement or set-off rights) that are available to lenders generally. However, because assignments are arranged through private negotiations between potential assignees and potential assignors, the rights and obligations acquired by a Fund as the purchaser of an assignment may differ from, and be more limited than, those held by the assigning lender. In addition, if the loan is foreclosed, a Fund could be part owner of any collateral and could bear the costs and liabilities of owning and disposing of the collateral.

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Participation Interests. These investments represent an undivided, indirect interest in a loan obligation of a borrower. They are typically purchased from banks or dealers that have made the loan or are members of the loan syndicate. The participation seller remains as lender of record, and continues to face the borrower, the agent, and the other parties to the loan agreement, while a Fund

generally acquires beneficial ownership of the loan. When the Fund buys a participation interest, it assumes the credit risk of the borrower and the counterparty risk of the lender selling the participation interest (and, in certain circumstances, such lender’s credit risk), and the terms of the participation may not entitle the Fund to all rights of a direct lender under the loan (for example, with respect to consent, voting or enforcement rights). Therefore, the Fund’s rights under a participation interest for a particular loan may be more limited than the rights of the original lender or an investor who acquires an assignment of that loan.

Floating Rate Corporate Loans and Corporate Debt Securities. Floating rate loans consist generally of obligations of companies and other entities (collectively, borrowers) incurred for the purpose of reorganizing the assets and liabilities of a borrower; acquiring another company; taking over control of a company (leveraged buyout); temporary refinancing; or financing internal growth or other general business purposes. Floating rate loans are often obligations of borrowers who have incurred a significant percentage of debt compared to equity issued and thus are highly leveraged.

Floating rate loans may include both term loans, which are generally fully funded at the time of a Fund’s investment, and revolving loans, which may require a Fund to make additional investments in the loans as required under the terms of the loan agreement. A revolving credit loan agreement may require a Fund to increase its investment in a loan at a time when a Fund might not otherwise have done so, even if the borrower’s condition makes it unlikely that the loan will be repaid.

A floating rate loan is generally offered as part of a lending syndicate to banks and other financial institutions and is administered in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement by an agent bank who is responsible for collection of principal and interest and fee payments from the borrower and apportioning those payments to all lenders who are parties to the agreement. Typically, the agent is given broad discretion to enforce the loan agreement and is compensated by the borrower for its services.

Floating rate loans may be acquired by direct investment as a lender at the inception of the loan or by assignment of a portion of a floating rate loan previously made to a different lender or by purchase of a participation interest. If a Fund makes a direct investment in a loan as one of the lenders, it generally acquires the loan at par. This means a Fund receives a return at the full interest rate for the loan. If a Fund acquires its interest in loans in the secondary market or acquires a participation interest, the loans may be purchased or sold above, at, or below par, which can result in a yield that is below, equal to, or above the stated interest rate of the loan. At times, a Fund may be able to invest in floating rate loans only through assignments or participations.

Historically, floating rate loans have not been registered with the SEC or any state securities commission or listed on any securities exchange. As a result, the amount of public information available about a specific floating rate loan has been historically less extensive than if the floating rate loan were registered or exchange traded.

Floating rate debt securities are typically in the form of notes or bonds issued in public or private placements in the securities markets. Floating rate debt securities will typically have substantially similar terms to floating rate loans, but will not be in the form of participations or assignments.

The floating rate loans and debt securities in which a Fund invests will, in most instances, be secured and senior to other indebtedness of the borrower. Each floating rate loan and debt security will generally be secured by collateral. The value of collateral may decline after a Fund’s investment, and collateral may be difficult to sell in the event of default. Consequently, the Fund may not receive all the payments to which it is entitled. A Fund’s assets may be invested in unsecured floating rate loans and debt securities or subordinated floating rate loans and debt securities, which may or may not be secured. If the borrower defaults on an unsecured loan or security, there is no specific collateral on which the lender can foreclose. If the borrower defaults on a subordinated loan or security, the collateral may not be sufficient to cover both the senior and subordinated loans and securities.

Most borrowers pay their debts from cash flow generated by their businesses. If a borrower’s cash flow is insufficient to pay its debts, it may attempt to restructure its debts rather than sell collateral. Borrowers may try

to restructure their debts by filing for protection under the federal bankruptcy laws or negotiating a work-out. If a borrower becomes involved in a bankruptcy proceeding, access to collateral may be limited by bankruptcy and other laws. If a court decides that access to collateral is limited or voidable, a Fund may not recover the full amount of principal and interest that is due.

The degree to which borrowers prepay floating rate loans and debt securities, whether as a contractual requirement or at the borrower’s election, may be affected by general business conditions, the borrower’s financial condition and competitive conditions among lenders. Prepayments cannot be predicted with accuracy. Prepayments may result in a Fund’s investing in floating rate loans and debt securities with lower yields.

Public Bank Loans. Public bank loans are privately negotiated loans for which information about the issuer has been made publicly available. Public loans are made by banks or other financial institutions, and may be rated investment grade (as defined in “Investment Grade Debt Obligations”) or below investment grade. However, public bank loans are not registered under the 1933 Act and are not publicly traded. They usually are second lien loans normally lower in priority of payment to senior loans, but have seniority in a company’s capital structure to other claims, such as subordinated corporate bonds or publicly-issued equity so that in the event of bankruptcy or liquidation, the company is required to pay down these second lien loans prior to such other lower-ranked claims on their assets. Bank loans normally pay floating rates that reset frequently.

Bank loans generally are negotiated between a borrower and several financial institutional lenders represented by one or more lenders acting as agent of all the lenders. The agent is responsible for negotiating the loan agreement that establishes the terms and conditions of the loan and the rights of the borrower and the lenders, monitoring any collateral, and collecting principal and interest on the loan. By investing in a loan, a Fund becomes a member of a syndicate of lenders.

Bank loans are subject to the risk of default. Default in the payment of interest or principal on a loan will result in a reduction of income to a Fund, a reduction in the value of the loan, and a potential decrease in the Fund’s net asset value. The risk of default will increase in the event of an economic downturn or a substantial increase in interest rates. Bank loans are subject to the risk that the cash flow of the borrower and property securing the loan or debt, if any, may be insufficient to meet scheduled payments. As discussed above, however, because bank loans reside higher in the capital structure than high yield bonds, default losses have been historically lower in the bank loan market.

Senior Loans and Other Loans. A Fund may invest in loans, and in particular, in floating rate loans (sometimes referred to as “adjustable” rate loans) that hold (or in the judgment of the Adviser, hold) a senior position in the capital structure of U.S. and foreign corporations, partnerships or other business entities that, under normal circumstances, allow them to have priority of claim ahead of (or at least as high as) other obligations of a borrower in the event of liquidation. These investments are referred to as “Senior Loans” in this SAI.

Senior Loans typically have higher recoveries than other debt obligations that rank lower in the priority of payments for a particular debtor, because in most instances they take preference over those subordinated debt obligations, with respect to payment of interest and principal, and over stock. However, the Fund is still subject to the risk that the borrower under a loan will default on scheduled interest or principal payments and that the assets of the borrower to which the Fund has recourse will be insufficient to satisfy in full the payment obligations that the borrower has to the Fund. The risk of default will increase in the event of an economic downturn or, in the case of a floating rate loan, a substantial increase in interest rates (because the cost of the borrower’s debt service will increase as the interest rate on its loan is upwardly adjusted). The Fund may own a debt obligation of a borrower that becomes, or is about to become, insolvent. The Fund can also purchase debt obligations that are extended to a bankrupt entity (so called debtor-in-possession or ‘DIP’ financing) or debt obligations that are issued in connection with a restructuring of the borrower under bankruptcy laws.

Loans typically are arranged through private negotiations between a borrower and one or more financial institutions (i.e., lenders). Usually the lenders are represented by an agent, which usually is one of the

lenders. The borrowers may use the proceeds of loans to finance leveraged buyouts, recapitalizations, mergers, acquisitions, stock repurchases, debt refinancings, or for other purposes. Agents typically are commercial or investment banks that originate loans and invite other parties to join the lending syndicate. In larger transactions, it is common to have several agents. However, only one agent usually has primary responsibility for documentation and administration of the loan. Agents are normally paid fees by the borrower for their services. While the Fund can serve as the agent or co-agent for a loan, the Fund currently does not intend to act as an agent or co-agent. Agents, acting on behalf of the lenders, generally are primarily responsible for negotiating the loan agreement, which establishes the terms and conditions of the loan and the rights of the borrower and the lenders. The Fund will rely on agents to collect payments of principal and interest on a loan. The Fund also will rely in part on agents to monitor compliance by the borrower with the restrictive covenants in the loan agreement and to notify the Fund (or the lender from whom the Fund has purchased a participation) of any adverse change in the borrower’s financial condition.

The Funds have no limits as to the maturity of other loans in which they invest or as to the market capitalization range of the borrowers. The Funds can invest a variable amount of each of their net assets in investments rated below “B.”

Investments in Pooled Investment Entities that Invest in Loans. A Fund can also buy interests in trusts and other pooled entities (including other investment companies) that invest primarily or exclusively in loan obligations, including entities sponsored or advised by the Adviser or an affiliate. The Fund will be subject to the pooled entity’s credit risks as well as the credit risks of the underlying loans. The loans underlying these investments may include loans to foreign or U.S. borrowers, may be collateralized or uncollateralized and may be rated investment grade or below investment-grade or may be unrated. These investments are subject to the risk of default by the borrower, interest rate and prepayment risk, as well as credit risks of the pooled entity that holds the loan obligations.

Highly Leveraged Transactions and Insolvent Borrowers. A Fund can invest in loans made in connection with highly leveraged transactions. These transactions may include operating loans, leveraged buyout loans, leveraged capitalization loans and other types of acquisition financing. Those loans are subject to greater credit risks than other loans. Highly leveraged loans and loans in default also may be less liquid than other loans. If the Fund voluntarily or involuntarily sold those types of loans, it might not receive the full value it expected.

A Fund can also invest in loans of borrowers that are experiencing, or are likely to experience, financial difficulty. In addition, the Fund can invest in loans of borrowers that have filed for bankruptcy protection or that have had involuntary bankruptcy petitions filed against them by creditors. Various laws enacted for the protection of debtors may apply to loans. A bankruptcy proceeding against a borrower could delay or limit the ability of the Fund to collect the principal and interest payments on that borrower’s loans. If a lawsuit is brought by creditors of a borrower under a loan, a court or a trustee in bankruptcy could take certain actions that would be adverse to the Fund. For example:

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Other creditors might convince the court to set aside a loan or the collateralization of the loan as a “fraudulent conveyance” or “preferential transfer.” In that event, the court could recover from the Fund the interest and principal payments that the borrower made before becoming insolvent. There can be no assurance that the Fund would be able to prevent that recapture.

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A bankruptcy court may restructure the payment obligations under the loan so as to reduce the amount to which the Fund would be entitled.

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The court might discharge the amount of the loan that exceeds the value of the collateral or assets to which the lenders have recourse.

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The court could subordinate the Fund’s rights to the rights of other creditors of the borrower under applicable law.

Companies involved in significant restructuring tend to be subject to increased litigation risk, including for investors in these companies, such as the Funds. Expenses of asserting, or defending against, claims in connection with such restructurings are generally directly or indirectly borne by the Funds. See also “Litigation Risk” herein.

Delayed Draw Loans. There may be obligations under a loan agreement to make disbursements of loans after the initial disbursement in certain circumstances, for example if the loan was partially “unfunded” at the time the Funds invested or if there otherwise is an ongoing commitment from the lenders to disburse further loans. In addition, Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund will not purchase a loan that would require it to make additional loans if as a result of that purchase all of its additional loan commitments in the aggregate would exceed 20% of its total assets.

General risks associated with loans:

The use by the Funds of loans involves special considerations and risks, as described below:

Fees. A Fund may be required to pay and may receive various fees and commissions in connection with purchasing, selling and holding interests in loans. Borrowers typically pay three kinds of fees to lenders: facility fees (which may be structured as original issue discount) when a loan is originated; commitment fees on an ongoing basis based on the unused portion of a loan commitment; and prepayment penalties when a borrower prepays a loan.

A Fund receives these fees directly from the borrower if the Fund is an original lender or, in the case of commitment fees and prepayment penalties, if the Fund acquires an assignment. Whether the Fund receives a facility fee in the case of an assignment or participation interest depends on negotiations between the Fund and the lender selling the interests.

When a Fund buys an assignment or a participation, it may be required to pay a fee, or cede a portion of the interest and fees that accrued prior to settlement of the assignment, to the lender selling the assignment or the participant. Occasionally, the selling lender pays a fee to the assignee or the participant. If the Fund assigns a loan or sells a participation, it may be required to pass along to a buyer a portion of any interest and fees that the Fund would otherwise be entitled to. In addition, in the case of an assignment, the Fund may be required to pay a transfer fee to the lending agent. If the Fund sells a participation Interest, the Fund may be required to pay a transfer fee to the lender that holds the nominal interest in the loan.

Delayed Settlement. Compared to securities and to certain other types of financial assets, purchases, and sales of loans, including via participation, take relatively longer to settle. This is partly due to the nature of loans, which require a written assignment agreement and various ancillary documents for each transfer, and frequently require discretionary consents from both the borrower and the administrative agent. In addition, dealers frequently insist on matching their purchases and sales, which can lead to delays in the Fund’s settlement of a purchase or sale in circumstances where the dealer’s corresponding transaction with another party is delayed. Dealers will also sometimes sell loans short, and hold their trades open for an indefinite period while waiting for a price movement or looking for inventory to purchase.

This extended settlement process can (i) increase the counterparty credit risk borne by the Fund; (ii) leave the Fund unable to timely vote, or otherwise act with respect to, loans it has agreed to purchase; (iii) delay the Fund from realizing the proceeds of a sale of a loan; (iv) inhibit the Fund’s ability to re-sell a loan that it has agreed to purchase if conditions change (leaving the Fund more exposed to price fluctuations); (v) prevent the Fund from timely collecting principal and interest payments; and (vi) expose the Fund to adverse tax or regulatory consequences.

The Loan Syndications and Trading Association (LSTA) has promulgated a “delay compensation” provision in its standard loan documentation that mitigates the direct risk of permanently losing interest payments as a result of delayed settlement by causing interest to begin to accrue for the buyer’s account after the seventh business day following the trade date (for distressed trades, the twentieth business day). However, this does not mitigate the other risks of delayed settlement. In addition, the mechanism itself can result in opportunistic behavior: A seller, having locked in its trade, might delay closing for seven business

days in order to maximize its interest collections, even if it could have closed earlier, while a buyer may no longer feel any pressure to close at all, since interest is accruing for its benefit, and may choose to use its cash elsewhere. The LSTA has further attempted to put an outer limit on long, unjustified settlement delays by promulgating “buy-in/sell-out” provisions that allow a party to enter into a “cover” trade if the other party refuses to close. However, these provisions are complicated, time-consuming, and little-used, and are in any event not triggered until the fifteenth business day after the trade date (for distressed trades, the fiftieth business day). To the extent the extended loan settlement process gives rise to short-term liquidity needs, such as the need to satisfy redemption requests, the Fund may hold cash, sell investments or temporarily borrow from banks or other lenders.

Interest Rate Benchmarks for Floating Rate Loans. The loans in which a Fund invests typically have floating or adjustable interest rates. For that reason, the Adviser expects that when interest rates change, the values of these floating rate loans will fluctuate less than the values of fixed-rate debt securities, and that the net asset values of the Fund’s shares will fluctuate less than the shares of funds that invest mainly in fixed- rate debt obligations. However, the interest rates of some floating rate loans adjust only periodically. Between the times that interest rates on floating rate loans adjust, the interest rates on those floating rate loans may not correlate to prevailing interest rates. That will affect the value of the loans and may cause the net asset values of the Fund’s shares to fluctuate.

The applicable rate is defined in the loan agreement. Borrowers tend to select the base lending rate that results in the lowest interest cost, and the benchmark selected by a borrower for its loans may change from time to time (but the benchmark selected for a particular loan will remain the same for the life of that loan). If the benchmark interest rate on a floating rate loan changes, the rate payable to lenders under the floating rate loan will, in turn, change at the next scheduled adjustment date. If the benchmark rate increases, the Fund would earn interest at a higher rate on that floating rate loan after the next scheduled adjustment date. If the benchmark rate decreases, the Fund would earn interest at a lower rate on that floating rate loan after the next scheduled adjustment date.

A Fund may use interest rate swap agreements and other hedging practices to mitigate fluctuations in value when the interest rate under the loan is periodically reset. The Fund may invest in loans having a fixed rate of interest; however, it is unlikely to do so because fixed rate loans are uncommon in the loan market generally.

Interest rates on floating rate loans adjust periodically based on a benchmark rate plus a premium or spread over the benchmark rate. The benchmark rate usually is the Prime Rate, the Federal Reserve federal funds rate, Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) (or, previously LIBOR) or other base lending rates used by commercial lenders (each as defined in the applicable loan agreement).

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The Prime Rate quoted by a major U.S. bank is generally the interest rate at which that bank is willing to lend U.S. dollars to its most creditworthy borrowers, although it may not be the bank’s lowest available rate.

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The Federal Reserve federal funds rate is the rate that the Federal Reserve Bank charges member banks for borrowing money.

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SOFR is a benchmark interest rate for dollar-denominated loans that generally replaced the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) effective July 1, 2023, and is calculated using data from overnight Treasury repurchase market activity (Treasuries loaned or borrowed overnight). SOFR is published every business day by the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The interest rate on SOFR based loans may reset daily, monthly or quarterly, or may be computed for a monthly or quarterly period on the basis of an average of daily SOFR observed over that monthly or quarterly period.

The interest rate on SOFR-based loans may reset daily, monthly or quarterly, or may be computed for a monthly or quarterly period on the basis of an average of daily SOFR observed over that monthly or quarterly period. Quarterly interest periods are most common for floating rate loans in which the Fund invests. Certain floating or variable rate loans may permit the borrower to select an interest rate reset period of up to one year (although interest periods longer than six months will often require lender consent). Investing in loans with

longer interest rate reset periods or fixed interest rates may increase fluctuations in the Fund’s net asset value as a result of changes in market interest rates: falling short-term floating interest rates tend to decrease the income payable to the Fund on its floating rate loan investments, and rising short-term floating interest rates tend to increase that income. However, the Fund may attempt to hedge its fixed rate loans against interest rate fluctuations by entering into interest rate swaps or total return swap transactions. Nevertheless, changes in interest rates can affect the value of the Fund’s floating rate loans, especially if rates change sharply in a short period, because the resets of the interest rates on the underlying portfolio of floating rate loans occur periodically and will not all happen simultaneously with changes in prevailing rates.

In addition, in market conditions where short term interest rates are particularly low, certain floating rate loans may be issued with a feature that prevents the relevant benchmark rate from adjusting below a specified minimum level. This is achieved by defining a “floor” to the benchmark rate, so that if downward market movements of the benchmark rate would, absent this feature, cause the benchmark rate to fall below the floor, with this feature, the benchmark rates of these floating rate loans become fixed at the applicable minimum floor level until short term interest rates (and therefore the benchmark rate) rise above that level. Although this feature is intended to result in these floating rate loans yielding more than they otherwise would when short term interest rates are low, the feature might also result in the secondary market prices of these floating rate loans becoming more sensitive to changes in interest rates should short term interest rates rise.

Credit Quality Standards for Loans. Debt securities rated below “BBB-” by S&P or “Baa3” by Moody’s are commonly referred to as “high risk” securities or, in the case of bonds, “junk bonds.” Loans rated “B” are below investment grade and are regarded by rating organizations as predominantly speculative with respect to the borrower’s ability to repay interest and principal when due over a long period. A Fund may invest in loans that are rated both investment grade and below-investment grade by rating organizations. An appendix to the Fund’s Statement of Additional Information includes the definitions of the rating categories of the principal rating organizations. Many loans are not rated by rating organizations. The lack of a rating does not necessarily imply that a loan is of lesser investment quality.

Limited Public Information. While the Fund expects to have access to financial and other information regarding the borrower that has been made available to the lenders under a loan, it may not have such information in connection with participation interests and certain loan assignments. Additionally, the amount of public information available with respect to loans generally will be less extensive than what is available for exchange-listed or otherwise registered securities.

Potential Material Non-Public Information. In certain cases, the Fund’s Adviser or Sub-Adviser may receive material, non-public information regarding loans, and its ability to trade in such loans for the account of the Fund could potentially be limited by its possession of such information. Such limitations on the Fund’s Adviser or Sub-Adviser’s ability to trade could have an adverse effect on the Fund by, for example, preventing the Fund from selling a loan that is experiencing a material decline in value. In some instances, these trading restrictions could continue in effect for a substantial period of time.

Prepayment. Because of prepayments, the actual remaining maturity of a loan may be considerably less than its stated maturity. Notwithstanding their stated maturity, loans may be prepaid prior to their stated terms for reasons including, but not limited to, high market demand for loans, refinancing by the borrower, mandatory prepayment requirements or desire of the borrower to repay outstanding debt. If a borrower prepays a loan, the proceeds will have to be reinvested in other loans or financial assets that may pay lower rates of return.

The reinvestment by the Fund of the proceeds of prepaid loans could result in a reduction of income to the Fund in falling interest rate environments. Prepayment penalty fees that may be assessed in some cases may help offset the loss of income to the Fund in those cases.

Subordination. Senior loans typically hold the most senior position in a borrower’s capital structure. They may include loans that hold the most senior position alone, loans that hold an equal ranking with other senior debt, or loans that are, in the judgment of the Adviser, in the category of senior debt of the borrower. Borrowers typically are required contractually to pay the holders of senior loans before they pay the holders of

subordinated debt and preferred or common shareholders and give the holders of senior secured loans a claim on some or all of the borrower’s assets that is senior to that of subordinated debt, preferred stock and common stock of the borrower in the event that the borrower defaults or becomes bankrupt. Lenders obtain priority liens that typically provide the first right to cash flows or proceeds from the sale of a borrower’s collateral, if any, if the borrower becomes insolvent. That right is subject to the limitations of bankruptcy law, which may provide higher priority to certain other claims such as, for example, employee salaries, employee pensions and taxes. Senior loans are subject to the risk that a court could subordinate a senior loan to presently existing or future indebtedness or take other action detrimental to the holders of senior loans.

That senior position in the borrower’s capital structure typically gives the holders of senior loans a claim on some or all of the borrower’s assets that is senior to that of subordinated debt, preferred stock and common stock of the borrower in the event that the borrower defaults or becomes bankrupt. This means in the event the assets of the borrower are insufficient in value to satisfy all its creditors, senior debt will be satisfied in priority to debt that is subordinate to senior debt.

Lien Position. Loans that are collateralized may have multiple lenders or other creditors that take different lien positions. This means that if the borrower defaults on its obligations under the loan and the loan creditors enforce their security interest or if the borrower becomes bankrupt, the secured claims of the creditors in the first lien position will be satisfied prior to the secured claims of the creditors in the second lien position. While second lien loan positions generally are subject to similar risks as those associated with investments in first lien loan positions, second lien loan positions have the additional risk that if the borrower defaults on its obligations under the loan and the loan creditors enforce their security interest or if the borrower becomes bankrupt, the secured claims of the creditors in the first lien position will be satisfied prior to the secured claims of the creditors in the second lien position. If the cash flow and assets of the borrower are insufficient to satisfy both the first lien loans and the second lien loans in full, the creditors in the second lien position may not be satisfied in full. Intercreditor arrangements that are often present where a loan has first and second lien positions typically include ‘standstill’ provisions whereby the enforcement rights of second lien creditors are restricted in favor of the first lien creditors’ rights and give the first lien creditors the right to accept or reject any restructuring plans in the event of the default or insolvency of the borrower. If a loan has first and second lien positions, typically the Fund will invest in the first lien position; however, it may invest in the second lien position. Second lien positions generally pay a higher margin than first lien positions to compensate second lien creditors for the greater risk they assume.

Collateral. Loans, like other debt obligations, are subject to the risk of the borrower’s non-payment of scheduled interest and/or principal. While certain of the Fund’s investments in loans may be secured by collateral that the Adviser or Sub-Adviser believes to be equal to or in excess of the principal amount of the loan at the time of investment, there can be no assurance that the liquidation of such collateral, if any, would satisfy the borrower’s obligations in the event of non-payment of scheduled interest or principal payments, or that the collateral could be readily liquidated. In the event of a borrower’s bankruptcy, the Fund could experience delays or limitations in its ability to realize the benefits of collateral securing a loan.

For the loans in which the Fund invests that are secured by collateral, that collateral may include the borrower’s tangible assets, such as cash, accounts receivable, inventory, real estate, buildings, and equipment, common and/or preferred stock of subsidiaries, and intangible assets including trademarks, copyrights, patent rights and franchise value. The Fund may also receive guarantees or other credit support as a form of security. A loan agreement may or may not require the borrower to pledge additional collateral to secure a loan if the value of the initial collateral declines, or if additional assets are acquired by the borrower. Collateral may consist of assets that may not be readily liquidated, and there is no assurance that the liquidation of those assets would satisfy in full a borrower’s obligations under a loan. A borrower’s subsidiaries, affiliates, shareholders, or owners may provide collateral in the form of secured guarantees and/or security interests in assets that they own. However, the value of the collateral may decline after the Fund invests in the loan, particularly if the collateral consists of equity securities of the borrower or its subsidiaries or affiliates. If the collateral consists of stock of the borrower or its subsidiaries or affiliates, the stock may lose all of its value in the event of a bankruptcy, which would leave the Fund exposed to greater potential loss.

If a borrower defaults, insolvency laws may limit the Fund’s access to the collateral, or the lenders may be unable to liquidate the collateral. A bankruptcy court might find that the lenders’ security interest or their enforcement of their security under the loan to be invalid, or a bankruptcy court may require the borrower to use the collateral to pay other outstanding obligations prior to satisfying the lenders in full. If the collateral consists of stock of the borrower or its subsidiaries, the stock may lose all of its value in the event of a bankruptcy, which would leave the Fund exposed to greater potential loss. In addition, in the event of a borrower default on a collateralized loan, the Fund may receive assets other than cash or securities in full or partial satisfaction of the borrower’s obligation under the loan. Those assets may be illiquid, and the Fund might not be able to realize the benefit of the assets for legal, practical or other reasons. The Fund might hold those assets until the Adviser determines it is appropriate to dispose of them. If the collateral becomes illiquid or loses some or all of its value, the collateral may not be sufficient in value to compensate the Fund in full in the event of a default of scheduled interest or principal payments.

The Fund can invest in loans that are not secured by any specific collateral of the borrower. If the borrower is unable to pay interest or defaults in the payment of principal, there will be no collateral on which the Fund can foreclose. Therefore, these loans present greater risks than collateralized loans because the recourse of the Fund to the borrower’s assets in the case of a default would be as a general unsecured creditor. The Fund applies the same investment and credit standards to unsecured loans as to secured loans, except for collateral requirements.

Generally, the agent for a particular loan is responsible for monitoring collateral and for exercising remedies available to the lenders such as foreclosure upon collateral in the event of the borrower’s default. In reliance upon the opinions of their legal counsel, agents generally are also responsible for determining that the Lenders have obtained a perfected security interest in the collateral securing loans, if any. However, the agent will usually only be liable for its gross negligence or willful misconduct, and not for ordinary negligence. In certain circumstances, the loan agreement may authorize the agent to liquidate the collateral and to distribute the liquidation proceeds pro rata among the lenders. Financial difficulties of agents can also pose a risk to the Fund. If an agent for a particular loan becomes insolvent, the Fund could incur losses in connection with its investment in that loan. An agent could declare bankruptcy, and a regulatory authority could appoint a receiver or conservator. Should this occur, the assets that the agent holds under the loan agreement, if any, should continue to be available to the lenders, including the Fund. A regulator or a court, however, might determine that any such assets are subject to the claims of the agent’s general or secured creditors. If that occurs, the Fund might incur costs and delays in realizing final payment on a loan, or the Fund might suffer a loss of principal or interest. The Fund may be subject to similar risks when it buys a participation interest in a loan. Most participations purchased by the Fund are structured to be “true sales” of the underlying loan, in which case the loan should not be included in the bankruptcy estate of the participation seller. However, a court might determine that the participation was not in fact a “true sale,” in which case the Fund would be a general unsecured creditor of the participation seller.

The Fund may also invest in loans that are not secured by collateral. Unsecured loans involve additional risk because the lenders are general unsecured creditors of the borrower and any secured creditors may have prior rights of recourse to the assets of the borrower, and the assets of the borrower may be insufficient to satisfy in full all obligations owed to its creditors.

Borrower Covenants and Lender Rights. Loan agreements historically have had contractual terms designed to protect lenders, which often include restrictive covenants that limit the activities of the borrower. A restrictive covenant is a promise by the borrower not to take certain actions that might impair the rights of lenders. Those covenants typically require the scheduled payment of interest and principal and may include restrictions on dividend payments and other distributions to the borrower’s shareholders, provisions requiring the borrower to maintain specific financial ratios or relationships and limits on the borrower’s total debt. In addition, a covenant may require the borrower to prepay the loan or debt obligation with any excess cash flow, proceeds of asset sales or casualty insurance, or other available cash. A breach of a covenant (after the expiration of any cure period) in a loan agreement that is not waived by the agent and the lenders normally is an event of default, permitting acceleration of the loan. This means that the agent has the right to demand immediate repayment in full of the outstanding loan. If a lender accelerates the repayment of a loan because

of the borrower’s violation of a restrictive covenant under the loan agreement, the borrower might default in payment of the loan. If a loan is not paid when due, or if upon acceleration of a loan, the borrower fails to repay principal and accrued (but unpaid) interest in full, this failure may result in a reduction in value of the loan (and possibly the Fund’s net asset value).

Lenders historically have had certain voting and consent rights under a loan agreement. Action subject to a lender vote or consent generally requires the vote or consent of the holders of some specified percentage of the outstanding principal amount of a loan. Certain decisions, such as reducing the amount or increasing the time for payment of interest on or repayment of principal of a loan, or releasing collateral for the loan, frequently requires the unanimous vote or consent of all lenders affected.

If the Fund is not a direct lender under the loan because it has invested via a participation, derivative or other indirect means, the Fund may not be entitled to exercise some or all of the lender rights described in this section.

Over time, the customary terms of loans have evolved such that they are no longer accompanied by the various restrictive covenants that historically accompanied most loans and that were in favor of the investor. Newly originated loans (including reissuances and restructured loans) in which a Fund may invest have varied terms and conditions, but generally contain few or no financial maintenance covenants (sometimes referred to as “covenant lite”). Financial maintenance covenants are those that require a borrower to maintain certain financial metrics during the life of the loan, such as maintaining certain levels of cash flow or limiting leverage. In the event of financial deterioration on the part of the borrower, these covenants are included to permit the lenders to renegotiate the terms of the loan, such as increasing the borrowing costs to the borrower, or to take other actions which would improve the position of the lender. Accordingly, the Fund may experience difficulty or delays in enforcing its rights on its holdings of loans, which may result in losses to the Fund, especially during a downturn in the credit cycle. Although loans may contain few or no financial maintenance covenants, information necessary to monitor a borrower’s financial performance may be available without covenants to lenders and the public alike and can be used to detect such early warning signs as deterioration of a borrower’s financial condition or results. When such information is available, the Adviser or Sub-Adviser will seek to take appropriate action without the help of covenants in the loans.

Limited Secondary Market for Loans. Due to restrictions on transfers in loan agreements and the nature of the private syndication of loans, some loans are not as easily purchased or sold as publicly-traded securities. If there is no active secondary market for a loan, it may be more difficult to sell the interests in such a loan at a price that is acceptable or to even obtain pricing information. Further, some loans, loan participations and assignments may not be rated by major rating agencies. As a result, some loans are illiquid, which means that the Fund may be limited in its ability to sell those loans at an acceptable price when it wants to in order to generate cash, avoid losses or to meet repurchase requests. The market for illiquid financial assets is more volatile than the market for liquid securities and it may be more difficult to obtain accurate valuations for the Fund’s investments.

Possible Limited Legal Recourse. Investments in loans, loan participations and assignments present the possibility that a Fund could be held liable as a co-lender under emerging legal theories of lender liability. In certain circumstances, loans may not be deemed to be securities, and in the event of fraud or misrepresentation by a borrower or an arranger, lenders will not have the protection of anti-fraud provisions of the federal securities laws, as would be the case for bonds or stocks. Instead, in such cases, lenders generally rely on the contractual provisions in the loan agreement itself, and common-law fraud protections under applicable state law.

Possible Limited Availability of Loans. Direct investments in loans and, to a lesser degree, investments in participation interests in or assignments of loans may be limited. The limited availability may be due to a number of factors. Direct lenders may allocate only a small number of loans to new investors, including the Fund. There may be fewer loans available for investment that meet the Fund’s credit standards, particularly in times of economic downturns. Also, lenders or agents may have an incentive to market the less desirable loans to investors such as the Fund while retaining attractive loans for themselves. This would reduce the

amount of attractive investments for the Fund. If market demand for loans increases, the interest paid by loans that the Fund holds may decrease.

Credit and Counterparty Risk Associated with Participation Interests. Participation interests are primarily dependent upon the creditworthiness of the borrower, which is obligated to make payments of principal and interest on the loan. In buying a participation interest, however, a Fund assumes both the credit risk of the borrower and the counterparty risk of the lender selling the participation interest. As with an assignment or a loan originated by a Fund, there is a risk that a borrower may have difficulty making payments. If a borrower fails to pay scheduled interest or principal payments, a Fund’s income may be reduced and the value of the investment in the participation interest might also decline. Further, the seller of the participation interest will have no obligation to a Fund other than to pay a Fund the proportionate amount of the principal and interest payments it receives from the borrower. In addition, if the seller of the participation interest fails to perform its obligations, purchasers might incur costs and delays in realizing payment and suffer a loss of principal and/or interest, including in cases where the borrower may have performed its obligation to the lender that issued the participation (e.g., if the participation seller fails to pass along to a Fund payments received from the borrower). Although most participation interests purchased by a Fund are structured to cause a Fund to become beneficial owner of the relevant loans, and therefore avoid this outcome, if a lender that sells a Fund a participation interest becomes insolvent, a Fund may be treated as a general creditor of the lender. As a general creditor, a Fund will have to share the proceeds of the loan with any other creditors of the lender. A Fund will acquire a participation interest only if the Adviser or Sub-Adviser determines that the lender (or other intermediary Participant) selling the participation interest is creditworthy.

A Fund’s rights under a participation interest with respect to a particular loan may be more limited than the rights of original lenders or of investors who acquire an assignment of that loan. A Fund has the right to receive payments of principal, interest and any fees to which it is entitled only from the lender selling the participation interest and only when the lender receives the payments from the borrower. In purchasing participation interests, a Fund will usually have a contractual relationship only with the selling institution and not the underlying borrower. A Fund generally will have no right directly to enforce compliance by the borrower with the terms of the related loan agreement, nor will a Fund necessarily have the right to object to certain changes to the loan agreement agreed to by the selling institution. If a Fund buys a participation interest in a loan, a Fund may be subject to any rights of set-off the borrower has against the selling institution (although recourse to the selling institution may be available in the event of any such set-off). In the event of bankruptcy or insolvency of the borrower, the obligation of the borrower to repay the loan may be subject to certain defenses that can be asserted by the borrower as a result of any improper conduct of the lender selling the participation (although recourse to the lender may be available). As a result, a Fund may be subject to delays, expenses and risks that are greater than those that exist when a Fund is an original lender or assignee, and therefore a participation may be relatively illiquid as compared to a direct investment in a loan because of a smaller universe of investors who are willing to assume these additional risks present in a participation.

Other Investments

Additional Information Concerning the S&P 500 Equal Weight Index and the S&P 500 Index. The S&P 500® Equal Weight Index and the S&P 500® Index are products of S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC or its affiliates (“SPDJI”) and have been licensed for use by Invesco. Standard & Poor’s® and S&P® are registered trademarks of Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC (“S&P”) and Dow Jones® is a registered trademark of Dow Jones Trademark Holdings LLC (“Dow Jones”). These trademarks have been licensed for use by SPDJI and sublicensed for certain purposes by Invesco. It is not possible to invest directly in an index. The Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund and Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund are not sponsored, endorsed, sold or promoted by SPDJI, Dow Jones, S&P, any of their respective affiliates (collectively, “S&P Dow Jones Indices”). S&P Dow Jones Indices does not make any representation or warranty, express or implied, to the owners of the Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund, the Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund or any member of the public regarding the advisability of investing in securities generally or in the Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund or Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund particularly or the ability of the S&P 500® Equal Weight Index

or S&P 500® Index to track general market performance. Past performance of an index is not an indication or guarantee of future results. S&P Dow Jones Indices’ only relationship to Invesco with respect to the S&P 500® Equal Weight Index and S&P 500® Index is the licensing of the Index and certain trademarks, service marks and/or trade names of S&P Dow Jones Indices and/or its licensors. The S&P 500® Equal Weight Index and S&P 500® Index are determined, composed and calculated by S&P Dow Jones Indices without regard to Invesco or the Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund or Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund. S&P Dow Jones Indices has no obligation to take the needs of Invesco or the owners of the Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund or Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund into consideration in determining, composing or calculating the S&P 500® Equal Weight Index and S&P 500® Index. S&P Dow Jones Indices is not responsible for and has not participated in the determination of the prices, and amount of the Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund and Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund or the timing of the issuance or sale of the Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund, and the Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund or in the determination or calculation of the equation by which Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund or Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund is to be converted into cash, surrendered or redeemed, as the case may be. S&P Dow Jones Indices has no obligation or liability in connection with the administration, marketing or trading of the Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund or the Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund. There is no assurance that investment products based on the S&P 500® Equal Weight Index or S&P 500® Index will accurately track index performance or provide positive investment returns. S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC is not an investment or tax advisor. A tax advisor should be consulted to evaluate the impact of any tax-exempt securities on portfolios and the tax consequences of making any particular investment decision. Inclusion of a security within an index is not a recommendation by S&P Dow Jones Indices to buy, sell, or hold such security, nor is it considered to be investment advice.

S&P DOW JONES INDICES DOES NOT GUARANTEE THE ADEQUACY, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS AND/OR THE COMPLETENESS OF THE S&P 500® EQUAL WEIGHT INDEX, S&P 500® INDEX OR ANY DATA RELATED THERETO OR ANY COMMUNICATION, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ORAL OR WRITTEN COMMUNICATION (INCLUDING ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS) WITH RESPECT THERETO. S&P DOW JONES INDICES SHALL NOT BE SUBJECT TO ANY DAMAGES OR LIABILITY FOR ANY ERRORS, OMISSIONS, OR DELAYS THEREIN. S&P DOW JONES INDICES MAKES NO EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE OR AS TO RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED BY INVESCO, OWNERS OF THE INVESCO EQUALLY-WEIGHTED S&P 500 FUND AND INVESCO S&P 500 INDEX FUND, OR ANY OTHER PERSON OR ENTITY FROM THE USE OF THE S&P 500® EQUAL WEIGHT INDEX, S&P 500® INDEX OR WITH RESPECT TO ANY DATA RELATED THERETO. WITHOUT LIMITING ANY OF THE FOREGOING, IN NO EVENT WHATSOEVER SHALL S&P DOW JONES INDICES BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, PUNITIVE, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, LOSS OF PROFITS, TRADING LOSSES, LOST TIME OR GOODWILL, EVEN IF THEY HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR OTHERWISE. THERE ARE NO THIRD PARTY BENEFICIARIES OF ANY AGREEMENTS OR ARRANGEMENTS BETWEEN S&P DOW JONES INDICES AND INVESCO, OTHER THAN THE LICENSORS OF S&P DOW JONES INDICES.

The Adviser, Sub-Adviser and their affiliates (collectively, the Adviser Parties) do not guarantee the accuracy and/or the completeness of the Underlying Index or any data included therein, and the Adviser Parties shall have no liability for any errors, omissions, restatements, re-calculations or interruptions therein.

The Adviser Parties make no warranty, express or implied, as to results to be obtained by the Fund, owners of shares of the Fund, or any other person or entity from the use of the Underlying Index or any data included therein. The Adviser Parties make no express or implied warranties and expressly disclaim all warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose or use with respect to the Underlying Index or any data included therein. Without limiting any of the foregoing, in no event shall the Adviser Parties have any liability for any special, punitive, direct, indirect or consequential damages (including lost profits) arising out of matters relating to the use of the Underlying Index, even if notified of the possibility of such damages.

Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs). REITs are trusts that sell equity or debt securities to investors and use the proceeds to invest in real estate or interest therein. A REIT may focus on particular projects, such

as apartment complexes, or geographic regions, such as the southeastern United States or both. Equity REITs invest the majority of their assets directly in real property and derive income primarily from the collection of rents. Equity REITs can also realize capital gains by selling property that has appreciated in value. Mortgage REITs invest the majority of their assets in real estate mortgages and derive income from the collection of interest payments.

Investments in REITs may be subject to many of the same risks as direct investments in real estate. These risks include difficulties in valuing and trading real estate, declines in the value of real estate, risks related to general and local economic conditions, adverse changes in the climate for real estate, environmental liability risks, increases in property taxes and operating expenses, changes in zoning laws, casualty or condemnation losses, limitations on rents, changes in neighborhood values, the appeal of properties to tenants, heavy cash flow dependency and increases in interest rates. To the extent that a Fund invests in REITs, the Fund could conceivably acquire real estate directly as a result of a default on the REIT interests or obligations it owns.

In addition to the risks of direct real estate investment described above, equity REITs may be affected by any changes in the value of the underlying property owned by the trusts, while mortgage REITs may be affected by the quality of any credit extended. REITs are also subject to the following risks: they are dependent upon management skill and on cash flows; are not diversified; are subject to defaults by borrowers, self-liquidation, and the possibility of failing to maintain an exemption from the 1940 Act; and are subject to interest rate risk. A Fund that invests in REITs will bear a proportionate share of the expenses of the REITs.

Furthermore, for tax reasons, a REIT may impose limits on how much of its securities any one investor may own. These ownership limitations (also called “excess share provisions”) may be based on ownership of securities by multiple funds and accounts managed by the same investment adviser and typically result in adverse consequences (such as automatic divesture of voting and dividend rights for shares that exceed the excess share provision) to investors who exceed the limit. A REIT’s excess share provision may result in a Fund being unable to purchase (or otherwise obtain economic exposure to) the desired amounts of certain REITs. In some circumstances, a Fund may seek and obtain a waiver from a REIT to exceed the REIT’s ownership limitations without being subject to the adverse consequences of exceeding such limit were a waiver not obtained, provided that the Fund complies with the provisions of the waiver.

Initial Public Offerings. IPOs of securities issued by unseasoned companies with little or no operating history are risky and their prices are highly volatile, but they can result in very large gains in their initial trading. Attractive IPOs are often oversubscribed and may not be available to a Fund, or only in very limited quantities. Thus, when a Fund’s size is smaller, any gains from IPOs will have an exaggerated impact on the Fund’s reported performance than when the Fund is larger. A Fund may engage in short-term trading in connection with its IPO investments, which could produce higher trading costs and adverse tax consequences. There can be no assurance that a Fund will have favorable IPO investment opportunities.

Other Investment Companies. Unless otherwise indicated in this SAI or in a Fund’s prospectus, a Fund may purchase shares of other investment companies, including ETFs, non-exchange traded U.S. registered open-end investment companies (mutual funds), closed-end investment companies, or non-U.S. investment companies traded on foreign exchanges. When a Fund purchases shares of another investment company, the Fund will indirectly bear its proportionate share of the advisory fees and other operating expenses of such investment company and will be subject to the risks associated with the portfolio investments of the underlying investment company.

A Fund’s investment in the securities of other investment companies is subject to the applicable provisions of the 1940 Act and the rules thereunder. Specifically, Section 12(d)(1) of the 1940 Act contains various limitations on the ability of a registered investment company (an “acquiring fund”) to acquire shares of another registered investment company (an “acquired fund”). Under these limits, an acquiring fund generally cannot (i) purchase more than 3% of the total outstanding voting stock of an acquired fund; (ii) invest more than 5% of its total assets in securities issued by an acquired company; and (iii) invest more than 10% of its total assets in securities issued by other investment companies. Likewise, an acquired fund, as well as its

principal underwriter or any broker or dealer registered under the Exchange Act, cannot knowingly sell more than 3% of the total outstanding voting stock of the acquired fund to an acquiring fund, or more than 10% of the total outstanding voting stock of the acquired fund to acquiring funds generally.

Rule 12d1-4 under the 1940 Act allows a fund to acquire the securities of another investment company in excess of the limitations imposed by Section 12 without obtaining an exemptive order from the SEC, subject to certain limitations and conditions. Among those conditions is the requirement that, prior to a fund relying on Rule 12d1-4 to acquire securities of another fund in excess of the limits of Section 12(d)(1), the acquiring fund must enter into a Fund of Funds Agreement with the acquired fund. (This requirement does not apply when the acquiring fund’s investment adviser acts as the acquired fund’s investment adviser and does not act as sub-adviser to either fund.)

Rule 12d1-4 also is designed to limit the use of complex fund structures. Under Rule 12d1-4, an acquired fund is prohibited from purchasing or otherwise acquiring the securities of another investment company or private fund if, immediately after the purchase, the securities of investment companies and private funds owned by the acquired fund have an aggregate value in excess of 10% of the value of the acquired fund’s total assets, subject to certain limited exceptions. Accordingly, to the extent a Fund’s shares are sold to other investment companies in reliance on Rule 12d1-4, the Fund will be limited in the amount it could invest in other investment companies and private funds.

In addition to Rule 12d1-4, the 1940 Act and related rules provide other exemptions from these restrictions. For example, these limitations do not apply to investments by a Fund in investment companies that are money market funds, including money market funds that have the Adviser or an affiliate of the Adviser as an investment adviser.

Limited Partnerships. A limited partnership interest entitles the Fund to participate in the investment return of the partnership’s assets as defined by the agreement among the partners. As a limited partner, the Fund generally is not permitted to participate in the management of the partnership. However, unlike a general partner whose liability is not limited, a limited partner’s liability generally is limited to the amount of its commitment to the partnership.

Master Limited Partnerships (MLPs). MLPs generally are limited partnerships (or limited liability companies), the common units of which are listed and traded on a national securities exchange or over-the-counter. MLPs generally have two classes of partners, the general partner and the limited partners. The general partner normally controls the MLP through an equity interest plus units that are subordinated to the common (publicly traded) units for an initial period and then only converting to common if certain financial tests are met. The general partner also generally receives a larger portion of the net income as incentive. As cash flow grows, the general partner receives a greater interest in the incremental income compared to the interest of limited partners.

MLP common units represent an equity ownership interest in a partnership, providing limited voting rights and entitling the holder to a share of the company’s success through distributions and/or capital appreciation. Unlike shareholders of a corporation, common unit holders do not elect directors annually and generally have the right to vote only on certain significant events, such as mergers, a sale of substantially all of the assets, removal of the general partner or material amendments to the partnership agreement. MLPs are required by their partnership agreements to distribute a large percentage of their current operating earnings. Common unit holders generally have first right to a minimum quarterly distribution (MQD) prior to distributions to the convertible subordinated unit holders or the general partner (including incentive distributions). Common unit holders typically have arrearage rights if the MQD is not met. In the event of liquidation, MLP common unit holders have first right to the partnership’s remaining assets after bondholders, other debt holders, and preferred unit holders have been paid in full.

The general partner or managing member interest in an MLP is typically retained by the original sponsors of an MLP, such as its founders, corporate partners and entities that sell assets to the MLP. The holder of the general partner or managing member interest can be liable in certain circumstances for amounts greater than the amount of the holder’s investment in the general partner or managing member. General partner or

managing member interests often confer direct board participation rights in, and in many cases control over the operations of, the MLP. General partner or managing member interests can be privately held or owned by publicly traded entities. General partner or managing member interests receive cash distributions, typically in an amount of up to 2% of available cash, which is contractually defined in the partnership or limited liability company agreement. In addition, holders of general partner or managing member interests typically receive incentive distribution rights (IDRs), which provide them with an increasing share of the entity’s aggregate cash distributions upon the payment of per common unit distributions that exceed specified threshold levels above the MQD. Incentive distributions to a general partner are designed to encourage the general partner, who controls and operates the partnership, to maximize the partnership’s cash flow and increase distributions to the limited partners. Due to the IDRs, general partners of MLPs have higher distribution growth prospects than their underlying MLPs, but quarterly incentive distribution payments would also decline at a greater rate than the decline rate in quarterly distributions to common and subordinated unit holders in the event of a reduction in the MLP’s quarterly distribution. The ability of the limited partners or members to remove the general partner or managing member without cause is typically very limited. In addition, some MLPs permit the holder of IDRs to reset, under specified circumstances, the incentive distribution levels and receive compensation in exchange for the distribution rights given up in the reset.

Some companies in which a Fund may invest have been organized as limited liability companies (MLP LLCs). Such MLP LLCs generally are treated in the same manner as MLPs for federal income tax purposes (i.e., generally taxed as partnerships). MLP LLC common units trade on a national securities exchange or OTC. In contrast to MLPs, MLP LLCs have no general partner and there are generally no incentives that entitle management or other unitholders to increased percentages of cash distributions as distributions reach higher target levels. In addition, MLP LLC common unitholders typically have voting rights with respect to the MLP LLC, whereas MLP common units have limited voting rights.

Investments in securities of an MLP involve risks that differ from investments in common stock, including risks related to limited control and limited rights to vote on matters affecting the MLP, risks related to potential conflicts of interest between the MLP and the MLP’s general partner, cash flow risks, dilution risks and risks related to the general partner’s right to require unit-holders to sell their common units at an undesirable time or price. Certain MLP securities may trade in lower volumes due to their smaller capitalizations, and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements and lower market liquidity. MLPs are generally considered interest-rate sensitive investments. During periods of interest rate volatility, these investments may not provide attractive returns.

There are also certain tax risks undertaken by the Fund when it invests in MLPs. MLPs are generally treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes subject to the application of certain partnership audit rules. Partnerships do not pay U.S. federal income tax at the partnership level, subject to the application of certain partnership audit rules. Rather, each partner is allocated a share of the partnership’s income, gains, losses, deductions and expenses. A change in current tax law or a change in the underlying business mix of a given MLP could result in an MLP being treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which would result in the MLP being required to pay U.S. federal income tax (as well as state and local income taxes) on its taxable income. This would have the effect of reducing the amount of cash available for distribution by the MLP and could result in a reduction in the value of the Fund’s investment in the MLP and lower income to the Fund. Also, to the extent a distribution received by a Fund from an MLP is treated as a return of capital, the Fund’s adjusted tax basis in the interests of the MLP will be reduced, which may increase the Fund’s tax liability upon the sale of the interests in the MLP or upon subsequent distributions in respect of such interests.

Private Equity and Debt Investments. Privately issued securities, which include PIPEs, and private debt investments, involve an extraordinarily high degree of business and financial risk and can result in substantial or complete losses. Some portfolio companies in which the Fund may invest may be operating at a loss or with substantial variations in operating results from period to period and may need substantial additional capital to support expansion or to achieve or maintain competitive positions. Such companies may face intense competition, including competition from companies with much greater financial resources, much more extensive development, production, marketing and service capabilities and a much larger number of qualified

managerial and technical personnel. The Fund can offer no assurance that the marketing efforts of any particular portfolio company will be successful or that its business will succeed. Additionally, privately held companies are not subject to SEC reporting requirements or the reporting requirements of publicly traded companies in applicable jurisdictions, are not required to maintain their accounting records in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and are not required to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting. As a result, the Adviser may not have timely or accurate information about the business, financial conditions and results of operations of the privately held companies in which the Fund invests. The more limited financial information and lack of publicly available prices require a Fund to determine a fair value for such investments in accordance with the valuation policy approved by the Board and related procedures. Difficulty in valuing such investments may make it difficult to accurately determine a Fund's exposure to privately issued securities. The Fund’s NAV could be adversely affected if the Fund’s determinations regarding the fair value of the Fund’s investments were materially higher than the values that the Fund ultimately realizes upon the disposal of such investments. In addition, input from the Adviser’s investment professionals as part of the Fund’s valuation process could result in a conflict of interest as the Adviser’s management fee is based, in part, on the value of the Fund’s assets.

Investments in private companies may be considered to be illiquid and may be difficult to sell at a desirable time or at the prices at which the Fund has valued the investments. Additional risks include that the Fund could be subject to contingent liabilities in the event a private issuer is acquired by another company during the period it is held by the Fund; and that the company may be using excessive leverage. Privately issued debt securities can often be below investment grade quality and frequently are unrated.

Private Investments in Public Equity. Private investments in public equity (PIPEs) are equity securities in a private placement that are issued by issuers who have outstanding, publicly-traded equity securities of the same class. Shares in PIPEs generally are not registered with the SEC until after a certain time period from the date the private sale is completed. This restricted period can last many months. Until the public registration process is completed, PIPEs are restricted as to resale and the Fund cannot freely trade the securities. Generally, such restrictions cause the PIPEs to be illiquid during this time. PIPEs may contain provisions that the issuer will pay specified financial penalties to the holder if the issuer does not publicly register the restricted equity securities within a specified period of time, but there is no assurance that the restricted equity securities will be publicly registered, or that the registration will remain in effect.

Distressed Debt Securities. Distressed debt securities are securities that are the subject of bankruptcy proceedings or otherwise in default or in risk of being in default as to the repayment of principal and/or interest at the time of acquisition by a Fund or that are rated in the lower rating categories by one or more nationally recognized statistical rating organizations (for example, Ca or lower by Moody’s and CC or lower by S&P or Fitch) or, if unrated, are in the judgment of the Adviser or Sub-Adviser of equivalent quality (“Distressed Securities”). Investment in Distressed Securities is speculative and involves significant risks. Each Fund will generally make such investments only when the Adviser or Sub-Adviser believes it is reasonably likely that the issuer of the Distressed Securities will make an exchange offer or will be the subject of a plan of reorganization pursuant to which a Fund will receive new securities in return for the Distressed Securities. However, there can be no assurance that such an exchange offer will be made or that such a plan of reorganization will be adopted. Additionally, a significant period of time may pass between the time at which a Fund makes its investment in Distressed Securities and the time that any such exchange offer or plan of reorganization is completed, if at all. During this period, it is unlikely that a Fund would receive any interest payments on the Distressed Securities, a Fund will be subject to significant uncertainty as to whether or not the exchange offer or plan of reorganization will be completed and a Fund may be required to bear certain extraordinary expenses to protect and recover its investment. Therefore, a Fund’s ability to achieve current income for its shareholders may be diminished. Each Fund also will be subject to significant uncertainty as to when and in what manner and for what value the obligations evidenced by the distressed securities will eventually be satisfied (e.g., through a liquidation of the obligor’s assets, an exchange offer or plan of reorganization involving the distressed securities or a payment of some amount in satisfaction of the obligation). Even if an exchange offer is made or plan of reorganization is adopted with respect to Distressed Securities held by a Fund, there can be no assurance that the securities or other assets received by the Fund

in connection with such exchange offer or plan of reorganization will not have a lower value or income potential than may have been anticipated when the investment was made or no value. Moreover, any securities received by a Fund upon completion of an exchange offer or plan of reorganization may be restricted as to resale. Similarly, if a Fund participates in negotiations with respect to any exchange offer or plan of reorganization with respect to an issuer of Distressed Securities, a Fund may be restricted from disposing of such securities. To the extent that a Fund becomes involved in such proceedings, the Fund may have a more active participation in the affairs of the issuer than that assumed generally by an investor. Each Fund, however, will not make investments for the purpose of exercising day-to-day management of any issuer’s affairs.

Defaulted Securities. Defaulted securities are debt securities on which the issuer is not currently making interest payments. In order to enforce its rights in defaulted securities, a Fund may be required to participate in legal proceedings or take possession of and manage assets securing the issuer’s obligations on the defaulted securities. This could increase operating expenses and adversely affect net asset value. Risks of defaulted securities may be considerably higher as they are generally unsecured and subordinated to other creditors of the issuer. Investments in defaulted securities generally will also be considered illiquid investments subject to the limitations described herein, except as otherwise may be determined under the Trust’s applicable policies and procedures.

Variable or Floating Rate Instruments. Variable or floating rate instruments are securities that provide for a periodic adjustment in the interest rate paid on the obligation. The interest rates for securities with variable interest rates are readjusted on set dates (such as the last day of the month or calendar quarter) and the interest rates for securities with floating rates are reset whenever a specified interest rate change occurs. Variable or floating interest rates generally reduce changes in the market price of securities from their original purchase price because, upon readjustment, such rates approximate market rates. Accordingly, as market interest rates decrease or increase, the potential for capital appreciation or depreciation is less for variable or floating rate securities than for fixed rate obligations. Many securities with variable or floating interest rates have a demand feature allowing the Fund to demand payment of principal and accrued interest prior to its maturity. The terms of such demand instruments require payment of principal and accrued interest by the issuer, a guarantor, and/or a liquidity provider. All variable or floating rate instruments will meet the applicable rating standards of the Funds. A Fund’s Adviser, or Sub-Adviser, as applicable, may determine that an unrated floating rate or variable rate demand obligation meets the Fund’s rating standards by reason of being backed by a letter of credit or guarantee issued by a bank that meets those rating standards.

The secondary market for certain floating rate loans may be subject to irregular trading activity, wide bid/ask spreads and extended trade settlement periods (in some cases, longer than seven days). Certain floating rate loans held by a Fund might not be considered securities for purposes of the Exchange Act and therefore a risk exists that purchasers, such as the Funds, may not be entitled to rely on the antifraud provisions of those Acts.

Zero Coupon and Pay-in-Kind Securities. Zero coupon securities do not pay interest or principal until final maturity, unlike debt securities that traditionally provide periodic payments of interest (referred to as a coupon payment). Investors must wait until maturity to receive interest and principal, which increases the interest rate and credit risks of a zero coupon security. Pay-in-kind securities are securities that have interest payable by delivery of additional securities. Upon maturity, the holder is entitled to receive the aggregate par value of the securities. Zero coupon and pay-in-kind securities may be subject to greater fluctuation in value and lower liquidity in the event of adverse market conditions than comparably rated securities paying cash interest at regular interest payment periods. Investors may purchase zero coupon and pay-in-kind securities at a price below the amount payable at maturity. The difference between the purchase price and the amount paid at maturity represents “original issue discount” on the security.

Premium Securities. The Funds may invest in premium securities. Premium securities are securities bearing coupon rates higher than the then prevailing market rates.

Premium securities are typically purchased at a “premium,” in other words, at a price greater than the principal amount payable on maturity. The Fund will not amortize the premium paid for such securities in

calculating its net investment income. As a result, in such cases the purchase of premium securities provides the Fund a higher level of investment income distributable to shareholders on a current basis than if the Fund purchased securities bearing current market rates of interest. However, the yield on these securities would remain at the current market rate. If securities purchased by the Fund at a premium are called or sold prior to maturity, the Fund will realize a loss to the extent the call or sale price is less than the purchase price. Additionally, the Fund will realize a loss of principal if it holds such securities to maturity.

Stripped Income Securities. The Funds may invest in stripped income securities. Stripped Income Securities are obligations representing an interest in all or a portion of the income or principal components of an underlying or related security, a pool of securities, or other assets. Stripped income securities may be partially stripped so that each class receives some interest and some principal. However, they may be completely stripped, where one class will receive all of the interest (the interest-only class or the IO class), while the other class will receive all of the principal (the principal-only class or the PO class).

The market values of stripped income securities tend to be more volatile in response to changes in interest rates than are conventional income securities. In the case of mortgage-backed stripped income securities, the yields to maturity of IOs and POs may be very sensitive to principal repayments (including prepayments) on the underlying mortgages resulting in a Fund being unable to recoup its initial investment or resulting in a less than anticipated yield. The market for stripped income securities may be limited, making it difficult for the Fund to dispose of its holdings at an acceptable price.

Privatizations. The Funds may invest in privatizations. The governments of certain foreign countries have, to varying degrees, embarked on privatization programs to sell part or all of their interests in government owned or controlled companies or enterprises (privatizations). A Fund’s investments in such privatizations may include: (i) privately negotiated investments in a government owned or controlled company or enterprise; (ii) investments in the initial offering of equity securities of a government owned or controlled company or enterprise; and (iii) investments in the securities of a government owned or controlled company or enterprise following its initial equity offering.

In certain foreign countries, the ability of foreign entities such as the Fund to participate in privatizations may be limited by local law, or the terms on which the Fund may be permitted to participate may be less advantageous than those for local investors. There can be no assurance that foreign governments will continue to sell companies and enterprises currently owned or controlled by them, that privatization programs will be successful, or that foreign governments will not re-nationalize companies or enterprises that have been privatized. If large blocks of these enterprises are held by a small group of stockholders the sale of all or some portion of these blocks could have an adverse effect on the price.

Participation Notes. Participation notes, also known as participation certificates, are issued by banks or broker-dealers and are designed to replicate the performance of foreign companies or foreign securities markets and can be used by the Fund as an alternative means to access the securities market of a country. Participation notes are generally traded OTC. The performance results of participation notes will not replicate exactly the performance of the foreign company or foreign securities market that they seek to replicate due to transaction and other expenses. Investments in participation notes involve the same risks associated with a direct investment in the underlying foreign companies or foreign securities market that they seek to replicate. In addition, participation notes are subject to counterparty risk, currency risk and reinvestment risk. Counterparty risk is the risk that the broker-dealer or bank that issues them will not fulfill its contractual obligation to complete the transaction with the Fund. Participation notes constitute general unsecured contractual obligations of the banks or broker-dealers that issue them, and a Fund is relying on the creditworthiness of such banks or broker-dealers and has no rights under a participation note against the issuer of the underlying assets. Additionally, there is a currency risk since the dollar value of the Fund’s foreign investments will be affected by changes in the exchange rates between the dollar and (a) the currencies in which the notes are denominated, such as euro denominated participation notes, and (b) the currency of the country in which the foreign company sits. Also, there is a reinvestment risk because the amounts from the note may be reinvested in a less valuable investment when the note matures.

Investment Techniques

Forward Commitments, When-Issued and Delayed Delivery Securities. Each Fund may purchase and sell securities on a forward commitment, when-issued and delayed delivery basis whereby the Fund buys or sells a security with payment and delivery taking place in the future. Securities purchased or sold on a forward commitment, when-issued or delayed delivery basis involve delivery and payment that take place in the future after the trade date or the date of the commitment to purchase or sell the securities at a pre-determined price and/or yield. Settlement of such transactions normally occurs a month or more after the purchase or sale commitment is made. Typically, no interest accrues to the purchaser until the security is delivered. Forward commitments include “to be announced” (TBA) transactions, which are contracts for the purchase and sale of mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by certain U.S. agencies or government sponsored enterprises for delivery at a future settlement date agreed upon by the two parties to the transaction, which is typically a month or more after the trade date of the transaction. On the trade date of a TBA transaction, the counterparties agree upon certain criteria for the securities that are to be delivered, including the issuer, maturity, coupon, face value and price, but the precise securities to be delivered are not specified. Instead, the actual securities to be delivered, which must satisfy the specified criteria, are communicated by the seller to the buyer shortly before the agreed upon settlement date. Although a Fund generally intends to acquire or dispose of securities on a forward commitment, when-issued or delayed delivery basis, a Fund may instead sell these securities or its commitment before the settlement date if deemed advisable. This will frequently be the case for TBA transactions and other forward-settling mortgage-backed securities transactions. No specific limitation exists as to the percentage of the Fund’s assets which may be used to acquire securities on a when-issued and delayed delivery basis.

When purchasing a security on a forward commitment, when-issued or delayed delivery basis, a Fund assumes the risks of ownership of the security, including the risk of price and yield fluctuations, and takes such fluctuations into account when determining its net asset value. Securities purchased on a forward commitment, when-issued or delayed delivery basis are subject to changes in value based upon the public’s perception of the creditworthiness of the issuer and changes, real or anticipated, in the level of interest rates. Accordingly, securities acquired on such a basis may expose a Fund to risks because they may experience such fluctuations prior to actual delivery. Purchasing securities on a forward commitment, when-issued or delayed delivery basis may involve the additional risk that the yield available in the market when the delivery takes place actually may be higher than that obtained in the transaction itself.

Many forward commitments, when-issued and delayed delivery transactions, including TBAs, are also subject to the risk that a counterparty may become bankrupt or otherwise fail to perform its obligations due to financial difficulties, including making payments or fulfilling delivery obligations to a Fund. A Fund may obtain no or only limited recovery in a bankruptcy or other reorganizational proceedings, and any recovery may be significantly delayed. With respect to TBA transactions and other forward-settling mortgage-backed securities transactions, the counterparty risk may be mitigated by the exchange of variation margin between the counterparties on a regular basis as the market value of the deliverable security fluctuates.

Investment in these types of securities may increase the possibility that the Fund will incur short-term gains subject to federal taxation or short-term losses if the Fund must engage in portfolio transactions in order to honor its commitment. In the case of a purchase transaction, the delayed delivery securities, which will not begin to accrue interest or dividends until the settlement date, will be recorded as an asset of a Fund and will be subject to the risk of market fluctuation. The purchase price of the delayed delivery securities is a liability of a Fund until settlement. TBA transactions and other forward-settling mortgage-backed securities transactions may be effected pursuant to a collateral agreement with the counterparty under which the parties exchange collateral consisting of cash or liquid securities in an amount as specified by the agreement that is based on the change in the market value of the TBA transactions governed by the agreement. A Fund or the counterparty will make payments throughout the term of the transaction as collateral values fluctuate to maintain full collateralization for the term of the transaction. Collateral will be marked-to-market every business day. If the counterparty defaults on the transaction or declares bankruptcy or insolvency, a Fund might incur expenses in enforcing its rights, or the Fund might experience delay and costs in recovering collateral or may suffer a loss if the value of the collateral declines.

Short Sales.

A short sale involves the sale of a security which a Fund does not own in the hope of purchasing the same security at a later date at a lower price. To make delivery to the buyer, the Fund must borrow the security from a broker. A Fund normally closes a short sale by purchasing an equivalent number of shares of the borrowed security on the open market and delivering them to the broker. A short sale is typically effected when the Fund’s Adviser believes that the price of a particular security will decline. Open short positions using options, futures, swaps or forward foreign currency contracts are not deemed to constitute selling securities short.

To secure its obligation to deliver the securities sold short to the broker and repay the securities borrowed, a Fund will be required to deposit cash or liquid securities with the broker as collateral. In addition, a Fund may have to pay a fee or rate of interest to borrow the securities, and while the loan of the security sold short is outstanding, the Fund is required to pay to the broker the amount of any dividends paid on shares sold short. The collateral pledged by the Fund to the broker in connection with short sales will be marked to market daily. The collateral pledged does not have the effect of limiting the amount of money that a Fund may lose on a short sale.

Short positions create a risk that the Fund will be required to cover them by buying the security at a time when the security has appreciated in value, thus resulting in a loss to the Fund. A short position in a security poses more risk than holding the same security long. Because a short position loses value as the security’s price increases, the loss on a short sale is theoretically unlimited. The loss on a long position is limited to what the Fund originally paid for the security together with any transaction costs. A Fund may not always be able to borrow a security a Fund seeks to sell short at a particular time or at an acceptable price. It is possible that the market value of the securities the Fund holds in long positions will decline at the same time that the market value of the securities the Fund has sold short increases, thereby increasing the Fund’s potential volatility and losses. Because a Fund may be required to pay dividends, interest, premiums and other expenses in connection with a short sale, any benefit for the Fund resulting from the short sale will be decreased, and the amount of any ultimate gain or loss will be decreased or increased, respectively, by the amount of such expenses.

Short sales against the box are short sales of securities that a Fund owns or has the right to obtain (equivalent in kind or amount to the securities sold short). If a Fund enters into a short sale against the box, it will be required to set aside securities equivalent in kind and amount to the securities sold short (or securities convertible or exchangeable into such securities) and will be required to hold such securities while the short sale is outstanding. The Fund will incur transaction costs, including fees or interest expenses, in connection with opening, maintaining, and closing short sales against the box.

Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund and Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund are permitted to effect short sales that are not "against the box." In a short sale that is not "against the box", Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund and Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund do not own the security borrowed. To secure their obligation to deliver to such broker-dealer the securities sold short, Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund and Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund must segregate an amount of cash or liquid securities equal to the difference between the current market value of the securities sold short and any cash or liquid securities deposited as collateral with the broker in connection with the short sale (including the proceeds of the short sale). The amounts deposited with the broker or segregated with the custodian do not have the effect of limiting the amount of money that the Funds may lose on a short sale. In a short sale that is not "against the box", Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund and Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund will normally close out a short position by purchasing on the open market and delivering to the broker-dealer an equal amount of the securities sold short.

Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund and Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund will realize a gain if the price of a security declines between the date of the short sale and the date on which the Fund replaces the borrowed security. On the other hand, the Fund will incur a loss if the price of the security increases between those dates. The amount of any gain will be decreased and the amount of any loss increased by any premium or interest that the Fund may be required to pay in connection with a short sale. It should be noted that

possible losses from short sales that are not "against the box" differ from those that could arise from a cash investment in a security in that losses from short sales that are not "against the box" may be limitless, while the losses from a cash investment in a security cannot exceed the total amount of the Fund's investment in the security. For example, if the Fund purchases a $10 security, potential loss is limited to $10; however, if the Fund sells a $10 security short, it may have to purchase the security for return to the broker-dealer when the market value of that security is $50, thereby incurring a loss of $40.

Short sales against the box result in a “constructive sale” and require a Fund to recognize any taxable gain unless an exception to the constructive sale applies. See “Dividends, Distributions and Tax Matters — Tax Matters — Tax Treatment of Portfolio Transactions — Options, futures, forward contracts, swap agreements and hedging transactions.”

Margin Transactions. The Fund will not purchase any security on margin, except that each Fund may obtain such short-term credits as may be necessary for the clearance of purchases and sales of portfolio securities. The payment by a Fund of initial or variation margin in connection with futures, swaps or options transactions and the use of a reverse repurchase agreement to finance the purchase of a security will not be considered the purchase of a security on margin.

Interfund Loans. The SEC has issued an exemptive order permitting the Invesco Funds to borrow money from and lend money to each other for temporary or emergency purposes. The Invesco Funds’ interfund lending program is subject to a number of conditions, including the requirements that: (1) an interfund loan generally will occur only if the interest rate on the loan is more favorable to the borrowing fund than the interest rate typically available from a bank for a comparable transaction and the rate is more favorable to the lending fund than the rate available on overnight repurchase transactions; (2) an Invesco Fund may not lend more than 15% of its net assets through the program (measured at the time of the last loan); and (3) an Invesco Fund may not lend more than 5% of its net assets to another Invesco Fund through the program (measured at the time of the loan). A Fund may participate in the program only if and to the extent that such participation is consistent with the Fund’s investment objective and investment policies. Interfund loans have a maximum duration of seven days. Loans may be called with one day’s notice and may be repaid on any day. At the current time, the Funds do not participate in interfund lending.

Borrowing. The Funds may borrow money to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act Laws, Interpretations and Exemptions (defined below) and Fund Policies. Such borrowings may be utilized (i) for temporary or emergency purposes; (ii) in anticipation of or in response to adverse market conditions; or, (iii) for cash management purposes. The prospectus may specify other reasons for which such borrowings may be utilized. All borrowings are limited to an amount not exceeding 33 1/3% of a Fund’s total assets (including the amount borrowed) less liabilities (other than borrowings). Any borrowings that exceed this amount will be reduced within three business days to the extent necessary to comply with the 33 1/3% limitation even if it is not advantageous to sell securities at that time.

If there are unusually heavy redemptions, a Fund may have to sell a portion of its investment portfolio at a time when it may not be advantageous to do so. Selling Fund securities under these circumstances may result in a lower net asset value per share or decreased dividend income, or both. Invesco and the Sub-Advisers believe that, in the event of abnormally heavy redemption requests, a Fund’s borrowing ability would help to mitigate any such effects and could make the forced sale of their portfolio securities less likely.

The ability the Funds to borrow money to purchase additional securities when Invesco or the Sub-Adviser deems it advantageous to do so gives the Funds greater flexibility to purchase securities for investment or tax reasons and not to be dependent on cash flows. To the extent borrowing costs exceed the return on the additional investments; the return realized by the Fund’s shareholders will be adversely affected. The Fund’s borrowing to purchase additional securities creates an opportunity for a greater total return to the Fund, but, at the same time, increases exposure to losses. The Fund’s willingness to borrow money for investment purposes, and the amount it borrows depends upon many factors, including investment outlook, market conditions and interest rates. Successful use of borrowed money to purchase additional investments depends on Invesco’s or the Sub-Adviser’s ability to predict correctly interest rates and market movements; such a strategy may not be successful during any period in which it is employed.

The Funds may borrow from a bank, broker-dealer, or another Invesco Fund. Additionally, the Funds are permitted to temporarily carry a negative or overdrawn balance in their account with their custodian bank. To compensate the custodian bank for such overdrafts, the Funds may either (i) leave funds as a compensating balance in their account so the custodian bank can be compensated by earning interest on such funds; or (ii) compensate the custodian bank by paying it an agreed upon rate.

Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund and Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund participate in a secured, committed line of credit (the “Floating Rate Fund Line of Credit”) with certain banks as lenders. The Floating Rate Fund Line of Credit permits borrowings of up to a maximum aggregate amount by a Fund, as negotiated from time to time. Borrowings by a Fund under the Floating Rate Fund Line of Credit can be used to purchase Senior Loans or other securities for investment or for other purposes.

Under the Floating Rate Fund Line of Credit, interest is charged to a Fund, based on its borrowings, at current commercial rates. Additionally, the Fund will pay a loan commitment fee for the Floating Rate Fund Line of Credit, and pays additional fees annually to the lenders for management and administration of the facility. A Fund can prepay loans and terminate its participation in the Floating Rate Fund Line of Credit at any time upon prior notice to the lenders.

Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund participates in a secured line of credit (the “Line of Credit”) with certain commercial paper conduits as lenders, Citibank N.A. as a secondary lender and administrator, and other banks, each as lenders from time to time. The Line of Credit enables the Fund to participate with certain other Invesco funds, as borrowers, in a committed, secured borrowing facility that permits borrowings by the participants of up to a maximum aggregate amount, as negotiated from time to time. Borrowings by the Fund under the Line of Credit can be used to purchase securities for investment or for other purposes. The Trust’s Board determined that the Fund’s participation in the Line of Credit is consistent with the Fund's investment objective and policies and is in the best interest of the Fund and its shareholders. Under the Line of Credit, in the event that the commercial paper conduit lenders are unable or unwilling to make loans, Citibank N.A. and the other bank lenders, if any, would then be required to make those loans.

Under the Line of Credit, interest is charged to the Funds, based on its borrowings, at current commercial rates. Additionally, the Funds will pay its pro rata portion of a loan commitment fee for the Line of Credit, and pays additional fees annually to the lenders on its outstanding borrowings for management and administration of the facility. The Funds can prepay loans and terminate its participation in the Line of Credit at any time upon prior notice to Citibank N.A. As a borrower under the Line of Credit, the Funds have certain rights and remedies under state and federal law comparable to those it would have with respect to a loan from a bank.

Lending Portfolio Securities. Each Fund may lend its portfolio securities (principally to brokers, dealers or other financial institutions) to generate additional income.Such loans are callable at any time and are continuously secured by segregated collateral equal to no less than the market value, determined daily, of the loaned securities. Such collateral will be cash, letters of credit, or debt securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or any of its agencies. Each Fund may lend portfolio securities to the extent of one-third of its total assets. A Fund will loan its securities only to parties that Invesco has determined are in good standing and when, in Invesco’s judgment, the potential income earned would justify the risks.

Although voting rights may pass with the lending of portfolio securities, a Fund will be entitled to call loaned securities, or otherwise obtain rights to vote or consent, when deemed necessary by Invesco with respect to a material event affecting securities on loan. The Fund would receive income in lieu of dividends on loaned securities and may, at the same time, generate income on the loan collateral or on the investment of any cash collateral.

If the borrower defaults on its obligation to return the securities loaned because of insolvency or other reasons, a Fund could experience delays and costs in recovering securities loaned or gaining access to the collateral. If the Fund is not able to recover the securities loaned, the Fund may sell the collateral and

purchase a replacement security in the market. Lending securities entails a risk of loss to the Fund if and to the extent that the market value of the loaned securities increases and the collateral is not increased accordingly.

Any cash received as collateral for loaned securities will be invested, in accordance with a Fund’s investment guidelines, in short-term money market instruments, affiliated unregistered investment companies that are compliant with Rule 2a-7 or Affiliated Money Market Funds. Investing this cash subjects that investment to market appreciation or depreciation. For purposes of determining whether a Fund is complying with its investment policies, strategies and restrictions, the Fund will consider the loaned securities as assets of the Fund, but will not consider any collateral received as a Fund asset. The Fund will bear any loss on the investment of cash collateral.

For a discussion of tax considerations relating to lending portfolio securities, see “Dividends, Distributions and Tax Matters — Tax Matters — Tax Treatment of Portfolio Transactions — Securities Lending.”

Repurchase Agreements. Each Fund may engage in repurchase agreement transactions involving the types of securities in which it is permitted to invest. Repurchase agreements are agreements under which a Fund purchases a security from a broker-dealer or bank that agrees to repurchase that security at a mutually agreed upon time and price (which is higher than the purchase price), thereby resulting in a yield to the Fund during a Fund’s holding period. A Fund may enter into a “continuing contract” or “open” repurchase agreement under which the seller is under a continuing obligation to repurchase the underlying securities from the Fund on demand and the effective interest rate is negotiated on a daily basis. Repurchase agreements may be viewed as loans made by a Fund which are collateralized by the securities subject to repurchase.

In any repurchase agreement, the securities that are subject to the transaction may be obligations issued by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities. The Funds may also engage in repurchase agreements collateralized by non-government securities that are rated investment grade or below investment grade by the requisite NRSROs or unrated securities of comparable quality, loan participations, and equities.

If the seller of a repurchase agreement fails to repurchase the security in accordance with the terms of the agreement, a Fund might incur expenses in enforcing its rights, and could experience a loss on the sale of the security subject to the repurchase agreement to the extent that the sale proceeds including accrued interest are less than the resale price provided in the repurchase agreement, including interest. In addition, although the Bankruptcy Code and other insolvency laws may provide certain protections for some types of repurchase agreements, if the seller of a repurchase agreement should be involved in bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings, a Fund may incur delay and costs in selling the underlying security or may suffer a loss of principal and interest if the value of the underlying security declines or the Fund may be deemed to be an unsecured creditor and be required to return the securities to the seller.

The Funds may enter into repurchase agreements that involve securities that may be subject to a court- ordered or other “stay” in the event of the seller’s bankruptcy or insolvency. A “stay” will prevent a Fund from selling the securities it holds under a repurchase agreement until permitted by a court or other authority. In these situations a Fund may be subject to greater risk that the value of the securities may decline before they are sold, and that a Fund may experience a loss.

The securities underlying a repurchase agreement will be marked-to-market every business day, and if the value of the securities falls below a specified percentage of the repurchase price (typically 102%), the counterparty will be required to deliver additional collateral to a Fund in the form of cash or additional securities. Custody of the securities will be maintained by a Fund’s custodian or sub-custodian for the duration of the agreement.

The Funds may invest their cash balances in joint accounts with other Invesco Funds for the purpose of investing in repurchase agreements with maturities not to exceed 60 days, and in certain other money market instruments with remaining maturities not to exceed 90 days. Repurchase agreements may be considered loans by a Fund under the 1940 Act.

Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund will not enter into a repurchase agreement that causes more than 10% of its net assets to be subject to repurchase agreements having a maturity beyond seven days.

Restricted and Illiquid Investments. The Funds may not acquire any illiquid investment if, immediately after the acquisition, the Fund would have invested more than 15% of its net assets in illiquid investments.

For purposes of the above 15% limitation, an illiquid investment means any investment that the Fund reasonably expects cannot be sold or disposed of in current market conditions in seven calendar days or less without the sale or disposition significantly changing the market value of the investment, as determined pursuant to the 1940 Act and applicable rules and regulations thereunder. Illiquid investments may include a wide variety of investments, such as, for example: (1) repurchase agreements maturing in more than seven days (unless the agreements have demand/redemption features); (2) OTC options contracts and certain other derivatives (including certain swap agreements); (3) fixed time deposits that are not subject to prepayment or that provide for withdrawal penalties upon prepayment (other than overnight deposits); (4) loan interests and other direct debt instruments; (5) municipal lease obligations; (6) commercial paper issued pursuant to Section 4(2) of the 1933 Act; and (7) securities that are unregistered, that can be sold to qualified institutional buyers in accordance with Rule 144A under the 1933 Act, or that are exempt from registration under the 1933 Act or otherwise restricted under the federal securities laws, including private placement securities sold pursuant to Regulation S.

Limitations on the resale of restricted investments may have an adverse effect on their marketability, which may prevent a Fund from disposing of them promptly at reasonable prices. The Fund may have to bear the expense of registering such securities for resale, and the risk of substantial delays in effecting such registrations. A Fund’s difficulty valuing and selling restricted securities or illiquid investments may result in a loss or be costly to the Fund.

If a substantial market develops for a restricted security or illiquid investment held by a Fund, it may be treated as a liquid investment, in accordance with procedures and guidelines adopted by the Board on behalf of the Funds.

Rule 144A Securities. Rule 144A securities are securities which, while initially privately placed, are eligible for purchase and resale pursuant to Rule 144A under the 1933 Act. This Rule permits certain qualified institutional buyers, such as the Funds, to trade in the securities even though such securities are not registered under the 1933 Act. Pursuant to Rule 22e-4 under the 1940 Act, a Fund will consider whether securities purchased under Rule 144A are illiquid and thus subject to the Fund’s restriction on illiquid investments. The determination of whether a Rule 144A security is liquid or illiquid will take into account relevant market trading, and investment-specific considerations consistent with applicable SEC guidance. Additional factors that may be considered include the (i) frequency of trades and quotes; (ii) number of dealers and potential purchasers; (iii) dealer undertakings to make a market; and (iv) nature of the security and of market place trades (for example, the time needed to dispose of the security, the method of soliciting offers and the mechanics of transfer). Investing in Rule 144A securities could increase the amount of a Fund’s illiquid investments if qualified institutional buyers are unwilling to purchase such securities.

Reverse Repurchase Agreements. Reverse repurchase agreements are agreements that involve the sale of securities held by a Fund to financial institutions such as banks and broker-dealers, with an agreement that the Fund will repurchase the securities at an agreed upon price and date or upon demand. During the reverse repurchase agreement period, the Fund continues to receive interest and principal payments on the securities sold, but pays interest to the other party on the proceeds received. A Fund may employ reverse repurchase agreements (i) for temporary emergency purposes, such as to meet unanticipated net redemptions so as to avoid liquidating other portfolio securities during unfavorable market conditions; (ii) to cover short-term cash requirements resulting from the timing of trade settlements; or (iii) to take advantage of market situations where the interest income to be earned from the investment of the proceeds of the transaction is greater than the interest expense of the transaction.

Reverse repurchase agreements are a form of leverage and involve the risk that the market value of securities to be repurchased by the Fund may decline below the price at which the Fund is obligated to

repurchase the securities, resulting in a requirement for the Fund to deliver margin to the other party in the amount of the related shortfall, or that the other party may default on its obligation, so that the Fund is delayed or prevented from completing the transaction. Leverage may make the Fund’s returns more volatile and increase the risk of loss. In the event the buyer of securities under a reverse repurchase agreement files for bankruptcy or becomes insolvent, a Fund’s use of the proceeds from the sale of the securities may be restricted pending a determination by the other party, or its trustee or receiver, whether to enforce the Fund’s obligation to repurchase the securities.

Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund can participate in a committed reverse repurchase agreement program.

Mortgage Dollar Rolls. Each Fund may engage in mortgage dollar rolls (a dollar roll). A dollar roll is a type of transaction that involves the sale by a Fund of a mortgage-backed security to a financial institution such as a bank or broker dealer, with an agreement that the Fund will repurchase a substantially similar (i.e., same type, coupon and maturity) security at an agreed upon price and date. The mortgage securities that are purchased will bear the same interest rate as those sold, but will generally be collateralized by different pools of mortgages with different prepayment histories. During the period between the sale and repurchase, a Fund will not be entitled to receive interest or principal payments on the securities sold but is compensated for the difference between the current sales price and the forward price for the future purchase. A Fund typically enters into a dollar roll transaction to enhance the Fund’s return either on an income or total return basis or to manage pre-payment risk.

Dollar roll transactions involve the risk that the market value of the securities retained by a Fund may decline below the price of the securities that the Fund has sold but is obligated to repurchase under the agreement. In the event the buyer of securities under a dollar roll transaction files for bankruptcy or becomes insolvent, a Fund’s use of the proceeds from the sale of the securities may be restricted pending a determination by the other party, or its trustee or receiver, whether to enforce the Fund’s obligation to repurchase the securities.

Unless the benefits of the sale exceed the income, capital appreciation or gains on the securities sold as part of the dollar roll, the investment performance of a Fund will be less than what the performance would have been without the use of dollar rolls. The benefits of dollar rolls may depend upon the Adviser or Sub-Adviser’s ability to predict mortgage repayments and interest rates. There is no assurance that dollar rolls can be successfully employed.

Standby Commitments. Certain Funds may acquire securities that are subject to standby commitments from banks or other municipal securities dealers. Under a standby commitment a bank or dealer would agree to purchase, at the Fund’s option, specified securities at a specified price. Standby commitments generally increase the cost of the acquisition of the underlying security, thereby reducing the yield. Standby commitments depend upon the issuer’s ability to fulfill its obligation upon demand. Although no definitive creditworthiness criteria are used for this purpose, Invesco reviews the creditworthiness of the banks and other municipal securities dealers from which the Funds obtain standby commitments in order to evaluate those risks.

Contracts for Difference. A contract for difference (CFD) is a contract between two parties, buyer and seller, stipulating that the seller will pay to the buyer the difference between the nominal value of the underlying stock, stock basket or index at the opening of the contract and the stock’s, stock basket’s or index’s value at the close of the contract. The size of the contract and the contract’s expiration date are typically negotiated by the parties to the CFD transaction. CFDs enable a Fund to take long positions on an underlying stock, stock basket or index and thus potentially capture gains on movements in the share prices of the stock, stock basket or index without the need to own the underlying stock, stock basket or index. By entering into a CFD transaction, a Fund could incur losses because it would face many of the same types of risks as owning the underlying equity security directly. For example, a Fund might buy a position in a CFD and the contract value at the close of the transaction may be greater than the contract value at the opening of the transaction. This may be due to, among other factors, an increase in the market value of the underlying equity security. In such a situation, a Fund would have to pay the difference in value of the contract to the seller of

the CFD. CFDs also carry counterparty risk, i.e., the risk that the counterparty to the CFD transaction may be unable or unwilling to make payments or to otherwise honor its financial obligations under the terms of the contract. If the counterparty were to do so, the value of the contract, and of a Fund’s shares, may be reduced.

Entry into a CFD transaction may, in certain circumstances, require the payment of an initial margin, and adverse market movements against the underlying stock may require the buyer to make additional margin payments. CFDs may be considered illiquid by the SEC staff and subject to the limitations on illiquid investments. To the extent that there is an imperfect correlation between the return on a Fund’s obligation to its counterparty under the CFD and the return on related assets in its portfolio, the CFD transaction may increase such Fund’s financial risk. A Fund will not enter into a CFD transaction that is inconsistent with its investment objective, policies and strategies.

Derivatives

A derivative is a financial instrument whose value is dependent upon the value of other assets, rates or indices, referred to as “underlying reference assets.” These underlying reference assets may include, among others commodities, stocks, bonds, interest rates, currency exchange rates or related indices. Derivatives include, among others, swaps, options, futures and forward foreign currency contracts. Some derivatives, such as futures and certain options, are traded on U.S. commodity and securities exchanges, while other derivatives, such as many types of swap agreements, are privately negotiated and entered into in the OTC market. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the Dodd-Frank Act) and implementing rules require certain types of swaps to be traded on public execution facilities and centrally cleared.

Derivatives may be used for “hedging,” which means that they may be used when the portfolio managers seek to protect the Fund’s investments from a decline in value, which could result from changes in interest rates, market prices, currency fluctuations and other market factors. Derivatives may also be used when the portfolio managers seek to increase liquidity, implement a tax or cash management strategy, invest in a particular stock, bond or segment of the market in a more efficient or less expensive way, modify the characteristics of the Fund’s portfolio investments, for example, duration, and/or to enhance return. However derivatives are used, their successful use is not assured and will depend upon, among other factors, the portfolio managers’ ability to predict and understand relevant market movements.

Certain derivatives involve leverage, that is, the amount invested may be smaller than the full economic exposure of the derivative instrument and the Fund could lose more than it invested. The leverage involved in these derivative transactions may result in the Fund’s net asset value being more sensitive to changes in the value of its investments.

Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) Regulation and Exclusions:

With respect to the Funds, Invesco has claimed an exclusion from the definition of “commodity pool operator” (CPO) under the CEA and the rules of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) and, therefore, is not subject to CFTC registration or regulation as a CPO. In addition, Invesco is relying upon a related exclusion from the definition of “commodity trading advisor” (CTA) under the CEA and the rules of the CFTC with respect to the Funds.

The terms of the CPO exclusion require the Funds, among other things, to adhere to certain limits on their investments in “commodity interests.” Commodity interests include commodity futures, commodity options and swaps, which in turn include non-deliverable forwards, as further described below. Because Invesco and the Funds intend to comply with the terms of the CPO exclusion, the Funds may, in the future, need to adjust their investment strategies, consistent with their investment objectives, to limit their investments in these types of instruments. The Funds are not intended as vehicles for trading in the commodity futures, commodity options or swaps markets. The CFTC has neither reviewed nor approved Invesco’s reliance on these exclusions, or the Funds, their investment strategies, their prospectuses or this SAI.

Generally, the exclusion from CPO regulation on which Invesco relies requires the Funds to meet one of the following tests for their commodity interest positions, other than positions entered into for bona fide

hedging purposes (as defined in the rules of the CFTC): either (1) the aggregate initial margin and premiums required to establish the Fund’s positions in commodity interests may not exceed 5% of the liquidation value of the Fund’s portfolio (after taking into account unrealized profits and unrealized losses on any such positions); or (2) the aggregate net notional value of each Fund’s commodity interest positions, determined at the time the most recent such position was established, may not exceed 100% of the liquidation value of the Fund’s portfolio (after taking into account unrealized profits and unrealized losses on any such positions). In addition to meeting one of these trading limitations, each Fund may not market itself as a commodity pool or otherwise as a vehicle for trading in the commodity futures, commodity options or swaps markets. If, in the future, a Fund can no longer satisfy these requirements, Invesco would withdraw its notice claiming an exclusion from the definition of a CPO, and Invesco would be subject to registration and regulation as a CPO with respect to the Fund, in accordance with the CFTC rules that allow for substituted compliance with CFTC disclosure and shareholder reporting requirements based on Invesco’s compliance with comparable SEC requirements. However, as a result of CFTC regulation with respect to the Fund, a Fund may incur additional compliance and other expenses.

General risks associated with derivatives:

The use by the Funds of derivatives may involve certain risks, as described below.

Counterparty Risk: The risk that a counterparty under a derivatives agreement will not live up to its obligations, including because of the counterparty’s bankruptcy or insolvency. Certain agreements may not contemplate delivery of collateral to support fully a counterparty’s contractual obligation; therefore, the Fund might need to rely solely on contractual remedies to satisfy the counterparty’s full obligation. As with any contractual remedy, there is no guarantee that the Fund will be successful in pursuing such remedies, particularly in the event of the counterparty’s bankruptcy or insolvency. Many derivative trading agreements, such as an ISDA Master Agreement governing OTC swaps, provide for netting of derivatives transactions governed by the agreement in the event of a default by either counterparty, pursuant to which the Fund’s and the counterparty’s obligations under the relevant transactions can be netted and set-off against each other, in which case a Fund’s obligation or right will be the net amount owed to or by the counterparty. Netting agreements are intended to function as a counterparty credit risk mitigant, but in the case of a bankruptcy or insolvency of the relevant counterparty, are subject to the risk that the insolvency regime applicable to the counterparty might not recognize the enforceability of the contractual netting provisions. The Fund will not enter into a derivative transaction with any counterparty that Invesco and/or the Sub-Advisers believe does not have the financial resources to honor its obligations under the transaction. Invesco monitors the financial stability of counterparties. Where the obligations of the counterparty are guaranteed, Invesco monitors the financial stability of the guarantor and the counterparty. If a counterparty’s creditworthiness declines, the value of the derivative would also likely decline, potentially resulting in losses to the Fund.

Leverage Risk: Leverage exists when the Fund can lose more than it originally invests because it purchases or sells an instrument or enters into a transaction without investing an amount equal to the full economic exposure of the instrument or transaction. Leverage may cause the Fund to be more volatile because it may exaggerate the effect of any increase or decrease in the value of the Fund’s portfolio securities. The use of some derivatives may result in economic leverage, which does not result in the possibility of the Fund incurring obligations beyond its initial investment, but that nonetheless permits the Fund to gain exposure that is greater than would be the case in an unlevered instrument.

Liquidity Risk: The risk that a particular derivative is difficult to sell or liquidate. If a derivative transaction is particularly large or if the relevant market is illiquid, it may not be possible to initiate a transaction or liquidate a position at an advantageous time or price, which may result in significant losses to the Fund.

Pricing Risk: The risk that the value of a particular derivative does not move in tandem or as otherwise expected relative to the corresponding underlying instruments.

Special Regulatory Risks of Derivatives: The regulation of derivatives is a rapidly changing area of law and is subject to modification by government and judicial action. In addition, the SEC, CFTC and the exchanges are authorized to take extraordinary actions in the event of a market emergency, including, for

example, the implementation or reduction of speculative position limits, the implementation of higher margin requirements, the establishment of daily price limits and the suspension of trading.

It is not possible to predict fully the effects of current or future regulation. However, it is possible that developments in government regulation of various types of derivative instruments, such as speculative position limits on certain types of derivatives, or limits or restrictions on the counterparties with which the Fund engages in derivative transactions, may limit or prevent the Fund from using or limit the Fund’s use of these instruments effectively as a part of its investment strategy, and could adversely affect the Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objective. Invesco will continue to monitor developments in the area, particularly to the extent regulatory changes affect the Fund’s ability to enter into desired swap agreements. New requirements, even if not directly applicable to the Fund, may increase the cost of the Fund’s investments and cost of doing business.

Tax Risks: For a discussion of the tax considerations relating to derivative transactions, see “Dividends, Distributions and Tax Matters — Tax Matters — Tax Treatment of Portfolio Transactions.”

General risks of hedging strategies using derivatives:

The use by the Funds of hedging strategies involves special considerations and risks, as described below.

Successful use of hedging transactions depends upon Invesco’s and the Sub-Advisers’ ability to predict correctly the direction of changes in the value of the applicable markets and securities, contracts and/or currencies. While Invesco and the Sub-Advisers are experienced in the use of derivatives for hedging, there can be no assurance that any particular hedging strategy will succeed.

In a hedging transaction, there might be imperfect correlation, or even no correlation, between the price movements of an instrument used for hedging and the price movements of the investments being hedged. Such a lack of correlation might occur due to factors unrelated to the value of the investments being hedged, such as changing interest rates, market liquidity, and speculative or other pressures on the markets in which the hedging instrument is traded.

Hedging strategies, if successful, can reduce risk of loss by wholly or partially offsetting the negative effect of unfavorable price movements in the investments being hedged. However, hedging strategies can also reduce opportunity for gain by offsetting the positive effect of favorable price movements in the hedged investments. Investors should bear in mind that a Fund is not obligated to actively engage in hedging. For example, a Fund may not have attempted to hedge its exposure to a particular foreign currency at a time when doing so might have avoided a loss.

Types of derivatives:

Swaps. Generally, swap agreements are contracts between a Fund and another party (the counterparty) involving the exchange of payments on specified terms over periods ranging from a few days to multiple years. A swap agreement may be negotiated bilaterally and traded OTC between the two parties (for an uncleared swap) or, in some instances, must be transacted through a futures commission merchant (FCM) and cleared through a clearinghouse that serves as a central counterparty (for a cleared swap). In a basic swap transaction, the Fund agrees with its counterparty to exchange the returns (or differentials in returns) and/or cash flows earned or realized on a particular asset such as an equity or debt security, commodity, currency, interest rate or index, calculated with respect to a “notional amount.” The notional amount is the set amount selected by the parties to use as the basis on which to calculate the obligations that the parties to a swap agreement have agreed to exchange. The parties typically do not exchange the notional amount. Instead, they agree to exchange the returns that would be earned or realized if the notional amount were invested in given investments or at given interest rates. Examples of returns that may be exchanged in a swap agreement are those of a particular security, a particular fixed or variable interest rate, a particular foreign currency, or a “basket” of securities representing a particular index. Swap agreements can also be

based on credit and other events. In some cases, such as cross currency swaps, the swap agreement may require delivery (exchange) of the entire notional value of one designated currency for another designated currency.

A Fund will typically only enter into swap agreements with counterparties who use standard International Swap and Dealers Association, Inc. (“ISDA”) contract documentation. ISDA establishes industry standards for the documentation of swap agreements. Virtually all principal swap participants use ISDA documentation because it has an established set of definitions, contract terms and counterparty obligations, including provisions for master netting agreements. It is possible that developments in the swaps market, including potential government regulation, could adversely affect the Fund’s ability to terminate existing swap agreements or to realize amounts to be received under such agreements. Additionally, ISDA master agreements include credit related contingent features which allow Counterparties to OTC derivatives to terminate derivative contracts prior to maturity in the event that, for example, the Fund’s net assets decline by a stated percentage or the Fund fails to meet the terms of its ISDA master agreements, which would cause the Fund to accelerate payment of any net liability owed to the counterparty.

Comprehensive swaps regulation. The Dodd-Frank Act and analogous international laws enacted after the financial crisis imposed comprehensive regulatory requirements on swaps and swap market participants. The U.S. regulatory framework includes: (1) registration and regulation of swap dealers and major swap participants; (2) requiring central clearing and electronic execution of standardized swaps on swap execution facilities; (3) imposing margin requirements on uncleared swap transactions; (4) regulating and monitoring swap transactions through position limits and large trader reporting requirements; and (5) imposing record keeping and centralized and public reporting requirements, on an anonymous basis, for most swaps. The CFTC is responsible for the regulation of most swaps. The SEC has jurisdiction over a small segment of the market referred to as “security-based swaps,” which includes swaps on single securities or narrow-based indices of securities and single name credit default swaps.

Uncleared swaps. In an uncleared swap, the swap counterparty is typically a brokerage firm, bank or other financial institution. In the event that one party to the swap transaction defaults and the transaction is terminated prior to its scheduled termination date, one of the parties may be required to make an early termination payment to the other. An early termination payment may be payable by either the defaulting party or the non-defaulting party, under certain circumstances, depending upon which of them is “in-the-money” with respect to the swap at the time of its termination. Early termination payments may be calculated in various ways, but generally represent the amount that the “in-the-money” party would have to pay to replace the swap as of the date of its termination.

During the term of an uncleared swap, a Fund will be required to pledge to the swap counterparty, from time to time, an amount of cash and/or other assets equal to the total net amount (if any) that would be payable by the Fund to the counterparty if all outstanding swaps between the parties were terminated on the date in question, including any early termination payments (variation margin). Periodically, changes in the amount pledged are made to recognize changes in value of the swap contract resulting from, among other things market value changes in the underlying investment referenced in the swap. Likewise, the counterparty will be required to pledge cash or other assets to cover its obligations to a Fund. However, the amount pledged will not always be equal to or more than the amount due to the other party. Therefore, if a counterparty defaults in its obligations to a Fund, the amount pledged by the counterparty and available to the Fund may not be sufficient to cover all the amounts due to the Fund and the Fund may sustain a loss.

Regulations requiring initial margin to be posted by certain market participants for uncleared swaps have been adopted and are being phased in over time. When these rules take effect with respect to the Funds, if a Fund is deemed to have material swaps exposure (generally, an average gross notional amount of uncleared swaps and foreign currency forward contracts at certain measurement dates exceeding $8 billion), it will under these regulations be required to post initial margin in addition to variation margin.

Uncleared swaps are not traded on exchanges. As a result, swap participants may not be as protected as participants on organized exchanges. Performance of a swap agreement is the responsibility only of the swap counterparty and not of any exchange or clearinghouse. As a result, a Fund is subject to the risk that a

counterparty will be unable or will refuse to perform under such agreement, including because of the counterparty’s bankruptcy or insolvency. The Fund risks the loss of the accrued but unpaid amounts under a swap agreement, which could be substantial, in the event of a default, insolvency or bankruptcy by a swap counterparty. In such an event, the Fund will have contractual remedies pursuant to the swap agreement, but bankruptcy and insolvency laws could affect the Fund’s rights as a creditor. If the counterparty’s creditworthiness declines, the value of a swap agreement would likely decline, potentially resulting in losses.

Cleared Swaps. Certain standardized swaps are subject to mandatory central clearing and trading on execution facilities. The Dodd-Frank Act and analogous international laws will ultimately require the clearing and trading on execution facilities of many swaps. To date, the CFTC has designated only certain of the most common credit default index swaps and certain interest rate swaps as subject to mandatory clearing and certain public execution facilities have made these swaps available to trade, but it is expected that additional categories of swaps will in the future be designated as subject to mandatory clearing and trade execution requirements.

In a cleared swap, a Fund’s ultimate counterparty is a central clearinghouse rather than a brokerage firm, bank or other financial institution. Cleared swaps are submitted for clearing through each party’s FCM, which must be a member of the clearinghouse that serves as the central counterparty.

When a Fund enters into a cleared swap, it must deliver to the clearinghouse (via the FCM) an amount referred to as “initial margin.” Initial margin requirements are determined by the clearinghouse, and are typically calculated as an amount based on the volatility in market value of the cleared swap over a fixed period, but an FCM may require additional initial margin above the amount required by the clearinghouse. During the term of the swap agreement, “variation margin” may also be required to be paid by the Fund or may be received by the Fund. If the value of the Fund’s cleared swap declines, the Fund will be required to make additional variation margin payments to the FCM to settle the change in value. Conversely, if the market value of the Fund’s position increases, the FCM will post additional variation margin to the Fund’s account. At the conclusion of the term of the swap agreement, if the Fund has a loss equal to or greater than the margin amount, the margin amount is paid to the FCM along with any loss in excess of the margin amount. If the Fund has a loss of less than the margin amount, the excess margin is returned to the Fund. If the Fund has a gain, the full margin amount and the amount of the gain are paid to the Fund.

Central clearing is designed to reduce counterparty credit risk and increase liquidity compared to uncleared swaps because central clearing interposes the central clearinghouse as the counterparty to each participant’s swap, but it does not eliminate those risks completely. There is also a risk of loss by a Fund of the initial and variation margin deposits in the event of bankruptcy or insolvency of the FCM through which the Fund holds an open position, or the clearinghouse in a swap contract. The assets of a Fund may not be fully protected in the event of the bankruptcy or insolvency of the FCM or clearinghouse because the Fund might be limited to recovering only a pro rata share of all available funds and margin segregated on behalf of an FCM’s customers. If the FCM does not provide accurate reporting, a Fund is also subject to the risk that the FCM could use the Fund’s assets to satisfy its own financial obligations or the payment obligations of another customer to the clearinghouse. Credit risk of cleared swap participants is concentrated in a few clearinghouses, and the consequences of insolvency of a clearinghouse are not clear.

With cleared swaps, a Fund may not be able to obtain terms as favorable as it would be able to negotiate for a bilateral, uncleared swap. In addition, an FCM may unilaterally amend the terms of its agreement with a Fund, which may include the imposition of position limits or additional margin requirements with respect to the Fund’s investment in certain types of swaps. Clearinghouses and FCMs can require termination of existing cleared swap transactions upon the occurrence of certain events, and can also require increases in margin above the margin that is required at the initiation of the swap agreement.

Finally, a Fund is subject to the risk that, after entering into a cleared swap with an executing broker, no FCM or clearinghouse is willing or able to clear the transaction. In such an event, the Fund may be required to break the trade and make an early termination payment to the executing broker.

Commonly used swap agreements include:

Credit Default Swaps (CDS): A CDS is an agreement between two parties where the first party agrees to make one or more payments to the second party, while the second party assumes the risk of certain defaults, generally a failure to pay or bankruptcy of the issuer on a referenced debt obligation. CDS transactions are typically individually negotiated and structured. A Fund may enter into CDS to create long or short exposure to domestic or foreign corporate debt securities or sovereign debt securities.

A Fund may buy a CDS (buy credit protection). In this transaction the Fund makes a stream of payments based on a fixed interest rate (the premium) over the life of the swap in exchange for a counterparty (the seller) taking on the risk of default of a referenced debt obligation (the Reference Obligation). If a credit event occurs for the Reference Obligation, the Fund would cease making premium payments and it would deliver defaulted bonds to the seller. In return, the seller would pay the notional value of the Reference Obligation to the Fund. Alternatively, the two counterparties may agree to cash settlement in which the seller delivers to the Fund (buyer) the difference between the market value and the notional value of the Reference Obligation. If no event of default occurs, the Fund pays the fixed premium to the seller for the life of the contract, and no other exchange occurs.

Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund will invest no more than 20% of it's total assets in credit default swaps.

Alternatively, a Fund may sell a CDS (sell credit protection). In this transaction the Fund will receive premium payments from the buyer in exchange for taking the risk of default of the Reference Obligation. If a credit event occurs for the Reference Obligation, the buyer would cease to make premium payments to the Fund and deliver the Reference Obligation to the Fund. In return, the Fund would pay the notional value of the Reference Obligation to the buyer. Alternatively, the two counterparties may agree to cash settlement in which the Fund would pay the buyer the difference between the market value and the notional value of the Reference Obligation. If no event of default occurs, the Fund receives the premium payments over the life of the contract, and no other exchange occurs.

Credit Default Index Swaps (CDX): A CDX is a swap on an index of CDS. A CDX allows an investor to manage credit risk or to take a position on a basket of credit entities (such as CDS or CMBS) in a more efficient manner than transacting in single name CDS. If a credit event occurs in one of the underlying companies, the protection is paid out via the delivery of the defaulted bond by the buyer of protection in return for payment of the notional value of the defaulted bond by the seller of protection or it may be settled through a cash settlement between the two parties. The underlying company is then removed from the index. New series of CDX are issued on a regular basis. A Commercial Mortgage-Backed Index (CMBX) is a type of CDX made up of 25 tranches of commercial mortgage-backed securities (See “Debt Instruments — Mortgage-Backed and Asset-Backed Securities”) rather than CDS. Unlike other CDX contracts where credit events are intended to capture an event of default, CMBX involves a pay-as-you-go (PAUG) settlement process designed to capture non-default events that affect the cash flow of the reference obligation. PAUG involves ongoing, two-way payments over the life of a contract between the buyer and the seller of protection and is designed to closely mirror the cash flow of a portfolio of cash commercial mortgage-backed securities. A CDX index tranche provides access to customized risk, exposing each investor to losses at different levels of subordination. The lowest part of the capital structure is called the “equity tranche” as it has exposure to the first losses experienced in the basket. The mezzanine and senior tranches are higher in the capital structure but can also be exposed to loss in value. Investments are subject to liquidity risks as well as other risks associated with investments in credit default swaps.

Foreign Exchange Swaps: A foreign exchange swap involves an agreement between two parties to exchange two different currencies on a specific date at a fixed rate, and an agreement for the reverse exchange of those two currencies at a later date and at a fixed rate. Foreign exchange swaps were exempted from the definition of “swaps” by the U.S. Treasury and are therefore not subject to many rules under the CEA that apply to swaps, including the mandatory clearing requirement. They are also not considered “commodity interests” for purposes of CEA Regulations and Exclusions, discussed above. However, foreign exchange swaps nevertheless remain subject to the CFTC’s trade reporting requirements, enhanced anti-evasion authority, and strengthened business conduct standards.

Currency Swaps: A currency swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange periodic cash flows on a notional amount of two or more currencies based on the relative value differential between them. Currency swaps typically involve the delivery of the entire notional values of the two designated currencies. In such a situation, the full notional value of a currency swap is subject to the risk that the other party to the swap will default on its contractual delivery obligations. A Fund may also enter into currency swaps on a net basis, which means the two different currency payment streams under the swap agreement are converted and netted out to a single cash payment in just one of the currencies.

Because currency control is of great importance to the issuing governments and influences economic planning and policy, purchases and sales of currency and related instruments can be negatively affected by government exchange controls, blockages, and manipulations or exchange restrictions imposed by governments. These actions could result in losses to a Fund if it is unable to deliver or receive a specified currency or funds in settlement of obligations, including swap transaction obligations. These actions could also have an adverse effect on a Fund’s swap transactions or cause a Fund’s hedging positions to be rendered useless, resulting in full currency exposure as well as incurring unnecessary transaction costs.

Interest Rate Swaps: An agreement between two parties pursuant to which the parties exchange a floating rate payment for a fixed rate payment based on a specified principal or notional amount. In other words, Party A agrees to pay Party B a fixed interest rate multiplied by a notional amount and in return Party B agrees to pay Party A a variable interest rate multiplied by the same notional amount.

Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund may not enter into interest rate swaps with respect to more than 25% of its total assets.

Commodity Swaps: A commodity swap agreement is a contract in which one party agrees to make periodic payments to another party based on the change in market value of a commodity-based underlying instrument (such as a specific commodity or commodity index) in return for periodic payments based on a fixed or variable interest rate or the total return from another commodity-based underlying instrument. In a total return commodity swap, a Fund receives the price appreciation of a commodity index, a portion of a commodity index or a single commodity in exchange for paying an agreed-upon fee.

Total Return Swaps: An agreement in which one party makes payments based on a set rate, either fixed or variable, while the other party makes payments based on the return of an underlying asset, which includes both the income it generates and any capital gains.

Volatility and Variance Swaps: A volatility swap involves an exchange between a Fund and a counterparty of periodic payments based on the measured volatility of an underlying security, currency, commodity, interest rate, index or other reference asset over a specified time frame. Depending on the structure of the swap, either the Fund’s or the counterparty’s payment obligation will typically be based on the realized volatility of the reference asset as measured by changes in its price or level over a specified time period while the other party’s payment obligation will be based on a specified rate representing expected volatility for the reference asset at the time the swap is executed, or the measured volatility of a different reference asset over a specified time period. The Fund will typically make or lose money on a volatility swap depending on the magnitude of the reference asset’s volatility, or size of the movements in its price, over a specified time period, rather than general increases or decreases in the price of the reference asset. Volatility swaps are often used to speculate on future volatility levels, to trade the spread between realized and expected volatility, or to decrease the volatility exposure of other investments held by the Fund. Variance swaps are similar to volatility swaps except payments are based on the difference between the implied and measured volatility mathematically squared.

Inflation Swaps: Inflation swap agreements are contracts in which one party agrees to pay the cumulative percentage increase in a price index, such as the Consumer Price Index, over the term of the swap (with some lag on the referenced inflation index), and the other party pays a compounded fixed rate. Inflation swap agreements may be used to protect the net asset value of a Fund against an unexpected change in the rate of inflation measured by an inflation index. The value of inflation swap agreements is expected to change in

response to changes in real interest rates. Real interest rates are tied to the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation.

Swaptions: An option on a swap agreement, also called a “swaption,” is an option that gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to enter into a swap on a future date in exchange for paying a market-based premium. A receiver swaption gives the owner the right to receive the total return of a specified asset, reference rate, or index. A payer swaption gives the owner the right to pay the total return of a specified asset, reference rate, or index. Swaptions also include options that allow an existing swap to be terminated or extended by one of the counterparties.

Swaptions are considered to be swaps for purposes of CFTC regulation. Although they are currently traded OTC, the CFTC may in the future designate certain options on swaps as subject to mandatory clearing and exchange trading.

Interest Rate Locks. An interest rate lock is a hedging agreement in which the parties lock in an interest rate at a future maturity date. A cash settlement payment on that date that reflects changes in agreed upon interest rates. This settlement payment is designed to offset changes in the cost of borrowing for the hedged bond transaction. An interest rate lock may be terminated prior to its stated maturity date by calculating the payment due as of the termination date.

Bundled Securities. In lieu of investing directly in securities, a Fund may from time to time invest in Targeted Return Index Securities Trusts (TRAINS) or similar instruments representing a fractional undivided interest in an underlying pool of securities often referred to as "Bundled Securities". Bundled Securities are typically represented by certificates and the Funds will be permitted at any time to exchange such certificates for the underlying securities evidenced by such certificates and thus the certificates are generally subject to the same risks as the underlying securities held in the trust. The Fund will examine the characteristics of the underlying securities for compliance with investment criteria but will determine liquidity with reference to the certificates itself. TRAINS and other trust certificates are generally not registered under the 1933 Act or the 1940 Act and therefore must be held by qualified purchasers and resold to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the 1933 Act. Investments in certain TRAINS or other trust certificates may have the effect of increasing the level of Fund illiquidity to the extent the Fund, at a particular point in time, may be unable to find qualified institutional buyers interested in purchasing such securities.

Options. Each Fund may engage in certain strategies involving options to attempt to manage the risk of their investments or in certain circumstances, for investment purposes (e.g., as a substitute for investing in securities), to speculate on future volatility levels or to decrease the volatility exposure of other investments held by a Fund.

The value of an option position will reflect, among other things, the current market value of the underlying investment, the time remaining until expiration, the relationship of the exercise price to the market price of the underlying investment, the price volatility of the underlying investment and general market and interest rate conditions.

Up to 25% of Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund’s total assets can be subject to call options the Fund sells. The Fund will not sell put options if more than 25% of the Fund’s total assets would be required to be segregated to cover such options. The Fund can buy a put or call option only if, after the purchase, the value of all call and put options held by the Fund will not exceed 5% of the Fund’s total assets.

Up to 25% of the Invesco Discovery Fund’s total assets can be subject to call options the Fund sells. Invesco Discovery Fund will not sell put options if more than 50% of the Fund’s net assets would be required to be segregated to cover such options.

A Fund will not write (sell) options if, immediately after such sale, the aggregate value of securities or obligations underlying the outstanding options would exceed 20% of the Fund’s total assets. A Fund will not purchase options if, immediately after such purchase, the aggregate premiums paid for outstanding options would exceed 5% of the Fund’s total assets.

A Fund may effectively terminate its right or obligation under an option by entering into an offsetting closing transaction. For example, a Fund may terminate its obligation under a call or put option that it had written by purchasing an identical call or put option, which is known as a closing purchase transaction. Conversely, a Fund may terminate a position in a put or call option it had purchased by writing an identical put or call option, which is known as a closing sale transaction. Closing transactions permit a Fund to realize profits or limit losses on an option position prior to its exercise or expiration.

Options may be either listed on an exchange or traded in OTC markets. Listed options are tri-party contracts (i.e., performance of the obligations of the purchaser and seller are guaranteed by the exchange or clearing corporation) and have standardized strike prices and expiration dates. OTC options are two-party contracts with negotiated strike prices and expiration dates and differ from exchange-traded options in that OTC options are transacted with dealers directly and not through a clearing corporation (which guarantees performance). In the case of OTC options, there can be no assurance that a liquid secondary market will exist for any particular option at any specific time; therefore the Fund may be required to treat some or all OTC options as illiquid investments. Although a Fund will enter into OTC options only with dealers that are expected to be capable of entering into closing transactions with it, there is no assurance that the Fund will in fact be able to close out an OTC option position at a favorable price prior to exercise or expiration. In the event of insolvency of the dealer, a Fund might be unable to close out an OTC option position at any time prior to its expiration.

Types of Options:

Put Options on Securities. A put option gives the purchaser the right to sell, to the writer, the underlying security, contract or foreign currency at the stated exercise price at any time prior to the expiration date of the option (for American style options) or on a specified date (for European style options), regardless of the market price or exchange rate of the security, contract or foreign currency, as the case may be, at the time of exercise. If the purchaser exercises the put option, the writer of a put option is obligated to buy the underlying security, contract or foreign currency for the exercise price.

Call Options on Securities. A call option gives the purchaser the right to buy, from the writer, the underlying security, contract or foreign currency at the stated exercise price at any time prior to the expiration of the option (for American style options) or on a specified date (for European style options), regardless of the market price or exchange rate of the security, contract or foreign currency, as the case may be, at the time of exercise. If the purchaser exercises the call option, the writer of a call option is obligated to sell to and deliver the underlying security, contract or foreign currency to the purchaser of the call option for the exercise price.

Index Options. Index options (or options on securities indices) give the option buyer the right to receive, upon exercise, a cash settlement amount instead of the securities included in the relevant index, if the closing level of the securities index upon which the option is based is greater than, in the case of a call, or less than, in the case of a put, the exercise price of the option. The amount of cash is equal to the difference between the closing price of the index on the relevant option expiration date and the exercise price of the call or put times a specified multiple (the multiplier), which determines the total dollar value for each point of such difference.

The risks of investment in index options may be greater than options on securities, especially if a Fund writes index call options. Because index options are settled in cash, when a Fund writes a call on an index it cannot provide in advance for its potential settlement obligations by acquiring and holding the underlying securities. A Fund can offset some of the risk of writing an index call option by holding a diversified portfolio of

securities similar to those included in the underlying index. However, the Fund cannot, as a practical matter, acquire and hold a portfolio containing exactly the same securities in the index and, as a result, bears the risk that the value of the securities held will not be perfectly correlated with the value of the index.

CDS Options. A CDS option transaction gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to enter into a CDS at a specified future date and under specified terms in exchange for paying a market based purchase price or premium. The writer of the option bears the risk of any unfavorable move in the value of the CDS relative to the market value on the exercise date, while the purchaser may allow the option to expire unexercised.

Options on Futures Contracts. Options on futures contracts give the holder the right to assume a position in a futures contract (to buy the futures contract if the option is a call and to sell the futures contract if the option is a put) at a specified exercise price at any time during the period of the option.

Option Techniques:

Writing Options. A Fund may write options to generate additional income. As the writer of an option, the Fund may have no control over when the underlying reference asset must be sold (in the case of a call option) or purchased (in the case of a put option), if the option was structured as an American style option, because the option purchaser may notify the Fund of exercise at any time prior to the expiration of the option. In addition, if the option is cash-settled instead of deliverable, the Fund is obligated to pay the option purchaser the difference between the exercise price and the value of the underlying reference asset, instead of selling or purchasing the underlying reference asset, if the option is exercised. In general, options are rarely exercised prior to expiration. Whether or not an option expires unexercised, the writer retains the amount of the premium.

A Fund would write a put option at an exercise price that, reduced by the premium received on the option, reflects the price it is willing to pay for the underlying reference asset. In return for the premium received for writing a put option, the Fund assumes the risk that the price of the underlying reference asset will decline below the exercise price, in which case the put option may be exercised and the Fund may suffer a loss.

In return for the premium received for writing a call option on a reference asset, the Fund foregoes the opportunity for profit from a price increase in the underlying reference asset above the exercise price so long as the option remains open, but retains the risk of loss should the price of the reference asset decline.

If an option that a Fund has written expires, the Fund will realize a gain in the amount of the premium; however, such gain may be offset by a decline in the market value of the underlying reference asset, held by the Fund during the option period. If a call option is exercised, a Fund will realize a gain or loss from the sale of the underlying reference asset, which will be increased or offset by the premium received. The obligation imposed upon the writer of an option is terminated upon the expiration of the option, or such earlier time at which a Fund effects a closing purchase transaction by purchasing an option (put or call as the case may be) identical to that previously sold. However, once a Fund has received an exercise notice, it cannot effect a closing purchase transaction in order to terminate its obligation under the option and must deliver (for a call) or purchase (for a put) the underlying reference asset at the exercise price (if deliverable) or pay the difference between the exercise price and the value of the underlying reference asset (if cash-settled).

Purchasing Options. A Fund may purchase a put option on an underlying reference asset owned by the Fund in order to protect against an anticipated decline in the value of the underlying reference asset held by the Fund; may purchase put options on underlying reference assets against which it has written other put options; or may speculate on the value of an underlying reference asset, index or quantitative measure. The premium paid for the put option and any transaction costs would reduce any profit realized when the underlying reference asset is delivered upon the exercise of the put option. Conversely, if the underlying reference asset does not decline in value, the option may expire worthless and the premium paid for the protective put would be lost. A put option may also be purchased on an investment the Fund does not own.

A Fund may purchase a call option for the purpose of acquiring the underlying reference asset for its portfolio, or on underlying reference assets against which it has written other call options. The Fund is not

required to own the underlying reference asset in order to purchase a call option. If the Fund does not own the underlying position, the purchase of a call option would enable a Fund to acquire the underlying reference asset at the exercise price of the call option plus the premium paid. So long as it holds a call option, rather than the underlying reference asset itself, the Fund is partially protected from any unexpected increase in the market price of the underlying reference asset. If the market price does not exceed the exercise price, the Fund could purchase the underlying reference asset on the open market and could allow the call option to expire, incurring a loss only to the extent of the premium paid for the option.

Municipal Market Data Rate Locks. A Municipal Market Data Rate Lock (MMD Rate Lock) permits a Fund to lock in a specified municipal interest rate for a portion of its portfolio to preserve a return on a particular investment or a portion of its portfolio as a duration management technique or to protect against any increase in the price of securities to be purchased at a later date. MMD Rate Locks may be used for hedging purposes. An MMD Rate Lock is an agreement between two parties, a Fund and an MMD Rate Lock provider, pursuant to which the parties agree to make payments to each other on a notional amount, contingent upon whether the Municipal Market Data AAA General Obligation Scale is above or below a specified level on the expiration date of the contract.

MMD Rate Locks involve the risk that municipal yields will move in the direction opposite than the direction anticipated by a Fund. The risk of loss with respect to MMD Rate Locks is limited to the amount of payments a Fund is contractually obligated to make. If the other party to an MMD Rate Lock defaults, a Fund's risk of loss consists of the amount of payments that the Fund contractually is entitled to receive. If there is a default by the counterparty, a Fund may have contractual remedies pursuant to the agreements related to the transaction, but they could be difficult to enforce.

Straddles/Spreads/Collars.

Spread and straddle options transactions. In “spread” transactions, a Fund buys and writes a put or buys and writes a call on the same underlying instrument with the options having different exercise prices, expiration dates, or both. In “straddles,” a Fund purchases a put option and a call option or writes a put option and a call option on the same instrument with the same expiration date and typically the same exercise price. When a Fund engages in spread and straddle transactions, it seeks to profit from differences in the option premiums paid and received and in the market prices of the related options positions when they are closed out or sold. Because these transactions require the Fund to buy and/or write more than one option simultaneously, the Fund’s ability to enter into such transactions and to liquidate its positions when necessary or deemed advisable may be more limited than if the Fund were to buy or sell a single option. Similarly, costs incurred by the Fund in connection with these transactions will in many cases be greater than if the Fund were to buy or sell a single option.

Option Collars. A Fund also may use option “collars.” A “collar” position combines a put option purchased by the Fund (the right of the Fund to sell a specific security within a specified period) with a call option that is written by the Fund (the right of the counterparty to buy the same security) in a single instrument. The Fund’s right to sell the security is typically set at a price that is below the counterparty’s right to buy the security. Thus, the combined position “collars” the performance of the underlying security, providing protection from depreciation below the price specified in the put option, and allowing for participation in any appreciation up to the price specified by the call option.

Rights and Warrants. Rights are equity securities representing a preemptive right of stockholders to purchase additional shares of a stock at the time of a new issuance, before the stock is offered to the general public. A stockholder who purchases rights may be able to retain the same ownership percentage after the new stock offering. A right usually enables the stockholder to purchase common stock at a price below the initial offering price. A Fund that purchases a right takes the risk that the right might expire worthless because the market value of the common stock falls below the price fixed by the right.

A warrant gives the holder the right to purchase securities from the issuer at a specific price within a certain time frame and is similar to a call option. The main difference between warrants and call options is that

warrants are issued by the company that will issue the underlying security, whereas options are not issued by the company. Young, unseasoned companies often issue warrants to finance their operations.

Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund can invest up to 5% of its total assets in rights and warrants, not including rights and warrants the Fund acquires as part of securities units or that are attached to other securities the Fund buys.

Futures Contracts.

A futures contract is a standardized agreement to buy or sell a specified amount of a specified security, currency, commodity, interest rate or index (or deliver a cash settlement price, in the case of certain futures such as an index future, interest rate future or volatility future) for a specified price at a designated future date, time and place. A “sale” of a futures contract means the acquisition of a contractual obligation to deliver the underlying instrument or asset called for by the contract at a specified price on a specified date. A “purchase” of a futures contract means the acquisition of a contractual obligation to acquire the underlying instrument or asset called for by the contract at a specified price on a specified date. Futures contracts are generally bought and sold on futures exchanges referred to as designated contract markets and are held through a broker, known as a futures commission merchant (FCM), that is a member of the designated contract market and its related clearinghouse. The designated contract market sets the specifications of the relevant futures contract, including the date, time and place of delivery or settlement of the contract and the quantity of the underlying instrument or asset per contract.

The Fund will only enter into futures contracts that are traded (either domestically or internationally) on futures exchanges or certain exempt markets including exempt boards of trade and electronic trading facilities; and are standardized as to maturity date and underlying instrument or asset. Futures exchanges and trading thereon in the United States are regulated under the CEA by the CFTC. Foreign futures exchanges or exempt markets and trading thereon are not regulated by the CFTC and may not be subject to the same regulatory controls. In addition, futures contracts that are traded on non-U.S. exchanges or exempt markets may not be as liquid as those purchased on CFTC-designated contract markets. For a further discussion of the risks associated with investments in foreign securities, see “Foreign Investments” above.

Brokerage fees are incurred when a futures contract is bought or sold, and margin deposits must be maintained at all times when a futures contract is outstanding. “Margin” for a futures contract is the amount of funds that must be deposited by a Fund with the applicable FCM in order to initiate trading in the futures contract and maintain its open positions in futures contract. A margin deposit made when the futures contract is entered (initial margin) is intended to ensure the Fund’s performance under the futures contract. The initial margin required for a particular futures contract is set by the exchange on which the futures contract is traded and may be significantly modified from time to time by the exchange or the FCM during the term of the futures contract.

Subsequent payments, called “variation margin,” received from or paid to the FCM through which a Fund holds the futures contract will be made on a daily basis as the futures contract price fluctuates making the futures contract more or less valuable, a process known as marking-to-market. When the futures contract is closed out, if the Fund has a loss equal to or greater than the margin amount, the margin amount is paid to the FCM along with any loss in excess of the margin amount. If the Fund has a loss of less than the margin amount, the excess margin is returned to the Fund. If the Fund has a gain, the full margin amount and the amount of the gain are paid to the Fund and the FCM pays the Fund any excess gain over the margin amount.

There is a risk of loss by a Fund of the initial and variation margin deposits in the event of bankruptcy or insolvency of the FCM with which the Fund has an open position in a futures contract. The assets of a Fund may not be fully protected in the event of the bankruptcy or insolvency of the FCM or clearinghouse because the Fund might be limited to recovering only a pro rata share of all available funds and margin segregated on behalf of an FCM’s customers. If the FCM does not provide accurate reporting, a Fund is also subject to the risk that the FCM could use the Fund’s assets, which are held in an omnibus account with assets belonging to

the FCM’s other customers, to satisfy its own financial obligations or the payment obligations of another customer to the clearinghouse.

Closing out an open futures contract is effected by entering into an offsetting futures contract for the same aggregate amount of the identical underlying instrument or asset and the same delivery or settlement date. There can be no assurance, however, that a Fund will be able to enter into an offsetting contract with respect to a particular futures contract at a particular time. If a Fund is not able to enter into an offsetting contract, it will continue to be required to maintain the margin deposits on the futures contract.

In addition, if a Fund were unable to liquidate a futures contract or an option on a futures contract position due to the absence of a liquid secondary market or the imposition of price limits, it could incur substantial losses. The Fund would continue to be subject to market risk with respect to the position. In addition, except in the case of purchased options, the Fund would continue to be required to make daily variation margin payments.

Types of Futures Contracts:

Bond Index Futures: Bond index futures are contracts based on the future value of a basket of fixed-income securities that comprise the index. The seller or buyer of a bond index future is obligated to pay cash to settle the transaction, based on the fluctuation of the index’s value in response to the changes in the values of the fixed-income securities that are included in the index over the term of the contract. A bond index cannot be purchased or sold directly.

Commodity Futures: A commodity futures contract is an exchange-traded contract to buy or sell a particular commodity at a specified price at some time in the future. Commodity futures contracts are highly volatile; therefore, the prices of a Fund’s shares may be subject to greater volatility to the extent it invests in commodity futures.

Currency Futures: A currency futures contract is a standardized, exchange-traded contract to buy or sell a particular currency at a specified price at a future date (commonly three months or more). Currency futures contracts may be highly volatile and thus result in substantial gains or losses to the Fund.

A Fund may either exchange the currencies specified at the maturity of a currency futures contract or, prior to maturity, enter into a closing transaction involving the purchase or sale of an offsetting contract. A Fund may also enter into currency futures contracts that do not provide for physical settlement of the two currencies but instead are settled by a single cash payment calculated as the difference between the agreed upon exchange rate and the spot rate at settlement based upon an agreed upon notional amount. Closing transactions with respect to currency futures contracts are usually effected with the counterparty to the original currency futures contract.

Index Futures: An index futures contract is an exchange-traded contract that provides for the delivery, at a designated date, time and place, of an amount of cash equal to a specified dollar amount times the difference between the index value at the close of trading on the date specified in the contract and the price agreed upon in the futures contract; no physical delivery of securities comprising the index is made. Index futures can be based on stock, bond or other indices. Such indices cannot be purchased or sold directly.

Interest Rate Futures: An interest rate futures contract is an exchange-traded contract in which the specified underlying security is either an interest-bearing fixed income security or an inter-bank deposit. Two examples of common interest rate futures contracts are U.S. Treasury futures and SOFR futures contracts. The specified security for U.S. Treasury futures is a U.S. Treasury security. The specified security for SOFR futures is the SOFR, which is a broad measure of the cost of borrowing cash overnight collateralized by Treasury securities.

Dividend Futures: A dividend futures contract is an exchange-traded contract to purchase or sell an amount equal to the total dividends paid by a selected security, basket of securities or index, over a period of time for a specified price that is based on the expected dividend payments from the selected security, basket of securities or index.

Security Futures: A security futures contract is an exchange-traded contract to purchase or sell, in the future, a specified quantity of a security (other than a Treasury security), or a narrow-based securities index at a certain price.

Options on Futures Contracts. Options on futures contracts are similar to options on securities or currencies except that options on futures contracts give the purchaser the right, in return for the premium paid, to assume a position in a futures contract (a long position if the option is a call and a short position if the option is a put) at a specified exercise price at any time during the period of the option. Upon exercise of the option, the delivery of the futures contract position by the writer of the option to the holder of the option will be accompanied by delivery of the accumulated balance in the writer’s futures contract margin account.

Forward Foreign Currency Contracts.

A forward foreign currency contract is an obligation to buy or sell a particular currency in exchange for another currency, which may be U.S. dollars, at a specified exchange rate on a future date. Forward foreign currency contracts are typically individually negotiated and privately traded by currency traders and their customers in the interbank market. A Fund may enter into forward foreign currency contracts with respect to a specific purchase or sale of a security, or with respect to its portfolio positions generally.

At the maturity of a forward foreign currency contract, a Fund may either exchange the currencies specified at the maturity of the contract or, prior to maturity, a Fund may enter into a closing transaction involving the purchase or sale of an offsetting contract. Closing transactions with respect to forward foreign currency contracts may or may not be effected with the counterparty to the original forward contract. A Fund may also enter into forward foreign currency contracts that do not provide for physical exchange of the two currencies on the settlement date but instead provide for settlement by a single cash payment calculated as the difference between the agreed upon exchange rate and the spot rate at settlement based upon an agreed upon notional amount (non-deliverable forwards).

Under definitions adopted by the CFTC and SEC, non-deliverable forwards are considered swaps, and therefore are included in the definition of “commodity interests.” Although non-deliverable forwards have historically been traded in the OTC market, as swaps they may in the future be required to be centrally cleared and traded on public execution facilities. For more information on central clearing and trading of cleared swaps, see “Swaps” and “Special Regulatory Risks of Derivatives.” Forward foreign currency contracts that qualify as deliverable forwards are not regulated as swaps for most purposes, and are not included in the definition of “commodity interests.” However these forwards are subject to some requirements applicable to swaps, including reporting to swap data repositories, documentation requirements, and business conduct rules applicable to swap dealers. CFTC regulation of forward foreign currency contracts, especially non-deliverable forwards, may restrict a Fund’s ability to use these instruments in the manner described above or subject Invesco to CFTC registration and regulation as a CPO.

The cost to a Fund of engaging in forward foreign currency contracts varies with factors such as the currencies involved, the length of the contract period, differences in prevailing interest rates in the jurisdictions associated with the two currencies and the prevailing market conditions. Because forward foreign currency contracts are usually entered into on a principal basis, no fees or commissions are typically involved. The use of forward foreign currency contracts for hedging does not eliminate fluctuations in the prices of the underlying securities a Fund owns or intends to acquire, but it does establish a rate of exchange in advance. While forward foreign currency contract sales limit the risk of loss due to a decline in the value of the hedged currencies, they also limit any potential gain that might result should the value of the currencies increase.

LIBOR Transition Risk

A Fund may have investments in financial instruments that recently transitioned from, or continue to be tied to, the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) as the reference or benchmark rate for variable interest rate calculations (including variable or floating rate debt securities or loans and derivatives such as interest rate futures or swaps). LIBOR was a common benchmark interest rate index historically used to make

adjustments to variable-rate debt instruments, to determine interest rates for a variety of financial instruments and borrowing arrangements and as a reference rate in derivative contracts.

The UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), the regulator that oversees LIBOR, has ceased publishing the majority of LIBOR rates. In April 2023, the FCA announced that some USD LIBOR settings will continue to be published under a synthetic methodology until September 30, 2024 for certain legacy contracts, but any such rates are considered non-representative of the underlying market. Regulators and financial industry working groups have worked to identify alternative reference rates (ARRs) to replace LIBOR and to assist with the transition to the new ARRs. Under U.S. regulations that implement a statutory fallback mechanism to replace LIBOR, benchmark rates based on the SOFR have replaced LIBOR in certain financial contracts. SOFR is a broad measure of the cost of overnight borrowing of cash through repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. Treasury securities.

While the transition process away from LIBOR has become increasingly well-defined, there remains uncertainty and risks relating to converting certain longer-term securities and transactions to a new ARR. For example, there can be no assurance that the composition or characteristics of any ARRs or financial instruments in which a Fund invests that utilize ARRs will be similar to or produce the same value or economic equivalence as LIBOR or that these instruments will have the same volume or liquidity. Additionally, while some legacy USD LIBOR instruments may provide for an alternative or fallback rate-setting methodology, there may be significant uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of such methodologies to replicate USD LIBOR; other legacy USD LIBOR instruments may not include such fallback rate-setting provisions at all or may not be able to rely on the statutory fallback mechanism, the effectiveness of which is also uncertain. There also remains significant uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of the Adjustable Interest Rate Act legislation. While it is expected that the market participants will amend legacy financial instruments referencing LIBOR to include such fallback provisions to ARRs, there remains uncertainty regarding the willingness and ability of parties to add or amend such fallback provisions in legacy instruments. Moreover, certain aspects of the transition from LIBOR will rely on the actions of third-party market participants, such as clearing houses, trustees, administrative agents, asset servicers and certain service providers; the Adviser cannot guarantee the performance of such market participants and any failure on the part of such market participants to manage their part of the LIBOR transition could impact a Fund. The Funds may have instruments linked to other interbank offered rates that may also cease to be published in the future. All of the foregoing may adversely affect a Fund’s performance or NAV.

Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Considerations

The ESG considerations described herein may not be used by a Fund and will vary depending on a Fund's particular investment strategy and in accordance with what a Fund’s investment team deems relevant when making investment decisions. The ESG considerations described herein may not be applied or evaluated with respect to each issuer or Fund investment. Further, a Fund’s prospectus may describe additional ESG strategies and risks.

ESG considerations, either quantitative or qualitative, may be utilized as a component of a Fund's investment process to implement its investment strategy in pursuit of its investment objective. ESG factors may be incorporated to evaluate an issuer, as part of risk analysis, credit analysis or in other manners. ESG factors may vary across types of investments and issuers, and not every ESG factor may be identified or evaluated. The incorporation of ESG factors may affect a Fund’s exposure to certain issuers or industries and may not work as intended. A Fund may underperform other funds that do not assess an issuer’s ESG factors as part of the investment process or that use a different methodology to identify and/or incorporate ESG factors. Because ESG considerations may be used as one part of an overall investment process, a Fund may still invest in securities of issuers that are not considered ESG-focused or that may be viewed as having a high ESG risk profile. As investors can differ in their views regarding ESG factors, a Fund may invest in issuers that do not reflect the views with respect to ESG of any particular investor. Information used by a Fund to evaluate such factors, including information from reliance on third-party research and/or proprietary research, may not be readily available, complete or accurate, and may vary across providers and issuers as ESG is not a uniformly defined characteristic, which could negatively impact a Fund’s ability to accurately

assess an issuer, which could negatively impact a Fund’s performance. There is no guarantee that the evaluation of ESG considerations will be additive to a Fund’s performance.

Receipt of Issuer’s Nonpublic Information

The Adviser or Sub-Advisers (through their portfolio managers, analysts, or other representatives) may receive material nonpublic information about an issuer that may restrict the ability of the Adviser or Sub-Advisers to cause the Funds to buy or sell securities of the issuer on behalf of the Funds for substantial periods of time. This may impact the Funds' ability to realize profit or avoid loss with respect to the issuer and may adversely affect the Funds' flexibility with respect to buying or selling securities, potentially impacting Fund performance. For example, activist investors of certain issuers in which the Adviser or Sub-Advisers hold large positions may contact representatives of the Adviser or Sub-Advisers and may disclose material nonpublic information in such communication. The Adviser or Sub-Advisers would be restricted from trading on the basis of such material nonpublic information, limiting their flexibility in managing the Funds and possibly impacting Fund performance.

Business Continuity and Operational Risk

The Adviser, the Funds and the Funds’ service providers may experience disruptions or operating errors, such as processing errors or human errors, inadequate or failed internal or external processes, systems or technology failures, or other disruptive events, that could negatively impact and cause disruptions in normal business operations of the Adviser, the Funds or the Funds’ service providers. The Adviser has developed a Business Continuity Program (the “Program”) designed to minimize the disruption of normal business operations in the event of an adverse incident affecting the Funds, the Adviser and/or its affiliates. The Program is also designed to enable the Adviser to reestablish normal business operations in a timely manner during such an adverse incident; however, there are inherent limitations in such programs (including the possibility that contingencies have not been anticipated and procedures do not work as intended) and, under some circumstances (e.g. natural disasters, terrorism, public health crises, power or utility shortages and failures, system failures or malfunctions), the Adviser, its affiliates, and any service providers or vendors used by the Adviser, its affiliates, or the Fund could be prevented or hindered from providing services to the Funds for extended periods of time. These circumstances could cause disruptions and negatively impact the Funds’ service providers and the Funds’ business operations, potentially including an inability to process Fund shareholder transactions, an inability to calculate a Fund’s net asset value and price the Fund’s investments, and impediments to trading portfolio securities.

Artificial Intelligence Risk

The rapid development and increasingly widespread use of certain artificial intelligence technologies, including machine learning models and generative artificial intelligence (collectively “AI Technologies”), may adversely impact markets, the overall performance of a Fund's investments, or the services provided to a Fund by its service providers. For example, issuers in which a Fund invests and/or service providers to the Funds (including, without limitation, a Fund’s investment adviser, sub-adviser, fund accountant, custodian, or transfer agent) may use and/or expand the use of AI Technologies in their business operations, and the challenges with properly managing its use could result in reputational harm, competitive harm, legal liability, and/or an adverse effect on business operations. AI Technologies are highly reliant on the collection and analysis of large amounts of data and complex algorithms, and it is possible that the information provided through use of AI Technologies could be insufficient, incomplete, inaccurate or biased leading to adverse effects for a Fund, including, potentially, operational errors and investment losses. Additionally, the use of AI Technologies could impact the market as a whole, including by way of use by malicious actors for market manipulation, fraud and cyberattacks, and may face regulatory scrutiny in the future, which could limit the development of this technology and impede the growth of companies that develop and use AI.

To the extent a Fund invests in companies that are involved in various aspects of AI Technologies, it is particularly sensitive to the risks of those types of companies. These risks include, but are not limited to, small or limited markets for such securities, changes in business cycles, world economic growth, technological progress, rapid obsolescence, and government regulation. Such companies may have limited product lines,

markets, financial resources, or personnel. Securities of such companies, especially smaller, start-up companies, tend to be more volatile than securities of companies that do not rely heavily on technology. Rapid change to technologies that affect a company’s products could have a material adverse effect on such company’s operating results. Companies that are extensively involved in AI Technologies also may rely heavily on a combination of patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secret laws to establish and protect their proprietary rights in their products and technologies. There can be no assurance that the steps taken by these companies to protect their proprietary rights will be adequate to prevent the misappropriation of their technology or that competitors will not independently develop technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to such companies’ technology. Such companies may engage in significant amounts of spending on research and development, and there is no guarantee that the products or services produced by these companies will be successful.

Actual usage of AI Technologies by a Fund’s service providers and issuers in which a Fund invests will vary. AI Technologies and their current and potential future applications, and the regulatory frameworks within which they operate, continue to rapidly evolve, and it is impossible to predict the full extent of future applications or regulations and the associated risks to a Fund.

Cybersecurity Risk

With the increased use of technologies such as the Internet to conduct business, the Funds, like all companies, may be susceptible to operational, information security and related risks. Cybersecurity incidents involving the Funds and their service providers (including, without limitation, a Fund’s investment adviser, sub-adviser, fund accountant, custodian, transfer agent and financial intermediaries) have the ability to cause disruptions and impact business operations, potentially resulting in financial losses, impediments to trading, the inability of Fund shareholders to transact business, violations of applicable privacy and other laws, regulatory fines, penalties, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensation costs, and/or additional compliance costs.

Cybersecurity incidents can result from deliberate cyberattacks or unintentional events and may arise from external or internal sources. Cyberattacks may include infection by malicious software or gaining unauthorized access to digital systems, networks or devices that are used to service the Funds' operations (e.g., by “hacking” or “phishing”). Cyberattacks may also be carried out in a manner that does not require gaining unauthorized access, such as causing denial-of-service attacks on websites (i.e., efforts to make network services unavailable to intended users). These cyberattacks could cause the misappropriation of assets or personal information, corruption of data or operational disruptions. Geopolitical tensions may, from time to time, increase the scale and sophistication of deliberate cyberattacks.

Similar adverse consequences could result from cybersecurity incidents affecting issuers of securities in which the Funds invest, counterparties with which the Funds engage, governmental and other regulatory authorities, exchange and other financial market operators, banks, brokers, dealers, insurance companies, other financial institutions and other parties. In addition, substantial costs may be incurred in order to prevent any cybersecurity incidents in the future. Although the Funds’ service providers may have established business continuity plans and risk management systems to mitigate cybersecurity risks, there can be no guarantee or assurance that such plans or systems will be effective, or that all risks that exist, or may develop in the future, have been completely anticipated and identified or can be protected against. The Funds and their shareholders could be negatively impacted as a result.

The rapid development and increasingly widespread use of AI Technologies (as discussed under “AI Technologies” herein) could increase the effectiveness of cyberattacks and exacerbate the risks.

Natural Disaster/Epidemic Risk

Natural or environmental disasters such as earthquakes, wildfires, floods, hurricanes, tsunamis, other severe weather-related phenomena, and widespread disease including pandemics and epidemics, can be highly disruptive to economies and markets, sometimes severely so, and can adversely impact individual companies, sectors, industries, markets, currencies, interest and inflation rates, credit ratings, investor

sentiment, and other factors affecting the value of the Funds’ investments. Given the increasing interdependence among global economies and markets, conditions in one country, market, or region are increasingly likely to adversely affect markets, issuers, and/or foreign exchange rates in other countries, including the U.S. These disruptions could prevent the Funds from executing advantageous investment decisions in a timely manner and negatively impact the Funds’ ability to achieve their investment objectives. Any such event(s) could have a significant adverse impact on the value and risk profile of the Funds.

The spread of the human coronavirus disease beginning in 2019 (COVID-19) is an example. In the first quarter of 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized COVID-19 as a global pandemic and both the WHO and the U.S. declared the outbreak a public health emergency. The subsequent spread of COVID-19 resulted in, among other significant adverse economic impacts, instances of market closures and dislocations, extreme volatility, liquidity constraints and increased trading costs. Efforts to contain the spread of COVID-19 resulted in travel restrictions, closed international borders, disruptions of healthcare systems, business operations (including business closures) and supply chains, employee layoffs and general lack of employee availability, lower consumer demand, and defaults and credit downgrades, all of which contributed to disruption of global economic activity across many industries and exacerbated other pre-existing political, social and economic risks domestically and globally. Although the WHO and the U.S. ended their declarations of COVID-19 as a global health emergency in May 2023, the full economic impact at the macro-level and on individual businesses, as well as the potential for a future reoccurrence of COVID or the occurrence of a similar epidemic or pandemic, are unpredictable and could result in significant and prolonged adverse impact on economies and financial markets in specific countries and worldwide and thereby negatively affect a Fund’s performance.

Custody and Banking Risks

The Fund’s assets may be maintained with one or more banks or other depository institutions (“banking institutions”), including both US and non-US banking institutions. In addition, the Fund’s assets may be maintained at regional (or mid-size) banking institutions or large banking institutions. Regional banking institutions are generally subject to fewer regulatory safeguards than large banking institutions, causing regional banking institutions to be perceived as having greater credit risk than large banking institutions. The Fund may enter into credit facilities or have other financial relationships with banking institutions. The distress, impairment or failure of one or more banking institutions, whether or not holding the Fund’s assets, may inhibit the ability of the Fund to access depository accounts or lines of credit at all or in a timely manner. Such events can be caused by various factors including negative market sentiment, significant withdrawals, fraud, or poor management. In such cases, the Fund may need to delay or forgo making new investments, or the Fund may need to sell another investment to raise cash when it is not desirable to do so, which could result in lower performance. In the event of such a failure of a banking institution, access to such accounts could be restricted and U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) protection may not be available for balances in excess of the amounts insured by the FDIC (and similar considerations may apply to banking institutions in other jurisdictions not subject to FDIC protection). In such instances, the Fund may not recover such excess uninsured amounts and instead would only have an unsecured claim against the banking institution and may be able to recover only the residual value of the banking institution’s assets, if any value is recovered at all. The loss of any assets maintained with a banking institution or the inability to access such assets for a period of time, even if ultimately recovered, could be materially adverse to the Fund. In addition, the Fund’s Adviser may not be able to identify all potential solvency or stress concerns with respect to a banking institution or transfer assets from one bank to another in a timely manner in the event a banking institution comes under stress or fails. It is also possible that a Fund will incur additional expenses or delays in putting in place alternative arrangements or that such alternative arrangements will be less favorable than those formerly in place (with respect to access to capital, economic terms, or otherwise).

Litigation Risk

From time to time, a Fund may pursue or be involved as a named party in litigation arising in connection with its role or status as a shareholder, bondholder, lender or holder of portfolio investments, its own activities, or other circumstances. Litigation that affects a Fund’s portfolio investments may result in the reduced value

of such investments or higher portfolio turnover if the Fund determines to sell such investments. Litigation could result in significant expenses, reputational damage, increased insurance premiums, adverse judgment liabilities, settlement liabilities, injunctions, diversions of Fund resources, disruptions to Fund operations and/or other similar adverse consequences, any of which may increase the expenses incurred by a Fund or adversely affect the value of the Fund’s shares.

Fund Policies

Fundamental Restrictions. Except as otherwise noted below, each Fund is subject to the following investment restrictions, which may be changed only by a vote of such Fund’s outstanding shares. Fundamental restrictions may be changed only by a vote of the lesser of (i) 67% or more of the Fund’s shares present at a meeting if the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding shares are present in person or represented by proxy, or (ii) more than 50% of the Fund’s outstanding shares.

(1) The Fund (except for Invesco American Franchise Fund and Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund) is a “diversified company” as defined in the 1940 Act. The Fund will not purchase the securities of any issuer if, as a result, the Fund would fail to be a diversified company within the meaning of the 1940 Act, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, as such statute, rules and regulations are amended from time to time or are interpreted from time to time by the SEC staff (collectively, the 1940 Act Laws and Interpretations) or except to the extent that the Fund may be permitted to do so by exemptive order or similar relief (collectively, with the 1940 Act Laws and Interpretations, the 1940 Act Laws, Interpretations, and Exemptions), including as may be necessary to approximate the composition of Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund’s underlying index. In complying with this restriction, however, the Fund may purchase securities of other investment companies to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act Laws, Interpretations and Exemptions.

(2) The Fund may not borrow money or issue senior securities, except as permitted by the 1940 Act Laws, Interpretations, and Exemptions.

(3) The Fund may not underwrite the securities of other issuers. This restriction does not prevent the Fund from engaging in transactions involving the acquisition, disposition or resale of its portfolio securities, regardless of whether the Fund may be considered to be an underwriter under the 1933 Act.

(4) The Fund (except for Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund and Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund) will not make investments that will result in the concentration (as that term may be defined or interpreted by the 1940 Act Laws, Interpretations and Exemptions) of its investments in the securities of issuers primarily engaged in the same industry, except that Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund will concentrate to approximately the same extent that its underlying index concentrates in an industry or group of industries. This restriction does not limit the Fund’s investments in (i) obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities, or (ii) tax-exempt obligations issued by governments or political subdivisions of governments. In complying with this restriction, the Fund will not consider a bank-issued guaranty or financial guaranty insurance as a separate security.

Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund will concentrate (as that term may be defined or interpreted by the 1940 Act Laws, Interpretations and Exemptions) its investments in the securities of domestic and foreign companies principally engaged in the real estate industry and other real estate related investments. For purposes of the Fund's fundamental restriction regarding industry concentration, companies principally engaged in the real estate industry shall consist of companies (i) that at least 50% of its assets, gross income or net profits are attributable to ownership, financing, construction, management, or sale of residential, commercial or industrial real estate, including listed equity REITs and other real estate operating companies that either own property or make construction or mortgage loans, real estate developers, companies with substantial real estate holdings and other companies whose products and services are related to the real estate industry. Other real estate related investments may include but are not limited to commercial or residential mortgage backed securities, commercial property whole loans, and other types of equity and debt securities related to the real estate industry.

Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund will concentrate (as that term may be defined or interpreted by the 1940 Act Laws, Interpretations and Exemptions) its investments in instruments of the group of industries in the financial securities sector.

(5) The Fund may not purchase real estate or sell real estate unless acquired as a result of ownership of securities or other instruments. This restriction does not prevent the Fund from investing in issuers that invest, deal, or otherwise engage in transactions in real estate or interests therein, or investing in securities that are secured by real estate or interests therein.

(6) The Fund (except for Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund, Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund, Invesco Discovery Fund, Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund, Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund and Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund) may not purchase or sell physical commodities unless acquired as a result of ownership of securities or other instruments. This restriction does not prevent the Fund from engaging in transactions involving futures contracts and options thereon or investing in securities that are secured by physical commodities.

Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund, Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund, Invesco Discovery Fund, Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund, Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund and Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund may not purchase or sell physical commodities except to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act and any other governing statute, and by the rules thereunder, and by the SEC or other regulatory agency with authority over the Fund.

(7) The Fund may not make personal loans or loans of its assets to persons who control or are under common control with the Fund, except to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act Laws, Interpretations and Exemptions. This restriction does not prevent the Fund from, among other things, purchasing debt obligations, entering into repurchase agreements, loaning its assets to broker-dealers or institutional investors, or investing in loans, including assignments and participation interests.

(8) The Fund may, notwithstanding any other fundamental investment policy or limitation, invest all of its assets in the securities of a single open-end management investment company with substantially the same fundamental investment objectives, policies and restrictions as the Fund.

(9) The following applies:

(a) Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund invests, under normal market conditions, at least 80% of its assets in municipal securities at the time of investment.

(b) Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund invests, under normal market conditions, at least 80% of its assets in securities the income from which, in the opinion of counsel to the issuer of each security, is exempt from regular federal individual and, as applicable, the Fund’s state income tax.

For purposes of the foregoing, “assets” means net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes. Derivatives and other instruments that have economic characteristics similar to the securities described above for Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund may be counted toward the Fund’s 80% policy.

The investment restrictions set forth above provide each of the Funds with the ability to operate under new interpretations of the 1940 Act or pursuant to exemptive relief from the SEC without receiving prior shareholder approval of the change. Even though each of the Funds has this flexibility, the Board has adopted non-fundamental restrictions for each of the Funds relating to certain of these restrictions which Invesco and, when applicable, the Sub-Advisers must follow in managing the Funds. Any changes to these non-fundamental restrictions, which are set forth below, require the approval of the Board.

Explanatory Note

For purposes of the Fund’s fundamental restriction related to industry concentration above, investments in tax-exempt municipal securities where the payment of principal and interest for such securities is derived solely from a specific project associated with an issuer that is not a governmental entity or a political subdivision of a government are subject to a Fund’s industry concentration policy.

For purposes of the Fund’s fundamental restriction related to physical commodities above, the Fund is currently permitted to invest in futures, swaps and other instruments on physical commodities and the 1940 Act does not prohibit a fund from owning commodities or contracts related to commodities. The extent to which the Fund can invest in futures, swaps and other instruments on physical commodities, and/or commodities or contracts related to commodities, is set out in the Fund’s prospectus, this SAI, and as permitted by the Fund’s fundamental restriction.

For purposes of Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund’s fundamental restriction related to diversification above, the Fund intends to be diversified in approximately the same proportion as its target index is diversified. The Fund may become ”non-diversified,” as defined in the 1940 Act, solely as a result of a change in relative market capitalization or index weighting of one or more constituents of its target index. Shareholder approval will not be sought if the Fund becomes non-diversified due solely to a change in the relative market capitalization or index weighting of one or more constituents of its target index.

Non-Fundamental Restrictions. Non-fundamental restrictions may be changed for any Fund without shareholder approval. The non-fundamental investment restrictions listed below apply to each of the Funds unless otherwise indicated.

(1) In complying with the fundamental restriction regarding issuer diversification, the Fund (except for Invesco American Franchise Fund and Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund) will not, and Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund generally will not, unless permitted by the fundamental restriction,, with respect to 75% of its total assets, purchase the securities of any issuer (other than securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or any of its agencies or instrumentalities and securities issued by other investment companies), if, as a result, (i) more than 5% of the Fund’s total assets would be invested in the securities of that issuer, or (ii) the Fund would hold more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of that issuer. The Fund may purchase securities of other investment companies as permitted by the 1940 Act Laws, Interpretations and Exemptions.

In complying with the fundamental restriction regarding issuer diversification, any Fund (except for Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund, Invesco Equity and Income Fund, Invesco Growth and Income Fund and Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund) that invests in municipal securities will regard each state (including the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico), territory and possession of the United States, each political subdivision, agency, instrumentality, and authority thereof, and each multi-state agency of which a state is a member as a separate "issuer." When the assets and revenues of an agency, authority, instrumentality or other political subdivision are separate from the government creating the subdivision and the security is backed only by assets and revenues of the subdivision, such subdivision would be deemed to be the sole issuer. Similarly, in the case of an Industrial Development Bond or Private Activity Bond, if that bond is backed only by the assets and revenues of the non-governmental user, then that non-governmental user would be deemed to be the sole issuer. However, if the creating government or another entity guarantees a security, then to the extent that the value of all securities issued or guaranteed by that government or entity and owned by the Fund exceeds 10% of the Fund's total assets, the guarantee would be considered a separate security and would be treated as issued by that government or entity. Securities issued or guaranteed by a bank or subject to financial guaranty insurance are not subject to the limitations set forth in the preceding sentence.

(2) In complying with the fundamental restriction regarding borrowing money and issuing senior securities, the Fund may borrow money in an amount not exceeding 33 1/3% of its total assets (including the amount borrowed) less liabilities (other than borrowings).

(3) In complying with the fundamental restriction regarding industry concentration, the Fund (except for Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund) may invest up to 25% of its total assets in the securities of issuers whose principal business activities are in the same industry, or as permitted by Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund’s fundamental restriction. With respect to Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund, in complying with the fundamental restriction regarding industry concentration, with respect to issuers that are not in the industry group consisting of financial institutions and their holding companies, including

commercial banks, thrift institutions, insurance companies and finance companies, the Fund may invest up to 25% of its total assets in the securities of issuers whose principal business activities are in the same industry.

(4) Notwithstanding the fundamental restriction with regard to engaging in transactions involving futures contracts and options thereon or investing in securities that are secured by physical commodities, the Fund (except for Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund and Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund) currently may not invest in any security (including futures contracts or options thereon) that is secured by physical commodities.

The Funds do not consider currencies or other financial commodities or contracts and financial instruments to be physical commodities (which include, for example, oil, precious metals and grains). Accordingly, the Funds will interpret the fundamental restriction and the related non-fundamental restriction to permit the Funds, subject to each Fund's investment objectives and general investment policies (as stated in the Funds' prospectuses and herein), to invest directly in foreign currencies and other financial commodities and to purchase, sell or enter into commodity futures contracts and options thereon, forward foreign currency contracts, foreign currency options, currency-, commodity- and financial instrument-related swap agreements, hybrid instruments, interest rate or securities-related or foreign currency-related hedging instruments or other currency-, commodity- or financial instrument-related derivatives, subject to compliance with any applicable provisions of the federal securities or commodities laws. The Funds will interpret their fundamental restriction regarding the purchase and sale of physical commodities and their related non-fundamental restriction to permit the Funds to invest in ETFs, registered investment companies and other pooled investment vehicles that invest in physical and/or financial commodities, subject to the limits described in the Funds' prospectuses and herein.

(5) In complying with the fundamental restriction with regard to making loans, the Fund may lend up to 33 1/3% of its total assets and may lend money to an Invesco Fund, on such terms and conditions as the SEC may require in an exemptive order.

(6) Notwithstanding the fundamental restriction with regard to investing all assets in an open-end fund, the Fund may not invest all of its assets in the securities of a single open-end management investment company with the same fundamental investment objective, policies, and restrictions as the Fund.

(7) The Fund (except for Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund) may not acquire any securities of registered open-end investment companies or registered unit investment trusts in reliance on Sections 12(d)(1)(F) or 12(d)(1)(G) of the 1940 Act.

(8) The following apply:

(a) Invesco American Franchise Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its assets in securities of U.S. issuers.

(b) Invesco Core Plus Bond Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its assets in fixed income securities.

(c) Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its assets in equity securities of “large-cap” issuers.

(d) Invesco Equity and Income Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its assets in equity and income securities.

(e) Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its assets in the securities of real estate and real estate-related issuers.

(f) Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its assets (plus any borrowings for investment purposes) in senior secured floating rate loans made by banks and other lending institutions, senior secured floating rate debt instruments, and derivatives and other instruments that have economic characteristics similar to such securities.

(g) Invesco Income Advantage U.S. Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its assets in securities of U.S. issuers.

(h) Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its assets in securities represented in the NASDAQ 100 Index®.

(i) Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund invests, under normal conditions, at least 80% of its assets in Senior Loans.

(j) Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund invests, under normal circumstances, at least 80% of its assets in common stocks of companies included in the S&P 500 Index.

For purposes of the foregoing, “assets” means net assets, plus the amount of any borrowings for investment purposes. Derivatives and other instruments that have economic characteristics similar to such securities in a Fund’s 80% policy described above for a Fund may be counted toward that Fund’s 80% policy. The Fund will provide written notice to its shareholders prior to any change to this policy, as required by the 1940 Act Laws, Interpretations and Exemptions.

It is the intention of each Fund, unless otherwise indicated, that with respect to the Fund's policies that are a result of application of law, the Fund will take advantage of the flexibility provided by rules or interpretations of the SEC currently in existence or promulgated in the future, or changes to such laws.

Portfolio Turnover

Each Fund calculates its portfolio turnover rate by dividing the value of the lesser of purchases or sales of portfolio securities for the fiscal period by the monthly average of the value of portfolio securities owned by the Fund during the fiscal period. A 100% portfolio turnover rate would occur, for example, if all of the portfolio securities (other than short-term securities) were replaced once during the fiscal period. Portfolio turnover rates will vary from year to year, depending on market conditions. The following Fund experienced significant variation in portfolio turnover during the two most recently completed fiscal years ended August 31.

Fund	2024	2023
Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund1	7%	46%

1	The variance in portfolio turnover was primarily attributed to a special rebalance of the underlying index, the Nasdaq-100 Index, conducted in July 2023.

Policies and Procedures for Disclosure of Fund Holdings

The Board has adopted policies and procedures with respect to the disclosure of the Funds' portfolio holdings (the Holdings Disclosure Policy). Invesco and the Board may amend the Holdings Disclosure Policy at any time without prior notice. Details of the Holdings Disclosure Policy and a description of the basis on which employees of Invesco and its affiliates may release information about portfolio securities in certain contexts are provided below. As used in the Holdings Disclosure Policy and throughout the SAI, the term “portfolio holdings information” includes information with respect to the portfolio holdings of a Fund, including holdings that are derivatives and holdings held as short positions. Information generally excluded from “portfolio holdings information” includes, without limitation, (i) descriptions of allocations among asset classes, regions, countries, industries or sectors; (ii) aggregated data such as average or median ratios, market capitalization, credit quality or duration; (iii) performance attributions by asset class, country, industry or sector; (iv) aggregated risk statistics, analysis and simulations, such as stress testing; (v) the characteristics of the stock and bond components of a Fund’s portfolio holdings and other investment positions; (vi) the volatility characteristics of a Fund; (vii) information on how various weightings and factors contributed to Fund performance; (viii) various financial characteristics of a Fund or its underlying portfolio investments; and (ix) other information where, in the reasonable belief of the Funds' Chief Compliance Officer (or a designee), the release of such information would not present risks of dilution, arbitrage, market timing, insider trading or other inappropriate trading for the applicable Fund.

Public release of portfolio holdings. The Funds disclose the following portfolio holdings information at www.invesco.com/us. (All Funds)1

Information	Approximate Date of Website Posting	Information Remains Posted on Website
Select portfolio holdings information, such as top ten holdings as of the month-end	7 business days after month-end	Until replaced with the following month’s top ten holdings

Select portfolio holdings information (e.g., buys/sells, contributors/detractors and/or relevant to market environment)	7 business days after month-end	Until replaced with the following month’s select portfolio holdings information

Complete portfolio holdings information as of calendar month- end	10 business days after month-end	For 12 months from the date of posting

Complete portfolio holdings information as of fiscal quarter-end	60-70 calendar days after fiscal quarter-end	For 12 months from the date of posting

To locate each Fund’s portfolio holdings information go to www.invesco.com/us, select “Financial Professional” or “Individual Investor,” if applicable. Hover over the “Products” tab and then click on “Mutual Funds.” On the “Mutual Funds” page click on “Fund Materials.” Links to each Fund’s portfolio holdings are located under the “Holdings” column.

You may also obtain the publicly available portfolio holdings information described above by contacting us at 1-800-959-4246.

Notwithstanding the other provisions of the Holdings Disclosure Policy, Invesco and its affiliates may disclose portfolio holdings information on its website earlier than dictated by the Holdings Disclosure Policy in the case of market, geopolitical or company-specific (or other) events that cause Invesco to conclude that posting such information on its website is consistent with its fiduciary duties to the Funds.

Selective disclosure of portfolio holdings information pursuant to Non-Disclosure Agreement. Employees of Invesco and its affiliates may disclose non-public full portfolio holdings information on a selective basis only if Invesco approves the parties to whom disclosure of non-public full portfolio holdings information will be made. Invesco must determine that the proposed selective disclosure will be made for business purposes of the applicable Fund and is in the best interest of the applicable Fund’s shareholders. In making such determination, Invesco will address any perceived conflicts of interest between shareholders of such Fund and Invesco or its affiliates as part of granting its approval.

The Board exercises continuing oversight of the disclosure of Fund portfolio holdings information by (1) overseeing the implementation and enforcement of the Holdings Disclosure Policy and the Invesco Funds’ Code of Ethics by the Chief Compliance Officer (or his designee) of Invesco and the Invesco Funds and (2) considering reports and recommendations by the Chief Compliance Officer concerning any material compliance matters (as defined in Rule 38a-1 under the 1940 Act and Rule 206(4)-7 under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the Advisers Act)) that may arise in connection with the Holdings Disclosure Policy. Pursuant to the Holdings Disclosure Policy, the Board receives reports on the specific types of situations in which Invesco proposes to provide such selective disclosure and the situations where providing selective disclosure raises perceived conflicts of interest between shareholders of the applicable Fund and Invesco or its affiliates. In any specific situation where Invesco addresses a perceived conflict, Invesco will report to the Board on the persons to whom such disclosures are to be made and the treatment of any such conflicts before agreeing to provide selective disclosure.

Invesco discloses non-public full portfolio holdings information to the following persons in connection with the day-to-day operations and management of the funds advised by Invesco (the Invesco Funds):

●

Attorneys and accountants;

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Securities lending agents;

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Lenders to the Invesco Funds;

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Rating and rankings agencies;

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Persons assisting in the voting of proxies;

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Invesco Funds’ custodians;

●

The Invesco Funds’ transfer agent(s) (in the event of a redemption in kind);

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Pricing services, market makers, or other fund accounting software providers (to determine the price of investments held by an Invesco Fund);

●

Brokers identified by the Invesco Funds’ portfolio management team who provide execution and research services to the team;

●

Analysts hired to perform research and analysis for the Invesco Funds’ portfolio management team; and

●

Insurance companies which may receive portfolio holdings information before Invesco posts portfolio holdings information to Invesco's website (to allow such insurance companies to post portfolio holdings information to their websites at approximately the same time that Invesco posts portfolio holdings information to Invesco's website).

In many cases, Invesco will disclose current portfolio holdings information on a daily basis to these persons. In these situations, Invesco has entered into non-disclosure agreements which provide that the recipient of the portfolio holdings information will maintain the confidentiality of such portfolio holdings information and will not trade on such information (Non-disclosure Agreements). Please refer to Appendix B for a list of examples of persons to whom Invesco provides non-public portfolio holdings information on an ongoing basis.

Invesco will also disclose non-public portfolio holdings information if such disclosure is required by applicable laws, rules or regulations, or by regulatory authorities having jurisdiction over Invesco and its affiliates or the Invesco Funds, and where there is no other way to transact the Funds' business without disclosure of such portfolio holdings information.

The Holdings Disclosure Policy provides that the Funds, Invesco or any other party in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings information will not request, receive or accept any compensation (including compensation in the form of the maintenance of assets in any Fund or other mutual fund or account managed by Invesco or one of its affiliates) for the selective disclosure of portfolio holdings information.

Disclosure of certain portfolio holdings information without Non-Disclosure Agreement. Invesco and its affiliates that provide services to the Funds, the Sub-Advisers and each of their employees may receive or have access to portfolio holdings information as part of the day to day operations of the Funds.

Employees of Invesco and its affiliates may express their views orally or in writing on one or more of the Funds' portfolio investments or may state that a Fund has recently purchased or sold, or continues to own, one or more investments. The investments subject to these views and statements may be ones that were purchased or sold since the date on which portfolio holdings was made available on the Fund’s website and therefore may not be reflected on the portfolio holdings information disclosed on the website. Such views and statements may be made to various persons, including members of the press, shareholders in the applicable Fund, persons considering investing in the applicable Fund or representatives of such shareholders or potential shareholders, such as fiduciaries of a 401(k) plan and their advisers. The nature and content of the views and statements provided to each of these persons may differ.

Disclosure of portfolio holdings information to traders. Additionally, employees of Invesco and its affiliates may disclose one or more of the investments held by a Fund when purchasing and selling investments through broker-dealers, futures commissions merchants, clearing agencies and other

counterparties requesting bids on investments, obtaining price quotations on investments, or in connection with litigation involving the Funds' portfolio investments. Invesco does not enter into formal Non-Disclosure Agreements in connection with these situations; however, the Funds would not continue to conduct business with a person who Invesco believed was misusing the disclosed information.

Disclosure of portfolio holdings of other Invesco-managed products. Invesco and its affiliates manage products sponsored by companies other than Invesco, including investment companies, offshore funds, and separate accounts. In many cases, these other products are managed in a similar fashion to certain Invesco Funds (as defined herein) and thus have similar portfolio holdings. The sponsors of these other products managed by Invesco and its affiliates may disclose the portfolio holdings of their products at different times than Invesco discloses portfolio holdings for the Invesco Funds.

MANAGEMENT OF THE TRUST

Board of Trustees

The Trustees and officers of the Trust, their principal occupations during at least the last five years and certain other information concerning them are set forth in Appendix C.

Qualifications and Experience. In addition to the information set forth in Appendix C, the following sets forth additional information about the qualifications and experience of each of the Trustees.

Interested Trustees

Jeffrey H. Kupor, Trustee

Jeffrey Kupor has been a member of the Board of Trustees of the Invesco Funds since 2024. Mr. Kupor is Senior Managing Director and General Counsel at Invesco Ltd.

Mr. Kupor joined Invesco Ltd. in 2002 and has held a number of legal roles, including, most recently, Head of Legal, Americas, in which role he was responsible for legal support for Invesco's Americas business. Prior to joining the firm, he practiced law at Fulbright & Jaworski LLP (now known as Norton Rose Fulbright), specializing in complex commercial and securities litigation. He also served as the general counsel of a publicly traded communication services company.

Mr. Kupor earned a BS degree in economics from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania and a JD from the Boalt Hall School of Law (now known as Berkeley Law) at the University of California at Berkeley.

The Board believes that Mr. Kupor’s current and past positions with the Invesco complex along with his legal background and experience as an executive in the investment management area benefits the Funds.

Douglas Sharp, Trustee

Douglas Sharp has been a member of the Board of Trustees of the Invesco Funds since 2024. Mr. Sharp is Senior Managing Director, Head of Americas & EMEA (Europe, the Middle East, and Africa) at Invesco Ltd. He also served as Director and Chairman of the Board of Invesco UK Limited (Invesco’s European subsidiary board) and as Director, Chairman and Chief Executive of Invesco Fund Managers Limited.

Mr. Sharp joined Invesco Ltd. in 2008 and has served in multiple leadership roles across the company, including his previous role as Head of EMEA. Prior to that, he ran Invesco Ltd.’s EMEA retail business and served as head of strategy and business planning and as chief administrative officer for Invesco Ltd.’s US institutional business. Before joining the firm, he was with the strategy consulting firm McKinsey & Co., where he served clients in the financial services, energy, and logistics sectors.

The Board believes that Mr. Sharp’s current and past positions within the Invesco complex along with his experience in the investment management business benefits the Funds.

Independent Trustees

Beth Ann Brown, Trustee and Chair

Beth Ann Brown has been a member of the Board of Trustees of the Invesco Funds since 2019 and Chair since 2022. From 2016 to 2019, Ms. Brown served on the boards of certain investment companies in the Oppenheimer Funds complex.

Ms. Brown has served as Director of Caron Engineering, Inc. since 2018 and as an Independent Consultant since 2012.

Previously, Ms. Brown served in various capacities at Columbia Management Investment Advisers LLC, including Head of Intermediary Distribution, Managing Director, Strategic Relations and Managing Director, Head of National Accounts. She also served as Senior Vice President, National Account Manager from 2002-2004 and Senior Vice President, Key Account Manager from 1999 to 2002 of Liberty Funds Distributor, Inc. From 2013 through 2022, she served as Director, Vice President (through 2019) and President (2019-2022) of Grahamtastic Connection, a non-profit organization.

From 2014 to 2017, Ms. Brown served on the Board of Advisors of Caron Engineering Inc. and also served as President and Director of Acton Shapleigh Youth Conservation Corps, a non–profit organization, from 2012 to 2015.

The Board believes that Ms. Brown’s experience in financial services and investment management and as a director of other investment companies benefits the Funds.

Carol Deckbar, Trustee

Carol Deckbar has been a member of the Board of Trustees of the Invesco Funds since 2024. Ms. Deckbar previously served as Executive Vice President and Chief Product Officer at Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association (TIAA) Financial Services from 2019 to 2021. She also served as Executive Vice President and Principal of College Retirement Equities Fund at TIAA from 2014 to 2021. Ms. Deckbar served in various other capacities at TIAA since joining in 2007, including Executive Vice President and Head of Institutional Investments and Endowment Services from 2016 to 2019.

Prior to joining TIAA, Ms. Deckbar was a Senior Vice President of AMSOUTH Bank from 2002 to 2006, and before that she served as Senior Vice President, Managing Director, for Bank of America Capital Management from 1999 to 2002. She began her asset management career with the Evergreen Funds where she served as Senior Vice President, Managing Director from 1991 to 1998.

From 2019 to 2020, Ms. Deckbar served as Chairman of the TIAA Retirement Plan Investments Committee and as an Executive Sponsor at Advance, a council for the advancement of women. She has also held various memberships, including at Investment Company Institute, from 2017 to 2019, Fortune 400 Most Powerful Women Network, from 2012 to 2015, and Mutual Fund Education Alliance, from 2010 to 2015.

The Board believes that Ms. Deckbar’s experience in financial services and investment management benefits the Funds.

Cynthia Hostetler, Trustee

Cynthia Hostetler has been a member of the Board of Trustees of the Invesco Funds since 2017.

Ms. Hostetler is currently a member of the board of directors of the Vulcan Materials Company, a public company engaged in the production and distribution of construction materials, Trilinc Global Impact Fund LLC, a publicly registered non-traded limited liability company that invests in a diversified portfolio of private debt instruments, and Resideo Technologies, Inc., a public company that manufactures and distributes smart home security products and solutions worldwide. Ms. Hostetler also serves on the board of governors of the Investment Company Institute and is a member of the governing council of the Independent Directors Council, both of which are professional organizations in the investment management industry.

Previously, Ms. Hostetler served as a member of the board of directors/trustees of Aberdeen Investment Funds, a mutual fund complex, Edgen Group Inc., a public company that provides products and services to energy and construction companies, from 2012 to 2013, prior to its sale to Sumitomo, Genesee & Wyoming, Inc., a public company that owns and operates railroads worldwide, from 2018 to 2019, prior to its sale to Brookfield Asset Management, and Textainer Group Holdings Ltd., a public company that is the world’s second largest shipping container leasing company, prior to its sale to Stonepeak in March 2024. Ms. Hostetler was also a member of the board of directors of the Eisenhower Foundation, a non-profit organization.

From 2001 to 2009, Ms. Hostetler served as Head of Investment Funds and Private Equity at Overseas Private Investment Corporation (“OPIC”), a government agency that supports US investment in the emerging markets. Ms. Hostetler oversaw a multi-billion dollar investment portfolio in private equity funds. Prior to joining OPIC, Ms. Hostetler served as President and member of the board of directors of First Manhattan Bancorporation, a bank holding company, from 1991 to 2007, and its largest subsidiary, First Savings Bank, from 1991 to 2006 (Board Member) and from 1996 to 2001 (President).

The Board believes that Ms. Hostetler’s knowledge of financial services and investment management, her experience as a director of other companies, including a mutual fund complex, her legal background, and other professional experience gained through her prior employment benefit the Funds.

Dr. Eli Jones, Trustee

Dr. Eli Jones has been a member of the Board of Trustees of the Invesco Funds since 2016.

Dr. Jones has served as Board Member of the regional board, First Financial Bank Texas since 2021 and Board Member, First Financial Bankshares, Inc. Texas since 2022. Since 2020, Dr. Jones has served as a director on the board of directors of Insperity, Inc. (“Insperity”). From 2004 to 2016, Dr. Jones was chair of the Compensation Committee, a member of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and a director on the board of directors of Insperity.

Dr. Jones is a Professor of Marketing, Lowry and Peggy Mays Eminent Scholar, and Dean Emeritus of Mays Business School at Texas A&M University. From 2015 to 2021, Dr. Jones served as Dean of Mays Business School at Texas A&M University. From 2012 to 2015, Dr. Jones was the dean of the Sam M. Walton College of Business at the University of Arkansas and holder of the Sam M. Walton Leadership Chair in Business. Prior to joining the faculty at the University of Arkansas, he was dean of the E. J. Ourso College of Business and Ourso Distinguished Professor of Business at Louisiana State University from 2008 to 2012; professor of marketing and associate dean at the C.T. Bauer College of Business at the University of Houston from 2007 to 2008; an associate professor of marketing from 2002 to 2007; and an assistant professor from 1997 until 2002. He taught at Texas A&M University for several years before joining the faculty of the University of Houston.

Dr. Jones served as the executive director of the Program for Excellence in Selling and the Sales Excellence Institute at the University of Houston from 1997 to 2007. Before becoming a professor, he worked in sales and sales management for three Fortune 100 companies: Quaker Oats, Nabisco, and Frito-Lay. Dr. Jones is a past director of Arvest Bank. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in journalism in 1982, his MBA in 1986 and his Ph.D. in 1997, all from Texas A&M University.

The Board believes that Dr. Jones’ experience in academia and his experience in marketing benefits the Funds.

Elizabeth Krentzman, Trustee

Elizabeth Krentzman has been a member of the Board of Trustees of the Invesco Funds since 2019. From 2014 to 2019, Ms. Krentzman served on the boards of certain investment companies in the Oppenheimer Funds complex.

Ms. Krentzman served from 2017 to 2022, as a member of the Cartica Funds Board of Directors (private investment funds). Ms. Krentzman previously served as a member of the Board of Trustees of the University

of Florida National Board Foundation from 2016 to 2021. She also served as a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Florida Law Center Association, Inc. from 2016 to 2021, as a member of its Audit Committee from 2016 to 2020, and as a member of its Membership Committee from 2020 to 2021.

Ms. Krentzman served from 1997 to 2004 and from 2007 and 2014 in various capacities at Deloitte & Touche LLP, including Principal and Chief Regulatory Advisor for Asset Management Services, U.S. Mutual Fund Leader and National Director of the Investment Management Regulatory Consulting Practice. She served as General Counsel of the Investment Company Institute from 2004 to 2007.

From 1996 to 1997, Ms. Krentzman served as an Assistant Director of the Division of Investment Management - Office of Disclosure and Investment Adviser Regulation of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. She also served from 1991 to 1996 in various positions with the Division of Investment Management – Office of Regulatory Policy of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and from 1987 to 1991 as an Associate at Ropes & Gray LLP.

The Board believes that Ms. Krentzman’s legal background, experience in financial services and accounting and as a director of other investment companies benefits the Funds.

Anthony J. LaCava, Jr., Trustee

Anthony J. LaCava, Jr. has been a member of the Board of Trustees of the Invesco Funds since 2019.

Previously, Mr. LaCava served as a member of the board of directors and as a member of the audit committee of Blue Hills Bank, a publicly traded financial institution.

Mr. LaCava retired after a 37-year career with KPMG LLP (“KPMG”) where he served as senior partner for a wide range of firm clients across the retail, financial services, consumer markets, real estate, manufacturing, health care and technology industries. From 2005 to 2013, Mr. LaCava served as a member of the board of directors of KPMG and chair of the board’s audit and finance committee and nominating committee. He also previously served as Regional Managing Partner from 2009 through 2012 and Managing Partner of KPMG’s New England practice.

Mr. LaCava currently serves as Member and Chairman of the Business School Advisory Council of Bentley University and as a member of American College of Corporate Directors and Board Leaders, Inc.

The Board believes that Mr. LaCava’s experience in audit and financial services benefits the Funds.

James “Jim” Liddy, Trustee

James “Jim” Liddy has been a member of the Board of Trustees of the Invesco Funds since 2024. Mr. Liddy is a Retired Partner of KPMG LLP (KPMG) and previously served as Chairman of KPMG’s Global Financial Services, Americas practice from 2017 through 2021. He also led KPMG’s U.S. Financial Services practice from 2015 through 2021.

Prior to assuming his most recent role in 2017, Mr. Liddy served as Vice Chair of Audit and on various other committees at KPMG. He also previously served as National Managing Partner of Audit and was a member of the firm’s Global Audit Steering Group.

The Board believes that Mr. Liddy’s audit experience and knowledge of financial services and investment management benefits the Funds.

Dr. Prema Mathai-Davis, Trustee

Dr. Prema Mathai-Davis has been a member of the Board of Trustees of the Invesco Funds since 1998.

Since 2021, Dr. Mathai-Davis has served as a member of the Board of Positive Planet US, a non-profit organization and Healthcare Chaplaincy Network, a non-profit organization.

Previously, Dr. Mathai-Davis served as co-founder and partner of Quantalytics Research, LLC, (a FinTech Investment Research Platform) from 2017 to 2019, when the firm was acquired by Forbes Media Holdings, LLC.

Dr. Mathai-Davis previously served as Chief Executive Officer of the YWCA of the USA from 1994 until her retirement in 2000. Prior to joining the YWCA, Dr. Mathai-Davis served as the Commissioner of the New York City Department for the Aging. She was a Commissioner and Board Member of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority of New York, the largest regional transportation network in the U.S. Dr. Mathai-Davis also served as a Trustee of the YWCA Retirement Fund, the first and oldest pension fund for women, and on the advisory board of the Johns Hopkins Bioethics Institute. She was a member of the Board of Visitors of the University of Maryland School of Public Policy, and on the visiting Committee of The Harvard University Graduate School of Education.

Dr. Mathai-Davis was the president and chief executive officer of the Community Agency for Senior Citizens, a non-profit social service agency that she established in 1981. She also directed the Mt. Sinai School of Medicine-Hunter College Long-Term Care Gerontology Center, one of the first of its kind.

The Board believes that Dr. Mathai-Davis’ extensive experience in running public and charitable institutions benefits the Funds.

Joel W. Motley, Trustee

Joel W. Motley has been a member of the Board of Trustees of the Invesco Funds since 2019. From 2002 to 2019, Mr. Motley served on the boards of certain investment companies in the Oppenheimer Funds complex.

In May 2022, Mr. Motley rejoined the Vestry and the Investment Committee of Trinity Church Wall Street. Since 2021, Mr. Motley has served as a Board member of the Trust for Mutual Understanding, which makes grants to arts and environmental organizations in Eastern Europe. Since 2021, Mr. Motley has served as a member of the board of Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp. Since 2016, Mr. Motley has served as an independent director of the Office of Finance of the Federal Home Loan Bank System. He has served as Managing Director of Carmona Motley, Inc., a privately-held financial advisory firm, since 2002.

Mr. Motley also serves as a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and its Finance and Budget Committee. He is a member of the Investment Committee and is Chairman Emeritus of the Board of Human Rights Watch and a member of the Investment Committee and the Board of Historic Hudson Valley, a non-profit cultural organization.

Since 2011, he has served as a Board Member and Investment Committee Member of the Pulitzer Center for Crisis Reporting, a non-profit journalism organization. Mr. Motley also serves as Director and member of the Board and Investment Committee of The Greenwall Foundation, a bioethics research foundation, and as a Director of Friends of the LRC, a South Africa legal services foundation.

Previously, Mr. Motley served as Managing Director of Public Capital Advisors, LLC, a privately held financial advisory firm, from 2006 to 2017. He also served as Managing Director of Carmona Motley Hoffman Inc. a privately-held financial advisor, and served as a Director of Columbia Equity Financial Corp., a privately-held financial advisor, from 2002 to 2007.

The Board believes that Mr. Motley’s experience in financial services and as a director of other investment companies benefits the Funds.

Teresa M. Ressel, Trustee

Teresa Ressel has been a member of the Board of Trustees of the Invesco Funds since 2017.

Ms. Ressel has previously served within the private sector and the U.S. government as well as consulting. Formerly, Ms. Ressel served at UBS AG in various capacities, including as Chief Executive Officer of UBS Securities LLC, a broker-dealer division of UBS Investment Bank, and as Group Chief Operating Officer of the Americas.

Between 2001 and 2004, Ms. Ressel served at the U.S. Treasury, initially as Deputy Assistant Secretary for Management & Budget and then as Assistant Secretary for Management and Chief Financial Officer. Ms.

Ressel was confirmed by the U.S. Senate and anchored financial duties at the Department, including finance, accounting, risk, audit and performance measurement.

Ms. Ressel also volunteers within her community across a number of functions and serves on the board of GAVI, the Global Vaccine Alliance (non-profit) supporting children’s health.

The Board believes that Ms. Ressel’s risk management and financial experience in both the private and public sectors benefits the Funds.

Robert C. Troccoli, Trustee

Robert C. Troccoli has been a member of the Board of Trustees of the Invesco Funds since 2016.

Mr. Troccoli retired after a 39-year career with KPMG LLP (“KPMG”), where he served as a senior Partner. From 2013 to 2017, he was an adjunct professor at the University of Denver’s Daniels College of Business.

Mr. Troccoli’s leadership roles during his career with KPMG included managing partner and partner in charge of the Denver office’s Financial Services Practice. He served regulated investment companies, investment advisors, private partnerships, private equity funds, sovereign wealth funds, and financial services companies. Toward the end of his career, Mr. Troccoli was a founding member of KPMG’s Private Equity Group in New York City, where he served private equity firms and sovereign wealth funds. Mr. Troccoli also served mutual fund clients along with several large private equity firms as Global Lead Partner of KPMG’s Private Equity Group.

The Board believes that Mr. Troccoli’s experience as a partner in a large accounting firm and his knowledge of investment companies, investment advisors, and private equity firms benefits the Funds.

Daniel S. Vandivort, Trustee

Daniel S. Vandivort has been a member of the Board of Trustees of the Invesco Funds since 2019. From 2014 to 2019, Mr. Vandivort served on the boards of certain investment companies in the Oppenheimer Funds complex, as a Trustee and as the Governance Committee Chair.

Mr. Vandivort also served as Chairman, Lead Independent Director, and Chairman of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors of the Value Line Funds from 2008 through 2014.

Previously, Mr. Vandivort also served as a Trustee and Chairman of the Weiss Peck and Greer Mutual Funds Board from 2004 to 2005.

Previously, Mr. Vandivort served at Weiss Peck and Greer/Robeco Investment Management from 1994 to 2007, as President and Chief Investment Officer and prior to that as Managing Director and Head of Fixed Income. Mr. Vandivort also served in various capacities at CS First Boston from 1984 to 1994, including as Head of Fixed Income at CS First Boston Investment Management.

Mr. Vandivort was also a Trustee on the Board of Huntington Disease Foundation of America from 2007 to 2013 and from 2015 to 2019. He also served as Treasurer and Chairman of the Audit and Finance Committee of Huntington Disease Foundation of America from 2016 to 2019.

Mr. Vandivort currently serves as President of Flyway Advisory Services LLC, a consulting and property management company. He is also a Member of the Investment Committee for the Historic Charleston Foundation.

The Board believes that Mr. Vandivort’s experience in financial services and investment management and as a director of other investment companies benefits the Funds.

Management Information

The Trustees have the authority to take all actions that they consider necessary or appropriate in connection with oversight of the Trust, including, among other things, approving the investment objectives, investment policies and fundamental investment restrictions for the Funds. The Trust has entered into

agreements with various service providers, including the Funds’ investment advisers, administrator, transfer agent, distributor and custodians, to conduct the day-to-day operations of the Funds. The Trustees are responsible for selecting these service providers, approving the terms of their contracts with the Funds, and exercising general oversight of these arrangements on an ongoing basis.

Certain Trustees and officers of the Trust are affiliated with Invesco and Invesco Ltd., the parent corporation of Invesco. All of the Trust’s executive officers hold similar offices with some or all of the other Trusts.

Leadership Structure and the Board of Trustees. The Board is currently composed of fourteen Trustees, including twelve Trustees who are not “interested persons” of the Funds, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act (collectively, the Independent Trustees and each, an Independent Trustee). In addition to eight regularly scheduled meetings per year, the Board holds special meetings or informal conference calls to discuss specific matters that may require action prior to the next regular meeting. As discussed below, the Board has established four standing committees – the Audit Committee, the Compliance Committee, the Governance Committee and the Investments Committee (the Committees), to assist the Board in performing its oversight responsibilities.

The Board has appointed an Independent Trustee to serve in the role of Chair. The Chair’s primary role is to preside at meetings of the Board and act as a liaison with the Adviser and other service providers, officers, attorneys, and other Trustees between meetings. The Chair also participates in the preparation of the agenda for the meetings of the Board, is active with mutual fund industry organizations, and may perform such other functions as may be requested by the Board from time to time. Except for any duties specified pursuant to the Trust’s Declaration of Trust or By-laws, the designation of Chair does not impose on such Independent Trustee any duties, obligations or liability that is greater than the duties, obligations or liability imposed on such person as a member of the Board generally.

The Board believes that its leadership structure, including having an Independent Trustee as Chair, allows for effective communication between the Trustees and management, among the Trustees and among the Independent Trustees. The existing Board structure, including its Committee structure, provides the Independent Trustees with effective control over Board governance while also allowing them to receive and benefit from insight from the interested Trustee who is an active officer of the Funds’ investment adviser. The Board’s leadership structure promotes dialogue and debate, which the Board believes allows for the proper consideration of matters deemed important to the Funds and their shareholders and results in effective decision-making.

Risk Oversight. The Board considers risk management issues as part of its general oversight responsibilities throughout the year at its regular meetings and at regular meetings of its Committees. Invesco prepares regular reports that address certain investment, valuation and compliance matters, and the Board as a whole or the Committees also receive special written reports or presentations on a variety of risk issues at the request of the Board, a Committee or the Senior Officer.

The Board also considers liquidity risk management issues as part of its general oversight responsibilities and oversees the Trust's liquidity risk through, among other things, receiving periodic reporting and presentations by Invesco personnel that address liquidity matters. As required by Rule 22e-4 under the 1940 Act, the Board, including a majority of the Independent Trustees, has approved the Trust’s Liquidity Risk Management ("LRM") Program, which is reasonably designed to assess and manage the Trust’s liquidity risk, and has appointed the LRM Program Administrator that is responsible for administering the LRM Program. The Board also reviews, no less frequently than annually, a written report prepared by the LRM Program Administrator that addresses, among other items, the operation of the program and assesses its adequacy and effectiveness of implementation. The Board also oversees risks related to certain Funds’ use of derivatives as part of its general oversight responsibilities. The Board has approved a derivatives risk manager, which is responsible for administering the derivatives risk management program (“DRM Program”) for the Funds that are required to implement a DRM Program. The Board meets with the derivatives risk manager on a periodic basis, including receiving quarterly and annual reports from the derivatives risk manager, to review the implementation of the DRM Program.

The Audit Committee assists the Board with its oversight of the Funds' accounting and auditing process. The Audit Committee is responsible for selecting the Funds' independent registered public accounting firm (auditors), including evaluating their independence and meeting with such auditors to consider and review matters relating to the Funds' financial reports and internal controls. In addition, the Audit Committee meets regularly with representatives of Invesco Ltd.’s internal audit group to review reports on their examinations of functions and processes within Invesco that affect the Funds. The Audit Committee also oversees the Adviser’s process for valuing the Funds’ portfolio investments and receives reports from management regarding its process and the valuation of the Funds’ portfolio investments as consistent with the valuation policy approved by the Board and related procedures.

The Compliance Committee receives regular compliance reports prepared by Invesco’s compliance group and meets regularly with the Fund’s Chief Compliance Officer (CCO) to discuss compliance issues, including compliance risks. The Compliance Committee has recommended and the Board has adopted compliance policies and procedures for the Funds and for the Funds’ service providers. The compliance policies and procedures are designed to detect, prevent and correct violations of the federal securities laws.

The Governance Committee monitors the composition of the Board and each of its Committees and monitors the qualifications of the Trustees to ensure adherence to certain governance undertakings applicable to the Funds. In addition, the Governance Committee oversees an annual self-assessment of the Board and its committees and addresses governance risks, including insurance and fidelity bond matters, for the Trust.

The Investments Committee and its sub-committees receive regular written reports describing and analyzing the investment performance of the Invesco Funds. In addition, Invesco’s Chief Investment Officers and the portfolio managers of the Funds meet regularly with the Investments Committee or its sub-committees to discuss portfolio performance, including investment risk, such as the impact on the Funds of investments in particular types of securities or instruments, such as derivatives. To the extent that a Fund changes a particular investment strategy that could have a material impact on the Fund’s risk profile, the Board generally is consulted in advance with respect to such change.

Committee Structure

The members of the Audit Committee are Messrs. LaCava (Chair), Liddy and Troccoli, Dr. Jones, and Mss. Hostetler and Ressel. The Audit Committee performs a number of functions with respect to the oversight of the Funds’ accounting and financial reporting, including: (i) assisting the Board with its oversight of the qualifications, independence and performance of the independent registered public accountants; (ii) selecting independent registered public accountants for the Funds; (iii) to the extent required, pre-approving certain audit and permissible non-audit services; (iv) overseeing the financial reporting process for the Funds; (v) assisting the Board with its oversight of the integrity of the Funds’ financial statements and compliance with legal and regulatory requirements that relate to the Funds’ accounting and financial reporting, internal control over financial reporting and independent audits; (vi) pre-approving engagements for non-audit services to be provided by the Funds’ independent auditors to the Funds’ investment adviser or to any of its affiliates; and (vii) overseeing the performance of the fair valuation determinations by the Adviser. During the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, the Audit Committee held four meetings.

The members of the Compliance Committee are Messrs. Motley and Vandivort, and Mss. Brown, Deckbar and Krentzman (Chair) and Dr. Mathai-Davis. The Compliance Committee performs a number of functions with respect to compliance matters, including: (i) reviewing and making recommendations concerning the qualifications, performance and compensation of the Funds’ Chief Compliance Officer; (ii) reviewing recommendations and reports made by the Chief Compliance Officer of the Funds regarding compliance matters; (iii) overseeing compliance policies and procedures of the Funds and their service providers; (iv) overseeing potential conflicts of interest that are reported to the Compliance Committee by Invesco, the Chief Compliance Officer or other independent advisors; (v) reviewing reports prepared by a third party’s compliance review of Invesco; (vi) if requested by the Board, overseeing risk management with respect to the Funds (other than risks overseen by the other Committees), including receiving and overseeing risk management reports from Invesco that are applicable to the Funds and their service providers; and (vii)

reviewing reports by Invesco on correspondence with regulators or governmental agencies with respect to the Funds and recommending to the Board what action, if any, should be taken by the Funds in light of such reports. During the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, the Compliance Committee held four meetings.

The members of the Governance Committee are Messrs. Motley and Vandivort (Chair) and Mss. Brown and Hostetler and Dr. Mathai-Davis. The Governance Committee performs a number of functions with respect to governance, including: (i) nominating persons to serve as Independent Trustees and as members of each Committee, and nominating the Chair of the Board and the Chair of each Committee, except that the members and Chair of each Sub-Committee of the Investments Committee shall be appointed by the Chair of the Investments Committee in consultation with the Chair of the Governance Committee; (ii) reviewing and making recommendations to the full Board regarding the size and composition of the Board and the compensation payable to the Independent Trustees;(iii) overseeing the annual evaluation of the performance of the Board and its Committees; (iv) considering and overseeing the selection of independent legal counsel to the Independent Trustees; (v) considering and overseeing the selection and engagement of a Senior Officer if and as they deem appropriate, including compensation and scope of services, and recommending all such matters to the Board or the independent trustees as appropriate; (vi) reviewing administrative and/or logistical matters pertaining to the operations of the Board; and (vii) reviewing annually recommendations from Invesco regarding amounts and coverage of primary and excess directors and officers/errors and omissions liability insurance and allocation of premiums. During the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, the Governance Committee held eight meetings.

The Governance Committee will consider nominees recommended by a shareholder to serve as trustees, provided: (i) that such submitting shareholder provides the information required by, and otherwise complies with the applicable provisions of, the Fund’s governing instruments, (ii) that such submitting shareholder is a shareholder of record at the time he or she submits such names and is entitled to vote at the meeting of shareholders at which trustees will be elected; and (iii) that the Governance Committee or the Board, as applicable, shall make the final determination of persons to be nominated. Notice procedures set forth in the Trust’s bylaws require that any shareholder of a Fund desiring to nominate a candidate for election at a shareholder meeting must provide certain information about itself and the candidate, and must submit to the Trust’s Secretary the nomination in writing not later than the close of business on the later of the 90th day, nor earlier than the close of business on the 120th day, prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting; provided, however, that in the event that the date of the annual meeting is advanced by more than 30 days or delayed by more than 60 days from such anniversary date or if the Trust has not previously held an annual meeting, notice by the Shareholder to be timely must be so delivered not earlier than the close of business on the 120th day prior to such annual meeting and not later than the close of business on the later of the 90th day prior to such annual meeting or the tenth day following the day on which public announcement of the date of such meeting is first made by the Trust.

The members of the Investments Committee are Messrs. LaCava, Liddy, Motley (Sub-Committee Chair), Troccoli (Sub-Committee Chair) and Vandivort, Mss. Brown, Deckbar, Hostetler (Chair), Krentzman and Ressel and Drs. Jones and Mathai-Davis (Sub-Committee Chair). The Investments Committee’s primary purposes are to assist the Board in its oversight of the investment management services provided by Invesco and the Sub-Advisers and to periodically review Fund performance information, and information regarding the investment personnel and other resources devoted to the management of the Funds and make recommendations to the Board, when applicable. During the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, the Investments Committee held four meetings.

The Investments Committee has established three Sub-Committees and delegated to the Sub-Committees responsibility for, among other matters: (i) reviewing the performance of the Invesco Funds that have been assigned to a particular Sub-Committee (for each Sub-Committee, the Designated Funds), except to the extent the Investments Committee takes such action directly; (ii) reviewing with the applicable portfolio managers from time to time the investment objective(s), policies, strategies, performance and risks and other investment-related matters of the Designated Funds; and (iii) being generally familiar with the investment objectives and principal investment strategies of the Designated Funds.

Trustee Ownership of Fund Shares

The dollar range of equity securities beneficially owned by each trustee (i) in the Funds and (ii) on an aggregate basis, in all registered investment companies overseen by the trustee within the Invesco Funds complex, is set forth in Appendix C.

Compensation

Each Trustee who is not affiliated with Invesco is compensated for his or her services according to a fee schedule that recognizes the fact that such Trustee also serves as a Trustee of other Invesco Funds. Each such Trustee receives a fee, allocated among the Invesco Funds for which he or she serves as a Trustee that consists of an annual retainer component and a meeting fee component. The Chair of the Board and of each Committee and Sub-Committee receive additional compensation for their services.

Information regarding compensation paid or accrued for each Trustee of the Trust who was not affiliated with Invesco during the year ended December 31, 2023 is found in Appendix D.

Retirement Policy

The Trustees have adopted a retirement policy that permits each Trustee to serve until December 31 of the year in which the Trustee turns 75.

Pre-Amendment Retirement Plan For Trustees

The Trustees have adopted a Retirement Plan for the Trustees who are not affiliated with the Adviser. A description of the pre-amendment Retirement Plan follows. Annual retirement benefits are available from the Funds and/or the other Invesco Funds for which a Trustee serves (each, a Covered Fund), for each Trustee who is not an employee or officer of the Adviser, who either (a) became a Trustee prior to December 1, 2008, and who has at least five years of credited service as a Trustee (including service to a predecessor fund) of a Covered Fund, or (b) was a member of the Board of Trustees of a Van Kampen Fund immediately prior to June 1, 2010 (Former Van Kampen Trustee), and has at least one year of credited service as a Trustee of a Covered Fund after June 1, 2010.

For Trustees other than Former Van Kampen Trustees, effective January 1, 2006, for retirements after December 31, 2005, the retirement benefits will equal 75% of the Trustee’s annual retainer paid to or accrued by any Covered Fund with respect to such Trustee during the twelve-month period prior to retirement, including the amount of any retainer deferred under a separate deferred compensation agreement between the Covered Fund and the Trustee. The amount of the annual retirement benefit does not include additional compensation paid for Board meeting fees or compensation paid to the Chair of the Board and the Chairs and Vice Chairs of certain Board committees, whether such amounts are paid directly to the Trustee or deferred. The annual retirement benefit is payable in quarterly installments for a number of years equal to the lesser of (i) sixteen years or (ii) the number of such Trustee’s credited years of service. If a Trustee dies prior to receiving the full amount of retirement benefits, the remaining payments will be made to the deceased Trustee’s designated beneficiary for the same length of time that the Trustee would have received the payments based on his or her service or, if the Trustee has elected, in a discounted lump sum payment. A Trustee must have attained the age of 65 (60 in the event of disability) to receive any retirement benefit. A Trustee may make an irrevocable election to commence payment of retirement benefits upon retirement from the Board before age 72; in such a case, the annual retirement benefit is subject to a reduction for early payment.

If the Former Van Kampen Trustee completes at least 10 years of credited service after June 1, 2010, the retirement benefit will equal 75% of the Former Van Kampen Trustee’s annual retainer paid to or accrued by any Covered Fund with respect to such Trustee during the twelve-month period prior to retirement, including the amount of any retainer deferred under a separate deferred compensation agreement between the Covered Fund and such Trustee. The amount of the annual retirement benefit does not include additional compensation paid for Board meeting fees or compensation paid to the Chair of the Board and the Chairs and Vice Chairs of certain Board committees, whether such amounts are paid directly to the Trustee or deferred.

The annual retirement benefit is payable in quarterly installments for 10 years beginning after the later of the Former Van Kampen Trustee’s termination of service or attainment of age 72 (or age 60 in the event of disability or immediately in the event of death). If a Former Van Kampen Trustee dies prior to receiving the full amount of retirement benefits, the remaining payments will be made to the deceased Trustee’s designated beneficiary or, if the Trustee has elected, in a discounted lump sum payment.

If the Former Van Kampen Trustee completes less than 10 years of credited service after June 1, 2010, the retirement benefit will be payable at the applicable time described in the preceding paragraph, but will be paid in two components successively. For the period of time equal to the Former Van Kampen Trustee’s years of credited service after June 1, 2010, the first component of the annual retirement benefit will equal 75% of the compensation amount described in the preceding paragraph. Thereafter, for the period of time equal to the Former Van Kampen Trustee’s years of credited service after June 1, 2010, the second component of the annual retirement benefit will equal the excess of (x) 75% of the compensation amount described in the preceding paragraph, over (y) $68,041 plus an interest factor of 4% per year compounded annually measured from June 1, 2010 through the first day of each year for which payments under this second component are to be made. In no event, however, will the retirement benefits under the two components be made for a period of time greater than 10 years. For example, if the Former Van Kampen Trustee completes 7 years of credited service after June 1, 2010, he or she will receive 7 years of payments under the first component and thereafter 3 years of payments under the second component, and if the Former Van Kampen Trustee completes 4 years of credited service after June 1, 2010, he or she will receive 4 years of payments under the first component and thereafter 4 years of payments under the second component.

Amendment of Retirement Plan and Conversion to Defined Contribution Plan

The Trustees approved an amendment to the Retirement Plan to convert it to a defined contribution plan for active Trustees (the Amended Plan). Under the Amended Plan, the benefit amount was amended for each active Trustee to the present value of the Trustee’s existing retirement plan benefit as of December 31, 2013 (the Existing Plan Benefit) plus the present value of retirement benefits expected to be earned under the Retirement Plan through the end of the calendar year in which the Trustee attained age 75 (the Expected Future Benefit and, together with the Existing Plan Benefit, the Accrued Benefit). On the conversion date, the Covered Funds established bookkeeping accounts in the amount of their pro rata share of the Accrued Benefit, which is deemed to be invested in one or more Invesco Funds selected by the participating Trustees. Such accounts will be adjusted from time to time to reflect deemed investment earnings and losses. Each Trustee’s Accrued Benefit is not funded and, with respect to the payments of amounts held in the accounts, the participating Trustees have the status of unsecured creditors of the Covered Funds. Trustees will be paid the adjusted account balance under the Amended Plan in quarterly installments for the same period as described above.

Deferred Compensation Agreements

Certain former Trustees and current Independent Trustees (for purposes of this paragraph only, the Deferring Trustees) have executed a Deferred Compensation Agreement (collectively, the Compensation Agreements). Pursuant to the Compensation Agreements, the Deferring Trustees have the option to elect to defer receipt of up to 100% of their compensation payable by the Funds, and such amounts are placed into a deferral account and deemed to be invested in one or more Invesco Funds selected by the Deferring Trustees. Amounts deferred by Deferring Trustees pursuant to a Compensation Agreement during the most recent fiscal year are shown in Appendix D – Trustee Compensation Table.

Distributions from these deferral accounts will be paid in cash, generally in equal quarterly installments over a period of up to ten (10) years (depending on the Compensation Agreement) beginning on the date selected under the Compensation Agreement. If a Deferring Trustee dies prior to the distribution of amounts in his or her deferral account, the balance of the deferral account will be distributed to his or her designated beneficiary. The Compensation Agreements are not funded and, with respect to the payments of amounts held in the deferral accounts, the Deferring Trustees have the status of unsecured creditors of the Funds and of each other Invesco Fund from which they are deferring compensation.

Code of Ethics

Invesco, the Trust, Invesco Distributors and certain of the Sub-Advisers each have adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to all Invesco Fund trustees and officers, and employees of Invesco, the Sub-Advisers and their affiliates, and governs, among other things, the personal trading activities of all such persons. Certain Sub-Advisers have adopted their own Code of Ethics. Each Code of Ethics is designed to detect and prevent improper personal trading by portfolio managers and certain other employees that could compete with or take advantage of the Fund’s portfolio transactions. Unless specifically noted, to the extent a Sub-Adviser has adopted its own Code of Ethics, each Sub-Adviser’s Code of Ethics does not materially differ from Invesco’s Code of Ethics discussed below. The Code of Ethics is intended to address conflicts of interest with the Trust that may arise from personal trading in the Invesco Funds. Personal trading, including personal trading involving securities that may be purchased or held by an Invesco Fund, is permitted under the Code of Ethics subject to certain restrictions; however, employees are required to pre-clear security transactions with the Compliance Officer or a designee and to report transactions on a regular basis.

Proxy Voting Policies

Invesco has adopted its own specific Proxy Voting Policies.

The Board has delegated responsibility for decisions regarding proxy voting for securities held by each Fund to the following Adviser/Sub-Adviser(s):

Fund Name	Adviser/Sub-Adviser
Invesco American Franchise Fund	Invesco Advisers, Inc.
Invesco Core Plus Bond Fund	Invesco Advisers, Inc.
Invesco Discovery Fund	Invesco Advisers, Inc.
Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund	Invesco Advisers, Inc.
Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund	Invesco Advisers, Inc./Invesco Capital Management LLC
Invesco Equity and Income Fund	Invesco Advisers, Inc.
Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund	Invesco Advisers, Inc./Invesco Senior Secured Management, Inc.
Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund	Invesco Advisers, Inc./Invesco Asset Management Limited
Invesco Growth and Income Fund	Invesco Advisers, Inc.
Invesco Income Advantage U.S. Fund	Invesco Advisers, Inc.
Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund	Invesco Advisers, Inc./Invesco Capital Management LLC
Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund	Invesco Advisers, Inc.
Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund	Invesco Advisers, Inc./Invesco Senior Secured Management, Inc.
Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund	Invesco Advisers, Inc.
Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund	Invesco Advisers, Inc.

Invesco (the Proxy Voting Entity) will vote such proxies in accordance with its proxy voting policies and procedures, as outlined above, which have been reviewed and approved by the Board, and which are found in Appendix E. Any material changes to the proxy voting policies and procedures will be submitted to the Board for approval. The Board will be supplied with a summary quarterly report of each Fund’s proxy voting record. Information regarding how the Funds voted proxies related to their portfolio securities during the twelve months ended June 30, 2024, is available without charge, upon request, by calling 1-800-959-4246 or by visiting www.invesco.com/proxy-voting. This information will also be available at the SEC website at http://www.sec.gov.

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CONTROL PERSONS AND PRINCIPAL HOLDERS OF SECURITIES

Information about the ownership of each class of each Fund’s shares by beneficial or record owners of such Fund and ownership of Fund shares by trustees and officers as a group is found in Appendix F. A shareholder who owns beneficially 25% or more of the outstanding shares of a Fund is presumed to “control” that Fund.

INVESTMENT ADVISORY AND OTHER SERVICES

Investment Adviser

Invesco serves as the Funds' investment adviser. The Adviser manages the investment operations of the Funds as well as other investment portfolios that encompass a broad range of investment objectives, and has agreed to perform or arrange for the performance of the Funds' day-to-day management. The Adviser, as successor in interest to multiple investment advisers, has been an investment adviser since 1976. Invesco Advisers, Inc. is an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Invesco Ltd. Invesco Ltd. and its subsidiaries are an independent global investment management group. Certain of the directors and officers of Invesco are also executive officers of the Trust and their affiliations are shown under “Management Information” herein.

As investment adviser, Invesco supervises all aspects of the Funds' operations and provides investment advisory services to the Funds. Invesco obtains and evaluates economic, statistical and financial information to formulate and implement investment programs for the Funds. The Master Investment Advisory Agreement (Advisory Agreement) provides that, in fulfilling its responsibilities, Invesco may engage the services of other investment managers with respect to one or more of the Funds. The investment advisory services of Invesco are not exclusive and Invesco is free to render investment advisory services to others, including other investment companies.

Pursuant to an administrative services agreement with the Funds, Invesco is also responsible for furnishing to the Funds, at Invesco’s expense, the services of persons believed to be competent to perform all supervisory and administrative services required by the Funds, which in the judgment of the trustees, are necessary to conduct the business of the Funds effectively, as well as the offices, equipment and other facilities necessary for their operations. Such functions include the maintenance of each Fund’s accounts and records, and the preparation of all requisite corporate documents such as tax returns and reports to the SEC and shareholders.

The Advisory Agreement provides that each Fund will pay or cause to be paid all expenses of such Fund not assumed by Invesco, including, without limitation: brokerage commissions, taxes, legal, auditing or governmental fees, custodian, transfer and shareholder service agent costs, expenses of issue, sale, redemption, and repurchase of shares, expenses of registering and qualifying shares for sale, expenses relating to trustee and shareholder meetings, the cost of preparing and distributing reports and notices to shareholders, the fees and other expenses incurred by the Trust on behalf of each Fund in connection with membership in investment company organizations, and the cost of printing copies of prospectuses and statements of additional information distributed to the Funds' shareholders.

Invesco, at its own expense, furnishes to the Trust office space and facilities. Invesco furnishes to the Trust all personnel for managing the affairs of the Trust and each of its series of shares.

Pursuant to its Advisory Agreement with the Trust, Invesco receives a monthly fee from each Fund calculated at the annual rates indicated in the second column below, based on the average daily net assets of each Fund during the year. Each Fund allocates advisory fees to a class based on the relative net assets of each class.

Fund Name	Annual Rate/Net Assets Per Advisory Agreement
Invesco American Franchise Fund
	First $250 million 0.695%
	Next $250 million 0.67%

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Fund Name	Annual Rate/Net Assets Per Advisory Agreement
	Next $500 million 0.645%
	Next $550 million 0.62%
	Next $3.45 billion 0.60%
	Next $250 million 0.595%
	Next $2.25 billion 0.57%
	Next $2.5 billion 0.545%
	Next $5 billion 0.52%
	Next $5 billion 0.51%
	Over $20 billion 0.50%

Invesco Core Plus Bond Fund
	First $500 million 0.450%
	Next $500 million 0.425%
	Next $1.5 billion 0.400%
	Next $2.5 billion 0.375%
	Over $5 billion 0.350%

Invesco Discovery Fund*
	First $200 million 0.75%
	Next $200 million 0.72%
	Next $200 million 0.69%
	Next $200 million 0.66%
	Next $700 million 0.60%
	Next $3.5 billion 0.58%
	Over $5 billion 0.55%

Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund*
	First $200 million 0.75%
	Next $200 million 0.72%
	Next $200 million 0.69%
	Next $200 million 0.66%
	Next $700 million 0.60%
	Next $1 billion 0.58%
	Next $2 billion 0.56%
	Next $2 billion 0.54%
	Next $2 billion 0.52%
	Next $2.5 billion 0.50%
	Over $11 billion 0.48%

Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund
	First $2 billion 0.12%
	Over $2 billion 0.10%

Invesco Equity and Income Fund
	First $150 million 0.50%
	Next $100 million 0.45%
	Next $100 million 0.40%
	Over $350 million 0.35%

Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund
	First $500 million 0.65%
	Next $4.5 billion 0.60%

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Fund Name	Annual Rate/Net Assets Per Advisory Agreement
	Next $5 billion 0.575%
	Over $10 billion 0.55%

Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund
	First $250 million 0.75%
	Next $250 million 0.74%
	Next $500 million 0.73%
	Next $1.5 billion 0.72%
	Next $2.5 billion 0.71%
	Next $2.5 billion 0.70%
	Next $2.5 billion 0.69%
	Over $10 billion 0.68%

Invesco Growth and Income Fund
	First $150 million 0.50%
	Next $100 million 0.45%
	Next $100 million 0.40%
	Over $350 million 0.35%

Invesco Income Advantage U.S. Fund
	First $250 million 0.60%
	Next $250 million 0.575%
	Next $500 million 0.55%
	Next $1.5 billion 0.525%
	Next $2.5 billion 0.50%
	Next $2.5 billion 0.475%
	Next $2.5 billion 0.45%
	Over $10 billion 0.425%

Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund
	First $2 billion 0.15%
	Over $2 billion 0.14%

Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund
	First $2 billion 0.12%
	Over $2 billion 0.10%

Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund*	First $200 million 0.75%
	Next $200 million 0.72%
	Next $200 million 0.69%
	Next $200 million 0.66%
	Next $4.2 billion 0.60%
	Next $5 billion 0.58%
	Next $10 billion 0.56%
	Over $20 billion 0.55%

Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund
	First $100 million 0.4825%
	Next $150 million 0.4325%
	Next $250 million 0.4075%

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Fund Name	Annual Rate/Net Assets Per Advisory Agreement
	Next $4.5 billion 0.3825%
	Next $5 billion 0.3725%
	Over $10 billion 0.3525%

Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund*	First $100 million 0.50%
	Next $150 million 0.45%
	Next $250 million 0.425%
	Next $500 million 0.40%
	Next $4 billion 0.37%
	Over $5 billion 0.35%

*The advisory fee payable by the Fund shall be reduced by any amounts paid by the Fund under the administrative services agreement with Invesco.

Invesco may from time to time waive or reduce its fee. Voluntary fee waivers or reductions may be rescinded at any time without further notice to investors. During periods of voluntary fee waivers or reductions, Invesco will retain its ability to be reimbursed for such fee prior to the end of their respective fiscal year in which the voluntary fee waiver or reduction was made.

Invesco has contractually agreed through at least August 31, 2026, to waive advisory fees payable by each Fund, as applicable, in an amount equal to 100% of the net advisory fee Invesco receives from the Affiliated Money Market Funds as a result of each Fund’s investment of uninvested cash in the Affiliated Money Market Funds. See “Description of the Funds and Their Investments and Risks – Investment Strategies and Risks – Other Investments – Other Investment Companies.” If applicable, such contractual fee waivers or reductions are generally set forth in the fee table in each Fund’s prospectus. Unless Invesco continues the fee waiver agreements, they will terminate as indicated above. During their terms, the fee waiver agreements cannot be terminated or amended to reduce the advisory fee waivers without approval of the Board. The management fees payable by the Funds, the amounts waived by Invesco and the net fees paid by the Funds for the last three fiscal years or periods, as applicable, ended August 31 are found in Appendix G.

For Funds that have expense limitations (“Expense Limitations”) or boundary limits (“Boundary Limits”), as applicable, Invesco has agreed until at least the expiration date (the "Expiration Date") for the Expense Limitations, or for an indefinite period until further notice to the Board of Trustees for the Boundary Limits, that Invesco will waive its fees or reimburse expenses to the extent that expenses of the applicable class of the applicable Fund (excluding (i) interest; (ii) taxes; (iii) dividend expense on short sales; (iv) extraordinary or non-routine items, including litigation expenses; and (v) expenses that each Fund has incurred but did not actually pay because of an expense offset arrangement, if applicable) exceed the Expense Limitation or Boundary Limit rate, on an average of the daily net assets allocable to such class on an annualized basis. (It should be noted that Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses are not operating expenses of the Funds directly, but are fees and expenses, including management fees, of the investment companies in which the Funds invest. As a result, the Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Waiver and/or Expense Reimbursement may exceed a Fund’s expense limit.)

Expense Limitations. Neither the Trust nor Invesco may remove or amend the Expense Limitations to a Fund's detriment prior to the Expiration Date without requesting and receiving the approval of the Board of Trustees of the applicable Fund. Invesco does not have any right to reimbursement of any amount so waived or reimbursed. For the Expense Limitations, Invesco will review the then-current Expense Limitations for any Fund prior to the Expiration Date to determine whether such limitations should be amended, continued or terminated. The Expense Limitations will expire upon the Expiration Date unless Invesco agrees to continue them. These Expense Limitations are set forth in the Expense Limitations table below.

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Boundary Limits. From time to time, Invesco may establish amend and/or terminate Boundary Limits at any time in its sole discretion. Invesco will inform the Board of Trustees of any such changes. These Boundary Limits are set forth in the Boundary Limits table below.

Expense Limitations

Fund	Annual Rate/Net Assets Per Expense Limitation Agreement	Expiration Date
Invesco Core Plus Bond Fund
Class A Shares	0.75%	December 31, 2025
Class C Shares	1.50%	December 31, 2025
Class R Shares	1.00%	December 31, 2025
Class Y Shares	0.50%	December 31, 2025
Class R5 Shares	0.50%	December 31, 2025
Class R6 Shares	0.50%	December 31, 2025

Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund
Class R6 Shares	0.29%	December 31, 2025

Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund
Class A Shares	1.02%	December 31, 2024
Class C Shares	1.77%	December 31, 2024
Class R Shares	1.27%	December 31, 2024
Class Y Shares	0.77%	December 31, 2024
Class R5 Shares	0.77%	December 31, 2024
Class R6 Shares	0.77%	December 31, 2024

Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund
Class A Shares	1.03%	December 31, 2025
Class C Shares	1.78%	December 31, 2025
Class R Shares	1.28%	December 31, 2025
Class Y Shares	0.78%	December 31, 2025
Class R5 Shares	0.78%	December 31, 2025
Class R6 Shares	0.78%	December 31, 2025

The management fees payable by each Fund, the amounts waived by Invesco and the net fee paid by each Fund for the last three fiscal years or periods, as applicable, ended August 31 are found in Appendix G.

Boundary Limits

Fund	Limit Applicable to each Fund/Class
Invesco American Franchise Fund	Class A: 2.00%
Invesco Discovery Fund	Class C: 2.75%
Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund	Class R: 2.25%
Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund	Class R5: 1.75%
Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund	Class R6: 1.75%
Invesco Growth and Income Fund	Class Y: 1.75%
Invesco Income Advantage U.S. Fund	Investor: 2.00%
Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund

Fund	Limit Applicable to each Fund/Class
Invesco Equity and Income Fund	Class A: 1.50%
Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund1	Class C: 2.25%
Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund	Class R: 1.75%

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Fund	Limit Applicable to each Fund/Class
Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund	Class R5: 1.25%
	Class R6: 1.25%
	Class Y: 1.25%

1. Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund Class C expense limit is 2.00%.

Investment Sub-Advisers

Invesco has entered into a Sub-Advisory Agreement with certain affiliates to serve as sub-advisers to each Fund (each, a Sub-Adviser), pursuant to which these affiliated sub-advisers may be appointed by Invesco from time to time to provide discretionary investment management services, investment advice, and/or order execution services to the Funds. These affiliated sub-advisers, each of which is a registered investment adviser under the Advisers Act are:

●

Invesco Asset Management (Japan) Limited (Invesco Japan)

●

Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH (Invesco Deutschland)

●

Invesco Asset Management Limited (Invesco Asset Management)

●

Invesco Canada Ltd. (Invesco Canada)

●

Invesco Hong Kong Limited (Invesco Hong Kong)

●

Invesco Senior Secured Management, Inc. (Invesco Senior Secured)

Invesco has also entered into a Sub-Advisory Agreement with another affiliate, Invesco Capital Management LLC (Invesco Capital), also a registered investment adviser under the Advisers Act, to provide discretionary investment management services, investment advice, and/or order execution services to Invesco Discovery Fund, Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund, Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund, Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund, Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund, Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund, Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund and Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund.

Invesco has also entered into a Sub-Advisory Agreement with another affiliate, Invesco Asset Management (India) Private Limited (Invesco India), also a registered investment adviser under the Advisers Act, to provide discretionary investment management services, investment advice, and/or order execution services to Invesco Discovery Fund, Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund, Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund, Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund, Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund, Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund and Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund.

The only fees payable to the Sub-Advisers described above under the Sub-Advisory Agreements are for providing discretionary investment management services. For such services, Invesco will pay each Sub-Adviser a fee, computed daily and paid monthly, equal to (i) 40% of the monthly compensation that Invesco receives from the Trust, multiplied by (ii) the fraction equal to the net assets of such Fund as to which such Sub-Adviser shall have provided discretionary investment management services for that month divided by the net assets of such Fund for that month. Pursuant to the Sub-Advisory Agreement, this fee is reduced to reflect contractual or voluntary fee waivers or expense limitations by Invesco, if any, in effect from time to time. In no event shall the aggregate monthly fees paid to the Sub-Advisers under the Sub-Advisory Agreement exceed 40% of the monthly compensation that Invesco receives from the Trust pursuant to its advisory agreement with the Trust, as reduced to reflect contractual or voluntary fee waivers or expense limitations by Invesco, if any.

Invesco has also entered into a Sub-Advisory Agreement with another affiliate, OppenheimerFunds, Inc. also a registered investment adviser under the Advisers Act, to provide discretionary investment management services, investment advice, and/or order execution services to Invesco Discovery Fund, Invesco Discovery

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Large Cap Fund, Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund and Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund. Under the Sub-Advisory Agreement, the Adviser pays the Sub-Adviser a percentage of the net investment advisory fee (after all applicable waivers) that it receives from the Fund as compensation for the provision of investment advisory services. The fee paid to the Sub-Adviser under the Sub-Advisory Agreement is paid by the Adviser, not by the Fund.

Invesco and each Sub-Adviser are indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries of Invesco Ltd.

Service Agreements

Administrative Services Agreement. Invesco and the Trust have entered into a Master Administrative Services Agreement (Administrative Services Agreement) pursuant to which Invesco may perform or arrange for the provision of certain accounting and other administrative services to each Fund which are not required to be performed by Invesco under the Advisory Agreement. The Administrative Services Agreement provides that it will remain in effect and continue from year to year only if such continuance is specifically approved at least annually by the Board, including the independent trustees. Under the Administrative Services Agreement, Invesco is entitled to receive from the Funds reimbursement of its costs or such reasonable compensation. For Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund, the advisory fee payable shall be reduced by any amounts paid by the Fund under the Administrative Services Agreement. Currently, Invesco is reimbursed for the services of the Trust’s principal financial officer and the principal financial officer's staff and any expenses related to fund accounting services.

Pursuant to a subcontract for administrative services with the Adviser, State Street Bank and Trust Company performs certain administrative functions for the Funds. State Street Bank and Trust Company is located at 225 Franklin Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02110-2801.

Administrative services fees paid to Invesco by each Fund for the last three fiscal years or periods, as applicable, ended August 31 are found in Appendix I.

Other Service Providers

Transfer Agent. Invesco Investment Services, Inc., (Invesco Investment Services), 11 Greenway Plaza, Houston, Texas 77046-1173, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Invesco, Ltd. is the Trust’s transfer agent.

The Amended and Restated Transfer Agency and Service Agreement (the TA Agreement) between the Trust and Invesco Investment Services provides that Invesco Investment Services will perform certain services related to the servicing of shareholders of the Funds. Other such services may be delegated or sub-contracted to third party intermediaries. For servicing accounts holding Class A, A2, AX, C, CX, P, R, RX, S, Y, Invesco Cash Reserve and Investor Class shares, as applicable, the TA Agreement provides that the Trust, on behalf of the Funds, will pay Invesco Investment Services an annual fee per open shareholder account. This fee is paid monthly at the rate of 1/12 of the annual rate and is based upon the number of open shareholder accounts during each month. For servicing accounts holding Class R5 and Class R6 shares, as applicable, the TA Agreement provides that the Trust, on behalf of the Funds, will pay Invesco Investment Services an asset-based fee. The TA Agreement also provides that Invesco Investment Services is responsible for out of pocket expenses relating to the procurement of goods and services as they relate to its obligations under the TA Agreement. In addition, all fees payable by Invesco Investment Services or its affiliates to third party intermediaries who service accounts pursuant to sub-transfer agency, omnibus account services and sub-accounting agreements are charged back to the Funds, subject to certain limitations approved by the Board of the Trust as reflected in Board-approved policies. These payments are made in consideration of services that would otherwise be provided by Invesco Investment Services if the accounts serviced by such intermediaries were serviced by Invesco Investment Services directly. For more information regarding such payments to intermediaries, see the discussion under “Sub-Accounting and Networking Support Payments” found in Appendix L.

Sub-Transfer Agent. Invesco Canada, 16 York Street, Suite 1200, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5J 0E6, a wholly-owned, indirect subsidiary of Invesco Ltd., provides services to the Trust as a sub-transfer agent, pursuant to an agreement between Invesco Canada and Invesco Investment Services. The Trust does not

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pay a fee to Invesco Canada for these services. Rather Invesco Canada is compensated by Invesco Investment Services, as a sub-contractor.

In addition, Invesco (India) Private Limited, Divyasree Orion, B6 15TH FLOOR, Raidurgam, Serilingampalli, Hyderabad, India K7 500032, a wholly-owned, indirect subsidiary of Invesco Ltd., provides services to the Trust as a sub-transfer agent, pursuant to an agreement between Invesco (India) Private Limited and Invesco Investment Services. The Trust does not pay a fee to Invesco (India) Private Limited and Invesco Investment Services. Rather Invesco (India) Private Limited is compensated by Invesco Investment Services, as a sub-contractor.

Custodian

State Street Bank and Trust Company (the Custodian), 225 Franklin Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02110, is custodian of all securities and cash of the Funds (unless otherwise stated below). The Bank of New York Mellon, 2 Hanson Place, Brooklyn, New York 11217-1431, also serves as sub-custodian to facilitate cash management.

The Custodian's responsibilities include safeguarding and controlling each Fund's portfolio securities and handling the delivery of such securities to and from the Fund. These services do not include any supervisory function over management or provide any protection against any possible depreciation of assets.

The Custodian and sub-custodian are authorized to establish separate accounts in foreign countries and to cause foreign securities owned by the Funds to be held outside the United States in branches of U.S. banks and, to the extent permitted by applicable regulations, in certain foreign banks and securities depositories. Invesco is responsible for selecting eligible foreign securities depositories and for assessing the risks associated with investing in foreign countries, including the risk of using eligible foreign securities’ depositories in a country. The Custodian is responsible for monitoring eligible foreign securities depositories.

Under its contract with the Trust, the Custodian maintains the portfolio securities of the Funds, administers the purchases and sales of portfolio securities, collects interest and dividends and other distributions made on the securities held in the portfolios of the Funds and performs other ministerial duties. These services do not include any supervisory function over management or provide any protection against any possible depreciation of assets.

Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. The Funds' independent registered public accounting firm is responsible for auditing the financial statements of the Funds. The Audit Committee of the Board has selected, and the Board has ratified and approved PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, 1000 Louisiana Street, Suite 5800, Houston, Texas 77002-5021, as the independent registered public accounting firm to audit the financial statements of the Funds. In connection with the audit of the Funds' financial statements, the Funds entered into an engagement letter with PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. The terms of the engagement letter required by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, and agreed to by the Funds' Audit Committee, include a provision mandating the use of mediation and arbitration to resolve any controversy or claim between the parties arising out of or relating to the engagement letter or the services provided thereunder. Financial statements for the predecessor fund for periods ending on or prior to May 24, 2019 were audited by the predecessor fund’s auditor, KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, which is different than the Funds’ auditor.

Counsel to the Trust. Legal matters for the Trust have been passed upon by Stradley Ronon Stevens & Young, LLP, 2005 Market Street, Suite 2600, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-7018.

Securities Lending Arrangements

As discussed under “Lending Portfolio Securities” the Funds may lend their portfolio securities to generate additional income. Certain Funds may participate in a securities lending program pursuant to a securities lending agreement that establishes the terms of the loan, including collateral requirements. The Funds participating in the securities lending program may lend securities to securities brokers and other borrowers.

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Under the securities lending program, Bank of New York Mellon (BNY Mellon) served as a securities lending agent for certain of the Funds’ most recently completed fiscal year. The Board also appointed Invesco to serve as an affiliated securities lending agent for the Funds under the securities lending program. Invesco served as an affiliated securities lending agent for the Funds' most recently completed fiscal year, as listed in the table below (as applicable).

To the extent a Fund utilizes Invesco as an affiliated securities lending agent, the Fund conducts its securities lending in accordance with and in reliance upon no-action letters issued by the SEC staff that provide guidance on how an affiliate may act as a direct agent lender and receive compensation for those services without obtaining exemptive relief. The Board has approved policies and procedures that govern a Fund's securities lending activities when utilizing an affiliated securities lending agent, such as Invesco, consistent with the guidance set forth in the no-action letters.

Invesco serves as a securities lending agent to other clients in addition to the Funds. There are potential conflicts of interests involved in the Funds’ use of Invesco as an affiliated securities lending agent, including but not limited to: (i) Invesco as securities lending agent may have an incentive to increase or decrease the amount of securities on loan, lend particular securities, delay or forgo calling securities on loans, or lend securities to less creditworthy borrowers, in order to generate additional fees for Invesco and its affiliates; and (ii) Invesco as securities lending agent may have an incentive to allocate loans to clients that would provide more fees to Invesco. Invesco seeks to mitigate these potential conflicts of interest by utilizing a methodology designed to provide its securities lending clients with equal lending opportunities over time.

For the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, the income earned by the Funds, as well as the fees and/or compensation paid by the Funds (in dollars) pursuant to a securities lending agency/authorization agreement between the Trust, with respect to the Funds, and BNY Mellon, were as follows:

	Gross income from securities lending activities	Fees paid to Securities Lending Agent from a revenue split	Fees paid for any cash collateral management service (including fees deducted from a pooled cash collateral reinvestment vehicle) not included in the revenue split	Administrative fees not included in the revenue split	Indemnification fees not included in the revenue split	Rebate (paid to borrower)	Other fees not included in the revenue split	Aggregate fees/ compensation for securities lending activities	Net income from securities lending activities
Invesco American Franchise Fund	$3,987,949.72	$9,650.51	$500,354.00	$0.00	$0.00	$3,391,063.12	$0.00	$3,901,067.63	$86,882.09
Invesco Core Plus Bond Fund	22,222,418.00	84,999.39	397,134.00	0.00	0.00	20,974,856.30	0.00	21,456,989.69	765,428.31
Invesco Discovery Fund	174,315.82	2,863.01	10,281.00	0.00	0.00	135,403.55	0.00	148,547.56	25,768.26
Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund	1,149,405.09	3,424.94	48,257.00	0.00	0.00	1,066,890.46	0.00	1,118,572.40	30,832.69
Invesco Equally- Weighted S&P 500 Fund	7,271,112.21	17,522.02	253,255.00	0.00	0.00	6,842,547.84	0.00	7,113,324.86	157,787.35
Invesco Equity and Income Fund	7,940,450.74	27,387.74	166,233.00	0.00	0.00	7,500,235.91	0.00	7,693,856.65	246,594.09
Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund	139,138.60	453.25	9,407.00	0.00	0.00	125,196.71	0.00	135,056.96	4,081.64
Invesco Growth and Income Fund	614,233.09	5,928.63	24,997.00	0.00	0.00	529,943.63	0.00	560,869.26	53,363.83
Invesco Income Advantage U.S. Fund	3,998.78	16.88	3,281.00	0.00	0.00	547.29	0.00	3,845.17	153.61

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	Gross income from securities lending activities	Fees paid to Securities Lending Agent from a revenue split	Fees paid for any cash collateral management service (including fees deducted from a pooled cash collateral reinvestment vehicle) not included in the revenue split	Administrative fees not included in the revenue split	Indemnification fees not included in the revenue split	Rebate (paid to borrower)	Other fees not included in the revenue split	Aggregate fees/ compensation for securities lending activities	Net income from securities lending activities
Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund	2,890.89	292.07	1,341.00	0.00	0.00	(1,374.54)	0.00	258.53	2,632.36
Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund	795,065.54	1,950.04	49,888.00	0.00	0.00	725,655.53	0.00	777,493.57	17,571.97

For the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, BNY Mellon provided the following services for the Funds in connection with securities lending activities: (i) entering into loans with approved entities subject to guidelines or restrictions provided by the Funds; (ii) negotiating loan terms; (iii) receiving collateral from borrowers; (iv) collecting distributions from borrowers and crediting such distributions to the custodial account; (v) collecting securities loan fees and crediting them to the collateral account; (vi) terminating loans in its reasonable discretion or as directed by the Funds; (vii) effecting currency conversion transactions; (viii) investing and reinvesting cash collateral; (ix) maintaining books and records; and (x) acting as the Funds’ agent in connection with all aspects of (including establishment, maintenance, perfection, administration, performance of and realization upon) the security interest in, and lien and charge upon, the collateral.

For the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, the income earned by the Funds, as well as the fees and/or compensation paid by the Funds (in dollars) to Invesco pursuant to the affiliated securities lending agreement were as follows:

	Gross income from securities lending activities	Fees paid to Securities Lending Agent from a revenue split*	Fees paid for any cash collateral management service (including fees deducted from a pooled cash collateral reinvestment vehicle) not included in the revenue split	Administrative fees not included in the revenue split	Indemnification fees not included in the revenue split	Rebate (paid to borrower)	Other fees not included in the revenue split	Aggregate fees/ compensation for securities lending activities	Net income from securities lending activities
Invesco American Franchise Fund	$24,145,495.90	$14,176.11	$0.00	$56,708.26	$0.00	$23,401,940.50	$0.00	$23,472,824.87	$672,671.03
Invesco Core Plus Bond Fund	100,291.19	284.71	0.00	1,139.56	0.00	85,725.22	0.00	87,149.49	13,141.70
Invesco Discovery Fund	403,571.65	13,012.25	0.00	52,053.87	0.00	(404,913.21)	0.00	(339,847.09)	743,418.74
Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund	3,747,747.39	2,448.79	0.00	9,801.34	0.00	3,592,406.17	0.00	3,604,656.30	143,091.09
Invesco Equally- Weighted S&P 500 Fund	6,943,995.41	4,168.46	0.00	16,700.14	0.00	6,720,668.50	0.00	6,741,537.10	202,458.31
Invesco Equity and Income Fund	1,407,672.62	706.66	0.00	2,830.26	0.00	1,369,980.14	0.00	1,373,517.06	34,155.56
Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund	389,801.70	180.04	0.00	721.46	0.00	380,424.70	0.00	381,326.20	8,475.50

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	Gross income from securities lending activities	Fees paid to Securities Lending Agent from a revenue split*	Fees paid for any cash collateral management service (including fees deducted from a pooled cash collateral reinvestment vehicle) not included in the revenue split	Administrative fees not included in the revenue split	Indemnification fees not included in the revenue split	Rebate (paid to borrower)	Other fees not included in the revenue split	Aggregate fees/ compensation for securities lending activities	Net income from securities lending activities
Invesco Growth and Income Fund	807,317.29	436.33	0.00	1,746.22	0.00	784,018.21	0.00	786,200.76	21,116.53
Invesco Income Advantage U.S. Fund	181,084.84	112.43	0.00	487.64	0.00	137,691.71	0.00	138,291.78	42,793.06
Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund	71,409.58	192.85	0.00	784.86	0.00	59,202.91	0.00	60,180.62	11,228.96
Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund	2,005,822.35	1,143.16	0.00	4,595.14	0.00	1,945,951.97	0.00	1,951,690.27	54,132.08

*Paid to BNY Mellon.

Further, for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, Invesco provided the following services for the Funds in connection with affiliated securities lending activities: (i) identify available loan opportunities, (ii) negotiate loan terms; (iii) enter into loans with prime brokers subject to guidelines or restrictions provided by the Funds; (iv) input loan details into the securities lending platform; (v) monitor daily reports and data files of loan details to ensure compliance with applicable policies and requirements or restrictions of the securities lending program; (vi) monitor re-rate surveillance reports; (vii) re-negotiate loan rates and re-allocate or recall securities where necessary; and (viii) provide quarterly reports to the Securities Lending Governance Committee and to the Board on information required by Invesco’s policies and procedures for affiliated securities lending.

In addition, the Advisory Agreement describes administrative services to be rendered by Invesco under such Advisory Agreement if a Fund engages in securities lending activities, as well as the compensation Invesco may receive for such administrative services. Services to be provided include, where applicable: (a) overseeing participation in the securities lending program to ensure compliance with all applicable regulatory and investment guidelines; (b) assisting the securities lending agent or principal in determining which specific securities are available for loan; (c) monitoring the securities lending agent to ensure that securities loans are effected in accordance with Invesco’s instructions and with procedures adopted by the Board; (d) preparing appropriate periodic reports for, and seeking appropriate approvals from, the Board with respect to securities lending activities; (e) responding to securities lending agent inquiries; and (f) performing such other duties as may be necessary. Invesco also monitors the creditworthiness of the securities lending agent and borrowers to ensure that securities loans are effected in accordance with Invesco’s risk policies. The Advisory Agreement authorizes Invesco to receive a separate fee equal to 25% of the net monthly interest or fee income retained or paid to the Funds for the administrative services that Invesco renders in connection with securities lending. Invesco has contractually agreed, however, not to charge this fee under the Advisory Agreement and to obtain Board approval prior to charging such a fee in the future.

Portfolio Managers

Appendix H contains the following information regarding the portfolio managers identified in each Fund’s Prospectus:

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The dollar range of the managers’ investments in each Fund.

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A description of the managers’ compensation structure.

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Information regarding other accounts managed and potential conflicts of interest that might arise from the management of multiple accounts.

BROKERAGE ALLOCATION AND OTHER PRACTICES

Invesco and the Sub-Advisers have adopted compliance procedures that cover, among other items, brokerage allocation and other trading practices. If all or a portion of a Fund’s assets are managed by one or more Sub-Advisers, the decision to buy and sell securities and broker-dealer selection will be made by the Sub-Adviser for the assets it manages. Unless specifically noted, the Sub-Advisers’ brokerage allocation procedures do not materially differ from Invesco’s procedures. These same procedures also apply to the Subsidiary.

As discussed below, Invesco and the Sub-Advisers, unless prohibited by applicable law, may cause a Fund to pay a broker-dealer a commission for effecting a transaction that exceeds the amount another broker-dealer would have charged for effecting the same transaction in recognition of the value of brokerage and research services provided by that broker-dealer. Since January 3, 2018, under the European Union’s Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID II) and as implemented in the United Kingdom, European Union and United Kingdom investment advisers, including Invesco Deutschland and Invesco Asset Management, which may act as sub-adviser to certain Funds as described in such Funds' prospectuses, pay for research from broker-dealers directly out of their own resources, rather than through client commissions.

Brokerage Transactions

Placing trades generally involves acting on portfolio manager instructions to buy or sell a specified amount of portfolio securities, including selecting one or more broker-dealers, including affiliated and third-party broker-dealers, to execute the trades, and negotiating commissions and spreads. Various Invesco Ltd. subsidiaries have created a global equity trading desk. The global equity trading desk has assigned local traders in primary trading centers around the world to place equity securities trades in their regions. Invesco’s Americas desk, with locations in the United States and Canada (the Americas Desk), generally places trades of equity securities trading in North America, Canada and Latin America; the Asia Pacific desk, with locations in Hong Kong, Japan, Australia and China (the Asia Pacific Desk), generally places trades of equity securities trading in the Asia-Pacific markets; and the EMEA trading desk, with locations in the United Kingdom (the EMEA Desk), generally places trades of equity securities trading in European, Middle Eastern and African countries. Additionally, various Invesco Ltd. subsidiaries have created an alternatives trading desk that generally places trades in derivatives, options and foreign currency. Invesco, Invesco Canada, Invesco Japan, Invesco Deutschland, Invesco Hong Kong, Invesco Capital and Invesco Asset Management use the global equity trading desk and the alternatives desk to place trades. Other Sub-Advisers may use the global equity trading desk and the alternatives desk in the future. The trading procedures for the global trading desks are similar in all material respects.

References in the language below to actions by Invesco or a Sub-Adviser making determinations or taking actions related to equity trading include these entities’ delegation of these determinations/actions to the Americas Desk, the Asia Pacific Desk, and the EMEA Desk. Even when trading is delegated by Invesco or the Sub-Advisers to the various arms of the global equity trading desk or to the alternatives desk, Invesco or the Sub-Adviser that delegates trading is responsible for oversight of this trading activity.

Commissions

Invesco or the Sub-Advisers make decisions to buy and sell securities for each Fund, select broker-dealers (each, a Broker), effect the Funds’ investment portfolio transactions, allocate brokerage fees in such transactions and, where applicable, negotiate commissions and spreads on transactions. Invesco’s and the Sub-Advisers’ primary consideration in effecting a security transaction is to obtain best execution for a Fund such that the Fund’s total cost or proceeds in each transaction is the most favorable under the circumstances, including commissions, mark-ups or mark-downs which are reasonable in relation to the value of the research and brokerage services provided by the Broker. While Invesco and the Sub-Advisers seek reasonably

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competitive commission rates, the Funds may not pay the lowest commission or spread available. See “Broker Selection” below.

Some of the securities in which the Funds invest, such as fixed income securities, are traded in OTC markets. Portfolio transactions in such markets may be effected on a principal basis at net prices without commissions, but which include compensation to the Broker in the form of a mark-up or mark-down, or on an agency basis, which involves the payment of negotiated brokerage commissions to the Broker. Purchases of underwritten issues, which include initial public offerings and secondary offerings, include a commission or concession paid by the issuer (not the Funds) to the underwriter. Purchases of money market instruments may be made directly from issuers without the payment of commissions.

The Funds may engage in certain principal and agency transactions with banks and their affiliates that own 5% or more of the outstanding voting securities of a Fund, provided the conditions of an exemptive order received by the Invesco Funds from the SEC are met. In addition, a Fund may purchase or sell a security from or to certain other Invesco Funds or other client accounts managed by Invesco or a Sub-Adviser (and may invest in the Affiliated Money Market Funds) provided the Funds follow procedures adopted by the Boards of the various Invesco Funds, including the Trust. These inter-fund transactions generally do not generate brokerage commissions but may result in custodial fees or taxes or other related expenses.

Brokerage commissions paid by each of the Funds during the last three fiscal years ended August 31 are found in Appendix J.

Broker Selection

Invesco’s or the Sub-Advisers’ primary consideration in selecting Brokers to execute portfolio transactions for a Fund is to obtain best execution. In selecting a Broker to execute a portfolio transaction in equity or fixed income securities for a Fund, Invesco or the Sub-Advisers consider the full range and quality of a Broker’s services, including, but not limited to, the value of research and/or brokerage services provided (if permitted by applicable law or regulation), execution capability, commission rate, spread or mark-up or mark-down (as applicable), willingness to commit capital, anonymity and responsiveness. In each case, the determinative factor is not the lowest commission, spread or mark-up or mark-down available but whether the transaction represents the best qualitative execution for the Fund under the circumstances. Invesco and the Sub-Advisers will not select Brokers based upon their promotion or sale of Fund shares.

Unless prohibited by applicable law, such as MiFID II (described herein), in choosing Brokers to execute portfolio transactions for the Funds, Invesco or a Sub-Adviser may select Brokers that provide brokerage and/or research services (Soft Dollar Products) to Invesco or such Sub-Adviser. For the avoidance of doubt, European Union and United Kingdom investment advisers, including Invesco Deutschland and Invesco Asset Management, which may act as sub-adviser to certain Invesco Funds as described in such Funds’ prospectuses, must pay for research from Brokers directly out of their own resources, rather than through client commissions. Therefore, the use of the defined term “Sub-Advisers” throughout this section shall not be deemed to apply to those Sub-Advisers subject to the MiFID II prohibitions. Section 28(e) of the Exchange Act, provides that Invesco or a Sub-Adviser, under certain circumstances, lawfully may cause a client account to pay a higher commission than the lowest available. Under Section 28(e)(1), Invesco or the Sub-Adviser must make a good faith determination that the commissions paid are “reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage and research services provided ... viewed in terms of either that particular transaction or [Invesco’s or the Sub-Adviser’s] overall responsibilities with respect to the accounts as to which [it] exercises investment discretion.” The Soft Dollar Products provided by the Broker also must lawfully and appropriately assist Invesco or the Sub-Adviser in the performance of its investment decision-making responsibilities. Accordingly, a Fund may pay a Broker commissions that are higher than those charged by another Broker in recognition of the Broker’s provision of Soft Dollar Products to Invesco or the Sub-Advisers.

Invesco and the Sub-Advisers face a potential conflict of interest when they use client trades to obtain Soft Dollar Products. This conflict exists because Invesco and the Sub-Advisers are able to use the Soft Dollar Products to manage client accounts without paying cash for the Soft Dollar Products, which reduces Invesco’s or a Sub-Adviser’s expenses to the extent that Invesco or such Sub-Adviser would have purchased

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such products had they not been provided by Brokers. Additionally, Section 28(e) permits Invesco or a Sub-Adviser to use Soft Dollar Products for the benefit of any account it manages. Certain Invesco-managed client accounts (or client accounts managed by the Sub-Advisers) may generate soft dollar commissions used to purchase Soft Dollar Products that ultimately benefit other Invesco-managed client accounts (or the other Sub-Adviser managed accounts), effectively cross-subsidizing the other Invesco-managed client accounts (or the other Sub-Adviser-managed client accounts) that benefit directly from the product. Invesco or a Sub-Adviser may not use all of the Soft Dollar Products provided by Brokers through which a Fund effects securities transactions in connection with managing the Fund whose trades generated the soft dollar commissions used to purchase such products.

Fixed income trading normally does not generate soft dollar commissions to pay for Soft Dollar Products. Therefore, soft dollar commissions used to pay for Soft Dollar Products which are used to manage certain fixed income Invesco Funds or other fixed-income client accounts are generated entirely by equity-focused Invesco Funds and other equity-focused client accounts managed by Invesco. In other words, certain fixed income Invesco Funds are cross-subsidized by the equity Invesco Funds in that the fixed income Invesco Funds receive the benefit of Soft Dollar Products for which they do not pay. Similarly, other client accounts managed by Invesco or certain of its affiliates may benefit from Soft Dollar Products for which they do not pay.

Invesco and the Sub-Advisers attempt to reduce or eliminate the potential conflicts of interest concerning the use of Soft Dollar Products by directing client trades for Soft Dollar Products only if Invesco or the Sub-Adviser concludes that the Broker supplying the product is capable of providing best execution.

Certain Soft Dollar Products may be available directly from a vendor on a hard dollar basis; other Soft Dollar Products are available only through Brokers in exchange for soft dollars. Invesco and the Sub-Adviser use soft dollar commissions to purchase two types of Soft Dollar Products:

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proprietary research created by the Broker executing the trade, and

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other research and brokerage products and services created by third party vendors that are supplied to Invesco or the Sub-Advisers through the Broker executing the trade.

Proprietary research consists primarily of traditional research reports, recommendations and similar materials produced by the in-house research staffs of broker-dealer firms. This research includes evaluations and recommendations of specific companies or industry groups, as well as analyses of general economic and market conditions and trends, market data, contacts and other related information and assistance. Invesco periodically rates the quality of proprietary research produced by various Brokers. Based on the evaluation of the quality of information that Invesco receives from each Broker, Invesco develops an estimate of each Broker’s targeted share of Invesco clients’ commission dollars and attempts to direct trades to these firms to meet these estimates.

Soft Dollar Products are paid for by Invesco and Sub-Advisers using soft dollar commissions through one of two methods: full-service trading or commission sharing agreements (“CSAs”). In a full-service trading arrangement, the Broker itself provides proprietary research products and brokerage services to Invesco or the Sub-Adviser, and commissions paid to the Broker are retained by it to pay for both trade execution and the proprietary research products and brokerage services provided by it. In a CSA arrangement with a Broker, a portion of the commission paid to the Broker is made available by the Broker to Invesco or the Sub-Adviser to pay a third party for third party research and brokerage products and services.

Soft Dollar Products received from Brokers supplement Invesco’s and the Sub-Advisers’ own research (and the research of certain of its affiliates), and may include the following types of products and services:

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Database Services – comprehensive databases containing current and/or historical information on companies and industries and indices. Examples include historical securities prices, earnings estimates and financial data. These services may include software tools that allow the user to search the database or to prepare value-added analyses related to the investment process (such as forecasts and models used in the portfolio management process).

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●

Quotation/Trading/News Systems – products that provide real time market data information, such as pricing of individual securities and information on current trading, as well as a variety of news services.

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Economic Data/Forecasting Tools – various macroeconomic forecasting tools, such as economic data or currency and political forecasts for various countries or regions.

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Quantitative/Technical Analysis – software tools that assist in quantitative and technical analysis of investment data.

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Fundamental Company/Industry Analysis – company or industry specific fundamental investment research.

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Fixed Income Security Analysis – data and analytical tools that pertain specifically to fixed income securities. These tools assist in creating financial models, such as cash flow projections and interest rate sensitivity analyses, which are relevant to fixed income securities.

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Other Specialized Tools – other specialized products, such as consulting analyses, access to industry experts, and distinct investment expertise or custom built investment-analysis software.

Occasionally, Invesco or a Sub-Adviser will receive certain “mixed-use” research and brokerage services, a portion of the cost of which is eligible under Section 28(e) for payment with soft dollar commissions and a portion of which is not. In these instances, Invesco or the Sub-Adviser will make a reasonable allocation of the cost of the product or service according to its use and pay for only that portion of the cost that is eligible under Section 28(e) with soft dollar commission (and will pay for the remaining portion with its own resources).

Outside research assistance is useful to Invesco and the Sub-Advisers because the Brokers used by Invesco and the Sub-Advisers and the providers of other Soft Dollar Products tend to provide more in-depth analysis of a broader universe of securities and other matters than Invesco’s or the Sub-Advisers’ staff follow. In addition, such services provide Invesco or the Sub-Advisers with a diverse perspective on financial markets. In some cases, Soft Dollar Products are available only from the Broker providing them. In other cases, Soft Dollar Products may be obtainable from alternative sources in return for cash payments. Invesco and the Sub-Advisers believe that because Broker research supplements rather than replaces Invesco’s or the Sub-Advisers’ research, the receipt of such research tends to improve the quality of Invesco’s or the Sub-Advisers’ investment advice. The advisory fee paid by the Funds is not reduced because Invesco or the Sub-Advisers receive such services. To the extent the Funds' portfolio transactions are used to obtain Soft Dollar Products, the brokerage commissions charged to the Funds might exceed those that might otherwise have been paid.

Portfolio transactions may be effected through Brokers that recommend the Funds to their clients, or that act as agent in the purchase of a Fund’s shares for their clients, provided that Invesco or the Sub-Advisers believe such Brokers provide best execution and such transactions are executed in compliance with Invesco’s policy against using directed brokerage to compensate Brokers for promoting or selling Invesco Fund shares. Invesco and the Sub-Advisers will not enter into a binding commitment with Brokers to place trades with such Brokers involving brokerage commissions in precise amounts.

As noted above, under MiFID II, European Union and United Kingdom investment advisers, including Invesco Deutschland and Invesco Asset Management, are not permitted to use soft dollar commissions to pay for research from brokers but rather must pay for research out of their own profit and loss or have research costs paid by clients through research payment accounts that are funded by a specific client research charge or the research component of trade orders. Such payments for research must be unbundled from the payments for execution. As a result, Invesco Deutschland and Invesco Asset Management are restricted from using Soft Dollar Products in managing the Invesco Funds that they sub-advise.

The amount of brokerage commissions paid by the Funds to brokers for providing Section 28(e) research/brokerage services under Section 28(e) of the Exchange Act and the approximate dollar amount of the transactions involved for the last fiscal year or period, as applicable, ended August 31 is found in Appendix K.

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Affiliated Transactions

Invesco or a Sub-Adviser may place trades for equity securities with Invesco Capital Markets, Inc. (ICMI), a broker-dealer with whom it is affiliated, provided that Invesco or the Sub-Adviser determines that ICMI’s trade execution costs are at least comparable to those of non-affiliated brokerage firms with which Invesco or the Sub-Adviser could otherwise place similar trades for similar securities. ICMI receives brokerage commissions in connection with effecting trades for the Funds and, therefore, use of ICMI presents a conflict of interest for Invesco or a Sub-Adviser. Trades placed through ICMI, including the brokerage commissions paid to ICMI, are subject to procedures adopted by the Board that are designed to mitigate this conflict of interest.

Information regarding any brokerage commissions on affiliated transactions that the Funds may have paid for the last three fiscal years or periods, as applicable, ended August 31 may be found in Appendix J.

Regular Brokers

Information concerning the Funds' acquisition of securities of their Brokers during the last fiscal year or period, as applicable, ended August 31 is found in Appendix K.

Allocation of Portfolio Transactions

Invesco and the Sub-Advisers manage numerous Invesco Funds and other client accounts. Some of these client accounts may have investment objectives similar to the Funds. Frequently, identical securities will be appropriate for investment by multiple Invesco Funds or other client accounts. However, the position of each client account in the same security and the length of time that each client account may hold its investment in the same security may vary. Invesco or a Sub-Adviser will also determine the timing and amount of purchases for a client account based on its cash position. If the purchase or sale of securities is consistent with the investment policies of the Fund(s) and one or more other client accounts, and is considered at or about the same time, Invesco or the Sub-Adviser will allocate transactions in such securities among the Fund(s) and these client accounts on a pro rata basis based on order size or in such other manner believed by Invesco or the Sub-Adviser to be fair and equitable. In determining what is fair and equitable, Invesco or the Sub-Adviser can consider various factors, including how closely the investment opportunity matches the investment objective and strategy of a Fund or client account, the capital available to a Fund or client account, and which portfolio management team sourced the opportunity. Invesco or the Sub-Adviser may combine orders for the purchase or sale of securities and other investments for multiple client accounts, including the Funds, in accordance with applicable laws and regulations to obtain the most favorable execution. Aggregated transactions could, however, adversely affect a Fund’s ability to obtain or dispose of the full amount of a security which it seeks to purchase or sell.

Allocation of Initial Public Offering (IPO) Transactions

Certain of the Invesco Funds or other client accounts managed by Invesco or a Sub-Adviser may become interested in participating in IPOs. Purchases of IPOs by one Invesco Fund or other client account may also be considered for purchase by one or more other Invesco Funds or client accounts. Invesco combines indications of interest for IPOs for all Invesco Funds and client accounts desiring to purchase the securities to be issued in that IPO. When the full amount of all IPO orders for such Invesco Funds and client accounts cannot be filled completely, Invesco or the Sub-Adviser shall allocate such transactions in accordance with the following procedures.

Invesco or the Sub-Adviser may determine the eligibility of each Invesco Fund and client account that seeks to participate in a particular IPO by reviewing a number of factors, including market capitalization/liquidity suitability and sector/style suitability of the investment with the Invesco Fund’s or client account’s investment objective, policies, strategies and current holdings ,as well as the commitment to or level of interest in the particular issuer by the portfolio managers of such Invesco Fund or client account. Invesco or the Sub-Adviser will allocate securities issued in IPOs to eligible Invesco Funds and client accounts on a pro rata basis based on order size.

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PURCHASE, REDEMPTION, EXCHANGE AND PRICING OF SHARES

Please refer to Appendix L for information on Purchase, Redemption, Exchange and Pricing of Shares.

DIVIDENDS, DISTRIBUTIONS AND TAX MATTERS

Dividends and Distributions

The following discussion of dividends and distributions should be read in connection with the applicable sections in the Prospectus.

All dividends and distributions will be automatically reinvested in additional shares of the same class of a Fund unless the shareholder has requested in writing to receive such dividends and distributions in cash or that they be invested in shares of another Invesco Fund, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Prospectus under the caption “Purchasing Shares - Automatic Dividend and Distribution Investment.” Such dividends and distributions will be reinvested at the net asset value per share determined on the ex-dividend date.

The Fund calculates income dividends and capital gain distributions the same way for each class. The amount of any income dividends per share will differ, however, generally due to any differences in the distribution and service (Rule 12b-1) fees applicable to the classes, as well as any other expenses attributable to a particular class (Class Expenses). Class Expenses, including distribution plan expenses, must be allocated to the class for which they are incurred consistent with applicable legal principles under the 1940 Act.

Tax Matters

The following is a summary of certain additional tax considerations generally affecting the Fund and its shareholders that are not described in the Prospectus. No attempt is made to present a detailed explanation of the tax treatment of the Fund or its shareholders, and the discussion here and in the Prospectus is not intended as a substitute for careful tax planning.

This “Tax Matters” section is based on the Code and applicable regulations in effect on the date of this SAI. Future legislative, regulatory or administrative changes, including provisions of current law that sunset and thereafter no longer apply, or court decisions may significantly change the tax rules applicable to the Fund and its shareholders. Any of these changes or court decisions may have a retroactive effect.

This is for general information only and not tax advice. All investors should consult their own tax advisors as to the federal, state, local and foreign tax provisions applicable to them.

Taxation of the Fund. The Fund has elected and intends to qualify (or, if newly organized, intends to elect and qualify) each year as a “regulated investment company” (sometimes referred to as a regulated investment company, RIC or fund) under Subchapter M of the Code. If the Fund qualifies, the Fund will not be subject to federal income tax on the portion of its investment company taxable income (i.e., generally, taxable interest, dividends, net short-term capital gains and other taxable ordinary income net of expenses without regard to the deduction for dividends paid) and net capital gain (i.e., the excess of net long-term capital gains over net short-term capital losses) that it distributes to shareholders.

Qualification as a regulated investment company. In order to qualify for treatment as a regulated investment company, the Fund must satisfy the following requirements:

●

Distribution Requirement – the Fund must distribute an amount equal to the sum of at least 90% of its investment company taxable income and 90% of its net tax-exempt income, if any, for the tax year (certain distributions made by the Fund after the close of its tax year are considered distributions attributable to the previous tax year for purposes of satisfying this requirement).

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Income Requirement – the Fund must derive at least 90% of its gross income from dividends, interest, certain payments with respect to securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities or foreign currencies, or other income (including, but not limited to,

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gains from options, futures or forward contracts) derived from its business of investing in such stock, securities or currencies and net income derived from qualified publicly traded partnerships (QPTPs).

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Asset Diversification Test – the Fund must satisfy the following asset diversification test at the close of each quarter of the Fund’s tax year: (1) at least 50% of the value of the Fund’s assets must consist of cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, securities of other regulated investment companies, and securities of other issuers (as to which the Fund has not invested more than 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets in securities of an issuer and as to which the Fund does not hold more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of the issuer); and (2) no more than 25% of the value of the Fund’s total assets may be invested in the securities of any one issuer (other than U.S. government securities or securities of other regulated investment companies) or of two or more issuers which the Fund controls and which are engaged in the same or similar trades or businesses, or, collectively, in the securities of QPTPs.

In some circumstances, the character and timing of income realized by the Fund for purposes of the Income Requirement or the identification of the issuer for purposes of the Asset Diversification Test is uncertain under current law with respect to a particular investment, and an adverse determination or future guidance by the IRS with respect to such type of investment may adversely affect the Fund’s ability to satisfy these requirements. See “Tax Treatment of Portfolio Transactions” with respect to the application of these requirements to certain types of investments. In other circumstances, the Fund may be required to sell portfolio holdings in order to meet the Income Requirement, Distribution Requirement, or Asset Diversification Test, which may have a negative impact on the Fund’s income and performance. In lieu of potential disqualification, the Fund is permitted to pay a tax for certain failures to satisfy the Asset Diversification Test or Income Requirement, which, in general, are limited to those due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect.

The Fund may use “equalization accounting” (in lieu of making some cash distributions) in determining the portion of its income and gains that has been distributed. If the Fund uses equalization accounting, it will allocate a portion of its undistributed investment company taxable income and net capital gain to redemptions of Fund shares and will correspondingly reduce the amount of such income and gains that it distributes in cash. However, the Fund intends to make cash distributions for each taxable year in an aggregate amount that is sufficient to satisfy the Distribution Requirement without taking into account its use of equalization accounting. If the IRS determines that the Fund’s allocation is improper and that the Fund has under-distributed its income and gain for any taxable year, the Fund may be liable for federal income and/or excise tax.

If for any taxable year the Fund does not qualify as a regulated investment company, all of its taxable income (including its net capital gain) would be subject to tax at the corporate income tax rate without any deduction for dividends paid to shareholders, and the dividends would be taxable to the shareholders as ordinary income (or possibly as qualified dividend income) to the extent of the Fund’s current and accumulated earnings and profits. Failure to qualify as a regulated investment company thus would have a negative impact on the Fund’s income and performance. Subject to savings provisions for certain inadvertent failures to satisfy the Income Requirement or Asset Diversification Test which, in general, are limited to those due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect, it is possible that the Fund will not qualify as a regulated investment company in any given tax year. Even if such savings provisions apply, the Fund may be subject to a monetary sanction of $50,000 or more. Moreover, the Board reserves the right not to maintain the qualification of the Fund as a regulated investment company if it determines such a course of action to be beneficial to shareholders.

Portfolio turnover. For investors that hold their Fund shares in a taxable account, a high portfolio turnover rate (except in a money market fund that maintains a stable net asset value) may result in higher taxes. This is because a fund with a high turnover rate may accelerate the recognition of capital gains and more of such gains are likely to be taxable as short-term rather than long-term capital gains in contrast to a comparable fund with a low turnover rate. Any such higher taxes would reduce the Fund’s after-tax performance. See “Taxation of Fund Distributions — Capital gain dividends” below. For non-U.S. investors, any such acceleration of the recognition of capital gains that results in more short-term and less long-term capital gains

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being recognized by the Fund may cause such investors to be subject to increased U.S. withholding taxes. See “Foreign Shareholders — U.S. withholding tax at the source” below.

Capital loss carryovers. The capital losses of the Fund, if any, do not flow through to shareholders. Rather, the Fund may use its capital losses, subject to applicable limitations, to offset its capital gains without being required to pay taxes on or distribute to shareholders such gains that are offset by the losses. If the Fund has a “net capital loss” (that is, capital losses in excess of capital gains), the excess (if any) of the Fund’s net short-term capital losses over its net long-term capital gains is treated as a short-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year, and the excess (if any) of the Fund’s net long-term capital losses over its net short-term capital gains is treated as a long-term capital loss arising on the first day of the Fund’s next taxable year. Any such net capital losses of the Fund that are not used to offset capital gains may be carried forward indefinitely to reduce any future capital gains realized by the Fund in succeeding taxable years. The amount of capital losses that can be carried forward and used in any single year is subject to an annual limitation if there is a more than 50% “change in ownership” of the Fund. An ownership change generally results when shareholders owning 5% or more of the Fund increase their aggregate holdings by more than 50% over a three-year look-back period. An ownership change could result in capital loss carryovers being used at a slower rate thereby reducing the Fund’s ability to offset capital gains with those losses. An increase in the amount of taxable gains distributed to the Fund’s shareholders could result from an ownership change. The Fund undertakes no obligation to avoid or prevent an ownership change, which can occur in the normal course of shareholder purchases and redemptions or as a result of engaging in a tax-free reorganization with another fund. Moreover, because of circumstances beyond the Fund’s control, there can be no assurance that the Fund will not experience, or has not already experienced, an ownership change.

Deferral of late year losses. The Fund may elect to treat part or all of any “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year in determining the Fund’s taxable income, net capital gain, net short-term capital gain, and earnings and profits. The effect of this election is to treat any such “qualified late year loss” as if it had been incurred in the succeeding taxable year, which may change the timing, amount, or characterization of Fund distributions (see “Taxation of Fund Distributions — Capital gain dividends” below). A “qualified late year loss” includes:

(i) any net capital loss incurred after October 31 of the current taxable year, or, if there is no such loss, any net long-term capital loss or any net short-term capital loss incurred after October 31 of the current taxable year (post-October capital losses); and

(ii) the sum of (1) the excess, if any, of (a) specified losses incurred after October 31 of the current taxable year, over (b) specified gains incurred after October 31 of the current taxable year and (2) the excess, if any, of (a) ordinary losses incurred after December 31 of the current taxable year, over (b) the ordinary income incurred after December 31 of the current taxable year.

The terms “specified losses” and “specified gains” mean ordinary losses and gains from the sale, exchange, or other disposition of property (including the termination of a position with respect to such property), foreign currency losses and gains, and losses and gains resulting from holding stock in a passive foreign investment company (PFIC) for which a mark-to-market election is in effect. The terms “ordinary losses” and “ordinary income” mean other ordinary losses and income that are not described in the preceding sentence.

Special rules apply to a fund with a fiscal year ending in November or December that elects to use its taxable year for determining its capital gain net income for excise tax purposes.

Undistributed capital gains. The Fund may retain or distribute to shareholders its net capital gain for each taxable year. The Fund currently intends to distribute net capital gains. If the Fund elects to retain its net capital gain, the Fund will be taxed thereon (except to the extent of any available capital loss carryovers) at the corporate income tax rate. If the Fund elects to retain its net capital gain, it is expected that the Fund also will elect to have shareholders treated as if each received a distribution of its pro rata share of such gain, with the result that each shareholder will be required to report its pro rata share of such gain on its tax return as

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long-term capital gain, will receive a refundable tax credit for its pro rata share of tax paid by the Fund on the gain and will increase the tax basis for its shares by an amount equal to the deemed distribution less the tax credit.

Asset allocation funds. If the Fund is a fund of funds, asset allocation fund, or a feeder fund in a master-feeder structure (collectively referred to as a “fund of funds” which invests in one or more underlying funds taxable as regulated investment companies) distributions by the underlying funds, redemptions of shares in the underlying funds and changes in asset allocations may result in taxable distributions to shareholders of ordinary income or capital gains. A fund of funds (other than a feeder fund in a master-feeder structure) generally will not be able currently to offset gains realized by one underlying fund in which the fund of funds invests against losses realized by another underlying fund. If shares of an underlying fund are purchased within 30 days before or after redeeming at a loss other shares of that underlying fund (whether pursuant to a rebalancing of the Fund’s portfolio or otherwise), all or a part of the loss will not be deductible by the Fund and instead will increase its basis for the newly purchased shares. Also, except with respect to a qualified fund of funds, a fund of funds (a) is not eligible to pass-through to shareholders foreign tax credits from an underlying fund that pays foreign income taxes and (b) is not eligible to pass-through to shareholders exempt-interest dividends from an underlying fund. A qualified fund of funds, i.e., a fund at least 50 percent of the value of the total assets of which (at the close of each quarter of the taxable year) is represented by interests in other RICs, is eligible to pass-through to shareholders (a) foreign tax credits and (b) exempt-interest dividends. Also a fund of funds, whether or not it is a qualified fund of funds, is eligible to pass-through to shareholders qualified dividends earned by an underlying fund (see “Taxation of Fund Distributions — Qualified dividend income for individuals” and “— Corporate dividends-received deduction” below). However, dividends paid to shareholders by a fund of funds from interest earned by an underlying fund on U.S. government obligations are unlikely to be exempt from state and local income tax.

Federal excise tax. To avoid a 4% non-deductible excise tax, the Fund must distribute by December 31 of each year an amount equal to at least: (1) 98% of its ordinary income for the calendar year, (2) 98.2% of capital gain net income (the excess of the gains from sales or exchanges of capital assets over the losses from such sales or exchanges) for the one-year period ended on October 31 of such calendar year (or, at the election of a regulated investment company having a taxable year ending November 30 or December 31, for its taxable year), and (3) any prior year undistributed ordinary income and capital gain net income. The Fund may elect to defer to the following year any net ordinary loss incurred for the portion of the calendar year which is after the beginning of the Fund’s taxable year. Also, the Fund will defer any “specified gain” or “specified loss” which would be properly taken into account for the portion of the calendar after October 31. Any net ordinary loss, specified gain, or specified loss deferred shall be treated as arising on January 1 of the following calendar year. Generally, the Fund may make sufficient distributions to avoid liability for federal income and excise tax, but can give no assurances that all or a portion of such liability will be avoided. In addition, under certain circumstances temporary timing or permanent differences in the realization of income and expense for book and tax purposes can result in the Fund having to pay an excise tax.

Foreign income tax. Investment income received by the Fund from sources within foreign countries may be subject to foreign income tax withheld at the source, and the amount of tax withheld generally will be treated as an expense of the Fund. The United States has entered into tax treaties with many foreign countries that entitle the Fund to a reduced rate of, or exemption from, tax on such income. Some countries require the filing of a tax reclaim or other forms to receive the benefit of the reduced tax rate; whether or when the Fund will receive the tax reclaim is within the control of the individual country. Information required on these forms may not be available such as shareholder information; therefore, the Fund may not receive the reduced treaty rates or potential reclaims. Other countries have conflicting and changing instructions and restrictive timing requirements which may cause the Fund not to receive the reduced treaty rates or potential reclaims. Other countries may subject capital gains realized by the Fund on sale or disposition of securities of that country to taxation. These and other factors may make it difficult for the Fund to determine in advance the effective rate of tax on its investments in certain countries. Under certain circumstances, the Fund may elect to pass-through certain eligible foreign income taxes paid by the Fund to shareholders, although it reserves the right not to do so. If the Fund makes such an election and obtains a refund of foreign taxes paid by the

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Fund in a prior year, the Fund may be eligible to reduce the amount of foreign taxes reported by the Fund to its shareholders, generally by the amount of the foreign taxes refunded, for the year in which the refund is received. Certain foreign taxes imposed on the Fund's investments, such as a foreign financial transaction tax, may not be creditable against U.S. income tax liability or eligible for pass through by the Fund to its shareholders.

As a result of several court cases, in certain countries across the European Union, the Fund may have filed additional tax reclaims for previously withheld taxes on dividends earned in those countries ("EU reclaims"). For U.S. income tax purposes, EU reclaims plus interest received by the Fund, if any, reduce the amount of foreign taxes Fund shareholders can use as tax deductions or credits on their income tax returns, if any. Any interest received that offsets such foreign taxes is required to be reported to the shareholder as additional dividend income from the Fund and included in the shareholder's gross income. In the event that EU reclaims received by the Fund during a fiscal year exceed foreign withholding taxes paid by the Fund, and the Fund previously passed through to its shareholders foreign taxes incurred by the Fund to be used as a credit or deduction on a shareholder's income tax return, the Fund will enter into a closing agreement with the IRS in order to pay the associated tax liability on behalf of the Fund's shareholders.

Taxation of Fund Distributions (All Funds). The Fund anticipates distributing substantially all of its investment company taxable income and net capital gain for each taxable year. Distributions by the Fund will be treated in the manner described below, regardless of whether such distributions are paid in cash or reinvested in additional shares of the Fund (or of another Fund). The Fund will send you information annually as to the federal income tax consequences of distributions made (or deemed made) during the year.

Distributions of ordinary income. The Fund receives income generally in the form of dividends and/or interest on its investments. The Fund may also recognize ordinary income from other sources, including, but not limited to, certain gains on foreign currency-related transactions. This income, less expenses incurred in the operation of the Fund, constitutes the Fund’s net investment income from which dividends may be paid to you. If you are a taxable investor, distributions of net investment income generally are taxable as ordinary income to the extent of the Fund’s earnings and profits. In the case of a Fund whose strategy includes investing in stocks of corporations, a portion of the income dividends paid to you may be qualified dividends eligible to be taxed at reduced rates.

Capital gain dividends. Taxes on distributions of capital gains are determined by how long the Fund owned the investments that generated them, rather than how long a shareholder has owned his or her shares. In general, the Fund will recognize long-term capital gain or loss on the sale or other disposition of assets it has owned for more than one year, and short-term capital gain or loss on investments it has owned for one year or less. Distributions of net capital gain (the excess of net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss) that are properly reported by the Fund to shareholders as capital gain dividends generally will be taxable to a shareholder receiving such distributions as long-term capital gain. Long-term capital gain rates applicable to individuals are 0%, 15% or 20% depending on the nature of the capital gain and the individual’s taxable income. Distributions of net short-term capital gains for a taxable year in excess of net long-term capital losses for such taxable year generally will be taxable to a shareholder receiving such distributions as ordinary income.

Qualified dividend income for individuals. Ordinary income dividends reported by the Fund to shareholders as derived from qualified dividend income will be taxed in the hands of individuals and other noncorporate shareholders at the rates applicable to long-term capital gain. Qualified dividend income means dividends paid to the Fund (a) by domestic corporations, (b) by foreign corporations that are either (i) incorporated in a possession of the United States, or (ii) are eligible for benefits under certain income tax treaties with the United States that include an exchange of information program, or (c) with respect to stock of a foreign corporation that is readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. Both the Fund and the investor must meet certain holding period requirements to qualify Fund dividends for this treatment. Income derived from investments in derivatives, fixed-income securities, PFICs, and income received “in lieu of” dividends in a securities lending transaction generally is not eligible for treatment as qualified dividend income. If the qualifying dividend income received by the Fund is equal to 95% (or a greater

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percentage) of the Fund’s gross income (exclusive of net capital gain) in any taxable year, all of the ordinary income dividends paid by the Fund will be qualifying dividend income.

Qualified REIT dividends. Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act “qualified REIT dividends” (i.e., ordinary REIT dividends other than capital gain dividends and portions of REIT dividends designated as qualified dividend income) are treated as eligible for a 20% deduction by noncorporate taxpayers. This deduction, if allowed in full, equates to a maximum effective tax rate of 29.6% (37% top rate applied to income after 20% deduction). A Fund may choose to report the special character of “qualified REIT dividends” to a shareholder, provided both the Fund and a shareholder meet certain holding period requirements with respect to their shares. A noncorporate shareholder receiving such dividends would treat them as eligible for the 20% deduction, provided the RIC shares were held by the shareholder for more than 45 days during the 91-day period beginning on the date that is 45 days before the date on which the shares become ex-dividend with respect to such dividend. The amount of a RIC’s dividends eligible for the 20% deduction for a taxable year is limited to the excess of the RIC’s qualified REIT dividends for the taxable year over allocable expenses.

Corporate dividends-received deduction. Ordinary income dividends reported by the Fund to shareholders as derived from qualified dividends from domestic corporations will qualify for the 50% dividends-received deduction generally available to corporations. The availability of the dividends-received deduction is subject to certain holding period and debt financing restrictions imposed under the Code on the corporation claiming the deduction. Income derived by the Fund from investments in derivatives, fixed-income and foreign securities generally is not eligible for this treatment.

Return of capital distributions. Distributions by the Fund that are not paid from earnings and profits will be treated as a return of capital to the extent of (and in reduction of) the shareholder’s tax basis in his shares; any excess will be treated as gain from the sale of his shares. Thus, the portion of a distribution that constitutes a return of capital will decrease the shareholder’s tax basis in his Fund shares (but not below zero), and will result in an increase in the amount of gain (or decrease in the amount of loss) that will be recognized by the shareholder for tax purposes on the later sale of such Fund shares. Return of capital distributions can occur for a number of reasons including, among others, the Fund over-estimates the income to be received from certain investments such as those classified as partnerships or equity REITs. See “Tax Treatment of Portfolio Transactions – Investments in U.S. REITs”.

Impact of realized but undistributed income and gains, and net unrealized appreciation of portfolio securities. At the time of your purchase of shares (except in a money market fund that maintains a stable net asset value), the Fund’s net asset value may reflect undistributed income, undistributed capital gains, or net unrealized appreciation of portfolio securities held by the Fund. A subsequent distribution to you of such amounts, although constituting a return of your investment, would be taxable and would be taxed as either ordinary income (some portion of which may be taxed as qualified dividend income) or capital gain unless you are investing through a tax-advantaged arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or an individual retirement account. The Fund may be able to reduce the amount of such distributions by utilizing its capital loss carryovers, if any.

Pass-through of foreign tax credits. If more than 50% of the value of the Fund’s total assets at the end of a fiscal year is invested in foreign securities, or if the Fund is a qualified fund of funds (i.e., a fund at least 50 percent of the value of the total assets of which, at the close of each quarter of the taxable year, is represented by interests in other RICs), the Fund may elect to “pass-through” to the Fund’s shareholders the amount of foreign income tax paid by the Fund (the Foreign Tax Election) in lieu of deducting such amount in determining its investment company taxable income. Pursuant to the Foreign Tax Election, shareholders will be required (i) to include in gross income, even though not actually received, their respective pro-rata shares of the foreign income tax paid by the Fund that are attributable to any distributions they receive; and (ii) either to deduct their pro-rata share of foreign tax in computing their taxable income or to use it (subject to various Code limitations) as a foreign tax credit against federal income tax (but not both). No deduction for foreign tax may be claimed by a noncorporate shareholder who does not itemize deductions or who is subject to the alternative minimum tax. Shareholders may be unable to claim a credit for the full amount of their proportionate shares of the foreign income tax paid by the Fund due to certain limitations that may apply. The

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Fund reserves the right not to pass-through to its shareholders the amount of foreign income taxes paid by the Fund. Additionally, any foreign tax withheld on payments made “in lieu of” dividends or interest will not qualify for the pass-through of foreign tax credits to shareholders. See “Tax Treatment of Portfolio Transactions — Securities lending” below.

Tax credit bonds. If the Fund holds, directly or indirectly, one or more “tax credit bonds” (including build America bonds, clean renewable energy bonds and qualified tax credit bonds) on one or more applicable dates during a taxable year, the Fund may elect to permit its shareholders to claim a tax credit on their income tax returns equal to each shareholder’s proportionate share of tax credits from the applicable bonds that otherwise would be allowed to the Fund. In such a case, shareholders must include in gross income (as interest) their proportionate share of the income attributable to their proportionate share of those offsetting tax credits. A shareholder’s ability to claim a tax credit associated with one or more tax credit bonds may be subject to certain limitations imposed by the Code. (Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, build America bonds, clean renewable energy bonds and certain other qualified bonds may no longer be issued after December 31, 2017.) Even if the Fund is eligible to pass-through tax credits to shareholders, the Fund may choose not to do so.

U.S. government interest. Income earned on certain U.S. government obligations is exempt from state and local personal income taxes if earned directly by you. States also grant tax-free status to dividends paid to you from interest earned on direct obligations of the U.S. government, subject in some states to minimum investment or reporting requirements that must be met by the Fund. Income on investments by the Fund in certain other obligations, such as repurchase agreements collateralized by U.S. government obligations, commercial paper and federal agency-backed obligations (e.g., GNMA or FNMA obligations), generally does not qualify for tax-free treatment. The rules on exclusion of this income are different for corporations. If the Fund is a fund of funds, see “Taxation of the Fund — Asset allocation funds.”

Dividends declared in December and paid in January. Ordinarily, shareholders are required to take distributions by the Fund into account in the year in which the distributions are made. However, dividends declared in October, November or December of any year and payable to shareholders of record on a specified date in such a month will be deemed to have been received by the shareholders (and made by the Fund) on December 31 of such calendar year if such dividends are actually paid in January of the following year. Shareholders will be advised annually as to the U.S. federal income tax consequences of distributions made (or deemed made) during the year in accordance with the guidance that has been provided by the IRS.

Medicare tax. A 3.8% Medicare tax is imposed on net investment income earned by certain individuals, estates and trusts. “Net investment income,” for these purposes, means investment income, including ordinary dividends and capital gain distributions received from the Fund and net gains from redemptions or other taxable dispositions of Fund shares, reduced by the deductions properly allocable to such income. In the case of an individual, the tax will be imposed on the lesser of (1) the shareholder’s net investment income or (2) the amount by which the shareholder’s modified adjusted gross income exceeds $250,000 (if the shareholder is married and filing jointly or a surviving spouse), $125,000 (if the shareholder is married and filing separately) or $200,000 (in any other case). This Medicare tax, if applicable, is reported by you on, and paid with, your federal income tax return. Net investment income does not include exempt-interest dividends.

Taxation of Fund Distributions (Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund and Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund). Each Fund intends to qualify each year to pay exempt-interest dividends by satisfying the requirement that at the close of each quarter of the Fund's taxable year at least 50% of the Fund's total assets consists of Municipal Securities, which are exempt from federal income tax.

Exempt-interest dividends. Distributions from the Fund will constitute exempt-interest dividends to the extent of the Fund’s tax-exempt interest income (net of allocable expenses and amortized bond premium). Exempt-interest dividends distributed to shareholders of the Fund are excluded from gross income for federal income tax purposes. However, shareholders required to file a federal income tax return will be required to report the receipt of exempt-interest dividends on their returns. Moreover, while exempt-interest dividends are excluded from gross income for federal income tax purposes, they may be subject to alternative minimum tax

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(AMT) in certain circumstances for noncorporate taxpayers and may have other collateral tax consequences as discussed below.

Distributions of ordinary income and capital gains. Any gain or loss from the sale or other disposition of a tax-exempt security generally is treated as either long-term or short-term capital gain or loss, depending upon its holding period, and is fully taxable as described in " Taxation of Fund Distributions - Capital gain dividends". However, gain recognized from the sale or other disposition of Municipal Security purchased after April 30, 1993, will be treated as ordinary income to the extent of the accrued market discount on such security. Distributions by the Fund of ordinary income and capital gains will be taxable to shareholders as discussed under “Taxation of Fund Distributions (All Funds) – Distributions of ordinary income.”

Alternative minimum tax – private activity bonds. AMT is imposed in addition to, but only to the extent it exceeds, the regular tax and is computed at a maximum rate of 28% for non-corporate taxpayers on the excess of the taxpayer’s alternative minimum taxable income (AMTI) over an exemption amount. Exempt-interest dividends derived from certain “private activity” Municipal Securities issued after August 7, 1986, generally will constitute an item of tax preference includable in AMTI for non-corporate taxpayers. However, tax-exempt interest on private activity bonds issued in 2009 and 2010 is not an item of tax preference for purposes of the AMT.

Effect on taxation of social security benefits; denial of interest deduction; “substantial users.” Exempt-interest dividends must be taken into account in computing the portion, if any, of social security or railroad retirement benefits that must be included in an individual shareholder’s gross income subject to federal income tax. Further, a shareholder of the Fund is denied a deduction for interest on indebtedness incurred or continued to purchase or carry shares of the Fund. Moreover, a shareholder who is (or is related to) a “substantial user” of a facility financed by industrial development bonds held by the Fund likely will be subject to tax on dividends paid by the Fund that are derived from interest on such bonds. Receipt of exempt-interest dividends may result in other collateral federal income tax consequences to certain taxpayers, including financial institutions, property and casualty insurance companies and foreign corporations engaged in a trade or business in the United States.

Exemption from state tax. To the extent that exempt-interest dividends are derived from interest on obligations of a state or its political subdivisions or from interest on qualifying U.S. territorial obligations (including qualifying obligations of Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Guam), they also may be exempt from that state’s personal income taxes. Most states, however, do not grant tax-free treatment to interest on state and municipal securities of other states.

Failure of a Municipal Security to qualify to pay exempt-interest. Failure of the issuer of a tax-exempt security to comply with certain legal or contractual requirements relating to a Municipal Security could cause interest on the Municipal Security, as well as Fund distributions derived from this interest, to become taxable, perhaps retroactively to the date the Municipal Security was issued. In such a case, the Fund may be required to report to the IRS and send to shareholders amended Forms 1099 for a prior taxable year in order to report additional taxable income. This in turn could require shareholders to file amended federal and state income tax returns for such prior year to report and pay tax and interest on their pro rata share of the additional amount of taxable income.

Distributions of ordinary income. The Fund may invest a portion of its assets in securities that pay taxable interest. The Fund also may distribute to you any market discount and net short-term capital gains from the sale of its portfolio securities. If you are a taxable investor, Fund distributions from this income are taxable to you as ordinary income to the extent of the Fund’s earnings and profits. None of the dividends paid by the Fund will qualify for the dividends-received deduction in the case of corporate shareholders or as qualified dividend income subject to reduced rates of taxation in the case of noncorporate shareholders. Provided the Fund otherwise satisfies the Distribution Requirement, the Fund reserves the right to retain, and not distribute to shareholders, income and gains taxable as ordinary income, in which case the Fund would be subject to tax at the corporate income tax rate.

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Sale or Redemption of Fund Shares. A shareholder will recognize gain or loss on the sale or redemption of shares of the Fund in an amount equal to the difference between the proceeds of the sale or redemption and the shareholder’s adjusted tax basis in the shares. If you owned your shares as a capital asset, any gain or loss that you realize will be considered capital gain or loss and will be long-term capital gain or loss if the shares were held for longer than one year. Capital losses in any year are deductible only to the extent of capital gains plus, in the case of a noncorporate taxpayer, $3,000 of ordinary income.

Tax basis information. The Fund is required to report to you and the IRS annually on Form 1099 B the cost basis of shares purchased or acquired on or after January 1, 2012 where the cost basis of the shares is known by the Fund (referred to as covered shares) and which are disposed of after that date. However, cost basis reporting is not required for certain shareholders, including shareholders investing in the Fund through a tax-advantaged retirement account, such as a 401(k) plan or an individual retirement account, or shareholders investing in a money market fund that maintains a stable net asset value. When required to report cost basis, the Fund will calculate it using the Fund’s default method of average cost, unless you instruct the Fund to use a different calculation method. In general, average cost is the total cost basis of all your shares in an account divided by the total number of shares in the account. To determine whether short-term or long-term capital gains taxes apply, the IRS presumes you redeem your oldest shares first.

The IRS permits the use of several methods to determine the cost basis of mutual fund shares. The method used will determine which specific shares are deemed to be sold when there are multiple purchases on different dates at differing share prices, and the entire position is not sold at one time. The Fund does not recommend any particular method of determining cost basis, and the use of other methods may result in more favorable tax consequences for some shareholders. It is important that you consult with your tax advisor to determine which method is best for you and then notify the Fund if you intend to utilize a method other than average cost for covered shares.

In addition to the Fund’s default method of average cost, other cost basis methods offered by Invesco, which you may elect to apply to covered shares, include:

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First-In, First-Out — shares acquired first in the account are the first shares depleted.

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Last-In, First-Out — shares acquired last in the account are the first shares depleted.

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High Cost — shares acquired with the highest cost per share are the first shares depleted.

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Low Cost — shares acquired with the lowest cost per share are the first shares depleted.

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Loss/Gain Utilization — depletes shares with losses before gains, consistent with the objective of minimizing taxes. For shares that yield a loss, shares owned one year or less (short-term) will be depleted ahead of shares owned more than one year (long-term). For gains, long-term shares will be depleted ahead of short-term gains.

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Specific Lot Identification — shareholder selects which lots to deplete at time of each disposition. Transaction amount must be in shares. If insufficient shares are identified at the time of disposition, then a secondary default method of first-in, first-out will be applied.

You may elect any of the available methods detailed above for your covered shares. If you do not notify the Fund of your elected cost basis method, the default method of average cost will be applied to your covered shares upon redemption. The cost basis for covered shares will be calculated separately from any “noncovered shares” (defined below) you may own. You may change or revoke the use of the average cost method and revert to another cost basis method if you notify the Fund by the date of the first sale, exchange, or other disposition of your covered shares. In addition, you may change to another cost basis method at any time by notifying the Fund, but only for shares acquired after the date of the change (the change is prospective). The basis of the shares that were averaged before the change will remain averaged after the date of the change.

The Fund may also provide Fund shareholders (but not the IRS) with information concerning the average cost basis of their shares purchased prior to January 1, 2012 (noncovered shares) in order to assist you with

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the calculation of gain or loss from a sale or redemption of noncovered shares. With the exception of the specific lot identification method, Invesco first depletes noncovered shares in first-in, first-out order before applying your elected method to your remaining covered shares. If you want to deplete your shares in a different order then you must elect specific lot identification and choose the lots you wish to deplete first. Shareholders that use the average cost method for noncovered shares must make the election to use the average cost method for these shares on their federal income tax returns in accordance with Treasury regulations. This election for noncovered shares cannot be made by notifying the Fund.

The Fund will compute and report the cost basis of your Fund shares sold or exchanged by taking into account all of the applicable adjustments to cost basis and holding periods as required by the Code and Treasury regulations for purposes of reporting these amounts to you and, in the case of covered shares, to the IRS. However, the Fund is not required to, and in many cases the Fund does not possess the information to, take all possible basis, holding period or other adjustments into account in reporting cost basis information to you. Therefore, shareholders should carefully review the cost basis information provided by the Fund, whether this information is provided pursuant to compliance with cost basis reporting requirements for shares acquired on or after January 1, 2012, or is provided by the Fund as a service to shareholders for shares acquired prior to that date, and make any additional basis, holding period or other adjustments that are required by the Code and Treasury regulations when reporting these amounts on their federal income tax returns. Shareholders remain solely responsible for complying with all federal income tax laws when filing their federal income tax returns.

If you hold your Fund shares through a broker (or other nominee), please contact that broker (nominee) with respect to the reporting of cost basis and available elections for your account. For more information about the cost basis methods offered by Invesco, please refer to the Tax Center located under the Account Access & Forms menu of our website at www.invesco.com/us.

Wash sale rule. All or a portion of any loss so recognized may be deferred under the wash sale rules if the shareholder purchases other shares of the Fund within 30 days before or after the sale or redemption. Any loss disallowed under these rules will be added to your tax basis in the new Shares.

Sales at a loss within six months of purchase. Any capital loss arising from the sale or redemption of shares held for six months or less will be treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of the amount of capital gain dividends received on such shares. In the case of shares in a Tax-Free Fund, any such loss will be disallowed to the extent of any exempt-interest dividends that were received within the six-month period. However, this rule does not apply to any loss incurred on a sale or redemption of shares of a Tax-Free Fund that declares exempt-interest dividends daily and distributes them at least monthly for which your holding period began after December 22, 2010.

Deferral of basis ― any class that bears a front-end sales load. If a shareholder (a) incurs a sales load in acquiring shares of the Fund, (b) disposes of such shares less than 91 days after they are acquired, and (c) subsequently acquires shares of the Fund or another Fund by January 31 of the calendar year following the calendar year in which the disposition of the original shares occurred at a reduced sales load pursuant to a right to reinvest at such reduced sales load acquired in connection with the acquisition of the shares disposed of, then the sales load on the shares disposed of (to the extent of the reduction in the sales load on the shares subsequently acquired) shall not be taken into account in determining gain or loss on the shares disposed of, but shall be treated as incurred on the acquisition of the shares subsequently acquired. The wash sale rules may also limit the amount of loss that may be taken into account on disposition after such adjustment.

Conversion of shares of the Fund into other shares of the same Fund. The conversion of shares of one class of the Fund into shares of another class of the same Fund is not taxable for federal income tax purposes and no gain or loss will be reported on the transaction. This is true whether the conversion occurs automatically pursuant to the terms of the class or is initiated by the shareholder. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors regarding the state and local tax consequences of a conversion of shares.

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Exchange of shares of the Fund for shares of another Fund. The exchange of shares in one Fund for shares of another Fund is taxable for federal income tax purposes and the exchange will be reported as a taxable sale. An exchange occurs when the purchase of shares of a Fund is made using the proceeds from a redemption of shares of another Fund and is effectuated on the same day as the redemption. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors regarding the state and local tax consequences of an exchange of shares.

Reportable transactions. Under Treasury regulations, if a shareholder recognizes a loss with respect to the Fund’s shares of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder (or certain greater amounts over a combination of years), the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.

Tax Treatment of Portfolio Transactions. Set forth below is a general description of the tax treatment of certain types of securities, investment techniques and transactions that may apply to a fund. This section should be read in conjunction with the discussion under “Description of the Funds and their Investments and Risks — Investment Strategies and Risks” for a detailed description of the various types of securities and investment techniques that apply to the Fund.

In general. In general, gain or loss recognized by a fund on the sale or other disposition of portfolio investments will be a capital gain or loss. Such capital gain and loss may be long-term or short-term depending, in general, upon the length of time a particular investment position is maintained and, in some cases, upon the nature of the transaction. Property held for more than one year generally will be eligible for long-term capital gain or loss treatment. The application of certain rules described below may serve to alter the manner in which the holding period for a security is determined or may otherwise affect the characterization as long-term or short-term, and also the timing of the realization and/or character, of certain gains or losses.

Certain fixed-income investments. Gain recognized on the disposition of a debt obligation purchased by a fund at a market discount (generally, at a price less than its principal amount) will be treated as ordinary income to the extent of the portion of the market discount that accrued during the period of time the fund held the debt obligation unless the fund made a current inclusion election to accrue market discount into income as it accrues. If a fund purchases a debt obligation (such as a zero coupon security or pay-in-kind security) that was originally issued at a discount, the fund generally is required to include in gross income each year the portion of the original issue discount that accrues during such year. Therefore, a fund’s investment in such securities may cause the fund to recognize income and make distributions to shareholders before it receives any cash payments on the securities. To generate cash to satisfy those distribution requirements, a fund may have to sell portfolio securities that it otherwise might have continued to hold or to use cash flows from other sources such as the sale of fund shares.

Investments in debt obligations that are at risk of or in default present tax issues for a fund. Tax rules are not entirely clear about issues such as whether and to what extent a fund should recognize market discount on a debt obligation, when a fund may cease to accrue interest, original issue discount or market discount, when and to what extent a fund may take deductions for bad debts or worthless securities and how a fund should allocate payments received on obligations in default between principal and income. These and other related issues will be addressed by a fund in order to ensure that it distributes sufficient income to preserve its status as a regulated investment company.

Options, futures, forward contracts, swap agreements and hedging transactions. In general, option premiums received by a fund are not immediately included in the income of the fund. Instead, the premiums are recognized when the option contract expires, the option is exercised by the holder, or the fund transfers or otherwise terminates the option (e.g., through a closing transaction). If an option written by a fund is exercised and the fund sells or delivers the underlying stock, the fund generally will recognize capital gain or loss equal to (a) the sum of the strike price and the option premium received by the fund minus (b) the fund’s basis in the stock. Such gain or loss generally will be short-term or long-term depending upon the holding period of the underlying stock. If securities are purchased by a fund pursuant to the exercise of a put option written by it,

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the fund generally will subtract the premium received from its cost basis in the securities purchased. The gain or loss with respect to any termination of a fund’s obligation under an option other than through the exercise of the option and related sale or delivery of the underlying stock generally will be short-term gain or loss depending on whether the premium income received by the fund is greater or less than the amount paid by the fund (if any) in terminating the transaction. Thus, for example, if an option written by a fund expires unexercised, the fund generally will recognize short-term gain equal to the premium received.

The tax treatment of certain futures contracts entered into by a fund as well as listed non-equity options written or purchased by the fund on U.S. exchanges (including options on futures contracts, broad-based equity indices and debt securities) may be governed by section 1256 of the Code (section 1256 contracts). Gains or losses on section 1256 contracts generally are considered 60% long-term and 40% short-term capital gains or losses (60/40), although certain foreign currency gains and losses from such contracts may be treated as ordinary in character. Also, any section 1256 contracts held by a fund at the end of each taxable year (and, for purposes of the 4% excise tax, on certain other dates as prescribed under the Code) are “marked-to-market” with the result that unrealized gains or losses are treated as though they were realized and the resulting gain or loss is treated as ordinary or 60/40 gain or loss, as applicable. Section 1256 contracts do not include any interest rate swap, currency swap, basis swap, interest rate cap, interest rate floor, commodity swap, equity swap, equity index swap, credit default swap or similar agreement.

In addition to the special rules described above in respect of options and futures transactions, a fund’s transactions in other derivative instruments (including options, forward contracts and swap agreements) as well as its other hedging, short sale, or similar transactions, may be subject to one or more special tax rules (including the constructive sale, notional principal contract, straddle, wash sale and short sale rules). These rules may affect whether gains and losses recognized by a fund are treated as ordinary or capital or as short-term or long-term, accelerate the recognition of income or gains to the fund, defer losses to the fund, and cause adjustments in the holding periods of the fund’s securities. These rules, therefore, could affect the amount, timing and/or character of distributions to shareholders. Moreover, because the tax rules applicable to derivative financial instruments are in some cases uncertain under current law, an adverse determination or future guidance by the IRS with respect to these rules (which determination or guidance could be retroactive) may affect whether a fund has made sufficient distributions and otherwise satisfied the relevant requirements to maintain its qualification as a regulated investment company and avoid a fund-level tax.

Certain of a fund’s investments in derivatives and foreign currency-denominated instruments, and the fund’s transactions in foreign currencies and hedging activities, may produce a difference between its book income and its taxable income. If a fund’s book income is less than the sum of its taxable income and net tax-exempt income (if any), the fund could be required to make distributions exceeding book income to qualify as a regulated investment company. If a fund’s book income exceeds the sum of its taxable income and net tax-exempt income (if any), the distribution of any such excess will be treated as (i) a dividend to the extent of the fund’s remaining earnings and profits (including current earnings and profits arising from tax-exempt income, reduced by related deductions), (ii) thereafter, as a return of capital to the extent of the recipient’s basis in the shares, and (iii) thereafter, as gain from the sale or exchange of a capital asset.

Foreign currency transactions. A fund’s transactions in foreign currencies, foreign currency-denominated debt obligations and certain foreign currency options, futures contracts and forward contracts (and similar instruments) may give rise to ordinary income or loss to the extent such income or loss results from fluctuations in the value of the foreign currency concerned. This treatment could increase or decrease a fund’s ordinary income distributions to you, and may cause some or all of the fund’s previously distributed income to be classified as a return of capital. In certain cases, a fund may make an election to treat such gain or loss as capital.

PFIC investments. A fund may invest in securities of foreign companies that may be classified under the Code as PFICs. In general, a foreign company is classified as a PFIC if at least one-half of its assets constitute investment-type assets or 75% or more of its gross income is investment-type income. When investing in PFIC securities, a fund intends to mark-to-market these securities under certain provisions of the Code and recognize any unrealized gains as ordinary income at the end of the fund’s fiscal and excise tax

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years. Deductions for losses are allowable only to the extent of any current or previously recognized gains. These gains (reduced by allowable losses) are treated as ordinary income that a fund is required to distribute, even though it has not sold or received dividends from these securities. You should also be aware that the designation of a foreign security as a PFIC security will cause its income dividends to fall outside of the definition of qualified foreign corporation dividends. These dividends generally will not qualify for the reduced rate of taxation on qualified dividends when distributed to you by a fund. Foreign companies are not required to identify themselves as PFICs. Due to various complexities in identifying PFICs, a fund can give no assurances that it will be able to identify portfolio securities in foreign corporations that are PFICs in time for the fund to make a mark-to-market election. If a fund is unable to identify an investment as a PFIC and thus does not make a mark-to-market election, the fund may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a portion of any “excess distribution” or gain from the disposition of such shares even if such income is distributed as a taxable dividend by the fund to its shareholders. Additional charges in the nature of interest may be imposed on a fund in respect of deferred taxes arising from such distributions or gains.

Investments in non-U.S. REITs. While non-U.S. REITs often use complex acquisition structures that seek to minimize taxation in the source country, an investment by a fund in a non-U.S. REIT may subject the fund, directly or indirectly, to corporate taxes, withholding taxes, transfer taxes and other indirect taxes in the country in which the real estate acquired by the non-U.S. REIT is located. The fund's pro rata share of any such taxes will reduce the fund's return on its investment. A fund's investment in a non-U.S. REIT may be considered an investment in a PFIC, as discussed above in “Tax Treatment of Portfolio Transactions – PFIC investments.” Additionally, foreign withholding taxes on distributions from the non-U.S. REIT may be reduced or eliminated under certain tax treaties, as discussed above in “Taxation of the Fund – Foreign income tax.” Also, the fund in certain limited circumstances may be required to file an income tax return in the source country and pay tax on any gain realized from its investment in the non-U.S. REIT under rules similar to those in the United States which tax foreign persons on gain realized from dispositions of interests in U.S. real estate.

Investments in U.S. REITs. A U.S. REIT is not subject to federal income tax on the income and gains it distributes to shareholders. Dividends paid by a U.S. REIT, other than capital gain distributions, will be taxable as ordinary income up to the amount of the U.S. REIT’s current and accumulated earnings and profits. Capital gain dividends paid by a U.S. REIT to a fund will be treated as long-term capital gains by the fund and, in turn, may be distributed by the fund to its shareholders as a capital gain distribution. Because of certain noncash expenses, such as property depreciation, an equity U.S. REIT’s cash flow may exceed its taxable income. The equity U.S. REIT, and in turn a fund, may distribute this excess cash to shareholders in the form of a return of capital distribution. However, if a U.S. REIT is operated in a manner that fails to qualify as a REIT, an investment in the U.S. REIT would become subject to double taxation, meaning the taxable income of the U.S. REIT would be subject to federal income tax at the corporate income tax rate without any deduction for dividends paid to shareholders and the dividends would be taxable to shareholders as ordinary income (or possibly as qualified dividend income) to the extent of the U.S. REIT’s current and accumulated earnings and profits. Also, see “Tax Treatment of Portfolio Transactions — Investment in taxable mortgage pools (excess inclusion income)” and “Foreign Shareholders — U.S. withholding tax at the source” with respect to certain other tax aspects of investing in U.S. REITs.

Investment in taxable mortgage pools (excess inclusion income). Under a Notice issued by the IRS, the Code and Treasury regulations to be issued, a portion of a fund’s income from a U.S. REIT that is attributable to the REIT’s residual interest in a real estate mortgage investment conduit (REMIC) or equity interests in a “taxable mortgage pool” (referred to in the Code as an excess inclusion) will be subject to federal income tax in all events. The excess inclusion income of a regulated investment company, such as a fund, will be allocated to shareholders of the regulated investment company in proportion to the dividends received by such shareholders, with the same consequences as if the shareholders held the related REMIC residual interest or, if applicable, taxable mortgage pool directly. In general, excess inclusion income allocated to shareholders (i) cannot be offset by net operating losses (subject to a limited exception for certain thrift institutions), (ii) will constitute unrelated business taxable income (UBTI) to entities (including qualified pension plans, individual retirement accounts, 401(k) plans, Keogh plans or other tax-exempt entities) subject

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to tax on UBTI, thereby potentially requiring such an entity that is allocated excess inclusion income, and otherwise might not be required to file a tax return, to file a tax return and pay tax on such income, and (iii) in the case of a foreign stockholder, will not qualify for any reduction in U.S. federal withholding tax. In addition, if at any time during any taxable year a “disqualified organization” (which generally includes certain cooperatives, governmental entities, and tax-exempt organizations not subject to tax on UBTI) is a record holder of a share in a regulated investment company, then the regulated investment company will be subject to a tax equal to that portion of its excess inclusion income for the taxable year that is allocable to the disqualified organization, multiplied by the corporate income tax rate. The Notice imposes certain reporting requirements upon regulated investment companies that have excess inclusion income. Code Section 860E(f) further provides that, except as provided in regulations (which have not been issued), with respect to any variable contract (as defined in section 817), there shall be no adjustment in the reserve to the extent of any excess inclusion. There can be no assurance that a fund will not allocate to shareholders excess inclusion income.

These rules are potentially applicable to a fund with respect to any income it receives from the equity interests of certain mortgage pooling vehicles, either directly or, as is more likely, through an investment in a U.S. REIT. It is unlikely that these rules will apply to a fund that has a non-REIT strategy.

Investments in partnerships and QPTPs. For purposes of the Income Requirement, income derived by a fund from a partnership that is not a QPTP will be treated as qualifying income only to the extent such income is attributable to items of income of the partnership that would be qualifying income if realized directly by the fund. While the rules are not entirely clear with respect to a fund investing in a partnership outside a master-feeder structure, for purposes of testing whether a fund satisfies the Asset Diversification Test, the fund generally is treated as owning a pro rata share of the underlying assets of a partnership. See “Taxation of the Fund — Qualification as a regulated investment company.” In contrast, different rules apply to a partnership that is a QPTP. A QPTP is a partnership (a) the interests in which are traded on an established securities market, (b) that is treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes, and (c) that derives less than 90% of its income from sources that satisfy the Income Requirement (e.g., because it invests in commodities). All of the net income derived by a fund from an interest in a QPTP will be treated as qualifying income but the fund may not invest more than 25% of its total assets in one or more QPTPs. However, there can be no assurance that a partnership classified as a QPTP in one year will qualify as a QPTP in the next year. Any such failure to annually qualify as a QPTP might, in turn, cause a fund to fail to qualify as a regulated investment company. Although, in general, the passive loss rules of the Code do not apply to RICs, such rules do apply to a fund with respect to items attributable to an interest in a QPTP. Fund investments in partnerships, including in QPTPs, may result in the fund being subject to state, local or foreign income, franchise or withholding tax liabilities.

If an MLP is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes (whether or not a QPTP), all or portion of the dividends received by a fund from the MLP likely will be treated as a return of capital for U.S. federal income tax purposes because of accelerated deductions available with respect to the activities of such MLPs. Further, because of these accelerated deductions, on the disposition of interests in such an MLP, a fund likely will realize taxable income in excess of economic gain with respect to those MLP interests (or if the fund does not dispose of the MLP, the fund could realize taxable income in excess of cash flow with respect to the MLP in a later period), and the fund must take such income into account in determining whether the fund has satisfied its Distribution Requirement. A fund may have to borrow or liquidate securities to satisfy its Distribution Requirement and to meet its redemption requests, even though investment considerations might otherwise make it undesirable for the fund to sell securities or borrow money at such time. In addition, any gain recognized, either upon the sale of a fund’s MLP interest or sale by the MLP of property held by it, including in excess of economic gain thereon, treated as so-called “recapture income,” will be treated as ordinary income. Therefore, to the extent a fund invests in MLPs, fund shareholders might receive greater amounts of distributions from the fund taxable as ordinary income than they otherwise would in the absence of such MLP investments.

Although MLPs are generally expected to be treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes, some MLPs may be treated as PFICs or “regular” corporations for U.S. federal income tax

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purposes. The treatment of particular MLPs for U.S. federal income tax purposes will affect the extent to which a fund can invest in MLPs and will impact the amount, character, and timing of income recognized by the Fund.

Investments in commodities, structured notes, corporate subsidiary and certain ETFs. Gains from the disposition of commodities, including precious metals, will neither be considered qualifying income for purposes of satisfying the Income Requirement nor qualifying assets for purposes of satisfying the Asset Diversification Test. See “Taxation of the Fund — Qualification as a regulated investment company.” Also, the IRS has issued a revenue ruling which holds that income derived from commodity-linked swaps is not qualifying income for purposes of the Income Requirement. In a subsequent revenue ruling, as well as in a number of follow-on private letter rulings (upon which only the fund that received the private letter ruling may rely), the IRS provides that income from certain alternative investments which create commodity exposure, such as certain commodity-linked or structured notes or a corporate subsidiary that invests in commodities, may be considered qualifying income under the Code.

However, the portion of such rulings relating to the treatment of a corporation as a regulated investment company that require a determination of whether a financial instrument or position is a security under section 2(a)(36) of the 1940 Act was revoked because of changes in the IRS’s position. (A financial instrument or position that constitutes a security under section 2(a)(36) of the 1940 Act generates qualifying income for a corporation taxed as a regulated investment company.) Accordingly, a fund may invest in certain commodity-linked notes relying on an opinion of counsel confirming that income from such investments should be qualifying income because such commodity-linked notes constitute securities under section 2(a)(36) of the 1940 Act. In addition, a RIC may gain exposure to commodities through investment in a QPTP, such as an exchange-traded fund or ETF that is classified as a partnership and which invests in commodities, or through investment in a wholly-owned foreign subsidiary that is treated as a controlled foreign corporation for federal income tax purposes. Treasury regulations treat “Subpart F” income (defined in Section 951 of the Code to include passive income such as income from commodity-linked derivatives) as qualifying income, even if a foreign corporation, such as a wholly-owned foreign subsidiary, does not make a distribution of such income. If a distribution is made, such income will be treated as a dividend by the Funds to the extent that, under applicable provisions of the Code, there is a distribution out of the earnings and profits of the foreign corporation attributable to the distribution. Accordingly, the extent to which a fund directly invests in commodities or commodity-linked derivatives may be limited by the Income Requirement and the Asset Diversification Test, which the fund must continue to satisfy to maintain its status as a regulated investment company. A fund also may be limited in its ability to sell its investments in commodities, commodity-linked derivatives, and certain ETFs or be forced to sell other investments to generate income due to the Income Requirement. If a fund does not appropriately limit such investments or if such investments (or the income earned on such investments) were to be recharacterized for U.S. tax purposes, the fund could fail to qualify as a regulated investment company. In lieu of potential disqualification, a fund is permitted to pay a tax for certain failures to satisfy the Asset Diversification Test or Income Requirement, which, in general, are limited to those due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect.

Securities lending. While securities are loaned out by a fund, the fund generally will receive from the borrower amounts equal to any dividends or interest paid on the borrowed securities. For federal income tax purposes, payments made “in lieu of” dividends are not considered dividend income. These distributions will neither qualify for the reduced rate of taxation for individuals on qualified dividends nor the 50% dividends-received deduction for corporations. Also, any foreign tax withheld on payments made “in lieu of” dividends or interest will not qualify for the pass-through of foreign tax credits to shareholders. Additionally, in the case of a fund with a strategy of investing in tax-exempt securities, any payments made “in lieu of” tax-exempt interest will be considered taxable income to the fund, and thus, to the investors, even though such interest may be tax-exempt when paid to the borrower.

Investments in convertible securities. Convertible debt is ordinarily treated as a “single property” consisting of a pure debt interest until conversion, after which the investment becomes an equity interest. If the security is issued at a premium (i.e., for cash in excess of the face amount payable on retirement), the creditor-holder may amortize the premium over the life of the bond. If the security is issued for cash at a price

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below its face amount, the creditor-holder must accrue original issue discount in income over the life of the debt. The creditor-holder’s exercise of the conversion privilege is treated as a nontaxable event. Mandatorily convertible debt (e.g., an exchange-traded note or ETN issued in the form of an unsecured obligation that pays a return based on the performance of a specified market index, exchange currency, or commodity) is often, but not always, treated as a contract to buy or sell the reference property rather than debt. Similarly, convertible preferred stock with a mandatory conversion feature is ordinarily, but not always, treated as equity rather than debt. Dividends received may be qualified dividend income and eligible for the corporate dividends-received deduction. In general, conversion of preferred stock for common stock of the same corporation is tax-free. Conversion of preferred stock for cash is a taxable redemption. Any redemption premium for preferred stock that is redeemable by the issuing company might be required to be amortized under original issue discount principles. A change in the conversion ratio or conversion price of a convertible security on account of a dividend paid to the issuer’s other shareholders may result in a deemed distribution of stock to the holders of the convertible security equal to the value of their increased interest in the equity of the issuer. Thus, an increase in the conversion ratio of a convertible security can be treated as a taxable distribution of stock to a holder of the convertible security (without a corresponding receipt of cash by the holder) before the holder has converted the security.

Tax Certification and Backup Withholding. Tax certification and backup withholding tax laws may require that you certify your tax information when you become an investor in the Fund. For U.S. citizens and resident aliens, this certification is made on IRS Form W-9. Under these laws, the Fund must withhold a portion of your taxable distributions and sales proceeds unless you:

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provide your correct Social Security or taxpayer identification number;

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certify that this number is correct;

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certify that you are not subject to backup withholding; and

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certify that you are a U.S. person (including a U.S. resident alien).

The Fund also must withhold if the IRS instructs it to do so. When withholding is required, the amount will be 24% of any distributions or proceeds paid. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld may be credited against the shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, provided the appropriate information is furnished to the IRS. Certain payees and payments are exempt from backup withholding and information reporting.

Non-U.S. investors have special U.S. tax certification requirements. See “Foreign Shareholders — Tax certification and backup withholding.”

Foreign Shareholders. Shareholders who, as to the United States, are nonresident alien individuals, foreign trusts or estates, foreign corporations, or foreign partnerships (foreign shareholder), may be subject to U.S. withholding and estate tax and are subject to special U.S. tax certification requirements.

Taxation of a foreign shareholder depends on whether the income from the Fund is “effectively connected” with a U.S. trade or business carried on by such shareholder.

U.S. withholding tax at the source. If the income from the Fund is not effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business carried on by a foreign shareholder, distributions to such shareholder will be subject to U.S. withholding tax at the rate of 30% (or lower treaty rate) upon the gross amount of the distribution, subject to certain exemptions including those for dividends reported by the Fund to shareholders as:

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exempt-interest dividends paid by the Fund from its net interest income earned on municipal securities;

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capital gain dividends paid by the Fund from its net long-term capital gains (other than those from disposition of a U.S. real property interest), unless you are a nonresident alien present in the United States for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the calendar year; and

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interest-related dividends paid by the Fund from its qualified net interest income from U.S. sources and short-term capital gain dividends.

However, the Fund does not intend to utilize the exemptions for interest-related dividends paid and short-term capital gain dividends paid. Moreover, notwithstanding such exemptions from U.S. withholding at the source, any dividends and distributions of income and capital gains, including the proceeds from the sale of your Fund shares, will be subject to backup withholding at a rate of 24% if you fail to properly certify that you are not a U.S. person.

Foreign shareholders may be subject to U.S. withholding tax at a rate of 30% on the income resulting from an election to pass-through foreign tax credits to shareholders, but may not be able to claim a credit or deduction with respect to the withholding tax for the foreign tax treated as having been paid by them.

Amounts reported by the Fund to shareholders as capital gain dividends (a) that are attributable to certain capital gain dividends received from a qualified investment entity (QIE) (generally defined as either (i) a U.S. REIT or (ii) a RIC classified as a “U.S. real property holding corporation” or which would be if the exceptions for holding 5% or less of a class of publicly traded shares or an interest in a domestically controlled QIE did not apply), or (b) that are realized by the Fund on the sale of a “U.S. real property interest” (including gain realized on the sale of shares in a QIE other than one that is domestically controlled), will not be exempt from U.S. federal income tax and may be subject to U.S. withholding tax at the rate of 30% (or lower treaty rate) if the Fund by reason of having a REIT strategy is classified as a QIE. If the Fund is so classified, foreign shareholders owning more than 5% of the Fund’s shares may be treated as realizing gain from the disposition of a U.S. real property interest, causing Fund distributions to be subject to U.S. withholding tax at the corporate income tax rate, and requiring the filing of a nonresident U.S. income tax return. In addition, if the Fund is classified as a QIE, anti-avoidance rules apply to certain wash sale transactions. Namely, if the Fund is a domestically controlled QIE and a foreign shareholder disposes of the Fund’s shares prior to the Fund paying a distribution attributable to the disposition of a U.S. real property interest and the foreign shareholder later acquires an identical stock interest in a wash sale transaction, the foreign shareholder may still be required to pay U.S. tax on the Fund’s distribution. Also, the sale of shares of the Fund, if classified as a “U.S. real property holding corporation,” could also be considered a sale of a U.S. real property interest with any resulting gain from such sale being subject to U.S. tax as income “effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business.”

Income effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business. If the income from the Fund is effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business carried on by a foreign shareholder, then ordinary income dividends, capital gain dividends and any gains realized upon the sale or redemption of shares of the Fund will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at the rates applicable to U.S. citizens or domestic corporations and require the filing of a nonresident U.S. income tax return.

Tax certification and backup withholding. Foreign shareholders may have special U.S. tax certification requirements to avoid backup withholding (at a rate of 24%) and, if applicable, to obtain the benefit of any income tax treaty between the foreign shareholder’s country of residence and the United States. To claim these tax benefits, the foreign shareholder must provide a properly completed Form W-8BEN (or other Form W-8, where applicable, or their substitute forms) to establish his or her status as a non-U.S. investor, to claim beneficial ownership over the assets in the account, and to claim, if applicable, a reduced rate of or exemption from withholding tax under the applicable treaty. A Form W-8BEN provided without a U.S. taxpayer identification number remains in effect for a period of three years beginning on the date that it is signed and ending on the last day of the third succeeding calendar year. However, non-U.S. investors must advise the Fund of any changes of circumstances that would render the information given on the form incorrect, and must then provide a new W-8BEN to avoid the prospective application of backup withholding. Forms W-8BEN with U.S. taxpayer identification numbers remain valid indefinitely, or until the investor has a change of circumstances that renders the form incorrect and necessitates a new form and tax certification. Certain payees and payments are exempt from backup withholding.

Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA). Under FATCA, the Fund will be required to withhold a 30% tax on income dividends made by the Fund to certain foreign entities, referred to as foreign financial

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institutions (FFI) or non-financial foreign entities (NFFE). After December 31, 2018, FATCA withholding also would have applied to certain capital gain distributions, return of capital distributions and the proceeds arising from the sale of Fund shares; however, based on proposed regulations issued by the IRS, which can be relied upon currently, such withholding is no longer required unless final regulations provide otherwise (which is not expected). The FATCA withholding tax generally can be avoided: (a) by an FFI, if it reports certain direct and indirect ownership of foreign financial accounts held by U.S. persons with the FFI and (b) by an NFFE, if it: (i) certifies that it has no substantial U.S. persons as owners or (ii) if it does have such owners, reporting information relating to them. The U.S. Treasury has negotiated intergovernmental agreements (IGA) with certain countries and is in various stages of negotiations with a number of other foreign countries with respect to one or more alternative approaches to implement FATCA.

An FFI can avoid FATCA withholding if it is deemed compliant or by becoming a “participating FFI,” which requires the FFI to enter into a U.S. tax compliance agreement with the IRS under section 1471(b) of the Code (FFI agreement) under which it agrees to verify, report and disclose certain of its U.S. accountholders and meet certain other specified requirements. The FFI will either report the specified information about the U.S. accounts to the IRS, or, to the government of the FFI’s country of residence (pursuant to the terms and conditions of applicable law and an applicable IGA entered into between the U.S. and the FFI’s country of residence), which will, in turn, report the specified information to the IRS. An FFI that is resident in a country that has entered into an IGA with the U.S. to implement FATCA will be exempt from FATCA withholding provided that the FFI shareholder and the applicable foreign government comply with the terms of such agreement.

An NFFE that is the beneficial owner of a payment from the Fund can avoid the FATCA withholding tax generally by certifying that it does not have any substantial U.S. owners or by providing the name, address and taxpayer identification number of each substantial U.S. owner. The NFFE will report the information to the Fund or other applicable withholding agent, which will, in turn, report the information to the IRS.

Such foreign shareholders also may fall into certain exempt, excepted or deemed compliant categories as established by U.S. Treasury regulations, IGAs, and other guidance regarding FATCA. An FFI or NFFE that invests in the Fund will need to provide the Fund with documentation properly certifying the entity’s status under FATCA in order to avoid FATCA withholding. Non-U.S. investors should consult their own tax advisors regarding the impact of these requirements on their investment in the Fund. The requirements imposed by FATCA are different from, and in addition to, the U.S. tax certification rules to avoid backup withholding described above. Shareholders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of these requirements to their own situation.

U.S. estate tax. Transfers by gift of shares of the Fund by a foreign shareholder who is a nonresident alien individual will not be subject to U.S. federal gift tax. An individual who, at the time of death, is a foreign shareholder will nevertheless be subject to U.S. federal estate tax with respect to shares at the graduated rates applicable to U.S. citizens and residents, unless a treaty exemption applies. If a treaty exemption is available, a decedent’s estate may nonetheless need to file a U.S. estate tax return to claim the exemption in order to obtain a U.S. federal transfer certificate. The transfer certificate will identify the property (i.e., Fund shares) as to which the U.S. federal estate tax lien has been released. In the absence of a treaty, there is a $13,000 statutory estate tax credit (equivalent to an estate with assets of $60,000).

Local Tax Considerations. Rules of state and local taxation of ordinary income, qualified dividend income and capital gain dividends may differ from the rules for U.S. federal income taxation described above. Distributions may also be subject to additional state, local and foreign taxes depending on each shareholder’s particular situation.

DISTRIBUTION OF SECURITIES

Distributor

The Trust has entered into a master distribution agreement, as amended, relating to the Funds (the Distribution Agreement) with Invesco Distributors, Inc. (Invesco Distributors), a registered broker-dealer and a

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wholly-owned subsidiary of Invesco Ltd., pursuant to which Invesco Distributors acts as the distributor of shares of the Funds. The address of Invesco Distributors is 11 Greenway Plaza, Houston, TX 77046-1173. Certain trustees and officers of the Trust are affiliated with Invesco Distributors. See “Management of the Trust.” In addition to the Funds, Invesco Distributors serves as distributor to many other mutual funds that are offered to retail investors. The following Distribution of Securities information is about all of the Invesco Funds that offer retail and/or Class R5 or Class R6 shares. Not all Invesco Funds offer all share classes.

The Distribution Agreement provides Invesco Distributors with the exclusive right to distribute shares of the Funds on a continuous basis directly and through other broker-dealers and other financial intermediaries with whom Invesco Distributors has entered into selected dealer and/or similar agreements. Invesco Distributors has not undertaken to sell any specified number of shares of any classes of the Funds.

Invesco Distributors expects to pay sales commissions from its own resources to dealers and institutions who sell Class C and Class R shares of the Funds at the time of such sales.

Invesco Distributors may pay sales commissions to dealers and institutions who sell Class C shares of the Invesco Funds at the time of such sales. Payments for Class C shares generally equal 1.00% of the purchase price of the Class C shares sold by the dealer or institution, consisting of a sales commission of 0.75% of the purchase price of the Class C shares sold plus an advance of the first year service fee of up to 0.25% for such shares. Invesco Distributors will retain all payments received by it relating to Class C shares for the first year after they are purchased. The portion of the payments to Invesco Distributors under the Class C Plan that constitutes an asset-based sales charge (0.75%) is intended in part to permit Invesco Distributors to recoup a portion of the sales commissions to dealers plus financing costs, if any. After the first full year, Invesco Distributors will make payments to dealers and institutions based on the average net asset value of Class C shares that are attributable to shareholders for whom the dealers and institutions are designated as dealers of record. These payments will consist of an asset-based sales charge of 0.75% and a service fee of up to 0.25%.

Invesco Distributors may pay dealers and institutions who sell Class R shares an annual fee of 0.50% of average daily net assets. These payments will consist of an asset-based fee of 0.25% and a service fee of 0.25%. Invesco Distributors will make payments to dealers and institutions based on the average net asset value of Class R shares that are attributable to shareholders for whom the dealers and institutions are designated as dealers of record.

The Trust (on behalf of any class of any Invesco Fund) or Invesco Distributors may terminate the Distribution Agreements on 60 days’ written notice without penalty. The Distribution Agreements will terminate automatically in the event of its assignment.

Total sales charges (front end and CDSCs) paid in connection with the sale of shares of each class of each Fund, if applicable, for the last three fiscal years are found in Appendix O.

Distribution Plans

The Trust has adopted three different forms of distribution plans pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act for the Funds’ Class A shares, Class C shares, Class R shares and Investor Class shares, as applicable (each, a Plan, and together, the Plans).

The following Funds, pursuant to their Compensation Plan, pay Invesco Distributors compensation at the annual rate, shown immediately below, of the Fund's average daily net assets of the applicable class.

Fund	Class A	Class C	Class R	Investor Class
Invesco Core Plus Bond Fund	0.25%	1.00%	0.50%	N/A
Invesco Discovery Fund	See below	1.00%	0.50%	N/A
Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund	See below	1.00%	0.50%	N/A
Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund	0.25%	0.75%	0.50%	N/A
Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund	0.25%	1.00%	N/A	N/A
Invesco Income Advantage U.S. Fund	0.25%	1.00%	0.50%	0.25%

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Fund	Class A	Class C	Class R	Investor Class
Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund	See below	1.00%	0.50%	N/A
Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund	See below	N/A	N/A	N/A
Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund	See below	1.00%	N/A	N/A

The following Funds, pursuant to their Reimbursement Plan (Distribution and Service), reimburse Invesco Distributors in an amount up to the annual rate, shown immediately below, of the Fund’s average daily net assets of the applicable class.

Fund	Class A	Class C	Class R
Invesco American Franchise Fund	0.25%	1.00%	0.50%
Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund	0.25%	1.00%	0.50%
Invesco Equity and Income Fund	0.25%	1.00%	0.50%
Invesco Growth and Income Fund	0.25%	1.00%	0.50%
Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund	0.25%	1.00%	N/A
Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund	0.25%	See above	N/A

The following Funds, pursuant to their Reimbursement Plan (Service Only), reimburse Invesco Distributors in an amount up to the annual rate, shown immediately below, of the Fund’s average daily net assets of the applicable class.

Fund	Class A	Class C	Class R
Invesco Discovery Fund	0.25%	See above	See above
Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund	0.25%	See above	See above
Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund	0.25%	See above	See above
Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund	0.25%	N/A	N/A

The Compensation Plan compensates and the Reimbursement Plan (Distribution and Service) reimburses Invesco Distributors for expenses incurred for the purpose of financing any activity that is primarily intended to result in the sale of shares of the Funds. Such activities include, but are not limited to, the following: printing and distributing prospectuses and reports used for sales purposes, preparing and distributing sales literature (and any related services), advertisements, payment of dealer commissions and wholesaler compensation in connection with sales of certain Fund's Class A shares exceeding a certain amount set forth in the prospectus for such Fund (for which the Fund imposes no sales charge) and other distribution-related services permitted by Rule 12b-1. The Reimbursement Plan (Service Only) reimburses Invesco Distributors for expenses incurred for shareholder services provided for existing shareholders of a Fund.

Payments pursuant to the Plans are subject to any applicable limitations imposed by FINRA rules.

See Appendix M for a list of the amounts paid by each class of shares of each Fund to Invesco Distributors pursuant to the Plans for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, and Appendix N for an estimate by category of the allocation of actual fees paid by each class of shares of each Fund pursuant to its respective distribution plan for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024.

As required by Rule 12b-1, the Plans were approved by a majority of the Board, including a majority of the trustees who are not “interested persons” (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Trust and who have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operation of the Plans or in any agreements related to the Plans (the Rule 12b-1 Trustees). In approving the Plans in accordance with the requirements of Rule 12b-1, the trustees considered various factors and determined that there is a reasonable likelihood that the Plans would benefit each class of the Funds and its respective shareholders.

The anticipated benefits that may result from the Plans with respect to each Fund and/or the classes of each Fund and its shareholders include but are not limited to the following: (i) an increase in assets which may result in a diversified shareholder base, thereby reducing the outflow risk to other shareholders in the Funds; (ii) an increase in assets which may reduce expenses as fixed dollar costs are allocated across a

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larger asset base and/or allow a Fund to reach advisory fee breakpoints; and (iii) increased scale could increase the likelihood of name recognition and the profile of a Fund in its asset space, thereby improving the momentum for asset generation.

Unless terminated earlier in accordance with their terms, the Plans continue from year to year as long as such continuance is specifically approved at least annually by the Board, including a majority of the Rule 12b-1 Trustees. A Plan may be terminated at any time in whole or with respect to a Fund or class by the vote of a majority of the Rule 12b-1 Trustees or by the vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of that class.

Any amendment to the Plans that would increase materially the distribution expenses paid by the applicable class requires shareholder approval; otherwise, the Plans may be amended by the trustees, including a majority of the Rule 12b-1 Trustees, by votes cast at a meeting called for the purpose of voting upon such amendment. As long as the Plans are in effect, the Board shall satisfy the fund governance standards as defined in Rule 0-1(a)(7) under the 1940 Act.

The Compensation Plans obligate the Funds to pay Invesco Distributors the full amount of the distribution and service fees reflected on the schedules to those plans. Thus, even if Invesco Distributors’ actual allocated share of expenses exceeds the fee payable to Invesco Distributors at any given time, under the Compensation Plan, the Funds will not be obligated to pay more than that fee. If Invesco Distributors’ actual allocated share of expenses is less than the fee it receives, under the Compensation Plan, Invesco Distributors will retain the full amount of the fee.

The Reimbursement Plans obligate the Funds to pay Invesco Distributors up to the lesser of (i) the amount of the distribution and/or service fees reflected on the schedules to those plans and (ii) the actual costs of the distribution and/or shareholder servicing services provided by or through Invesco Distributors. Reimbursement will be made through payments made periodically on such basis as reflected in the Reimbursement Plans by the Funds to Invesco Distributors. If Invesco Distributors’ actual allocated share of expenses incurred pursuant to the Reimbursement Plans for the period exceeds the annual cap reflected on the schedule to the Plan, a Fund will not be obligated to pay more than the annual cap. If Invesco Distributors’ actual allocated share of expenses incurred pursuant to the Reimbursement Plans for the period is less than the annual cap, Invesco Distributors is entitled to be reimbursed only for its actual allocated share of expenses.

Invesco Distributors may from time to time waive or reduce any portion of its 12b-1 fee. Voluntary fee waivers or reductions may be rescinded at any time without further notice to investors. During periods of voluntary fee waivers or reductions, Invesco Distributors will retain its ability to be reimbursed for such fee prior to the end of the respective fiscal year in which the voluntary fee waiver or reduction was made.

Payments made pursuant to the Rule 12b-1 Plans discussed above may continue for Funds or share classes that are in limited offering or closed to new investors.

The Funds may pay a service fee of up to the cap disclosed in each Fund’s Plan and in any case no greater than 0.25% of the average daily net assets of the Class A, Class C, Class R and Investor Class shares, 0.15% of the average daily net assets of Class S shares, and 0.10% of the average daily net assets of Class P shares, attributable to the customers’ selected dealers and financial institutions to such dealers and financial institutions, including Invesco Distributors, acting as principal, who furnish continuing personal shareholder services and/or maintenance of accounts to their customers who purchase and own the applicable class of shares of the Fund. Under the terms of a shareholder service agreement, such personal shareholder services and/or maintenance of accounts may include, but are not limited to, assisting in establishing and maintaining customer accounts and records, assisting with purchase and redemption requests, arranging for bank wires, monitoring dividend payments from a Fund on behalf of customers, forwarding certain shareholder communications from a Fund to customers, receiving and answering correspondence, aiding in maintaining the investment of their respective customers in a Fund and providing such other information and services as reasonably requested. Any amounts not paid as a service fee under each Plan would constitute an asset-based sales charge.

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The Funds may agree to pay fees to selected dealers and other institutions who render the foregoing services to their customers subject to an agreement. Fees shall be paid only to those selected dealers or other institutions who are dealers or institutions of record at the close of business on the last business day of the applicable payment period for the account in which such Fund’s shares are held.

Selected dealers and other institutions entitled to receive compensation for selling Fund shares may receive different compensation for selling shares of one particular class over another. Under the Plans, certain financial institutions which have entered into service agreements and which sell shares of the Funds, may receive payments from the Funds pursuant to the Plans in an amount not to exceed the maximum annual rate to be paid to Invesco Distributors under the Plans. These payments are an obligation of the Funds and not of Invesco Distributors.

Because of fluctuations in net asset value, the Plans’ fees with respect to a particular Class C share may be greater or less than the amount of the initial commission (including carrying cost) paid by Invesco Distributors with respect to such share. In such circumstances, a shareholder of a share may be deemed to incur expenses attributable to other shareholders of such class.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The audited financial statements for the Funds’ most recent fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, including the notes thereto and the reports of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP thereon, are incorporated by reference to the Funds’ Form N-CSR filed on November 6, 2024.

The portions of such Form N-CSR that are not specifically listed above are not incorporated by reference into this SAI and are not a part of this Registration Statement.

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APPENDIX A - RATINGS OF DEBT SECURITIES

The following is a description of the factors underlying the debt ratings of Moody's, S&P, and Fitch.

Moody's Long-Term Debt Ratings

Aaa: Obligations rated 'Aaa' are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.

Aa: Obligations rated 'Aa' are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.

A: Obligations rated 'A' are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.

Baa: Obligations rated 'Baa' are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.

Ba: Obligations rated 'Ba' are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.

B: Obligations rated 'B' are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.

Caa: Obligations rated 'Caa' are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.

Ca: Obligations rated 'Ca' are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.

C: Obligations rated 'C' are the lowest rated and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.

Note: Moody's appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category. Additionally, a “(hyb)” indicator is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms*.

* By their terms, hybrid securities allow for the omission of scheduled dividends, interest, or principal payments, which can potentially result in impairment if such an omission occurs. Hybrid securities may also be subject to contractually allowable write-downs of principal that could result in impairment. Together with the hybrid indicator, the long-term obligation rating assigned to a hybrid security is an expression of the relative credit risk associated with that security.

Moody's Short-Term Prime Rating System

P-1: Ratings of Prime-1 reflect a superior ability to repay short-term obligations.

P-2: Ratings of Prime-2 reflect a strong ability to repay short-term obligations.

P-3: Ratings of Prime-3 reflect an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.

NP (Not Prime): Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.

Moody's MIG/VMIG US Short-Term Ratings

Short-Term Obligation Ratings

We use the global short-term Prime rating scale for commercial paper issued by US municipalities and nonprofits. These commercial paper programs may be backed by external letters of credit or liquidity facilities, or by an issuer’s self-liquidity.

For other short-term municipal obligations, we use one of two other short-term rating scales, the Municipal Investment Grade (MIG) and Variable Municipal Investment Grade (VMIG) scales discussed below.

A-1

We use the MIG scale for US municipal cash flow notes, bond anticipation notes and certain other short-term obligations, which typically mature in three years or less. Under certain circumstances, we use the MIG scale for bond anticipation notes with maturities of up to five years.

MIG 1: This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.

MIG 2: This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.

MIG 3: This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.

SG: This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.

VMIG Ratings

For variable rate demand obligations (VRDOs), Moody’s assigns both a long-term rating and a short-term payment obligation rating. The long-term rating addresses the issuer’s ability to meet scheduled principal and interest payments. The short-term payment obligation rating addresses the ability of the issuer or the liquidity provider to meet any purchase price payment obligation resulting from optional tenders (“on demand”) and/or mandatory tenders of the VRDO. The short-term payment obligation rating uses the VMIG scale. Transitions of VMIG ratings with conditional liquidity support differ from transitions of Prime ratings reflecting the risk that external liquidity support will terminate if the issuer’s long-term rating drops below investment grade. Please see our methodology that discusses obligations with conditional liquidity support.

For VRDOs, we typically assign a VMIG rating if the frequency of the payment obligation is less than every three years. If the frequency of the payment obligation is less than three years, but the obligation is payable only with remarketing proceeds, the VMIG short-term rating is not assigned and it is denoted as “NR”.

Industrial development bonds in the US where the obligor is a corporate may carry a VMIG rating that reflects Moody’s view of the relative likelihood of default and loss. In these cases, liquidity assessment is based on the liquidity of the corporate obligor.

VMIG Scale

VMIG 1: This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections.

VMIG 2: This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections.

VMIG 3: This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections.

SG: This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have a sufficiently strong short-term rating or may lack the structural or legal protections.

Standard & Poor's Long-Term Issue Credit Ratings

Issue credit ratings are based, in varying degrees, on S&P Global Ratings’ analysis of the following considerations:

●

The likelihood of payment--the capacity and willingness of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on an obligation in accordance with the terms of the obligation;

●

The nature and provisions of the financial obligation, and the promise we impute; and

A-2

●

The protection afforded by, and relative position of, the financial obligation in the event of bankruptcy, reorganization, or other arrangement under the laws of bankruptcy and other laws affecting creditors' rights.

An issue rating is an assessment of default risk but may incorporate an assessment of relative seniority or ultimate recovery in the event of default. Junior obligations are typically rated lower than senior obligations, to reflect the lower priority in bankruptcy, as noted above. (Such differentiation may apply when an entity has both senior and subordinated obligations, secured and unsecured obligations, or operating company and holding company obligations.)

AAA: An obligation rated 'AAA' has the highest rating assigned by S&P Global Ratings. The obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is extremely strong.

AA: An obligation rated 'AA' differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is very strong.

A: An obligation rated 'A' is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is still strong.

BBB: An obligation rated 'BBB' exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.

BB, B, CCC, CC and C: Obligations rated 'BB', 'B', 'CCC' 'CC', and 'C' are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. 'BB' indicates the least degree of speculation and 'C' the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposure to adverse conditions.

BB: An obligation rated 'BB' is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions which could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.

B: An obligation rated 'B' is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated 'BB', but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor's capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.

CCC: An obligation rated 'CCC' is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.

CC: An obligation rated 'CC' is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The 'CC' rating is used when a default has not yet occurred but S&P Global Ratings expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.

C: An obligation rated 'C' is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared with obligations that are rated higher.

D: An obligation rated 'D' is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the 'D' rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P Global Ratings believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The 'D' rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation's rating is lowered to 'D' if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.

A-3

Plus (+) or minus (-): The ratings from 'AA' to 'CCC' may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the major rating categories.

NR: This indicates that no rating has been requested, or that there is insufficient information on which to base a rating, or that S&P Global Ratings does not rate a particular obligation as a matter of policy.

Standard & Poor's Short-Term Issue Credit Ratings

A-1: A short-term obligation rated 'A-1' is rated in the highest category by S&P Global Ratings. The obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on these obligations is extremely strong.

A-2: A short-term obligation rated 'A-2' is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation is satisfactory.

A-3: A short-term obligation rated 'A-3' exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken an obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.

B: A short-term obligation rated 'B' is regarded as vulnerable and has significant speculative characteristics. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitments; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties that could lead to the obligor's inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitments.

C: A short-term obligation rated 'C' is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitments on the obligation.

D: A short-term obligation rated 'D' is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the 'D' rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due, unless S&P Global Ratings believes that such payments will be made within any stated grace period. However, any stated grace period longer than five business days will be treated as five business days. The 'D' rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. A rating on an obligation is lowered to 'D' if it is subject to a distressed debt restructuring.

Standard & Poor's Municipal Short-Term Note Ratings Definitions

An S&P Global Ratings U.S. municipal note rating reflects S&P Global Ratings’ opinion about the liquidity factors and market access risks unique to the notes. Notes due in three years or less will likely receive a note rating. Notes with an original maturity of more than three years will most likely receive a long-term debt rating. In determining which type of rating, if any, to assign, S&P Global Ratings’ analysis will review the following considerations:

●

Amortization schedule -- the larger final maturity relative to other maturities, the more likely it will be treated as a note; and

●

Source of payment -- the more dependent the issue is on the market for its refinancing, the more likely it will be treated as a note.

Note rating symbols are as follows:

SP-1: Strong capacity to pay principal and interest. An issue determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service is given a plus (+) designation.

SP-2: Satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.

A-4

SP-3: Speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.

D: ‘D’ is assigned upon failure to pay the note when due, completion of a distressed exchange offer, or the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions.

Standard & Poor's Dual Ratings

Dual ratings may be assigned to debt issues that have a put option or demand feature. The first component of the rating addresses the likelihood of repayment of principal and interest as due, and the second component of the rating addresses only the demand feature. The first component of the rating can relate to either a short-term or long-term transaction and accordingly use either short-term or long-term rating symbols. The second component of the rating relates to the put option and is assigned a short-term rating symbol (for example, 'AAA/A-1+' or 'A-1+/A-1'). With U.S. municipal short-term demand debt, the U.S. municipal short-term note rating symbols are used for the first component of the rating (for example, 'SP-1+/A-1+').

Fitch Credit Rating Scales

Fitch Ratings publishes credit ratings that are forward-looking opinions on the relative ability of an entity or obligation to meet financial commitments. Issuer default ratings (IDRs) are assigned to corporations, sovereign entities, financial institutions such as banks, leasing companies and insurers, and public finance entities (local and regional governments). Issue level ratings are also assigned, often include an expectation of recovery and may be notched above or below the issuer level rating. Issue ratings are assigned to secured and unsecured debt securities, loans, preferred stock and other instruments, Structured finance ratings are issue ratings to securities backed by receivables or other financial assets that consider the obligations’ relative vulnerability to default. Credit ratings are indications of the likelihood of repayment in accordance with the terms of the issuance. In limited cases, Fitch may include additional considerations (i.e., rate to a higher or lower standard than that implied in the obligation’s documentation). Please see the section Specific Limitations Relating to Credit Rating Scales for details. Fitch Ratings also publishes other ratings, scores and opinions. For example, Fitch provides specialized ratings of servicers of residential and commercial mortgages, asset managers and funds. In each case, users should refer to the definitions of each individual scale for guidance on the dimensions of risk covered in each assessment.

Fitch’s credit rating scale for issuers and issues is expressed using the categories ‘AAA’ to ‘BBB’ (investment grade) and ‘BB’ to ‘D’ (speculative grade) with an additional +/-for AA through CCC levels indicating relative differences of probability of default or recovery for issues.

The terms “investment grade” and “speculative grade” are market conventions and do not imply any recommendation or endorsement of a specific security for investment purposes. Investment grade categories indicate relatively low to moderate credit risk, while ratings in the speculative categories signal either a higher level of credit risk or that a default has already occurred.

Fitch may also disclose issues relating to a rated issuer that are not and have not been rated. Such issues are also denoted as ‘NR’ on its web page.

Credit ratings express risk in relative rank order, which is to say they are ordinal measures of credit risk and are not predictive of a specific frequency of default or loss. For information about the historical performance of ratings, please refer to Fitch’s Ratings Transition and Default studies, which detail the historical default rates. The European Securities and Markets Authority also maintains a central repository of historical default rates.

Fitch’s credit ratings do not directly address any risk other than credit risk. Credit ratings do not deal with the risk of market value loss due to changes in interest rates, liquidity and/or other market considerations. However, market risk may be considered to the extent that it influences the ability of an issuer to pay or refinance a financial commitment. Ratings nonetheless do not reflect market risk to the extent that they

A-5

influence the size or other conditionality of the obligation to pay upon a commitment (for example, in the case of payments linked to performance of an equity index).

Fitch will use credit rating scales to provide ratings to privately issued obligations or certain note issuance programs, or for private ratings using the same public scale and criteria. Private ratings are not published, and are only provided to the issuer or its agents in the form of a rating letter. The primary credit rating scales may also be used to provide ratings for a narrower scope, including interest strips and return of principal or in other forms of opinions such as Credit Opinions or Rating Assessment Services.

Credit Opinions are either a notch- or category-specific view using the primary rating scale and omit one or more characteristics of a full rating or meet them to a different standard. Credit Opinions will be indicated using a lower-case letter symbol combined with either an ‘*’ (e.g. ‘bbb+*’) or (cat) suffix to denote the opinion status. Credit Opinions will be typically point-in-time but may be monitored if the analytical group believes information will be sufficiently available.

Rating Assessment Services are a notch-specific view using the primary rating scale of how an existing or potential rating may be changed by a given set of hypothetical circumstances. While Credit Opinions and Rating Assessment Services are point-in-time and are not monitored, they may have a directional Watch or Outlook assigned, which can signify the trajectory of the credit profile.

Ratings assigned by Fitch are opinions based on established, approved and published criteria. A variation to criteria may be applied but will be explicitly cited in our rating action commentaries (RACs), which are used to publish credit ratings when established and upon annual or periodic reviews.

Ratings are the collective work product of Fitch, and no individual, or group of individuals, is solely responsible for a rating. Ratings are not facts and, therefore, cannot be described as being "accurate" or "inaccurate." Users should refer to the definition of each individual rating for guidance on the dimensions of risk covered by the rating.

Fitch Long-Term Rating Scales

Issuer Default Ratings

Rated entities in a number of sectors, including financial and non-financial corporations, sovereigns, insurance companies and certain sectors within public finance, are generally assigned Issuer Default Ratings (IDRs). IDRs are also assigned to certain entities in global infrastructure and project finance. IDRs opine on an entity's relative vulnerability to default on financial obligations. The threshold default risk addressed by the IDR is generally that of the financial obligations whose non-payment would best reflect the uncured failure of that entity. As such, IDRs also address relative vulnerability to bankruptcy, administrative receivership or similar concepts.

In aggregate, IDRs provide an ordinal ranking of issuers based on the agency's view of their relative vulnerability to default, rather than a prediction of a specific percentage likelihood of default.

AAA: Highest credit quality.

'AAA' ratings denote the lowest expectation of default risk. They are assigned only in cases of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.

AA: Very high credit quality.

'AA' ratings denote expectations of very low default risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.

A-6

A: High credit quality.

'A' ratings denote expectations of low default risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to adverse business or economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.

BBB: Good credit quality.

'BBB' ratings indicate that expectations of default risk are currently low. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate, but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity.

BB: Speculative.

'BB' ratings indicate an elevated vulnerability to default risk, particularly in the event of adverse changes in business or economic conditions over time; however, business or financial flexibility exists that supports the servicing of financial commitments.

B: Highly speculative.

'B' ratings indicate that material default risk is present, but a limited margin of safety remains. Financial commitments are currently being met; however, capacity for continued payment is vulnerable to deterioration in the business and economic environment.

CCC: Substantial credit risk.

Very low margin of safety. Default is a real possibility.

CC: Very high levels of credit risk.

Default of some kind appears probable.

C: Near default

A default or default-like process has begun, or the issuer is in standstill, or for a closed funding vehicle, payment capacity is irrevocably impaired. Conditions that are indicative of a 'C' category rating for an issuer include:

a. the issuer has entered into a grace or cure period following non-payment of a material financial obligation;

b. the issuer has entered into a temporary negotiated waiver or standstill agreement following a payment default on a material financial obligation; or

c. the formal announcement by the issuer or their agent of a distressed debt exchange;

d. a closed financing vehicle where payment capacity is irrevocably impaired such that it is not expected to pay interest and/or principal in full during the life of the transaction, but where no payment default is imminent

RD: Restricted default.

‘RD’ ratings indicate an issuer that in Fitch’s opinion has experienced:

a. an uncured payment default or distressed debt exchange on a bond, loan or other material financial obligation, but

b. has not entered into bankruptcy filings, administration, receivership, liquidation, or other formal winding-up procedure, and

c. has not otherwise ceased operating.

This would include:

A-7

i. the selective payment default on a specific class or currency of debt;

ii. the uncured expiry of any applicable grace period, cure period or default forbearance period following a payment default on a bank loan, capital markets security or other material financial obligation;

iii. the extension of multiple waivers or forbearance periods upon a payment default on one or more material financial obligations, either in series or in parallel; ordinary execution of a distressed debt exchange on one or more material financial obligations.

D: Default.

'D' ratings indicate an issuer that in Fitch Ratings' opinion has entered into bankruptcy filings, administration, receivership, liquidation or other formal winding-up procedure or which has otherwise ceased business.

Default ratings are not assigned prospectively to entities or their obligations; within this context, non-payment on an instrument that contains a deferral feature or grace period will generally not be considered a default until after the expiration of the deferral or grace period, unless a default is otherwise driven by bankruptcy or other similar circumstance, or by a distressed debt exchange.

In all cases, the assignment of a default rating reflects the agency's opinion as to the most appropriate rating category consistent with the rest of its universe of ratings and may differ from the definition of default under the terms of an issuer's financial obligations or local commercial practice.

Notes

The modifiers + or - may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the 'AAA' Long-Term IDR category, or to Long-Term IDR categories below 'B'.

Fitch Short-Term Ratings Assigned to Issuers and Obligations

A short-term issuer or obligation rating is based in all cases on the short-term vulnerability to default of the rated entity and relates to the capacity to meet financial obligations in accordance with the documentation governing the relevant obligation. Short-term deposit ratings may be adjusted for loss severity. Short-Term Ratings are assigned to obligations whose initial maturity is viewed as "short term" based on market convention. Typically, this means up to 13 months for corporate, sovereign, and structured obligations and up to 36 months for obligations in U.S. public finance markets.

F1: Highest Short-Term Credit Quality. Indicates the strongest capacity for timely payment of financial commitments relative to other issuers or obligations in the same country. Under the agency’s National Rating scale, this rating is assigned to the lowest default risk relative to other in the same country or monetary union. Where the liquidity profile is particularly strong, a “+” is added to the assigned rating.

F2: Good Short-Term Credit Quality. Indicates a good capacity for timely payment of financial commitments relative to other issuers or obligations in the same country or monetary union. However, the margin of safety is not as great as in the case of the higher ratings.

F3: Fair Short-Term Credit Quality. Indicates an uncertain capacity for timely payment of financial commitments relative to other issuers or obligations in the same country or monetary union.

B: Speculative Short-Term Credit Quality. Indicates an uncertain capacity for timely payment of financial commitments relative to other issuers or obligations in the same country or monetary union.

C: High Short-Term Default Risk. Indicates a highly uncertain capacity for timely payment of financial commitments relative to other issuers or obligations in the same country or monetary union.

RD: Restricted Default. Indicates an entity that has defaulted on one or more of its financial commitments, although it continues to meet other financial obligations. Applicable to entity ratings only.

D: Default. Indicates a broad-based default event for an entity, or the default of a short-term obligation.

A-8

APPENDIX B - PERSONS TO WHOM INVESCO PROVIDES NON-PUBLIC PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS ON AN ONGOING BASIS

(as of November 30, 2024)

Service Provider	Disclosure Category
ABN AMRO Financial Services, Inc.	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Absolute Color	Financial Printer
Anglemyer & Co.	Analyst (for certain Invesco Funds)
AXA	Other
Ballard Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll, LLP	Special Insurance Counsel
Barclays Capital, Inc.	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Blaylock Robert Van LLC	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
BB&T Capital Markets	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Bear Stearns Pricing Direct, Inc.	Pricing Vendor (for certain Invesco Funds)
BLNS Securities Ltd.	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
BOSC, Inc.	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.	Custodian and Securities Lender (each, respectively, for certain Invesco Funds)
Cabrera Capital Markets	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Charles River Systems, Inc.	System Provider
Chas. P. Young Co.	Financial Printer
Cirrus Research, LLC	Trading System
Citibank, N.A.	Custodian and Securities Lender (each, respectively, for certain Invesco Funds)
Citigroup Global Markets, Inc.	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Commerce Capital Markets	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Crane Data, LLC	Analyst (for certain Invesco Funds)
Credit Suisse International / Credit Suisse Securities (Europe) Ltd.	Service Provider
Crews & Associates	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
D.A. Davidson & Co.	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Dechert LLP	Legal Counsel
DEPFA First Albany	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas	Custodian and Securities Lender (each, respectively, for certain Invesco Funds)
E.K. Riley Investments LLC	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Empirical Research Partners	Analyst (for certain Invesco Funds)
Finacorp Securities	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
First Miami Securities	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
First Southwest Co.	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
First Tryon Securities	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Fitch, Inc.	Rating & Ranking Agency (for certain Invesco Funds)
FT Interactive Data Corporation	Pricing Vendor
FTN Financial Group	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
GainsKeeper	Software Provider (for certain Invesco Funds)
GCom2 Solutions	Software Provider (for certain Invesco Funds)
George K. Baum & Company	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Glass, Lewis & Co.	System Provider (for certain Invesco Funds)
Global Trading Analytics, LLC	Software Provider
Global Trend Alert	Analyst (for certain Invesco Funds)
Hattier, Sanford & Reynoir	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Hutchinson, Shockey, Erley & Co.	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
ICI (Investment Company Institute)	Analyst (for certain Invesco Funds)
ICRA Online Ltd.	Rating & Ranking Agency (for certain Invesco Funds)

B-1

Service Provider	Disclosure Category
Lincoln Investment Advisors Corporation	Other
iMoneyNet, Inc.	Rating & Ranking Agency (for certain Invesco Funds)
Initram Data, Inc.	Pricing Vendor
Institutional Shareholder Services, Inc.	Proxy Voting Service (for certain Invesco Funds)
Invesco Investment Services, Inc.	Transfer Agent
Invesco Senior Secured Management, Inc.	System Provider (for certain Invesco Funds)
Investment Company Institute	Analyst (for certain Invesco Funds)
Investortools, Inc.	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
ITG, Inc.	Pricing Vendor (for certain Invesco Funds)
J.P. Morgan Chase Bank	Custodian and Securities Lender (each, respectively, for certain Invesco Funds)
J.P. Morgan Securities, Inc.	Analyst (for certain Invesco Funds)
J.P. Morgan Securities Inc./Citigroup Global Markets Inc./JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.	Lender (for certain Invesco Funds)
J.P. Morgan Securities	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Janney Montgomery Scott LLC	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
John Hancock Investment Management Services, LLC	Sub-advisor (for certain sub-advised accounts)
Jorden Burt LLP	Special Insurance Counsel
KeyBanc Capital Markets, Inc.	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Kramer Levin Naftalis & Frankel LLP	Legal Counsel
Lebenthal & Co. LLC	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Lipper, Inc.	Rating & Ranking Agency (for certain Invesco Funds)
Loan Pricing Corporation	Pricing Service (for certain Invesco Funds)
Loop Capital Markets	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
M.R. Beal	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
MarkIt Group Limited	Pricing Vendor (for certain Invesco Funds)
Merrill Communications LLC	Financial Printer
Mesirow Financial, Inc.	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Middle Office Solutions	Software Provider
Moody's Investors Service	Rating & Ranking Agency (for certain Invesco Funds)
Morgan Keegan & Company, Inc.	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Morrison Foerster LLP	Legal Counsel
MS Securities Services, Inc. and Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated	Securities Lender (for certain Invesco Funds)
Muzea Insider Consulting Services, LLC	Analyst (for certain Invesco Funds)
Ness USA Inc.	System provider
Noah Financial, LLC	Analyst (for certain Invesco Funds)
Omgeo LLC	Trading System
Piper Jaffray	Analyst (for certain Invesco Funds)
Prager, Sealy & Co.	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP	Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (for all Invesco Funds)
Protective Securities	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Ramirez & Co., Inc.	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Raymond James & Associates, Inc.	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
RBC Capital Markets	Analyst (for certain Invesco Funds)
RBC Dain Rauscher Incorporated	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Reuters America LLC	Pricing Service (for certain Invesco Funds)
Rice Financial Products	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Robert W. Baird & Co. Incorporated	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)

B-2

Service Provider	Disclosure Category
RR Donnelley Financial	Financial Printer
Ryan Beck & Co.	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
SAMCO Capital Markets, Inc.	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Seattle-Northwest Securities Corporation	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Siebert Brandford Shank & Co., L.L.C.	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Simon Printing Company	Financial Printer
Southwest Precision Printers, Inc.	Financial Printer
Southwest Securities	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Standard and Poor's/Standard and Poor's Securities Evaluations, Inc.	Pricing Service and Rating and Ranking Agency (each, respectively, for certain Invesco Funds)
StarCompliance, Inc.	System Provider
State Street Bank and Trust Company	Custodian, Lender, Securities Lender, and System Provider (each, respectively, for certain Invesco Funds)
Sterne, Agee & Leach, Inc.	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, Incorporated	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Stradley Ronon Stevens & Young, LLP	Legal Counsel
The Bank of New York	Custodian and Securities Lender (each, respectively, for certain Invesco Funds)
The MacGregor Group, Inc.	Software Provider
The Savader Group LLC	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Thomson Information Services Incorporated	Software Provider
TradingHub Group Ltd.	Analyst (for certain Invesco Funds)
UBS Financial Services, Inc.	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
UMB Bank, N.A.	Custodian and Securities Lender (each, respectively, for certain Invesco Funds)
VCI Group Inc.	Financial Printer
Vining Sparks IBG	Broker (for Certain Invesco Funds)
W.H Mell Associates, Inc.	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Wachovia National Bank, N.A.	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
Western Lithograph	Financial Printer
Wiley Bros. Aintree Capital L.L.C.	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
William Blair & Co.	Broker (for certain Invesco Funds)
XSP, LLC/Solutions Plus, Inc.	Software Provider

B-3

APPENDIX C - TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS

As of November 30, 2024

The address of each trustee and officer is 11 Greenway Plaza, Houston, Texas 77046-1173. The trustees serve for the life of the Trust, subject to their earlier death, incapacitation, resignation, retirement or removal as more specifically provided in the Trust's organizational documents. Each officer serves for a one year term or until their successors are elected and qualified. Column two below includes length of time served with predecessor entities, if any.

Interested Trustees

Name, Year of Birth	Position(s) Held with the Trust	Trustee and/or Officer Since	Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years	Number of Funds in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee	Other Trusteeship(s)/ Directorship Held by Trustee/Director During At Least The Past 5 Years
Jeffrey H. Kupor1 - 1968	Trustee	2024	Senior Managing Director, Company Secretary and General Counsel, Invesco Ltd.; Trustee, Invesco Foundation, Inc.; Director, Invesco Advisers, Inc.; Executive Vice President, Invesco Asset Management (Bermuda), Ltd. and Invesco Investments (Bermuda) Ltd.; and Vice President, Invesco Group Services, Inc. Formerly: Head of Legal of the Americas, Invesco Ltd.; Senior Vice President and Secretary, Invesco Advisers, Inc. (formerly known as Invesco Institutional (N.A.), Inc.) (registered investment adviser); Secretary, Invesco Distributors, Inc. (formerly known as Invesco AIM Distributors, Inc.); Vice President and Secretary, Invesco Investment Services, Inc. (formerly known as Invesco AIM Investment Services, Inc.); Senior Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Secretary, The Invesco Funds; Secretary and General Counsel, Invesco Investment Advisers LLC (formerly known as Van Kampen Asset Management); Secretary and General Counsel, Invesco Capital Markets, Inc. (formerly known as	161	None

C-1

Name, Year of Birth	Position(s) Held with the Trust	Trustee and/or Officer Since	Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years	Number of Funds in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee	Other Trusteeship(s)/ Directorship Held by Trustee/Director During At Least The Past 5 Years
			Van Kampen Funds Inc.) and Chief Legal Officer, Invesco Exchange-Traded Fund Trust, Invesco Exchange-Traded Fund Trust II, Invesco India Exchange-Traded Fund Trust, Invesco Actively Managed Exchange- Traded Fund Trust, Invesco Actively Managed Exchange-Traded Commodity Fund Trust and Invesco Exchange- Traded Self-Indexed Fund Trust; Secretary and Vice President, Harbourview Asset Management Corporation; Secretary and Vice President, Oppenheimer Funds, Inc. and Invesco Managed Accounts, LLC; Secretary and Senior Vice President, OFI Global Institutional, Inc.; Secretary and Vice President, OFI SteelPath, Inc.; Secretary and Vice President, Oppenheimer Acquisition Corp.; Secretary and Vice President, Shareholder Services, Inc.; Secretary and Vice President, Trinity Investment Management Corporation, Senior Vice President, Invesco Distributors, Inc.; Secretary and Vice President, Jemstep, Inc.; Head of Legal, Worldwide Institutional, Invesco Ltd.; Secretary and General Counsel, INVESCO Private Capital Investments, Inc.; Senior Vice President, Secretary and General Counsel, Invesco Management Group, Inc. (formerly known as Invesco AIM Management Group, Inc.); Assistant Secretary, INVESCO Asset Management (Bermuda) Ltd.; Secretary and General Counsel, Invesco

C-2

Name, Year of Birth	Position(s) Held with the Trust	Trustee and/or Officer Since	Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years	Number of Funds in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee	Other Trusteeship(s)/ Directorship Held by Trustee/Director During At Least The Past 5 Years
			Private Capital, Inc.; Assistant Secretary and General Counsel, INVESCO Realty, Inc.; Secretary and General Counsel, Invesco Senior Secured Management, Inc.; Secretary, Sovereign G./P. Holdings Inc.; Secretary, Invesco Indexing LLC; and Secretary, W.L. Ross & Co., LLC
Douglas Sharp1– 1974	Trustee	2024	Senior Managing Director and Head of Americas & EMEA, Invesco Ltd. Formerly: Director and Chairman, Invesco UK Limited; and Director, Chairman and Chief Executive, Invesco Fund Managers Limited	161	None

Mr. Kupor and Mr. Sharp are considered interested persons (within the meaning of the Section 2(a)(19) of the 1940 Act) of the Funds because they are officers of the Adviser, and officers of Invesco Ltd., the ultimate parent of the Adviser.

Independent Trustees

Name, Year of Birth	Position(s) Held with the Trust	Trustee and/or Officer Since	Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years	Number of Funds in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee	Other Trusteeship(s)/ Directorship Held by Trustee/Director During At Least The Past 5 Years

Beth Ann Brown – 1968	Trustee (2019) and Chair (2022)	2019	Independent Consultant Formerly: Head of Intermediary Distribution, Managing Director, Strategic Relations, Managing Director, Head of National Accounts, Senior Vice President, National Account Manager and Senior Vice President, Key Account Manager, Columbia Management Investment Advisers LLC; and Vice President, Key Account Manager, Liberty Funds Distributor, Inc.	161	Director, Board of Directors of Caron Engineering Inc. Formerly: Advisor, Board of Advisors of Caron Engineering Inc.; President and Director, Acton Shapleigh Youth Conservation Corps (non-profit); President and Director of Grahamtastic Connection (non- profit).; and Trustee of certain Oppenheimer Funds
Carol Deckbar – 1962	Trustee	2024	Formerly: Executive Vice President and Chief Product Officer, TIAA	161	Formerly: Board Member, TIAA Asset Management, Inc.; and

C-3

Name, Year of Birth	Position(s) Held with the Trust	Trustee and/or Officer Since	Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years	Number of Funds in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee	Other Trusteeship(s)/ Directorship Held by Trustee/Director During At Least The Past 5 Years
			Financial Services; Executive Vice President and Principal, College Retirement Equities Fund at TIAA; Executive Vice President and Head of Institutional Investments and Endowment Services, TIAA		Board Member, TH Real Estate Group Holdings Company
Cynthia Hostetler —1962	Trustee	2017	Non-Executive Director and Trustee of a number of public and private business corporations Formerly: Director, Aberdeen Investment Funds (4 portfolios); Director, Artio Global Investment LLC (mutual fund complex); Director, Edgen Group, Inc. (specialized energy and infrastructure products distributor); Director, Genesee & Wyoming, Inc. (railroads); Head of Investment Funds and Private Equity, Overseas Private Investment Corporation; President, First Manhattan Bancorporation, Inc.; and Attorney, Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP	161	Resideo Technologies (smart home technology); Vulcan Materials Company (construction materials company); Trilinc Global Impact Fund; Investment Company Institute (professional organization); and Independent Directors Council (professional organization)
Eli Jones – 1961	Trustee	2016	Professor and Dean Emeritus, Mays Business School at Texas A&M University Formerly: Dean of Mays Business School at Texas A&M University; Professor and Dean, Walton College of Business, University of Arkansas and E.J. Ourso College of Business, Louisiana State University; and Director, Arvest Bank	161	Insperity, Inc. (formerly known as Administaff) (human resources provider); Board Member of the regional board, First Financial Bank Texas; and Board Member, First Financial Bankshares, Inc. Texas
Elizabeth Krentzman – 1959	Trustee	2019	Formerly: Principal and Chief Regulatory Advisor for Asset Management Services and U.S. Mutual Fund Leader of Deloitte & Touche LLP; General Counsel of the Investment	161	Formerly: Member of the Cartica Funds Board of Directors (private investment funds); Trustee of the University of Florida National Board

C-4

Name, Year of Birth	Position(s) Held with the Trust	Trustee and/or Officer Since	Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years	Number of Funds in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee	Other Trusteeship(s)/ Directorship Held by Trustee/Director During At Least The Past 5 Years
			Company Institute (trade association); National Director of the Investment Management Regulatory Consulting Practice, Principal, Director and Senior Manager of Deloitte & Touche LLP; Assistant Director of the Division of Investment Management - Office of Disclosure and Investment Adviser Regulation of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and various positions with the Division of Investment Management – Office of Regulatory Policy of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission; and Associate at Ropes & Gray LLP		Foundation; Member of the University of Florida Law Center Association, Inc. Board of Trustees, Audit Committee and Membership Committee; and Trustee of certain Oppenheimer Funds
Anthony J. LaCava, Jr.– 1956	Trustee	2019	Formerly: Director and Member of the Audit Committee, Blue Hills Bank (publicly traded financial institution) and Managing Partner, KPMG LLP	161	Member and Chairman of the Bentley University Business School Advisory Council; Formerly: Board Member and Chair of the Audit and Finance Committee and Nominating Committee, KPMG LLP
James “Jim” Liddy – 1959	Trustee	2024	Formerly: Chairman, Global Financial Services, Americas and Retired Partner, KPMG LLP	161	Director and Treasurer, Gulfside Place Condominium Association, Inc. and Non-Executive Director, Kellenberg Memorial High School
Prema Mathai-Davis – 1950	Trustee	2003	Formerly: Co-Founder & Partner of Quantalytics Research, LLC, (a FinTech Investment Research Platform for the Self-Directed Investor); Trustee of YWCA Retirement Fund; CEO of YWCA of the USA; Board member of the NY Metropolitan Transportation Authority; Commissioner of the NYC Department of Aging; and Board member of Johns	161	Member of Board of Positive Planet US (non-profit) and HealthCare Chaplaincy Network (non-profit)

C-5

Name, Year of Birth	Position(s) Held with the Trust	Trustee and/or Officer Since	Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years	Number of Funds in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee	Other Trusteeship(s)/ Directorship Held by Trustee/Director During At Least The Past 5 Years
			Hopkins Bioethics Institute
Joel W. Motley – 1952	Trustee	2019	Director of Office of Finance, Federal Home Loan Bank System; Managing Director of Carmona Motley Inc. (privately held financial advisor); Member of the Council on Foreign Relations and its Finance and Budget Committee; Chairman Emeritus of Board of Human Rights Watch and Member of its Investment Committee; Member of Investment Committee and Board of Historic Hudson Valley (non-profit cultural organization); and Member of the Vestry and Investment Committee of Trinity Church Wall Street Formerly: Managing Director of Public Capital Advisors, LLC (privately held financial advisor); Managing Director of Carmona Motley Hoffman, Inc. (privately held financial advisor); and Director of Columbia Equity Financial Corp. (privately held financial advisor)	161	Member of Board of Blue Ocean Acquisition Corp.; Member of Board of Trust for Mutual Understanding (non-profit promoting the arts and environment); Member of Board of Greenwall Foundation (bioethics research foundation) and its Investment Committee; Member of Board of Friends of the LRC (non-profit legal advocacy); Board Member and Investment Committee Member of Pulitzer Center for Crisis Reporting (non-profit journalism); and Trustee of certain Oppenheimer Funds
Teresa M. Ressel — 1962	Trustee	2017	Non-executive director and trustee of a number of public and private business corporations Formerly: Chief Executive Officer, UBS Securities LLC (investment banking); Group Chief Operating Officer, UBS AG Americas (investment banking); Sr. Management Team Olayan America, The Olayan Group (international investor/commercial/industrial); and Assistant Secretary for Management & Budget and Designated Chief Financial Officer, U.S.	161	None

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Name, Year of Birth	Position(s) Held with the Trust	Trustee and/or Officer Since	Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years	Number of Funds in Fund Complex Overseen by Trustee	Other Trusteeship(s)/ Directorship Held by Trustee/Director During At Least The Past 5 Years
			Department of Treasury
Robert C. Troccoli – 1949	Trustee	2016	Formerly: Adjunct Professor, University of Denver – Daniels College of Business; and Managing Partner, KPMG LLP	161	None
Daniel S. Vandivort –1954	Trustee	2019	President, Flyway Advisory Services LLC (consulting and property management) and Member, Investment Committee of Historic Charleston Foundation Formerly: President and Chief Investment Officer, previously Head of Fixed Income, Weiss Peck and Greer/Robeco Investment Management; Trustee and Chair, Weiss Peck and Greer Funds Board; and various capacities at CS First Boston including Head of Fixed Income at First Boston Asset Management	161	Formerly: Trustee and Governance Chair, Oppenheimer Funds; Treasurer, Chairman of the Audit and Finance Committee, Huntington Disease Foundation of America.

Officers

Name, Year of Birth	Position(s) Held with the Trust	Trustee and/or Officer Since	Principal Occupation(s) During At Least The Past 5 Years
Glenn Brightman – 1972	President and Principal Executive Officer	2023	Chief Operating Officer, Americas, Invesco Ltd.; Senior Vice President, Invesco Advisers, Inc.; President and Principal Executive Officer, The Invesco Funds; Manager, Invesco Investment Advisers LLC.; Director, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, Invesco Canada Ltd.; Director, Chief Executive Officer and President, Invesco Corporate Class Inc.; Director, Invesco Investment Services, Inc.; and President, Invesco Global Direct Real Estate GP Ltd., Invesco, Inc., Invesco IP Holdings (Canada) Ltd., Invesco Global Direct Real Estate Feeder GP Ltd. and Invesco Financial Services Ltd. Formerly: Global Head of Finance, Invesco Ltd; Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Nuveen
Melanie Ringold – 1975	Senior Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Secretary	2023	Head of Legal of the Americas, Invesco Ltd.; Senior Vice President and Secretary, Invesco Advisers, Inc. (formerly known as Invesco Institutional (N.A.), Inc.) (registered investment adviser); Secretary, Invesco Distributors, Inc. (formerly known as Invesco AIM Distributors, Inc.); Secretary, Invesco Investment Services, Inc. (formerly known as Invesco AIM Investment Services, Inc.); Senior Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Secretary, The Invesco Funds; Secretary, Invesco Investment Advisers LLC and Invesco Capital Markets, Inc.; Chief Legal Officer, Invesco Exchange-Traded Fund Trust, Invesco Exchange- Traded Fund Trust II, Invesco India Exchange-Traded Fund Trust,

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Name, Year of Birth	Position(s) Held with the Trust	Trustee and/or Officer Since	Principal Occupation(s) During At Least The Past 5 Years
			Invesco Actively Managed Exchange-Traded Fund Trust, Invesco Actively Managed Exchange-Traded Commodity Fund Trust and Invesco Exchange-Traded Self-Indexed Fund Trust; Secretary and Vice President, Harbourview Asset Management Corporation; Secretary and Senior Vice President, OppenheimerFunds, Inc. and Invesco Managed Accounts, LLC; Secretary and Senior Vice President, Oppenheimer Acquisition Corp.; Secretary, SteelPath Funds Remediation LLC; and Secretary and Senior Vice President, Trinity Investment Management Corporation; Manager, Invesco Specialized Products, LLC and Invesco Capital Management LLC; Manager, Tremont Group Holdings, LLC and Director, Tremont (Bermuda) Limited Formerly: Secretary and Senior Vice President, OFI SteelPath, Inc.; Assistant Secretary, Invesco Distributors, Inc., Invesco Advisers, Inc., Invesco Investment Services, Inc., Invesco Capital Markets, Inc., Invesco Capital Management LLC, and Invesco Investment Advisers LLC; and Assistant Secretary and Assistant Vice President, Invesco Funds
Tony Wong – 1973	Senior Vice President	2023	Senior Managing Director and Co-Head of Investments, Invesco Ltd.; Director, Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President, Invesco Advisers, Inc.; Director and Chairman, Invesco Private Capital, Inc., INVESCO Private Capital Investments, Inc. and INVESCO Realty, Inc.; Director, Invesco Senior Secured Management, Inc.; President, Invesco Managed Accounts, LLC and SNW Asset Management Corporation; and Senior Vice President, The Invesco Funds Formerly: Assistant Vice President, The Invesco Funds; and Vice President, Invesco Advisers, Inc.
Stephanie C. Butcher - 1971	Senior Vice President	2023	Senior Managing Director and Co-Head of Investments, Invesco Ltd.; Senior Vice President, The Invesco Funds; Director and Chief Executive Officer, Invesco Asset Management Limited
Adrien Deberghes – 1967	Principal Financial Officer, Treasurer and Senior Vice President	2020	Head of the Fund Office of the CFO and Fund Administration; Vice President, Invesco Advisers, Inc.; Director, Invesco Trust Company; Principal Financial Officer, Treasurer and Senior Vice President, The Invesco Funds; and Vice President, Invesco Exchange-Traded Fund Trust, Invesco Exchange-Traded Fund Trust II, Invesco India Exchange-Traded Fund Trust, Invesco Actively Managed Exchange-Traded Fund Trust, Invesco Actively Managed Exchange-Traded Commodity Fund Trust and Invesco Exchange-Traded Self-Indexed Fund Trust Formerly: Vice President, The Invesco Funds; Senior Vice President and Treasurer, Fidelity Investments
Crissie M. Wisdom – 1969	Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer	2013	Anti-Money Laundering and OFAC Compliance Officer for Invesco U.S. entities including: Invesco Advisers, Inc. and its affiliates, Invesco Capital Markets, Inc., Invesco Distributors, Inc., Invesco Investment Services, Inc., The Invesco Funds, Invesco Capital Management, LLC, Invesco Trust Company; and Fraud Prevention Manager for Invesco Investment Services, Inc.
Todd F. Kuehl – 1969	Chief Compliance Officer and Senior Vice President	2020	Chief Compliance Officer, Invesco Advisers, Inc. (registered investment adviser); and Chief Compliance Officer and Senior Vice President, The Invesco Funds Formerly: Managing Director and Chief Compliance Officer, Legg Mason (Mutual Funds); Chief Compliance Officer, Legg Mason

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Name, Year of Birth	Position(s) Held with the Trust	Trustee and/or Officer Since	Principal Occupation(s) During At Least The Past 5 Years
			Private Portfolio Group (registered investment adviser)
James Bordewick, Jr. – 1959	Senior Vice President and Senior Officer	2022	Senior Vice President and Senior Officer, The Invesco Funds Formerly, Chief Legal Officer, KingsCrowd, Inc. (research and analytical platform for investment in private capital markets); Chief Operating Officer and Head of Legal and Regulatory, Netcapital (private capital investment platform); Managing Director, General Counsel of asset management and Chief Compliance Officer for asset management and private banking, Bank of America Corporation; Chief Legal Officer, Columbia Funds and BofA Funds; Senior Vice President and Associate General Counsel, MFS Investment Management; Chief Legal Officer, MFS Funds; Associate, Ropes & Gray; Associate, Gaston Snow & Ely Bartlett.

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Trustee Ownership of Fund Shares as of December 31, 2023

Name of Trustee	Dollar Range of Equity Securities Per Fund	Aggregate Dollar Range of Equity Securities in All Registered Investment Companies Overseen by Trustee in Invesco Funds
Interested Person
Jeffrey H. Kupor2	Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund ($50,001-$100,000)	Over $100,000
Douglas Sharp2	None	None

Independent Trustees
Beth A. Brown	None	Over $100,0003
Carol Deckbar2	N/A	N/A
Cynthia Hostetler	None	Over $100,0003
Eli Jones	Invesco Core Plus Bond Fund (Over $100,000)	Over $100,0003
Elizabeth Krentzman	None	Over $100,000
Anthony J. LaCava, Jr.	None	Over $100,0003
James “Jim” Liddy2	N/A	N/A
Prema Mathai-Davis	Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund (Over $100,000)	Over $100,0003
	Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund (Over $100,000)
Joel W. Motley	None	Over $100,0003
Teresa M. Ressel	None	Over $100,0003
Robert C. Troccoli	Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund ($50,001 - $100,000)	Over $100,0003
Daniel S. Vandivort	Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund ($50,001 - $100,000)	Over $100,0003
	Invesco Equity and Income Fund (Over $100,000)
	Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund (Over $100,000)

The information in the table is provided as of December 31, 2023. Messrs. Kupor, Sharp and Liddy and Ms. Deckbar were elected as trustees of the Trust effective January 16, 2024.

Includes total amount of compensation deferred by the trustee at his or her election pursuant to a deferred compensation plan. Such deferred compensation is placed in a deferral account and deemed to be invested in one or more of the Invesco Funds.

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APPENDIX D - TRUSTEE COMPENSATION TABLE

Set forth below is information regarding compensation paid or accrued for each trustee of the Trust who was not affiliated with Invesco during the year ended December 31, 2023, unless otherwise noted.

Trustee	Aggregate Compensation From the Trust(1)	Retirement Benefits Accrued by All Invesco Funds	Estimated Annual Benefits Upon Retirement(2)	Total Compensation From All Invesco Funds Paid to the Trustees(3)
Independent Trustees(4,5)
Beth Ann Brown	$79,496	-	-	$630,000
Cynthia Hostetler	56,409	-	-	465,000
Eli Jones	51,795	-	-	422,500
Elizabeth Krentzman	58,225	-	-	470,000
Anthony J. LaCava, Jr.	57,951	-	-	477,500
Prema Mathai-Davis	54,257	-	$205,000	442,500
Joel W. Motley	54,257	-	-	430,000
Teresa M. Ressel	53,301	-	-	440,000
Robert C. Troccoli	54,257	-	-	445,000
Daniel S. Vandivort	56,719	-	-	462,500
Carol W Deckbar	37,312	-	-	-
James Liddy	37,312	-	-	-

(1)

Amounts shown are based on the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024. The total amount of compensation deferred by all trustees of the Trust during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, including earnings, was $150,556. On November 10, 2021, Russell Burk resigned from his role as Senior Vice President and Senior Officer of the Invesco Funds. During the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, aggregate compensation from the Trust for Mr. Burk was $96,138.

(2)

These amounts represent the estimated annual benefits payable by the Invesco Funds upon the trustees’ retirement and assumes each trustee serves until his or her normal retirement date. These amounts are not adjusted to reflect deemed investment appreciation or depreciation.

(3)

These amounts represent the compensation paid from all Invesco Funds to the individuals who serve as trustees. All trustees currently serve as trustee of 32 registered investment companies advised by Invesco, unless otherwise noted.

(4)

On August 28, 2022, Christopher Wilson retired. During the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, compensation from the Trust for Mr. Wilson for consultant services provided to the Trust subsequent to his retirement was $76,093. Pursuant to a consulting agreement with the Trust, Mr. Wilson may receive payments for consulting services provided to the Trust for up to three years following his retirement.

(5)

Effective January 16, 2024, Carol Deckbar and James Liddy have been onboarded as two new Trustees.

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APPENDIX E - PROXY POLICY AND PROCEDURES

The Adviser and each sub-adviser rely on this policy. In addition, Invesco Asset Management (Japan) Limited and Invesco Asset Management (India) Pvt. Ltd. have also adopted operating guidelines and procedures for proxy voting particular to each regional investment center. Such guidelines and procedures are attached hereto.

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Invesco’s Policy Statement on Global
Corporate Governance
and Proxy Voting

Effective January 2024

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Table of Contents


I.	Introduction	E -4
	A. Our Approach to Proxy Voting	E -4
	B. Applicability of Policy	E -4

II.	Global Proxy Voting Operational Procedures	E -5
	A. Oversight and Governance	E -5
	B. The Proxy Voting Process	E -5
	C. Retention and Oversight of Proxy Service Providers	E -6
	D. Disclosures and Recordkeeping	E -6
	E. Market and Operational Limitations	E -7
	F. Securities Lending	E -8
	G. Conflicts of Interest	E -8
	H. Review of Policy	E -9

III.	Our Good Governance Principles	E -10
	A. Transparency	E -10
	B. Accountability	E -11
	C. Board Composition and Effectiveness	E -13
	D. Long-Term Stewardship of Capital	E -14
	E. Environmental, Social and Governance Risk Oversight	E -15
	F. Executive Compensation and Alignment	E -16

	Exhibit A	E -18

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Introduction

Invesco Ltd. and its wholly owned investment adviser subsidiaries (collectively, “Invesco”, the “Company”, “our” or “we”) have adopted and implemented this Policy Statement on Global Corporate Governance and Proxy Voting (“Global Proxy Voting Policy” or “Policy”), which we believe describe policies and procedures reasonably designed to ensure proxy voting matters are conducted in the best interests of our clients.

Our Approach to Proxy Voting

Invesco understands proxy voting is an integral aspect of the investment management services it provides to clients. As an investment adviser, Invesco has a fiduciary duty to act in the best interests of our clients. Where Invesco has been delegated the authority to vote proxies with respect to securities held in client portfolios, we exercise such authority in the manner we believe best serves the interests of our clients and their investment objectives. We recognize that proxy voting is an important tool that enables us to drive shareholder value.

A summary of our global operational procedures and governance structure is included in Part II of this Policy. Invesco’s good governance principles, which are included in Part III of this Policy, and our internal proxy voting guidelines are both principles and rules-based and cover topics that typically appear on voting ballots. Invesco’s portfolio management teams retain ultimate authority to vote proxies. Given the complexity of proxy issues across our clients’ holdings globally, our investment teams consider many factors when determining how to cast votes. We seek to evaluate and make voting decisions that favor proxy proposals and governance practices that, in our view, promote long-term shareholder value.

Applicability of Policy

Invesco’s portfolio management teams vote proxies on behalf of Invesco-sponsored funds and both fund and non-fund advisory clients that have explicitly granted Invesco authority in writing to vote proxies on their behalf. In the case of institutional or sub-advised clients, Invesco will vote the proxies in accordance with this Policy unless the client agreement specifies that the client retains the right to vote or has designated a named fiduciary to direct voting.

This Policy is implemented by all entities listed in Exhibit A, except as noted below. Due to regional or asset class-specific considerations, certain entities may have local proxy voting guidelines or policies and procedures that differ from this Policy. In the event local policies and this Policy differ, the local policy will apply. These entities subject to local policies are listed in Exhibit A and include: Invesco Asset Management (Japan) Limited, Invesco Asset Management (India) Pvt. Ltd, Invesco Taiwan Ltd, Invesco Real Estate Management S.a.r.l and Invesco Capital Markets, Inc. for Invesco Unit Investment Trusts.

Where our passively managed strategies and certain other client accounts managed in accordance with fixed income, money market and index strategies (including exchange-traded funds) (referred to as “passively managed accounts”) hold the same investments as our actively managed equity funds, voting decisions with respect to those accounts generally follow the voting decisions made by the largest active holder of the equity shares. Invesco refers to this approach as “Majority Voting.” This process of Majority Voting seeks to ensure that our passively managed accounts benefit from the engagement and deep dialogue of our active investment teams, which Invesco believes benefits shareholders in passively managed accounts. Invesco will generally apply the majority holder’s vote instruction to these passively managed accounts. Where securities are held only in passively managed accounts and not owned in our actively managed accounts, the proxy will be generally voted in line with this Policy and internal proxy voting guidelines. Notwithstanding the above, portfolio management teams of our passively managed accounts retain full discretion over proxy voting decisions and may determine it appropriate to individually evaluate a specific proxy proposal or override Majority Voting and vote the shares as they determine to be in the best interest of those accounts, absent certain types of conflicts of interest, which are discussed elsewhere in the Policy. To the extent our portfolio management teams believe a specific proxy proposal requires enhanced analysis or if it is not covered by the Policy or internal guidelines, our portfolio management teams will evaluate such proposal and execute the voting decision.

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II.

Global Proxy Voting Operational Procedures

Invesco’s global proxy voting operational procedures (the “Procedures”) are in place to implement the provisions of this Policy. Invesco aims to vote all proxies where we have been granted voting authority in accordance with this Policy, as implemented by the Procedures outlined in this Section II. It is the responsibility of Invesco’s Proxy Voting and Governance team to maintain and facilitate the review of the Procedures annually.

Oversight and Governance

Oversight of the proxy voting process is provided by the Proxy Voting and Governance team and the Global Invesco Proxy Advisory Committee (“Global IPAC”). For some clients, third parties (e.g., U.S. fund boards) and internal sub-committees also provide oversight of the proxy voting process.

Guided by its philosophy that investment teams should manage proxy voting, Invesco has created the Global IPAC. The Global IPAC is an investments-driven committee comprised of representatives from various investment management teams globally and Invesco’s Global Head of ESG and is chaired by its Director of Proxy Voting and Governance. Representatives from Invesco’s Legal and Compliance, Risk and Government Affairs departments may also participate in Global IPAC meetings. The Global IPAC provides a forum for investment teams, in accordance with this Policy, to:

●

monitor, understand and discuss key proxy issues and voting trends within the Invesco complex;

●

assist Invesco in meeting regulatory obligations;

●

review votes not aligned with our good governance principles; and

●

consider conflicts of interest in the proxy voting process.

In fulfilling its responsibilities, the Global IPAC meets as necessary, but no less than semi-annually, and has the following responsibilities and functions: (i) acts as a key liaison between the Proxy Voting and Governance team and portfolio management teams to ensure compliance with this Policy; (ii) provides insight on market trends as it relates to stewardship practices; (iii) monitors proxy votes that present potential conflicts of interest; and (iv) reviews and provides input, at least annually, on this Policy and related internal procedures and recommends any changes to the Policy based on, but not limited to, Invesco’s experience, evolving industry practices, or developments in applicable laws or regulations. In addition, when necessary, the Global IPAC Conflict of Interest Sub-committee makes voting decisions on proxies that require an override of the Policy due to an actual or perceived conflict of interest; the Global IPAC reviews any such voting decisions.

The Proxy Voting Process

At Invesco, investment teams execute voting decisions through our proprietary voting platform and are supported by the Proxy Voting and Governance team and a dedicated technology team. Invesco’s proprietary voting platform streamlines the proxy voting process by providing our global investment teams with direct access to proxy meeting materials including ballots, Invesco’s internal proxy voting guidelines and recommendations, as well as proxy research and vote recommendations issued by Proxy Service Providers (as such term is defined below). Votes executed on Invesco’s proprietary voting platform are transmitted to our proxy voting agent electronically and are then delivered to the respective designee for tabulation.

Invesco’s Proxy Voting and Governance team monitors whether we have received proxy ballots for shareholder meetings in which we are entitled to vote. This involves coordination among various parties in the proxy voting ecosystem, such as our proxy voting agent, custodians and ballot distributors. If necessary, we may choose to escalate a matter to facilitate our ability to exercise our right to vote.

Our proprietary systems facilitate internal control and oversight of the voting process. To facilitate the casting of votes in an efficient manner, Invesco may choose to pre-populate and leverage the capabilities of these proprietary systems to automatically submit votes based on its internal proxy voting

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guidelines and in circumstances where Majority Voting, share blocking (as defined below) or proportional voting applies. If necessary, votes may be cast by Invesco or via the Proxy Service Providers Web platform at our direction.

Retention and Oversight of Proxy Service Providers

Invesco has retained two independent third party proxy voting service providers to provide proxy support globally: Institutional Shareholder Services Inc. (“ISS”) and Glass Lewis (“GL”). In addition to ISS and GL, Invesco may retain certain local proxy service providers to access regionally specific research (collectively with ISS and GL, “Proxy Service Providers”). The services may include one or more of the following: providing a comprehensive analysis of each voting item and interpretations of each based on Invesco’s internally developed proxy voting guidelines; and providing assistance with the administration of the proxy process and certain proxy voting-related functions, including, but not limited to, operational, reporting and recordkeeping services.

While Invesco may take into consideration the information and recommendations provided by the Proxy Service Providers, including based upon Invesco’s internal proxy voting guidelines and recommendations provided to such Proxy Service Providers, Invesco’s portfolio management teams retain full and independent discretion with respect to proxy voting decisions.

Updates to previously issued proxy research reports and recommendations may be provided to incorporate newly available information or additional disclosure provided by the issuer regarding a matter to be voted on, or to correct factual errors that may result in the issuance of revised proxy vote recommendations. Invesco’s Proxy Voting and Governance team periodically monitors for these research alerts issued by Proxy Service Providers that are shared with our portfolio management teams.

Invesco performs extensive initial and ongoing due diligence on the Proxy Service Providers it engages globally. Invesco conducts annual due diligence meetings as part of its ongoing oversight of Proxy Service Providers. The topics included in these annual due diligence reviews include material changes in service levels, leadership and control, conflicts of interest, methodologies for formulating vote recommendations, operations, and research personnel, among other things. In addition, Invesco monitors and communicates with these firms throughout the year and monitors their compliance with Invesco’s performance and policy standards.

As part of our annual policy development process, Invesco may engage with other external proxy and governance experts to understand market trends and developments. These meetings provide Invesco with an opportunity to assess the Proxy Service Providers’ capabilities, conflicts of interest and service levels, as well as provide investment professionals with direct insight into the Proxy Service Providers’ stances on key corporate governance and proxy topics and their policy framework/methodologies.

Invesco completes a review of the System and Organizational Controls (“SOC”) Reports for Proxy Service Providers to confirm the related controls operated effectively to provide reasonable assurance.

Disclosures and Recordkeeping

Unless otherwise required by local or regional requirements, Invesco maintains voting records for at least seven (7) years. Invesco makes its proxy voting records publicly available in compliance with regulatory requirements and industry best practices in the regions below:

●

In accordance with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission regulations, Invesco will file a record of all proxy voting activity for the prior 12 months ending June 30th for each U.S. registered fund. In addition, Invesco, as an institutional manager that is required to file Form 13F, will file a record of its votes on certain executive compensation (“say on pay”) matters. These fund proxy voting filings and institutional manager say on pay voting filings will generally be made on or before August 31st of each year. Each year, the proxy voting records for each U.S. registered fund are made available on Invesco’s website here. Moreover, and to the extent applicable, the U.S. Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”), including Department of Labor regulations and guidance thereunder, provide that the named

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fiduciary generally should be able to review not only the investment adviser’s voting procedure with respect to plan-owned stock, but also to review the actions taken in individual proxy voting situations. In the case of institutional and sub-advised clients, clients may contact their client service representative to request information about how Invesco voted proxies on their behalf. Absent specific contractual guidelines, such requests may be made on a semi-annual basis.

●

In the UK and Europe, Invesco publicly discloses our proxy votes monthly in compliance with the UK Stewardship Code and for the European Shareholder Rights Directive annually here.

●

In Canada, Invesco publicly discloses our annual proxy votes each year here by August 31st, covering the 12-month period ending June 30th in compliance with the National Instrument 81-106 Investment Fund Continuous Disclosure.

●

In Japan, Invesco publicly discloses our proxy votes annually in compliance with the Japan Stewardship Code here.

●

In India, Invesco publicly discloses our proxy votes quarterly here in compliance with The Securities and Exchange Board of India (“SEBI”) Circular on stewardship code for all Mutual Funds and all categories of Alternative Investment Funds in relation to their investment in listed equities. SEBI has implemented principles on voting for Mutual Funds through circulars dated March 15, 2010, March 24, 2014 and March 5, 2021, which prescribed detailed mandatory requirements for Mutual Funds in India to disclose their voting policies and actual voting by Mutual Funds on different resolutions of investee companies.

●

In Hong Kong, Invesco Hong Kong Limited will provide proxy voting records upon request in compliance with the Securities and Futures Commission (“SFC”) Principles of Responsible Ownership.

●

In Taiwan, Invesco publicly discloses our proxy voting policy and proxy votes annually in compliance with Taiwan’s Stewardship Principles for Institutional Investors here.

●

In Australia, Invesco publicly discloses a summary of its proxy voting record annually here.

●

In Singapore, Invesco Asset Management Singapore Ltd. will provide proxy voting records upon request in compliance with the Singapore Stewardship Principles for Responsible Investors.

Invesco may engage Proxy Service Providers to make available or maintain certain required proxy voting records in accordance with the above stated applicable regulations. Separately managed account clients that have authorized Invesco to vote proxies on their behalf will receive proxy voting information with respect to those accounts upon request. Certain other clients may obtain information about how we voted proxies on their behalf by contacting their client service representative or advisor. Invesco does not publicly pre-disclose voting intentions in advance of shareholder meetings.

Market and Operational Limitations

In the great majority of instances, Invesco will vote proxies. However, in certain circumstances, Invesco may refrain from voting where the economic or other opportunity costs of voting exceed any benefit to clients. Moreover, ERISA fiduciaries, in voting proxies or exercising other shareholder rights, must not subordinate the economic interests of plan participants and beneficiaries to unrelated objectives. These matters are left to the discretion of the relevant portfolio manager. Such circumstances could include, for example:

●

Certain countries impose temporary trading restrictions, a practice known as “share blocking.” This means that once the shares have been voted, the shareholder does not have the ability to sell the shares for a certain period of time, usually until the day after the conclusion of the shareholder meeting. Invesco generally refrains from voting proxies at companies where share blocking applies. In some instances, Invesco may determine that the benefit to the client(s) of voting a specific proxy outweighs the client’s temporary inability to sell the shares.

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●

Some companies require a representative to attend meetings in person to vote a proxy, or submit additional documentation or the disclosure of beneficial owner details to vote. Invesco may determine that the costs of sending a representative or submitting additional documentation or disclosures outweigh the benefit of voting a particular proxy.

●

Invesco may not receive proxy materials from the relevant fund or client custodian with sufficient time and information to make an informed independent voting decision.

●

Invesco held shares on the record date but has sold them prior to the meeting date.

In some non-U.S. jurisdictions, although Invesco uses reasonable efforts to vote a proxy, proxies may not be accepted or may be rejected due to changes in the agenda for a shareholder meeting for which Invesco does not have sufficient notice, due to a proxy voting service not being offered by the custodian in the local market or due to operational issues experienced by third parties involved in the process or by the issuer or sub-custodian. In addition, despite the best efforts of Invesco and its proxy voting agent, there may be instances where our votes may not be received or properly tabulated by an issuer or the issuer’s agent. Invesco will generally endeavor to vote and maintain any paper ballots received provided they are delivered in a timely manner ahead of the vote deadline.

Securities Lending

Invesco’s funds may participate in a securities lending program. In circumstances where funds’ shares are on loan, the voting rights of those shares are transferred to the borrower. If the security in question is on loan as part of a securities lending program, Invesco may determine that the vote is material to the investment and therefore, the benefit to the client of voting a particular proxy outweighs the economic benefits of securities lending. In those instances, Invesco may determine to recall securities that are on loan prior to the meeting record date, so that we will be entitled to vote those shares. For example, for certain actively managed funds, the lending agent has standing instructions to systematically recall all securities on loan for Invesco to vote the proxies on those previously loaned shares. There may be instances where Invesco may be unable to recall shares or may choose not to recall shares. Such circumstances may include instances when Invesco does not receive timely notice of the meeting, or when Invesco deems the opportunity for a fund to generate securities lending revenue to outweigh the benefits of voting at a specific meeting. The relevant portfolio manager will make these determinations.

Conflicts of Interest

There may be occasions where voting proxies may present a perceived or actual conflict of interest between Invesco, as investment adviser, and one or more of Invesco’s clients or vendors.

Firm-Level Conflicts of Interest

A conflict of interest may exist if Invesco has a material business relationship with either the company soliciting a proxy or a third party that has a material interest in the outcome of a proxy vote or that is actively lobbying for a particular outcome of a proxy vote. Such relationships may include, among others, a client relationship, serving as a vendor whose products / services are material or significant to Invesco, serving as a distributor of Invesco’s products, or serving as a significant research provider or broker to Invesco.

Invesco identifies potential conflicts of interest based on a variety of factors, including but not limited to the materiality of the relationship between the issuer or its affiliates to Invesco.

Material firm-level conflicts of interests are identified by individuals and groups within Invesco globally based on criteria established by the Proxy Voting and Governance team. These criteria are monitored and updated periodically by the Proxy Voting and Governance team so up-to-date information is available when conducting conflicts checks. Operating procedures and associated governance are designed to seek to ensure conflicts of interest are appropriately considered ahead of voting proxies. The Global IPAC Conflict of Interest Sub-committee maintains oversight of the process. Companies identified as conflicted will be voted in line with the principles below as implemented by Invesco’s

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internal proxy voting guidelines. To the extent a portfolio manager disagrees with the Policy, our processes and procedures seek to ensure that justifications and rationales are fully documented and presented to the Global IPAC Conflict of Interest Sub-committee for approval by a majority vote.

As an additional safeguard, persons from Invesco’s marketing, distribution and other customer-facing functions may not serve on the Global IPAC. For the avoidance of doubt, Invesco may not consider Invesco Ltd.’s pecuniary interest when voting proxies on behalf of clients. To avoid any appearance of a conflict of interest, Invesco will not vote proxies issued by Invesco Ltd. that are held in client accounts.

Personal Conflicts of Interest

A conflict also may exist where an Invesco employee has a known personal or business relationship with other proponents of proxy proposals, participants in proxy contests, corporate directors, or candidates for directorships. Under Invesco’s Global Code of Conduct, Invesco entities and individuals must act in the best interests of clients and must avoid any situation that gives rise to an actual or perceived conflict of interest.

All Invesco personnel with proxy voting responsibilities are required to report any known personal or business conflicts of interest regarding proxy issues with which they are involved. In such instances, the individual(s) with the conflict will be excluded from the decision-making process relating to such issues.

Voting Funds of Funds

There may be conflicts that arise from Invesco voting on matters when shares of Invesco-sponsored funds are held by other Invesco funds or entities. The scenarios below set out examples of how Invesco votes in these instances:

●

When required by law or regulation, shares of an Invesco fund held by other Invesco funds will be voted in the same proportion as the votes of external shareholders of the underlying fund. If such proportional voting is not operationally possible, Invesco will not vote the shares.

●

When required by law or regulation, shares of an unaffiliated registered fund held by one or more Invesco funds will be voted in the same proportion as the votes of external shareholders of the underlying fund. If such proportional voting is not operationally possible, Invesco will not vote the shares.

●

For U.S. funds of funds where proportional voting is not required by law or regulation, shares of Invesco funds will be voted in the same proportion as the votes of external shareholders of the underlying fund. If such proportional voting is not operationally possible, Invesco will vote in line with our internally developed voting guidelines.

●

Non-U.S. funds of funds will not be voted proportionally. The applicable Invesco entity will vote in line with its local policies, as indicated in Exhibit A. If no local policies exist, Invesco will vote non-U.S. funds of funds in line with the firm level conflicts of interest process described above.

●

Where client accounts are invested directly in shares issued by Invesco affiliates and Invesco has proxy voting authority, shares will be voted proportionally in line with non-affiliated holders. If proportional voting is not possible, the shares will be voted in line with a Proxy Service Provider’s recommendation.

Review of Policy

It is the responsibility of the Global IPAC to review this Policy and the internal proxy voting guidelines annually to consider whether any changes are warranted. This annual review seeks to ensure this Policy and the internal proxy voting guidelines remain consistent with clients’ best interests, regulatory requirements, local market standards and best practices. Further, this Policy and our internal proxy voting guidelines are reviewed at least annually by various departments within Invesco to seek to ensure that they remain consistent with Invesco’s views on best practice in corporate governance and long-term investment stewardship.

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III.

Our Good Governance Principles

Invesco’s good governance principles outline our views on best practice in corporate governance and long-term investment stewardship. These principles have been developed by our global investment teams in collaboration with the Proxy Voting and Governance team and various departments internally. The broad philosophy and guiding principles in this section inform our approach to long-term investment stewardship and proxy voting. The principles and positions reflected in this Policy are designed to guide Invesco’s investment professionals in voting proxies; they are not intended to be exhaustive or prescriptive.

Our portfolio management teams retain full discretion on vote execution in the context of our good governance principles and internal proxy voting guidelines, except where otherwise specified in this Policy. The final voting decisions may consider the unique circumstances affecting companies, regional best practices and any dialogue we have had with company management. As a result, different portfolio management teams may vote differently on particular proxy votes for the same company. To the extent portfolio management teams choose to vote a proxy in a way that is not aligned with the principles below, such manager’s rationales are fully documented.

When evaluating proxy issues and determining how to cast our votes, Invesco’s portfolio management teams may engage with companies in advance of shareholder meetings, and throughout the year. These meetings can be joint efforts between our global investment professionals.

The following guiding principles apply to proxy voting with respect to operating companies. We apply a separate approach to open-end and closed-end investment companies and unit investment trusts. Where appropriate, these guidelines may be supplemented by additional internal guidance that considers regional variations in best practices, company disclosure and region-specific voting items. Invesco may vote on proposals not specifically addressed by these principles based on an evaluation of a proposal’s likelihood to enhance long-term shareholder value.

Our good governance principles are divided into six key themes that Invesco endorses:

Transparency

We expect companies to provide accurate, timely and complete information that enables investors to make informed investment decisions and effectively carry out their stewardship activities. Invesco supports the highest standards in corporate transparency and believes that these disclosures should be made available ahead of the voting deadlines for the Annual General Meeting or Extraordinary General Meeting to allow for timely review and decision-making.

Financial reporting: Company accounts and reporting must accurately reflect the underlying economic position of a company. Arrangements that may constitute an actual or perceived conflict with this objective should be avoided.

●

We will generally support proposals to accept the annual financial statements, statutory accounts and similar proposals unless these reports are not presented in a timely manner or significant issues are identified regarding the integrity of these disclosures.

●

We will generally vote against the incumbent audit committee chair, or nearest equivalent, where the non-audit fees paid to the independent auditor exceed audit fees for two consecutive years or other problematic accounting practices are identified such as fraud, misapplication of audit standards or persistent material weaknesses/deficiencies in internal controls over financial reporting.

●

We will generally not support the ratification of the independent auditor and/or ratification of their fees payable if non-audit fees exceed audit and audit related fees or if there are significant auditing controversies or questions regarding the independence of the external auditor. We will consider an auditor’s length of service as a company’s independent auditor in applying this policy.

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Accountability

Robust shareholder rights and strong board oversight help ensure that management adhere to the highest standards of ethical conduct, are held to account for poor performance and responsibly deliver value creation for stakeholders over the long-term. We therefore encourage companies to adopt governance features that ensure board and management accountability. In particular, we consider the following as key mechanisms for enhancing accountability to investors:

One share one vote: Voting rights are an important tool for investors to hold boards and management teams accountable. Unequal voting rights may limit the ability of investors to exercise their stewardship obligations.

●

We generally do not support proposals that establish or perpetuate dual classes of voting shares, double voting rights or other means of differentiated voting or disproportionate board nomination rights.

●

We generally support proposals to decommission differentiated voting rights.

●

Where unequal voting rights are established, we expect these to be accompanied by reasonable safeguards to protect minority shareholders’ interests.

Anti-takeover devices: Mechanisms designed to prevent or unduly delay takeover attempts may unduly limit the accountability of boards and management teams to shareholders.

●

We generally will not support proposals to adopt antitakeover devices such as poison pills. Exceptions may be warranted at entities without significant operations and to preserve the value of net operating losses carried forward or where the applicability of the pill is limited in scope and duration.

●

In addition, we will generally not support capital authorizations or amendments to corporate articles or bylaws at operating companies that may be utilized for antitakeover purposes, for example, the authorization of classes of shares of preferred stock with unspecified voting, dividend, conversion or other rights (“blank check” authorizations).

Shareholder rights: We support the rights of shareholders to hold boards and management teams accountable for company performance. We generally support best practice aligned proposals to enhance shareholder rights, including but not limited to the following:

●

Adoption of proxy access rights

●

Rights to call special meetings

●

Rights to act by written consent

●

Reduce supermajority vote requirements

●

Remove antitakeover provisions

●

Requirement that directors are elected by a majority vote

In addition, we oppose practices that limit shareholders’ ability to express their views at a general meeting such as bundling unrelated proposals or several significant article or bylaw amendments into a single voting item. We will generally vote against these proposals unless we are satisfied that all the underlying components are aligned with our views on best practice. We may make exceptions to this policy for non-operating companies (e.g., open-end and closed-end investment companies).

Director Indemnification: Invesco recognizes that individuals may be reluctant to serve as corporate directors if they are personally liable for all related lawsuits and legal costs. As a result, reasonable limitations on directors’ liability can benefit a company and its shareholders by helping to attract and retain qualified directors while preserving recourse for shareholders in the event of misconduct by directors. Accordingly, unless there is insufficient information to make a decision about the nature of the

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proposal, Invesco will generally support proposals to limit directors’ liability and provide indemnification and/or exculpation, provided that the arrangements are reasonably limited in scope to directors acting in good faith and, in relation to criminal matters, limited in scope to directors having reasonable grounds for believing the conduct was lawful.

Responsiveness: Boards should respond to investor concerns in a timely fashion, including reasonable requests to engage with company representatives regarding such concerns, and address matters that receive significant voting dissent at general meetings of shareholders.

●

We will generally vote against the incumbent chair of the governance committee, or nearest equivalent, in cases where the board has not adequately responded to items receiving significant voting opposition from shareholders at an annual or extraordinary general meeting.

●

We will generally vote against the incumbent chair of the governance committee, or nearest equivalent, where the board has not adequately responded to a shareholder proposal which has received significant support from shareholders.

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We will generally vote against the incumbent chair of the compensation committee, or nearest equivalent, if there are significant ongoing concerns with a company’s compensation practices that have not been addressed by the committee or egregious concerns with the company’s compensation practices for two years consecutively.

●

We will generally vote against the incumbent compensation committee chair, or nearest equivalent, where there are ongoing concerns with a company’s compensation practices and there is no opportunity to express dissatisfaction by voting against an advisory vote on executive compensation, remuneration report (or policy) or nearest equivalent.

●

Where a company has not adequately responded to engagement requests from Invesco or satisfactorily addressed issues of concern, we may oppose director nominations, including, but not limited to, nominations for the lead independent director and/or committee chairs.

Virtual shareholder meetings: Companies should hold their annual or special shareholder meetings in a manner that best serves the needs of its shareholders and the company. Shareholders should have an opportunity to participate in such meetings. Shareholder meetings provide an important mechanism by which shareholders provide feedback or raise concerns without undue censorship and hear from the board and management.

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We will generally support management proposals seeking to allow for the convening of hybrid shareholder meetings (allowing shareholders the option to attend and participate either in person or through a virtual platform).

●

Management or shareholder proposals that seek to authorize the company to hold virtual-only meetings (held entirely through virtual platform with no corresponding in-person physical meeting) will be assessed on a case-by-case basis. Companies have a responsibility to provide strong justification and establish safeguards to preserve comparable rights and opportunities for shareholders to participate virtually as they would have during an in-person meeting. Invesco will consider, among other things, a company’s practices, jurisdiction and disclosure, including the items set forth below:

meeting procedures and requirements are disclosed in advance of a meeting detailing the rationale for eliminating the in-person meeting;

ii.

clear and comprehensive description of which shareholders are qualified to participate, how shareholders can join the virtual-only meeting, how and when shareholders submit and ask questions either in advance of or during the meeting;

iii.

disclosure regarding procedures for questions received during the meeting, but not answered due to time or other restrictions; and

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iv.

description of how shareholder rights will be protected in a virtual-only meeting format including the ability to vote shares during the time the polls are open.

Board Composition and Effectiveness

Director election process: Board members should generally stand for election annually and individually.

●

We will generally support proposals requesting that directors stand for election annually.

●

We will generally vote against the incumbent governance committee chair or nearest equivalent, if a company has a classified board structure that is not being phased out. We may make exceptions to this policy for non-operating companies (e.g., open-end and closed-end investment companies) or in regions where market practice is for directors to stand for election on a staggered basis.

●

When a board is presented for election as a slate (e.g., shareholders are unable to vote against individual nominees and must vote for or against the entire nominated slate of directors) and this approach is not aligned with local market practice, we will generally vote against the slate in cases where we otherwise would vote against an individual nominee.

●

Where market practice is to elect directors as a slate we will generally support the nominated slate unless there are governance concerns with several of the individuals included on the slate or we have broad concerns with the composition of the board such as a lack independence.

Board size: We will generally defer to the board with respect to determining the optimal number of board members given the size of the company and complexity of the business, provided that the proposed board size is sufficiently large to represent shareholder interests and sufficiently limited to remain effective.

Board assessment and succession planning: When evaluating board effectiveness, Invesco considers whether periodic performance reviews and skills assessments are conducted to ensure the board represents the interests of shareholders. In addition, boards should have a robust succession plan in place for key management and board personnel.

Definition of independence: Invesco considers local market definitions of director independence but applies a proprietary standard for assessing director independence considering a director’s status as a current or former employee of the business, any commercial or consulting relationships with the company, the level of shares beneficially owned or represented and familial relationships, among others.

Board and committee independence: The board of directors, board committees and regional equivalents should be sufficiently independent from management, substantial shareholders and conflicts of interest. We consider local market practices in this regard and in general we look for a balance across the board of directors. Above all, we like to see signs of robust challenge and discussion in the boardroom.

●

We will generally vote against one or more non-independent directors when a board is less than majority independent, but we will take into account local market practice with regards to board independence in limited circumstances where this standard is not appropriate.

●

We will generally vote against non-independent directors serving on the audit committee.

●

We will generally vote against non-independent directors serving on the compensation committee.

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We will generally vote against non-independent directors serving on the nominating committee.

●

In relation to the board, compensation committee and nominating committee we will consider the appropriateness of significant shareholder representation in applying this policy. This exception will generally not apply to the audit committee.

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Separation of Chair and CEO roles: We believe that independent board leadership generally enhances management accountability to investors. Companies deviating from this best practice should provide a strong justification and establish safeguards to ensure that there is independent oversight of a board’s activities (e.g., by appointing a lead or senior independent director with clearly defined powers and responsibilities).

●

We will generally vote against the incumbent nominating committee chair, or nearest equivalent, where the board chair is not independent unless a lead independent or senior director is appointed.

●

We will generally support shareholder proposals requesting that the board chair be an independent director.

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We will generally not vote against a CEO or executive serving as board chair solely on the basis of this issue, however, we may do so in instances where we have significant concerns regarding a company’s corporate governance, capital allocation decisions and/or compensation practices.

Attendance and over boarding: Director attendance at board and committee meetings is a fundamental part of their responsibilities and provides efficient oversight for the company and its investors. In addition, directors should not have excessive external board or managerial commitments that may interfere with their ability to execute the duties of a director.

●

We will generally vote against or withhold votes from directors who attend less than 75% of board and committee meetings for two consecutive years. We expect companies to disclose any extenuating circumstances, such as health matters or family emergencies, that would justify a director’s low attendance, in line with good practices.

●

We will generally vote against directors who have more than four total mandates at public operating companies. We apply a lower threshold for directors with significant commitments such as executive positions and chairmanships.

Diversity: We believe an effective board should be comprised of directors with a mix of skills, experience, tenure, and industry expertise together with a diverse profile of individuals of different genders, ethnicities, race, culture, age, perspectives and backgrounds. The board should reflect the diversity of the workforce, customers, and the communities in which the business operates. In our view, greater diversity in the boardroom contributes to robust challenge and debate, avoids groupthink, fosters innovation, and provides competitive advantage to companies. We consider diversity at the board level, within the executive management team and in the succession pipeline.

●

In markets where there are regulatory expectations, listing standards or minimum quotas for board diversity, Invesco will generally apply the same expectations. In all other markets, we will generally vote against the incumbent nominating committee chair of a board, or nearest equivalent, where a company failed to demonstrate improvements are being made to diversity practices for three or more consecutive years, recognizing that building a qualified and diverse board takes time. We may make exceptions to this policy for non-operating companies (e.g., open-end and closed-end investment companies).

●

We generally believe that an individual board’s nominating committee is best positioned to determine whether director term limits would be an appropriate measure to help achieve these goals and, if so, the nature of such limits. Invesco generally opposes proposals to limit the tenure of outside directors through mandatory retirement ages.

Long-Term Stewardship of Capital

Capital allocation: Invesco expects companies to responsibly raise and deploy capital toward the long-term, sustainable success of the business. In addition, we expect capital allocation authorizations and decisions to be made with due regard to shareholder dilution, rights of shareholders to ratify significant corporate actions and pre-emptive rights, where applicable.

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Share issuance and repurchase authorizations: We generally support authorizations to issue shares up to 20% of a company’s issued share capital for general corporate purposes. Shares should not be issued at a substantial discount to the market price or be repurchased at a substantial premium to the market price.

Stock splits: We generally support management proposals to implement a forward or reverse stock split, provided that a reverse stock split is not being used to take a company private. In addition, we will generally support requests to increase a company’s common stock authorization if requested to facilitate a stock split.

Increases in authorized share capital: We will generally support proposals to increase a company’s number of authorized common and/or preferred shares, provided we have not identified concerns regarding a company’s historical share issuance activity or the potential to use these authorizations for antitakeover purposes. We will consider the amount of the request in relation to the company’s current authorized share capital, any proposed corporate transactions contingent on approval of these requests and the cumulative impact on a company’s authorized share capital, for example, if a reverse stock split is concurrently submitted for shareholder consideration.

Mergers, acquisitions, proxy contests, disposals and other corporate transactions: Invesco’s investment teams will review proposed corporate transactions including mergers, acquisitions, reorganizations, proxy contests, private placements, dissolutions and divestitures based on a proposal’s individual investment merits. In addition, we broadly approach voting on other corporate transactions as follows:

●

We will generally support proposals to approve different types of restructurings that provide the necessary financing to save the company from involuntary bankruptcy.

●

We will generally support proposals to enact corporate name changes and other proposals related to corporate transactions that we believe are in shareholders’ best interests.

●

We will generally support reincorporation proposals, provided that management have provided a compelling rationale for the change in legal jurisdiction and provided further that the proposal will not significantly adversely impact shareholders’ rights.

●

With respect to contested director elections, we consider the following factors, among others, when evaluating the merits of each list of nominees: the long-term performance of the company relative to its industry, management’s track record, any relevant background information related to the contest, the qualifications of the respective lists of director nominees, the strategic merits of the approaches proposed by both sides, including the likelihood that the proposed goals can be met, and positions of stock ownership in the company.

Environmental, Social and Governance Risk Oversight

Director responsibility for risk oversight: The board of directors are ultimately responsible for overseeing management and ensuring that proper governance, oversight and control mechanisms are in place at the companies they oversee. Invesco may take voting action against director nominees in response to material governance or risk oversight failures that adversely affect shareholder value.

Invesco considers the adequacy of a company's response to material oversight failures when determining whether any voting action is warranted. In addition, Invesco will consider the responsibilities delegated to board sub-committees when determining if it is appropriate to hold the incumbent chair of the relevant committee, or nearest equivalent, accountable for these material failures.

Material governance or risk oversight failures at a company may include, without limitation:

significant bribery, corruption or ethics violations;

ii.

events causing significant climate-related risks;

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iii.

significant health and safety incidents; or

iv.

failure to ensure the protection of human rights.

Reporting of financially material ESG information: Companies should report on their environmental, social and governance opportunities and risks where material to their business operations.

●

Climate risk management: We encourage companies to report on material climate-related risks and opportunities and how these are considered within the company’s strategy, financial planning, governance structures and risk management frameworks aligned with applicable regional regulatory requirements. For companies in industries that materially contribute to climate change, we encourage comprehensive disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions and Paris-aligned emissions reduction targets, where appropriate. Invesco may take voting action at companies that fail to adequately address climate-related risks, including opposing director nominations in cases where we view the lack of effective climate transition risk management as potentially detrimental to long-term shareholder value.

Shareholder proposals addressing environmental and social issues: We recognize environmental and social (E&S) shareholder proposals are nuanced and therefore, Invesco will analyze such proposals on a case-by-case basis.

Invesco may support shareholder resolutions requesting that specific actions be taken to address E&S issues or mitigate exposure to material E&S risks, including reputational risk, related to these issues. When considering such proposals, we will consider the following but not limited to: a company's track record on E&S issues, the efficacy of the proposal's request, whether the requested action is unduly burdensome, and whether we consider the adoption of such a proposal would promote long-term shareholder value. We will also consider company responsiveness to the proposal and any engagement on the issue when casting votes.

We generally do not support resolutions where insufficient information has been provided in advance of the vote or a lack of disclosure inhibits our ability to make fully informed voting decisions.

Ratification of board and/or management acts: We will generally support proposals to ratify the actions of the board of directors, supervisory board and/or executive decision-making bodies, provided there are no material oversight failures as described above. When such oversight concerns are identified, we will consider a company’s response to any issues raised and may vote against ratification proposals instead of, or in addition to, director nominees.

Executive Compensation and Alignment

Invesco supports compensation polices and equity incentive plans that promote alignment between management incentives and shareholders’ long-term interests. We pay close attention to local market practice and may apply stricter or modified criteria where appropriate.

Advisory votes on executive compensation, remuneration policy and remuneration reports: We will generally not support compensation-related proposals where more than one of the following is present:

there is an unmitigated misalignment between executive pay and company performance for at least two consecutive years;

ii.

there are problematic compensation practices which may include, among others, incentivizing excessive risk taking or circumventing alignment between management and shareholders’ interests via repricing of underwater options;

iii.

vesting periods for long-term incentive awards are less than three years;

iv.

the company “front loads” equity awards;

there are inadequate risk mitigating features in the program such as clawback provisions;

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vi.

excessive, discretionary one-time equity grants are awarded to executives;

vii.

less than half of variable pay is linked to performance targets, except where prohibited by law.

Invesco will consider company reporting on pay ratios as part of our evaluation of compensation proposals, where relevant.

Equity plans: Invesco generally supports equity compensation plans that promote the proper alignment of incentives with shareholders’ long-term interests, and generally votes against plans that are overly dilutive to existing shareholders, plans that contain objectionable structural features which may include provisions to reprice options without shareholder approval, plans that include evergreen provisions or plans that provide for automatic accelerated vesting upon a change in control.

Employee stock purchase plans: We generally support employee stock purchase plans that are reasonably designed to provide proper incentives to a broad base of employees, provided that the price at which employees may acquire stock represents a reasonable discount from the market price.

Severance Arrangements: Invesco considers proposed severance arrangements (sometimes known as “golden parachute” arrangements) on a case-by-case basis due to the wide variety among their terms. Invesco acknowledges that in some cases such arrangements, if reasonable, may be in shareholders’ best interests as a method of attracting and retaining high-quality executive talent. We generally vote in favor of proposals requiring shareholder ratification of senior executives’ severance agreements where the proposed terms and disclosure align with good market practice.

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Exhibit A

Harbourview Asset Management Corporation

Invesco Advisers, Inc.

Invesco Asset Management (India) Pvt. Ltd*1

Invesco Asset Management (Japan) Limited*1

Invesco Asset Management (Schweiz) AG

Invesco Asset Management Deutschland GmbH

Invesco Asset Management Limited1

Invesco Asset Management Singapore Ltd

Invesco Australia Ltd

Invesco European RR L.P.

Invesco Canada Ltd.1

Invesco Capital Management LLC

Invesco Capital Markets, Inc.*1

Invesco Fund Managers Limited

Invesco Hong Kong Limited

Invesco Investment Advisers LLC

Invesco Investment Management (Shanghai) Limited

Invesco Investment Management Limited

Invesco Loan Manager, LLC

Invesco Managed Accounts, LLC

Invesco Management S.A.

Invesco Overseas Investment Fund Management (Shanghai) Limited

Invesco Pensions Limited

Invesco Private Capital, Inc.

Invesco Real Estate Management S.a.r.l1

Invesco RR Fund L.P.

Invesco Senior Secured Management, Inc.

Invesco Taiwan Ltd*1

Invesco Trust Company

Oppenheimer Funds, Inc.

WL Ross & Co. LLC

* Invesco entities with specific proxy voting guidelines

1 Invesco entities with specific conflicts of interest policies

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Proxy Voting Guidelines

for

Invesco Asset Management (Japan) Limited

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Invesco Japan Proxy Voting Guideline

Invesco Japan (hereinafter “we” or “our) votes proxies to maximize the interests of our clients (investors) and beneficiaries in the long term, acknowledging the importance of corporate governance based on fiduciary duties to our clients (investors) and beneficiaries. We do not vote proxies for the interests of ourselves and any third party other than clients (investors) and beneficiaries. The interests of clients (investors) and beneficiaries are to expand the corporate value or the shareholders’ economic interests or prevent damage thereto. Proxy voting is an integral part of our stewardship activities, and we make voting decisions considering whether the proposal would contribute to corporate value expansion and sustainable growth.

To vote proxies adequately, we have established the Responsible Investment Committee and developed the Proxy Voting Guideline to govern the decision-making process of proxy voting. While we may seek advice from an external service provider based on our own guidelines, our investment professionals make voting decisions in principle, based on the proxy voting guideline, taking into account whether they contribute to increasing the subject company’s shareholder value.

Responsible proxy voting and constructive dialogue with investee companies are important components of stewardship activities. While the Proxy Voting Guideline are principles for our voting decisions, depending on the proposals, we may make an exception if we conclude that such a decision is in the best interests of clients (investors) and beneficiaries after having constructive dialogue with the investee companies. In such a case, approval of the Responsible Investment Committee shall be obtained.

The Responsible Investment Committee consists of members including Chief Investment Officer, as the chair, Head of Compliance, Head of ESG, investment professionals nominated by the chair and the other members, including persons in charge at the Client Reporting department.

We have established the Conflict of Interest Management Policy. In the situation that may give rise to a conflict of interest, we aim to control it in the best interests of clients (investors) and beneficiaries. The Compliance department is responsible for governing company-wide control of a conflict of interest. The Compliance department is independent of Investment and Sales departments and shall not receive any command or order for the matters compliant with the laws and regulations, including a conflict of interest, from them.

Proxy Voting Guidelines

1. Appropriations of Retained Earnings and Dividends

We decide how to vote on proposals seeking approval for appropriations of retained earnings and dividends, taking into account the subject company’s financial conditions and business performance, shareholders’ economic interests and so on.

●

Taking into account the company’s capital adequacy, business strategies, and so on if the total payout ratio, including dividends and share repurchases, is significantly low, we consider voting against the proposals unless reasonable explanations are given by the company.

●

With respect to the company where the Board of Directors determines appropriations of retained earnings, taking into account the subject company’s capital adequacy, business strategies, and so on if the total payout ratio, including dividends and share repurchases, is significantly low, we consider voting against the reappointment of board directors unless reasonable explanations are given by the company.

●

Taking into account the subject company’s capital adequacy, business strategies, and so on if the total payout ratio, including dividends and share repurchases, is significantly low, we consider voting for shareholder proposals increasing shareholder returns.

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2. Appointment of Board Directors

We decide how to vote on proposals concerning the appointment of board directors, taking into account their independence, competence, anti-social activity records (if any), and so on. Furthermore, we decide how to vote on the reappointment of board directors, taking into account their corporate governance practices, accountability during their tenures, the company’s business performance and anti-social records (if any), and so on in addition to the above factors.

Board directors should make best efforts to continuously gain knowledge and skills to fulfill the critical role and responsibilities in the company’s governance. A company should also provide sufficient training opportunities.

Independent outside directors are expected to play a significant role, such as safeguarding minority shareholders’ interests through action based on their insights to increase the company’s corporate value. It is desirable to enhance the board’s governance function with independent outside directors accounting for the board majority. However, given the challenge to secure competent candidates, we also recognize that it is difficult for all the companies, irrespective of their size, to deploy the independent outside directors’ majority on the Board.

Sufficient disclosure is a prerequisite for reflecting the assessment of independence and suitability of director candidates and board composition in voting decisions. Currently, there are cases where sufficient information cannot be obtained due to insufficient disclosure on a board chair, each committee’s function and committee chairs in Notice of Annual General Meeting (AGM) and a corporate governance report, as well as untimeliness of these issuances. We generally make decisions based on Notice of AGM, a corporate governance report and an annual securities report disclosed by the time of voting. However, this shall not apply if we obtain such information from direct engagement with the company or find relevant disclosure elsewhere.

(1)

Independence

We generally vote for the appointment of outside directors. However, we generally vote against if a candidate is not regarded as independent of the subject company. It is desirable that the company discloses information, such as numerical data, which supports our decision on board independence.

●

We view the following outside director candidates are not independent enough.

●

Candidates who have been working for the following companies for the last ten years or are those people’s relatives.

●

The subject company

●

Its subsidiary

●

Its parent company

●

Candidates who have been working for the following companies for the last five years or are those people’s relatives.

●

Shareholders who own more than 10% of the subject company

●

Principal loan lenders

●

Principal securities brokers

●

Major business partners

●

Auditors

●

Audit companies, consulting companies or any related service providers which have any consulting contracts with the subject company

●

Any other counterparts which have any interests in the subject company

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In cases other than above, we separately scrutinize the independence of candidates who are regarded as not independent enough.

●

We take extra care when we assess the independence of candidates from a company which is regarded as a policy shareholder under cross shareholding, mutually sends outside directors to each other, and so on, as such cases potentially raise doubts about their independence. The company should give reasonable explanations. It is also desirable that the company contrives the timing and method of disclosure to allow investors to understand those relationships enough.

●

We judge board independence according to the stock exchange’s independence criteria with emphasizing independence ensured practically. We consider each company’s business environment and make the best effort to engage with the subject company to determine the independence of the candidates.

●

We regard an outside director with a significantly long tenure as non-independent and consider voting against the reappointment of such an outside director. We generally consider voting against the reappointment of outside directors whose tenures are longer than ten years.

●

If the subject company is a company with Audit Committee, we judge the independence of outside director candidates who become audit committee board members using the same independence criteria for the appointment of statutory auditors in principle.

●

We generally consider voting against the appointment of top executives and a nominating committee chair at a company with three Committees if independent outside directors of the subject company account for less than 1/3 of the Board after the AGM. However, this shall not apply if we confirm sufficient planning or special circumstances on increasing the number of independent outside directors in engagements.

●

In case the subject company has a parent company, we generally consider voting against the appointment of top executives and a nominating committee chair at a company with three Committees if independent outside directors account for less than half of the Board after the AGM. However, this shall not apply if we confirm sufficient planning or special circumstances on increasing the number of independent outside directors in engagements.

(2)

Attendance rate and concurrent duties

●

All members are expected to attend board and respective committee meetings in principle. A Company is generally obligated to facilitate all members to attend these meetings. We generally vote against the reappointment of board directors who attended less than 75% of board or respective committee meetings.

●

We take into account not only the number of attendance but nomination reasons and candidates’ real contributions if disclosed.

●

We take extra care when we assess the capability of board directors who have many concurrent duties as an outside director or outside statutory auditor of listed companies, as such cases potentially arise doubts about their capacity given the importance of outside directors’ role and responsibilities. Accordingly, we consider voting against the appointment of board directors who perform five or more duties as a director or statutory auditor of a listed company or equivalent company.

●

If a company nominates a board director with many concurrent duties, it should provide reasonable explanations. It is also desirable that the company contrives disclosure timing and methods to allow investors to understand the situation enough.

(3)

Company’s business performance

●

We consider voting against the reappointment of board directors if the subject company made a loss for the three consecutive years during their tenures.

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●

We consider voting against the reappointment of board directors if we judge that the subject company’s business performance significantly lags the peers in the same industry during their tenures.

●

We consider voting against top executives if, concerning capital efficiency including return on capital, business strategies achieving corporate value expansion and sustainable growth are not demonstrated, and constructive dialogues are not conducted.

(4)

Company’s anti-social activities

●

If we judge that a corporate scandal damages or is likely to damage shareholder value with having a significant effect on society during a board tenure, we conduct adequate dialogues with the subject company on the background and subsequent resolutions of the scandal. Based on the dialogues, we decide how to vote on the reappointment of top executives, board directors in charge of those cases and audit committee board members at a company with Audit Committee or three Committees, considering the impact on shareholder value.

●

With respect to domestic corporate scandals, at the time a company receives administrative dispositions to cartel, bid-rigging, and so on from authorities, such as the Fair Trade Commission, we consider voting against the reappointment of top executives, directors in charge and audit committee board members at a company with Audit Committee or three Committees. However, in case final dispositions are subsequently determined based on appeal or complaints resolutions, we do not vote against the reappointment again at that time. We vote on a case-by-case basis concerning compensation orders in a civil case, dispositions from the Consumer Affairs Agency or administrative dispositions from overseas authorities.

●

With respect to administrative dispositions to an unlisted subsidiary or affiliate, we consider voting against the reappointment of top executives, directors in charge and audit committee board members at a company with Audit Committee or three Committees of the holding or parent company. If a subsidiary or affiliate is listed, we consider voting against the reappointment of top executives, directors in charge and audit committee board members at a company with Audit Committee or three Committees of both the subsidiary or affiliate and the holding or parent company. However, we may vote on a case-by-case basis, depending on the importance of the disposition to the subsidiary or affiliate, its impact on the holding or parent company’s financial performance, and so on.

●

With respect to employees’ scandals, if the scandal damages or is likely to damage shareholder value, and we judge that the subject company owes management responsibility, we consider voting against the reappointment of top executives, directors in charge and audit committee board members at a company with Audit Committee or three Committees.

●

We consider voting against the reappointment of board directors if the subject company engages in window dressing or inadequate accounting practices during their tenures.

(5)

Activities against shareholder interest

●

If a company raises capital through an excessively dilutive third-party allotment without a shareholders’ meeting’s approval, we consider voting against the reappointment of board directors, particularly top executives.

●

If a company raises capital through a large-scale public offering without reasonable explanations, we consider voting against the reappointment of board directors, particularly top executives.

●

If a company does not execute a shareholder proposal regarded as favorable for minority shareholders receiving the majority support from shareholders or does not make a similar company proposal at an AGM in the following year, we consider voting against the appointment of top executives.

(6)

Others

●

If a company insufficiently discloses board director candidates’ information, we generally vote against such candidates.

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3. Composition of Board of Directors

While each company’s board structure would differ depending on its size and so on, we believe that a company with three Committees (Nomination, Audit and Remuneration) is desirable to achieve better governance as a listed company. For a company with Board of Statutory Auditors (Kansayaku) or Audit Committee, it is also desirable to voluntarily deploy a Nomination Committee, a Remuneration Committee and other necessary committees. Besides, it is desirable that Board Chair is an independent outside director. We believe that a highly transparent board composition ensures management accountability and contributes to sustained enterprise value expansion. Finally, the disclosure of the third-party assessment on the Board of Directors is desirable.

To strengthen the Board of Directors’ monitoring function and increase its transparency and effectiveness, we believe it is important to ensure gender, nationality, career, and age diversity in principle. It is desirable that each company adopts a skills matrix that defines the diversity and expertise required to fulfill the Board’s responsibilities reflecting its situation and selects director candidates accordingly.

We are concerned about retired directors assuming consulting, advisory or other similar positions which could negatively impact transparency and decision making of the Board. If such positions exist, and retired directors assume them, it is desirable that the company discloses their existence, their expected roles and contributions and compensations for such posts.

(1)

Number of board members and change in board composition

●

We decide how to vote on proposals concerning the number of board members and change in board composition, taking into account the impacts on the subject company and shareholders’ economic interests compared to the current situations.

●

The number of board members should be optimized to make the right management decision at the right time. We may consider each company’s business situation and scale. However, we generally consider voting against the appointment of top executives and a nominating committee chair at a company three Committees if the number of board members is expected to exceed 20 without decreasing from the previous AGM, and reasonable explanations are not given.

●

We generally vote against the appointment of top executives and a nomination committee chair at a company three Committees if a decrease in outside directors or an increase in internal directors reduces the percentage of outside directors to less than half of the board members.

●

If there are no females on the Board, we consider voting against the appointment of top executives and a nomination committee chair at a company three Committees. However, this shall not apply if we confirm sufficient planning or special circumstances on increasing the number of female directors in engagements.

●

We believe that board diversity is important and may set a higher target for a female board member ratio in the future. Similarly, we may set a racial and nationality diversity target, especially for companies with global business operations.

(2)

Procedures of board director appointment, scope of their responsibilities and so on

●

We decide how to vote on proposals concerning change in board director appointment procedures, taking into account the rationales, and so on, compared to the current procedures.

●

We generally vote against proposals reducing board directors’ responsibilities for financial damages on fiduciary duty breach.

●

Board directors’ responsibilities include effective monitoring of top executives succession planning. The Nomination Committee at a company with three Committees or the arbitrary Nomination Committee created at a company with the other governance structures should provide effective monitoring of successor development and appointment with transparency. It is desirable that an independent outside

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director serves as Nomination Committee Chair. If we judge that the succession procedure significantly lacks transparency and rationality, we consider voting against the appointment of top executives.

4. Appointment of Statutory Auditors (Kansayaku)

We decide how to vote on proposals concerning the appointment of statutory auditors, taking into account their independence, competence and anti-social activities records (if any), and so on. We decide how to vote on the reappointment of statutory auditors, taking into account their corporate governance practices and accountability during their tenures, the company’s anti-social activity records, and so on in addition to the above factors.

Statutory auditors and audit committee board directors at a company with Audit committee or three Committees should have deep knowledge specialized in accounting, laws and regulations and should make best efforts to continuously gain knowledge and skills to fulfill the critical role and responsibilities in the company’s governance. A company should also provide sufficient training opportunities.

(1)

Independence

●

We generally vote against the appointment of outside statutory auditors without independency.

●

In general, a person who has no relationship with the subject company other than a statutory auditor appointment is regarded as independent.

●

We regard that an outside statutory auditor with a significantly long tenure is not independent and generally vote against the reappointment of such an outside statutory auditor. We generally consider voting against the candidate whose tenure is longer than ten years.

(2)

Attendance rate and concurrent duties

●

All statutory auditors are expected to attend board or board of statutory auditors meetings in principle. A companies is generally obligated to facilitate all statutory auditors to attend these meetings. We generally vote against the reappointment of statutory auditors who attended less than 75% of board or board of statutory auditors meetings.

●

We take into account not only the number of attendance but nomination reasons and candidates’ real contributions if disclosed.

●

We take extra care when we assess the capability of statutory auditors who have many concurrent duties as an outside director or outside statutory auditor of listed companies, as such cases potentially arise doubts about their capacity given the importance of outside statutory auditors’ role and responsibilities. Accordingly, we consider voting against the appointment of statutory auditors who perform five or more duties as a board director or statutory auditor of a listed company or equivalent company. If a company nominates a statutory auditor with many concurrent duties, it should give reasonable explanations. It is also desirable that the company contrives disclosure timing and methods to allow investors to understand the situation enough.

(3)

Accountability

●

If there are material concerns about a published audit report or audit procedures, or insufficiencies of required disclosures, we vote against the reappointment of statutory auditors.

(4)

Company’s anti-social activities

●

If we judge that a corporate scandal damages or is likely to damage shareholder value with having a significant impact on society during a statutory auditor’s tenure, we conduct adequate dialogues with the subject company on the background and subsequent resolutions of the scandal. Based on the dialogues, we decide how to vote on the reappointment of statutory auditors, considering the impact on shareholder value.

●

With respect to domestic corporate scandals, at the time a company receives administrative

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dispositions to cartel, bid-rigging, and so on from authorities, such as the Fair Trade Commission, we consider voting against the reappointment of statutory auditors. However, in case the final dispositions are subsequently determined based on appeal or complaints resolutions, we do not vote against the reappointment again at that time. We vote on a case-by-case basis concerning compensation orders in a civil case, dispositions from the Consumer Affairs Agency or administrative dispositions from overseas authorities.

●

With respect to administrative dispositions to an unlisted subsidiary or affiliate, we consider voting against the reappointment of statutory auditors of the holding or parent company. If a subsidiary or affiliate is listed, we consider voting against the reappointment of statutory auditors of both the subsidiary or affiliate and the holding or parent company. However, we may decide on a case-by-case basis, depending on the importance of the dispositions to the subsidiary or affiliate, its impact on the holding or parent company’s financial performance, and so on.

●

We consider voting against the reappointment of statutory auditors if the subject company engages in window-dressing or inadequate accounting practices during their tenures.

5. Composition of Board of Statutory Auditors (Kansayaku)

We decide how to vote on proposals concerning the number of members or change in composition of the board of statutory auditors, taking into account the impact on the subject company and shareholders’ economic interests compared to the current situations.

●

We consider an increase in statutory auditors favorably. However, in case of a decrease, we consider voting against the reappointment of top executives unless clear and reasonable explanations are given.

6. Appointment of Accounting Auditors

We decide how to vote on proposals concerning the appointment and replacement of accounting auditors, taking into account their competence, audit fee levels, and so on.

●

We generally vote against the reappointment of statutory auditors (Kansayaku) or audit committee board members at a company with Audit Committee or three Committees if we judge that a company reappoints an accounting auditor without replacing it despite the following accounting audit problems.

●

It is determined that an accounting auditor provides an unfair opinion on the company’s financial conditions.

●

In case there are concerns on financial statements, required disclosures are insufficient.

●

In case an accounting auditor has a service contract other than accounting audit services with the subject company, it is regarded that such a contract creates a conflict of interest between them.

●

Excessive audit fees are paid.

●

It is regarded that an accounting auditor makes fraud or negligence.

●

If it is regarded that an accounting auditor has issues in other company’s audits, in case a company appoints or reappoints the accounting auditor without replacing it, we take the impact on the company’s corporate value full consideration into voting decisions.

●

We generally vote against proposals concerning accounting auditor replacement if it is regarded that a company changes an incumbent accounting auditor due to a dispute about accounting principles.

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7. Compensation for Board Directors, Statutory Auditors (Kansayaku) and Employees

(1)

Board directors’ salaries and bonuses

●

It is desirable to increase the proportion of stock incentive plans in board directors’ salaries and bonuses, on condition that a performance-based compensation structure is established, transparency, such as disclosures of a benchmark or formula laying the foundations for calculation, ensures accountability, and the impact on shareholders, such as dilution, are taken into considerations. The Remuneration Committee at a company with three Committees (Nomination, Audit and Remuneration) or the arbitrary Remuneration Committee preferably deployed at a company with the other governance structures should ensure the accountability of compensation schemes. It is desirable that an independent outside director serves as Remuneration Committee Chair.

●

We consider voting against proposals seeking approval for salaries and bonuses in the following cases.

●

Negative correlation between company’s financial performance and directors’ salaries and bonuses are observed.

●

Inappropriate systems and practices are in place.

●

The total amount of salaries and bonuses is not disclosed.

●

Management failures, such as a significant share price decline or serious earnings deterioration, are apparent.

●

The remuneration proposal includes people determined to be responsible for activities against shareholder interest.

●

We generally vote for shareholder proposals requesting disclosure of individual directors’ salaries and bonuses.

●

If a company implements any measures ensuring transparency other than disclosure, we take it into consideration.

●

If there is no proposal seeking approval for directors’ salaries and bonuses, and the compensation structure lacks transparency, we consider voting against the appointment of top executives.

●

We generally vote against bonuses for statutory auditors at a company with Board of Statutory Auditors and audit committee board members at a company with Audit Committee.

●

We separately consider voting to audit committee board members at a company with three Committees.

(2)

Stock incentive plans

●

We decide how to vote on proposals concerning stock incentive plans, including stock options and restricted stock units, taking into account the impact on shareholder value and rights, compensation levels, the scope, the rationales, and so on.

●

We generally vote against proposals seeking to lower the strike price of stock options.

●

We generally vote for proposals seeking to change the strike price on condition that shareholders’ approval is required every time.

●

We generally vote against stock incentive plans if the terms and conditions for exercising options, including equity dilution, lack transparency. We generally consider voting against proposals potentially causing 10% or more equity dilution.

●

It is desirable that stock incentive plans is a long-term incentive aligned with sustainable growth and corporate value expansion. As such, we generally vote against stock incentive plans allowing recipients to exercise all the rights within two years after vested for the subject fiscal year. However,

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this shall not apply to recipients who retire during the subject fiscal year. We assess the validity if a vesting period is regarded as too long.

●

We generally vote against stock incentive plans granted to statutory auditors and audit committee board members at a company with Audit Committee.

●

We separately consider stock incentive plans granted to audit committee board members, including both inside and outside directors, at a company with three Committees.

●

We generally vote against stock incentive plans granted to any third parties other than employees.

●

We generally vote against stock incentive plans in case a company is likely to adopt the plans as takeover defense.

(3)

Employee stock purchase plan

●

We decide how to vote on proposals concerning employee stock purchase plans, taking into account the impact on shareholder value and rights, the scope and the rationales, and so on.

(4)

Retirement benefits for board directors

●

We decide how to vote on proposals concerning grant of retirement benefits, taking into account the scope and scandals (if any) of recipients and business performance and scandals (if any) of the subject company, and so on.

●

We generally vote for proposals granting retirement benefits if all the following criteria are satisfied.

●

The granted amount is disclosed.

●

Outside directors, statutory auditors and audit committee board members at a company with Audit Committees are excluded.

●

Recipients do not cause any significant scandals during their tenures.

●

The subject company does not make a loss for the three consecutive years, or its business performance is not determined to significantly lag behind the peers in the same industry.

●

The company does not cause scandals that significantly impact society and damage, or are unlikely to damage, shareholder value during their tenures.

●

The company does not engage in window-dressing or inadequate accounting practices during their tenures.

8. Cross-shareholdings

If a company holds shares for the sake of business relations (cross shareholdings), the company should explain the medium- to long-term business and financial strategies, including capital costs, and disclose proxy voting guidelines, voting results, and so on. If the company does not give reasonable explanations and engage in constructive dialogues, we consider voting against the appointment of top executives. It is important that the company does not hinder the sales/reduction of cross shareholdings when a policy shareholder intends.

●

If a company's cross shareholdings account for 20% or more of its net assets, we generally consider voting against the appointment of top executives. However, this shall not apply if we confirm that the company makes a reduction, does sufficient planning or has industry- specific circumstances that should be taken into consideration in engagement.

9. Capital Policy

As a listed companies’ capital policy is likely to significantly impact shareholder value and interests, a company should implement a rational capital policy and explain capital policy guidelines to shareholders. We consider voting against proposals concerning capital policies that we judge damage shareholder value. If a

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company has a capital policy that is not part of proposals at an AGM but regarded to damage shareholder value, we consider voting against the reappointment of board directors.

●

It is undesirable that a company intends to maintain or increase so-called “friendly” stable shareholders and infringes minority shareholders’ rights by the third-party allotment, treasury stocks transfer or company management holdings’ transfer to foundations affiliated with the company.

(1)

Change in authorized shares

●

We decide how to vote on proposals seeking to increase authorized shares, taking into account the impact on shareholder value and rights, the rationales, the impact on the sustainability of stock market listing and a going concern, and so on.

●

We generally vote for proposals seeking to increase authorized shares if we judge that not increasing authorized shares is likely to lead to delisting or have a significant impact on a going concern.

●

We generally vote against proposals seeking to increase authorized shares after an acquirer emerges.

(2)

New share issue

●

We decide how to vote on new share issues, taking into account the rationales, the terms and conditions of issues, the impact of dilution on shareholder value and rights and the impact on the sustainability of stock market listing or a going concern, and so on.

(3)

Share repurchase and reissue

●

We decide how to vote on proposals concerning share repurchase or reissue, taking into account the rationales, and so on.

(4)

Stock split

●

We generally vote for proposals seeking a stock split.

(5)

Consolidation of shares (reverse stock split)

●

We decide how to vote on proposals seeking consolidation of shares, taking into account the rationale, and so on.

(6)

Preferred shares

●

We generally vote against proposals seeking to issue blank-cheque preferred shares or increase authorized shares without specifying voting rights, dividends, conversion and other rights.

●

We generally vote for proposals seeking to issue preferred shares or increase authorized shares if voting rights, dividends, conversion and other rights are specified, and those rights are regarded as reasonable.

●

We generally vote for proposals requiring approvals for preferred shares issues from shareholders.

(7)

Convertible bonds

●

We decide how to vote on proposals seeking to issue convertible bonds, taking into account the number of new shares, the time to maturity, and so on.

(8) Corporate bonds and credit facilities

●

We decide how to vote on proposals concerning a corporate bond issue or a credit facility expansion, taking into account the subject company’s financial conditions, and so on.

(9) Debt capitalization

●

We decide how to vote on proposals seeking to change the number of authorized shares or issue shares for debt restructuring, taking into account the terms and conditions of the change or the issue, the impact

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on shareholder value and rights, the rationales, the impact on the sustainability of stock market listing and a going concern, and so on.

(10) Capital reduction

●

We decide how to vote on proposals concerning capital reduction, taking into account the impact on shareholder value and rights, the rationales and the impact on the sustainability of stock market listing and a going concern, and so on.

●

We generally vote for proposals seeking capital reduction following standard accounting procedures.

(11) Financing plan

●

We decide how to vote on proposals concerning a financing plan, taking into account the impact on shareholder value and rights, the rationales and the impact on the sustainability of stock market listing and a going concern, and so on.

(12) Capitalization of reserves

●

We decide how to vote on proposals seeking capitalization of reserves, taking into account the rationales, and so on.

10. Amendment to Articles of Incorporation and Other Legal Documents

(1) Change in an accounting period

●

We generally vote for proposals seeking to change an accounting period unless it is regarded as an aim to delay an AGM.

(2) Amendment to articles of incorporation

●

We decide how to vote on proposals to amend an article of incorporation, taking into account the impact on shareholder value and rights, the necessity, the rationales, and so on.

●

We generally vote for proposals seeking to amend an article of incorporation if it is required by law.

●

We generally vote against proposals seeking to amend an article of incorporation if we judge that it is likely to infringe shareholder rights or damage shareholder value.

●

We generally vote for transition to a company with three Committees.

●

We decide how to vote on proposals seeking to relax or eliminate special resolution requirements, taking into account the rationale.

●

We are concerned about retired directors assuming advisory, consulting, or other similar positions which could negatively impact on transparency and decision making of the Board of Directors. We generally vote against proposals seeking to create such a position.

●

We generally vote for proposals seeking to authorize a company to hold virtual-only meetings, taking into account the impact on shareholder value and rights.

●

We will consider, among other things, a company’s practices, jurisdiction and disclosure, including the items set forth below:

●

meeting procedures and requirements are disclosed in advance of a meeting detailing the rationale for eliminating the in-person meeting,

●

safeguard and clear and comprehensive description as to how and when shareholders submit and ask questions either in advance of or during the meeting,

●

disclosure regarding procedures for questions received during the meeting, but not answered due to time or other restrictions, and

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●

description of how shareholder rights will be protected in a virtual-only meeting format including the ability to vote on proposals during the time the polls are open.

(3) Change in a quorum for an annual general meeting (AGM)

●

We decide how to vote on proposals concerning change in quorum for an AGM, taking into account the impact on shareholder value and rights, and so on.

11. Company Organization Change

(1) Change in a registered company name and address

●

We decide how to vote on proposals seeking to change a registered company name, taking into account the impact on shareholder value, and so on.

●

We generally vote for proposals seeking to change a registered address.

(2) Company reorganization

●

We decide how to vote on proposals concerning the following company reorganization, taking into account their respective impacts on shareholder value and rights, the subject company’s financial conditions and business performance, and the sustainability of stock market listing or a going concern, and so on.

Mergers and acquisitions

Business transfers

Company split (spin-off)

Asset sale

Company sale

Liquidation

12. Proxy Fight

(1)

Proxy fight

●

We decide how to vote on proposals concerning the appointment of directors with opposition candidates, taking into account their independence, competence, anti-social activity records (if any), corporate governance practices and accountability of the candidates and business performance and anti-social activity records (if any) of the subject company, the proxy fight background, and so on.

(2)

Proxy context defense

●

Classified board

●

We generally vote against proposals seeking to introduce a classified board.

●

We generally vote for proposals seeking to set a director's term of one year.

●

Shareholder rights to remove a director

●

We generally vote against proposals seeking to tighten requirements for shareholders to remove a director.

●

Cumulative voting

●

We decide how to vote on proposals seeking to introduce cumulative voting for director appointments, taking into account the background, and so on.

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●

We decide how to vote on proposals seeking to terminate cumulative voting for director appointment, taking into account the background, and so on.

13. Takeover Defense

We believe that management and shareholder interest is not always aligned. As such, we generally vote against the creation, amendment and renewal of takeover defense measures that we judge decrease shareholder value or infringes shareholder rights. We generally vote against the reappointment of directors if takeover defense measures are not part of proposals at an AGM but are regarded to decrease shareholder value or infringes shareholder rights.

●

Relaxing requirements to amend articles of incorporation and company policies

●

We decide how to vote on proposals seeking to relax requirements to amend articles of incorporation or company policies, taking into account the impact on shareholder value and rights, and so on.

●

Relaxing of requirements for merger approval

●

We decide how to vote on proposals seeking to relaxing requirements for merger approval, taking into account the impact on shareholder value and rights, and so on.

14. Environment, Social and Governance (ESG)

We support the United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment (UN PRI) and acknowledge that company’s ESG practices are an important factor in investment decision making. Thus, we consider voting against the reappointment of top executives and directors in charge if we judge that there is an issue that could significantly damage corporate value. We consider voting for proposals related to ESG materiality, including climate change or diversity, if we judge that such proposals contribute to preventing from damaging or expanding corporate value. If not, we consider voting against such proposals.

15. Disclosure

Disclosure and constructive dialogues based thereon are important in proxy voting and investment decision making. Furthermore, proactive disclosure and effective engagement are desirable as demand for ESG disclosure, including climate change, has been increasing, and the disclosure frameworks have been rapidly progressing.

●

We generally vote against proposals that lack sufficient disclosure to make proxy voting decisions.

●

We generally vote for proposals seeking to enhance disclosures if such information is beneficial to shareholders.

●

If a company’s financial and non-financial disclosures is significantly poor, and if the level of investor relations activities by management or people in charge is significantly low, we consider voting against the reappointment of top executives and directors in charge.

16. Conflict of Interest

We abstain from voting proxies of the following companies that are likely to have a conflict of interest. We also abstain from voting proxies with respect to the following investment trusts that are managed by us or Invesco group companies, as a conflict of interest may rise.

●

Companies and investment trusts that we abstain from voting proxies:

●

Invesco Ltd.

We have established the Conflict of Interest Management Policy. In the situation that may give rise to a conflict of interest, we aim to control it in the best interests of clients (investors) and beneficiaries. The Compliance department is responsible for governing company-wide control of a conflict of interest. The Compliance department is independent of the Investment and Sales departments and shall not receive any

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command or order for the matters compliant with the laws and regulations, including a conflict of interest, from the Investment and Sales departments.

Proxy voting and stewardship activities are reported to the Responsible Investment Committee. The Responsible Investment Committee approves them. Besides, the Compliance department reviews whether conflicts of interest are properly managed in proxy voting and then reports the results to the Conflict of Interest Oversight Committee. Furthermore, the results are reported to the Executive Committee in Tokyo and the Invesco Proxy Advisory Committee.

17. Shareholder Proposals

We vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals while we follow the Proxy Voting Guidelines in principle.

DISCLAIMER: The English version is a translation of the original in Japanese for information purposes only. In case of a discrepancy, the Japanese original will prevail. You can download the Japanese version from our website: http://www.invesco.co.jp/footer/proxy.html.

2092318-JP

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Proxy Voting Guidelines

for

Invesco Asset Management (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Voting Policy

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Invesco Asset Management (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Voting Policy

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Invesco Asset Management (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Voting Policy

Preamble

SEBI vide its circular reference no. SEBI/IMD/Cir No.18/198647/2010 dated March 15, 2010 has stated that mutual fund should play an active role in ensuring better corporate governance of listed companies. The said circular stated that the AMCs should disclose their general policies and procedures for exercising the voting rights in respect of shares held by them.

Subsequently, SEBI vide its circular ref. no. CIR/IMD/DF/05/2014 dated March 24, 2014, SEBI/HO/IMD/DF2/CIR/P/2016/68 dated August 10, 2016, SEBI vide its circular ref. no. CIR/CFD/CMD1/ 168 /2019 dated December 24, 2019 and SEBI/HO/IMD/DF4/CIR/P/2021/29 dated March 5, 2021 have amended certain provisions of above mentioned circular specifying additional compliance / disclosure requirements with respect to exercise of voting rights by mutual funds so as to further improve transparency as well as encourage Mutual Funds/AMCs to diligently exercise their voting rights in best interest of the unitholders. In this respect, AMFI vide its best practices guidelines circular no. 35P/ MEM-COR/ 51/ 2020-21 dated March 09, 2021 has communicated that it would be mandatory for the Mutual Funds to cast their votes ‘For’ or ‘Against’ and Abstention will not be counted as having voted.

This policy is drafted in pursuance of SEBI circular dated March 15, 2010 read with March 24, 2014, August 10, 2016, December 24, 2019 and circular dated March 5, 2021 and provides general philosophy, broad guidelines, procedures and principles for exercising voting rights.

Invesco Asset Management (India) Private Limited (“IAMI”) is an Investment Manager to the scheme(s) of Invesco Mutual Fund (“the Fund”). As an investment manager, IAMI has fiduciary responsibility to act in the best interest of unit-holders of the Fund. This responsibility includes exercising voting rights attached to the securities of the companies in which the schemes of the Fund invest. It will be IAMI’s endeavor to participate in the voting process (i.e. exercise voting rights) based on the philosophy enunciated in this policy.

Philosophy of Voting Policy

Good corporate governance ensures that a corporation is managed keeping in mind the long-term interest of shareholders. Promoting good corporate governance standards forms an integral part of corporate ownership responsibilities.

With this in the forefront, IAMI expects all corporations, in which it invests in, to comply with high corporate governance standards. Accordingly, as the decision to invest is generally an endorsement of sound management practices, IAMI may generally vote with the management of these corporations. However, when IAMI is of the view that the unit holders will be prejudiced by any such proposal, then it may vote against such proposal to protect the interest of unit holders. Also, in case of resolutions moved by the shareholders of the company, IAMI will exercise its voting rights in the best interest of its unit holders. Other than matters mentioned under section D (I), in certain circumstances, IAMI may also decide to refrain from voting where it has insufficient information or there is conflict of interest or it does not have a clear stance on the proposal under consideration.

IAMI, as an investment manager, will generally vote in accordance with the Voting Policy. However, it may deviate from the policy if there are particular facts and/or circumstances that warrant for such deviation to protect the interests of unit-holders of the Fund.

Conflict of Interest in Exercising Voting Rights

IAMI, under schemes, may invest in the securities of associate/group companies (to the extent permitted under SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996 as amended from time to time). Further, IAMI is an Indian subsidiary of global organization consisting of many affiliates. Moreover, schemes under IAMI may invest in securities of companies which have invested in schemes of Invesco Mutual Fund. Such scenarios may lead

E-36

to a situation creating conflict of interest. Potential Conflict of interest may also arise if IAMI and the investee company are associates or are part of the same group; or the investee company holds a material ownership interest in IAMI; a nominee of IAMI has been appointed as a director of the investee company or having cross-directorships, the Investee Company is an entity participating in the distribution of investment products advised or administered by the Investment Manager and/or any of its affiliate; the Investee Company is a client of Investment Manager and/or its affiliates.

IAMI will attempt to avoid conflict of interest and will exercise its voting rights in the best interest of the unit-holders. Voting decisions in such cases will be based on merits without any bias and the same parameters will be applied for taking voting decisions as are applied for other companies.

In cases where there is a potential conflict of interest, IAMI will vote exactly as per recommendations of the proxy voting advisory entity with no modifications whatsoever. In case there is need for a clearer direction, the matter may be referred to the Investment committee for its guidance. Rationale for decision taken/ voting on the issue shall be recorded.

Voting Policy Guidelines

I. The matters regarding, but not limited to, which the IAMI will exercise the voting rights in the Annual General Meeting (AGMs) /Extra Ordinary General Meeting (EGMs)/ Through Postal Ballots/Electronic voting of the investee companies are as follows:

●

Corporate governance matters, including changes in the state of incorporation, merger and other corporate restructuring and anti- takeover provisions.

●

Changes to capital structure, including increase and decrease of capital and preferred stock issuances.

●

Stock option plans and other management compensation issues.

●

Social and corporate responsibility issues.

●

Appointment and Removal of Directors.

●

Any other issue that may affect the interest of the shareholders in general and interest of the unit- holders in particular.

●

Related party transactions of the investee companies (excluding own group companies). For this purpose, “Related Party Transactions” shall have same meaning as assigned to them in clause (zc) of Sub-Regulation (1) of Regulation (2) of the SEBI (Listing Obligation and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015.

Effective April 01, 2021, voting shall be mandatory for all resolutions mentioned above. Further, for all remaining resolutions which are not covered in (I) above, IAMI will compulsorily be required to cast votes with effect from April 01, 2022.

II. In case of the Mutual Funds having no economic interest on the day of voting, it may be exempted from compulsorily casting of votes.

III. The vote shall be cast at Mutual Fund Level. However, in case Fund Manager/(s) of any specific scheme has strong view against the views of Fund Manager/(s) of the other schemes, the voting at scheme level shall be allowed subject to recording of detailed rationale for the same.

IAMI will exercise voting rights keeping in mind the need to improve economic value of the companies and importance of protecting the interests of unit holders of its schemes but subject to importance of the matter and cost/time implications. The analysts in equity team will make recommendations on key voting issues and same will be approved by the Head of Equity or Fund Manager. In case of conflicts or need for a clearer direction, the matter may be referred to the Voting Committee for its guidance.

E-37

Voting Committee

As a guiding principle, IAMI shall exercise voting rights solely in the interest of unit holders of the Fund. IAMI has constituted a Voting Committee (VC).The Committee is empowered to provide guidance on the voting matters referred to it, establish voting guidelines and procedures as it may consider necessary and is responsible to ensure that these guidelines and procedures are adhered to and also make changes in the Policy as may be required from time to time. The members of this Committee are as follows:

●

CEO / COO/Head - Operations (any one)

●

Head of Compliance or Member of compliance team

●

Head of Equity or Fund Manager (equity)

●

Head of Fixed Income and/ or Fund Managers (fixed income)

●

Any other representative as the Committee may co-opt from time to time

Broad Guidelines for functioning of Voting Committee are:

1. Voting Committee may record its decisions by circulation including decisions/guidance on voting matters that have been referred to it.

2. Voting Committee may consult with outside experts and other investors on issues as it may deem fit.

3. Decisions of Voting Committee should be maintained by compliance.

4. Details of voting decisions taken by the Fund Management team will be presented to the Voting Committee/Investment Committee.

5. Voting Committee may review this policy from time to time.

Steps (Procedure) in Exercising Voting Rights

The following points outline the key steps in exercising Voting rights:

1) Notification of company AGMs / EGMs and relevant voting items to Fund Management Team.

2) IAMI shall endeavor to vote for all holdings of the Fund aggregated for all its schemes. The voting will cover all equity holding across all schemes of Invesco Mutual Fund including passive investments like Index Funds, Exchange Traded Fund etc.

3) Custodian will send ballots and or other relevant papers (notice of meeting, proxy form, attendance slips etc.) to IAMI relating to AGM/EGM as soon as it receives.

4) The fund management team is authorized to decide on voting decisions but may refer decisions to the Voting Committee for its guidance/direction.

5) Based on internal discussion within the fund management team, a decision would be arrived to vote on the proposed resolution. Routine matters and ordinary resolutions like adoption of financials (unless there are significant auditor qualifications), dividend declaration, general updating/corrective amendments to the Articles of Association would also be considered for voting purpose. However, IAMI may on a case to case basis, not vote on such resolutions, if it deems fit to do so.

6) IAMI will generally support and vote “for” proposals which are likely to result in maximizing long-term investment returns for unit holders. IAMI would not support and will vote “against” proposals that appear to be detrimental to the company financials / interest of the minority shareholders or which would adversely impact shareholders’ value.

7) IAMI may exercise its voting rights by authorizing its own executives/authorized representative to attend the AGM/EGM or may instruct the Custodian to exercise voting rights in accordance with the instructions of IAMI.

E-38

8) IAMI may exercise its voting rights through Postal Ballot or may use Electronic voting mechanism, wherever available, either through its own executives or by authorizing the Custodian. The records of voting exercised through Postal Ballot will be maintained by IAMI.

9) IAMI may utilize the services of third party professional agencies for getting in-depth analyses of proposals and vote recommendations. However, the recommendations of the third party agencies will be non-binding in nature. IAMI will perform due diligence on proxy voting advisory firms at the time of initial selection as well as at the time of renewal of services of the proxy voting. The due diligence will be carried out on parameters viz. resource strength, Companies under coverage, extent of institutional ownership, depth of analysis, quality of advice / recommendations, analyst access & support, timely availability of reports, composition of board of directors, advisory board and top management, web-based interface platform and clientele.

10) The rationale supporting each voting decision (For, Against and Abstain) will be recorded and such records will be retained for number of years (currently 8 years) as may be required under the SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996 from time to time.

Details of Service Provider

IIAS (Institutional Investor advisory Services) has been appointed as our proxy voting advisor. The scope of the agreement with IIAS includes: IIAS shall provide non-binding Voting Recommendations for each Voting Event for Investee companies, access to their research portal and analysts for any discussion, access to their online voting management systems etc. The details of the service provider (currently IIAS) are provided in the “Rationale for continuation of Proxy Voting advisory report” which is prepared once in 2 years. IIAS has standardized voting policies and has a committee-based voting decision making system. Their analysis to arrive at the recommendations are detailed in nature and recommendations are fairly objective. However, the recommendations of IIAS are non-binding in nature, and IAMI, reserves the right to vote differently based on their own judgement on the matter involved.

Disclosures

The disclosures of voting rights exercised are as follows:

●

Details of votes cast by the schemes of the Fund will be uploaded on the website of IAMI (www.invescomutualfund.com) (in machine readable spreadsheet form) on a quarterly basis in the prescribed format within the stipulated timelines as prescribed by SEBI from time to time.

●

Details of votes cast by the schemes of the Fund will be uploaded on the website of IAMI (www.invescomutualfund.com) on an annual basis in the prescribed format. Further, AMCs shall provide the web link in the Annual Reports of the schemes of the Fund regarding the disclosure of voting details.

●

Summary on actual exercise of votes cast and its break-up in terms of total number of votes cast in favor, against or abstained will also be uploaded on the website of IAMI (www.invescomutualfund.com) on an annual basis.

Certification/Confirmation

●

On an annual basis, IAMI will obtain a certification from scrutinizer (in terms of Rule 20 (3) (ix) of Companies (Management and Administration) Rules, 2014) on voting reports and the same will be placed before the Boards of AMC and Trustee. The scrutinizer’s certificate will form part of Annual Report and will also be uploaded on the website of IAMI (www.invescomutualfund.com).

●

A confirmation shall also be submitted by Trustees in its half yearly report to SEBI that IAMI have voted on important decisions affecting interests of unitholders.

E-39

Review

The Board of Directors of IAMI and Trustees shall review and ensure that IAMI have voted on important decisions affecting interests of unitholders and the rationale recorded for vote decision is prudent and adequate.

E-40

APPENDIX F - CONTROL PERSONS AND PRINCIPAL HOLDERS OF SECURITIES

To the best knowledge of the Trust, the names and addresses of the record and beneficial holders of 5% or more of the outstanding shares of each class of the Funds' equity securities and the percentage of the outstanding shares held by such holders are set forth below. Unless otherwise indicated below, the Trust has no knowledge as to whether all or any portion of the shares owned of record are also owned beneficially.

A shareholder who owns beneficially 25% or more of the outstanding securities of a Fund is presumed to “control” that Fund as defined in the 1940 Act. Such control may affect the voting rights of other shareholders.

All information listed below is as of December 2, 2024.

Invesco American Franchise Fund

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Class R5	Class R6
AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INVESTMENT SVC 707 2ND AVE S MINNEAPOLIS MN 55402-2405	—	6.02%	—	9.33%	—	—

BNY MELLON INVESTMENT SERVICING INC FBO PRIMERICA FINANCIAL SERVICES 760 MOORE RD KING OF PRUSSIA PA 19406-1212	22.07%	—	—	—	—	—

CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FBO CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 211 MAIN ST SAN FRANCISCO CA 94105-1901	—	—	—	11.34%	—	7.50%

DCGT TRUSTEE & OR CUSTODIAN FBO PLIC VARIOUS RETIREMENT PLANS OMNIBUS ATTN NPIO TRADE DESK 711 HIGH ST DES MOINES IA 50392-0001	—	—	—	—	74.44%	5.23%

EDWARD D JONES & CO FOR THE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS 12555 MANCHESTER RD SAINT LOUIS MO 63131-3710	5.86%	—	—	—	—	32.70%

INVESCO GROUP SERVICES INC 1555 PEACHTREE ST NE 4TH FLOOR GENERAL LEDGER ACCOUNTING ATLANTA GA 30309-2460	—	—	—	—	14.26%	—

LPL FINANCIAL OMNIBUS CUSTOMER ACCOUNT ATTN: MUTUAL FUND TRADING 4707 EXECUTIVE DR SAN DIEGO CA 92121-3091	—	—	—	7.83%	—	—

MAC & CO ACCT ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS OPERATION 500 GRANT STREET ROOM 151-1010 PITTSBURGH PA 15219-2502	—	—	—	—	—	10.31%

F-1

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Class R5	Class R6
MERRILL LYNCH PIERCE FENNER & SMITH FBO THE SOLE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS ATTN: FUND ADMINISTRATION 4800 DEER LAKE DR EAST 2ND FLOOR JACKSONVILLE FL 32246-6484	—	—	—	7.41%	—	8.83%

MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY LLC FOR EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS 1 NEW YORK PLZ FL 12 NEW YORK NY 10004-1965	—	—	—	7.47%	—	—

NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC FEBO CUSTOMERS MUTUAL FUNDS 499 WASHINGTON BLVD FL 5 JERSEY CITY NJ 07310	5.55%	—	—	11.88%	—	20.28%

PERSHING LLC 1 PERSHING PLAZA JERSEY CITY NJ 07399-0001	—	—	—	9.34%	—	—

RAYMOND JAMES OMNIBUS FOR MUTUAL FUNDS HOUSE A/C ATTN MUTUAL FUND RECONCILIATION 14G 880 CARILLON PARKWAY ST PETERSBURG FL 33716-1102	—	—	—	9.30%	—	—

UBS WM USA OMNI ACCOUNT M/F ATTN DEPARTMENT MANAGER SPEC CDY A/C EXCL BEN CUST UBSFSI 1000 HARBOR BLVD WEEHAWKEN NJ 07086-6761	—	—	—	6.22%	—	—

WELLS FARGO CLEARING SERVICES LLC SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMER 2801 MARKET ST SAINT LOUIS MO 63103-2523	—	—	—	5.18%	—	—

Invesco Core Plus Bond Fund

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Class R5	Class R6
AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INVESTMENT SVC 707 2ND AVE S MINNEAPOLIS MN 55402-2405	—	7.20%	—	16.57%	—	—

ASCENSUS TRUST COMPANY FBO LEECH LAKE BAND OF OJIBWE GOVERNMEN PO BOX 10758 FARGO ND 58106-0758	—	—	—	—	9.07%	—

BNY MELLON INVESTMENT SERVICING INC FBO PRIMERICA FINANCIAL SERVICES 760 MOORE RD KING OF PRUSSIA PA 19406-1212	10.18%	—	—	—	—	—

F-2

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Class R5	Class R6
EDWARD D JONES & CO FOR THE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS 12555 MANCHESTER RD SAINT LOUIS MO 63131-3710	62.17%	18.22%	—	—	—	65.33%

EMPOWER TRUST COMPANY LLC F RECORDKEEPING LARGE BENEFIT PL 8525 E ORCHARD RD GREENWOOD VLG CO 80111-5002	—	—	—	—	45.08%	—

EMPOWER TRUST COMPANY LLC FBO EMPLOYEE BENEFITS CLIENTS 401K OMNIORTR 8515 E ORCHARD RD 2T2 GREENWOOD VILLAGE CO 80111-5002	—	—	—	—	6.33%	—

LPL FINANCIAL OMNIBUS CUSTOMER ACCOUNT ATTN: MUTUAL FUND TRADING 4707 EXECUTIVE DR SAN DIEGO CA 92121-3091	—	—	—	7.23%	—	—

MAC & CO ACCT MUTUAL FUND OPERATIONS 525 WILLIAM PENN PLACE PO BOX 3198 PITTSBURGH PA 15230-3198	—	—	—	—	—	8.69%

MATRIX TRUST COMPANY AS AGENT FOR ADVISOR TRUST, INC. ASPIRE-INVESTLINK 717 17TH ST STE 1300 DENVER CO 80202-3304	—	—	5.50%	—	—	—

MERRILL LYNCH PIERCE FENNER & SMITH FBO THE SOLE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS ATTN: FUND ADMINISTRATION 4800 DEER LAKE DR EAST 2ND FLOOR JACKSONVILLE FL 32246-6484	—	—	—	22.35%	—	—

MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY LLC FOR EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS 1 NEW YORK PLZ FL 12 NEW YORK NY 10004-1965	—	—	—	17.92%	—	—

NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC FEBO CUSTOMERS MUTUAL FUNDS 499 WASHINGTON BLVD FL 5 JERSEY CITY NJ 07310-2010	—	—	—	8.70%	22.02%	—

OPPENHEIMER PORTFOLIO SERIES MODERATE INVESTOR ATTN CYNTHIA SMITH 11 GREENWAY PLZ FL 16 HOUSTON TX 77046-1100	—	—	—	—	—	5.97%

F-3

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Class R5	Class R6
RAYMOND JAMES OMNIBUS FOR MUTUAL FUNDS HOUSE A/C ATTN MUTUAL FUND RECONCILIATION 14G 880 CARILLON PARKWAY ST PETERSBURG FL 33716-1102	—	11.38%	—	—	—	—

STATE STREET BANK AND TRUST AS CUST FBO ADP ACCESS PRODUCT 1 LINCOLN STOTECH CTR FL 6 BOSTON MA 02111	—	—	12.31%	—	—	—

UBS WM USA OMNI ACCOUNT M/F ATTN DEPARTMENT MANAGER SPEC CDY A/C EXCL BEN CUST UBSFSI 1000 HARBOR BLVD WEEHAWKEN NJ 07086-6761	—	—	—	10.04%	—	—

WELLS FARGO BANK NA TTEE BLOOMFIELD TOWNSHIP C/O FASCORE LLC 8515 E ORCHARD RD 2T2 GREENWOOD VILLAGE CO 80111-5002	—	—	—	—	6.28%	—

WELLS FARGO CLEARING SERVICES LLC SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMER 2801 MARKET ST SAINT LOUIS MO 63103-2523	—	8.38%	—	—	—	—

Invesco Discovery Fund

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Class R5	Class R6
AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INVESTMENT SVC 707 2ND AVE SOUTH MINNEAPOLIS MN 55402-2405	—	—	—	7.64%	—	—

CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FBO CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 211 MAIN ST SAN FRANCISCO CA 94105-1901	—	—	—	7.78%	—	—

CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC SPECIAL CUSTODY FBO CUSTOMERS (RPS) ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 101 MONTGOMERY ST SAN FRANCISCO CA 94104-4151	—	—	—	—	—	11.64%

DCGT TRUSTEE & OR CUSTODIAN FBO PLIC VARIOUS RETIREMENT PLANS OMNIBUS ATTN NPIO TRADE DESK 711 HIGH STREET DES MOINES IA 50392-0001	—	—	—	—	78.06%	11.23%

F-4

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Class R5	Class R6
LPL FINANCIAL --OMNIBUS CUSTOMER ACCOUNT-- ATTN LINDSAY OTOOLE 4707 EXECUTIVE DRIVE SAN DIEGO CA 92121-3091	—	—	—	20.85%	—	—

MLPF&S FOR THE SOLE BENEFIT OF ITS CUSTOMERS ATTN FUND ADMN 4800 DEER LAKE DR E FL 3 JACKSONVILLE FL 32246-6484	—	—	—	6.35%	—	5.68%

NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC FOR EXCLUSIVE BEN OF CUSTOMERS 200 LIBERTY STREET ONE WORLD FINANCIAL CENTER ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 5TH FLOOR NEW YORK NY 10281-1003	6.08%	6.83%	—	26.78%	—	28.88%

STATE STREET BANK AND TRUST AS CUST FBO ADP ACCESS PRODUCT 1 LINCOLN STOTECH CTR FL 6 BOSTON MA 02111	—	—	—	—	14.42%	—

UMB BANK CUST SECURITY FINANCIAL RESOURCES ONE SW SECURITY BENEFIT PLACE TOPEKA KS 66636-0001	5.53%	—	—	—	—	—

VANTAGETRUST - UNITIZED CO ICMA RET CORP 777 N CAPITOL ST NE WASHINGTON DC 20002-4239	—	—	—	8.89%	—	—

VOYA INSTITUTIONAL TRUST CO FBO STATE OF ARKANSAS DFRD COMP PLAN PO BOX 3507 LITTLE ROCK AR 72203-3507	—	—	—	—	—	5.48%

Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Class R5	Class R6
AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INVESTMENT SVC 707 2ND AVE SOUTH MINNEAPOLIS MN 55402-2405	—	—	—	5.40%	—	—

ASCENSUS TRUST CO FBO SIFCO MECHANICAL INC EE SA PO BOX 10758 FARGO ND 58106-0758	—	—	—	—	—	6.57%

CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FBO CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 211 MAIN ST SAN FRANCISCO CA 94105-1901	—	—	—	7.74%	—	—

F-5

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Class R5	Class R6

CITY OF MANCHESTER C/O MISSIONSQUARE RETIREMENT ONE CITY HALL PLAZA MANCHESTER NH 03101-2025	—	—	—	—	—	12.11%

EDWARD D JONES & CO FBO CUSTOMERS 12555 MANCHESTER RD ST LOUIS MO 63131-3710	—	—	—	—	—	22.08%

INVESCO ADVISERS INC ATTN: CORPORATE CONTROLLER 1555 PEACHTREE ST NE STE 1800 ATLANTA GA 30309-2499	—	—	—	—	16.78%	—

LPL FINANCIAL --OMNIBUS CUSTOMER ACCOUNT-- ATTN LINDSAY OTOOLE 4707 EXECUTIVE DRIVE SAN DIEGO CA 92121-3091	—	—	—	8.52%	—	—

MLPF&S FOR THE SOLE BENEFIT OF ITS CUSTOMERS ATTN FUND ADMN 4800 DEER LAKE DR E FL 3 JACKSONVILLE FL 32246-6484	—	—	—	6.88%	—	—

MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY LLC FOR THE EXCLUSIVE FBO ITS CUSTOMERS 1 NEW YORK PLAZA FL 12 NEW YORK NY 10004-1965	—	—	—	5.33%	—	—

NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC FOR EXCLUSIVE BEN OF CUSTOMERS 200 LIBERTY STREET ONE WORLD FINANCIAL CENTER ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 5TH FLOOR NEW YORK NY 10281-1003	—	—	—	13.59%	—	26.10%

PERSHING LLC 1 PERSHING PLAZA JERSEY CITY NJ 07399-0001	—	—	—	18.50%	83.22%	—

PERSHING LLC PO BOX 2052 JERSEY CITY NJ 07303-2052	—	—	—	—	—	5.04%

Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Class R6
AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INVESTMENT SVC 707 2ND AVE S MINNEAPOLIS MN 55402-2405	—	12.19%	—	6.38%	—

F-6

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Class R6
BNY MELLON INVESTMENT SERVICING INC FBO PRIMERICA FINANCIAL SERVICES 760 MOORE RD KING OF PRUSSIA PA 19406-1212	18.07%	—	—	—	—

CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FBO CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 211 MAIN ST SAN FRANCISCO CA 94105-1901	—	—	—	6.96%	—

EDWARD D JONES & CO FOR THE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS 12555 MANCHESTER RD SAINT LOUIS MO 63131-3710	7.74%	—	—	—	17.09%

EMPOWER TRUST FBO EMPLOYEE BENEFIT CLIENTS 401K 8515 E ORCHARD RD 2T2 GREENWOOD VILLAGE CO 80111-5002	—	—	—	—	6.01%

LPL FINANCIAL OMNIBUS CUSTOMER ACCOUNT ATTN: MUTUAL FUND TRADING 4707 EXECUTIVE DR SAN DIEGO CA 92121-3091	—	—	—	6.43%	—

MAC & CO ACCT MUTUAL FUND OPERATIONS 525 WILLIAM PENN PLACE PO BOX 3198 PITTSBURGH PA 15230-3198	—	—	—	—	20.98%

MERRILL LYNCH PIERCE FENNER & SMITH FBO THE SOLE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS ATTN: FUND ADMINISTRATION 4800 DEER LAKE DR EAST 2ND FLOOR JACKSONVILLE FL 32246-6484	5.00%	—	—	8.98%	—

MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY LLC FOR EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS 1 NEW YORK PLZ FL 12 NEW YORK NY 10004-1965	24.99%	7.90%	—	17.87%	—

NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC FEBO CUSTOMERS MUTUAL FUNDS 499 WASHINGTON BLVD FL 5 JERSEY CITY NJ 07310	5.11%	—	—	10.53%	24.46%

PERSHING LLC 1 PERSHING PLAZA JERSEY CITY NJ 07399-0002	—	6.38%	—	5.87%	—

RAYMOND JAMES OMNIBUS FOR MUTUAL FUNDS HOUSE A/C ATTN MUTUAL FUND RECONCILIATION 14G 880 CARILLON PARKWAY ST PETERSBURG FL 33716-1102	—	7.79%	—	—	—

F-7

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Class R6
UBS WM USA OMNI ACCOUNT M/F ATTN DEPARTMENT MANAGER SPEC CDY A/C EXCL BEN CUST UBSFSI 1000 HARBOR BLVD WEEHAWKEN NJ 07086-6761	—	—	—	8.00%	—

WELLS FARGO CLEARING SERVICES LLC SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMER 2801 MARKET ST SAINT LOUIS MO 63103-2523	6.46%	28.45%	—	11.39%	—

Invesco Equity and Income Fund

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Class R5	Class R6
AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INV SVC 707 2ND AVE S MINNEAPOLIS MN 55402-2405	—	7.55%	—	11.09%	—	—

BNY MELLON INVESTMENT SERVICING INC FBO PRIMERICA FINANCIAL SERVICES 760 MOORE RD KING OF PRUSSIA PA 19406-1212	35.13%	—	—	—	—	—

CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FBO CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 211 MAIN ST SAN FRANCISCO CA 94105-1901	—	—	—	8.09%	—	—

EDWARD D JONES & CO FOR THE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS 12555 MANCHESTER RD SAINT LOUIS MO 63131-3710	22.69%	19.25%	—	—	—	38.26%

JOHN HANCOCK LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY USA RPS- TRADING OPS -ST6 200 BERKELEY ST FL 3 BOSTON MA 02116-5030	—	—	—	—	6.54%	—

LPL FINANCIAL OMNIBUS CUSTOMER ACCOUNT ATTN: MUTUAL FUND TRADING 4707 EXECUTIVE DR SAN DIEGO CA 92121-3091	—	5.51%	—	9.58%	—	—

MASSACHUSETTS MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE 1295 STATE STREET MIP M200-INVST SPRINGFIELD MA 01111-0001	—	—	5.81%	—	—	—

MATRIX TRUST COMPANY AS AGENT FOR ADVISOR TRUST, INC. ASPIRE- INVESTLINK 717 17TH ST STE 1300 DENVER CO 80202-3304	—	—	7.96%	—	—	—

F-8

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Class R5	Class R6
MERRILL LYNCH PIERCE FENNER & SMITH FBO THE SOLE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS ATTN: FUND ADMINISTRATION 4800 DEER LAKE DR E FL 2 JACKSONVILLE FL 32246-6484	—	—	—	—	17.51%	—

MINNESOTA LIFE INSURANCE CO 400 ROBERT ST N STE A SAINT PAUL MN 55101-2099	—	—	—	—	18.08%	—

MLPF&S FOR THE SOLE BENEFIT OF ITS CUSTOMERS ATTN FUND ADMINISTRATION 4800 DEER LAKE DR E 2ND FL JACKSONVILLE FL 32246-6484	—	—	—	8.12%	—	—

MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY LLC FOR EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS 1 NEW YORK PLZ FL 12 NEW YORK NY 10004-1965	—	—	—	8.46%	—	—

NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC FEBO CUSTOMERS MUTUAL FUNDS 499 WASHINGTON BLVD FL 5 JERSEY CITY NJ 07310	—	5.32%	—	7.71%	30.85%	11.59%

NATIONWIDE TRUST CO FSB C/O IPO PORTFOLIO ACCOUNTING PO BOX 182029 COLUMBUS OH 43218-2029	—	—	—	—	19.10%	—

PERSHING LLC 1 PERSHING PLAZA JERSEY CITY NJ 07399-0002	—	5.94%	—	5.58%	—	—

RAYMOND JAMES OMNIBUS FOR MUTUAL FUNDS HOUSE A/C ATTN MUTUAL FUND RECONCILIATION 880 CARILLON PARKWAY ST PETERSBURG FL 33716-1102	—	—	—	12.01%	—	—

STATE STREET BANK AND TRUST AS CUST FBO ADP ACCESS PRODUCT 1 LINCOLN STOTECH CTR FL 6 BOSTON MA 02111	—	—	12.79%	—	—	—

TALCOTT RESOLUTION LIFE INS CO SEPARATE ACCOUNT 401K PO BOX 5051 HARTFORD CT 06102-5051	—	—	7.83%	—	—	—

UBS WM USA OMNI ACCOUNT M/F ATTN DEPARTMENT MANAGER SPEC CDY A/C EXCL BEN CUST UBSFSI 1000 HARBOR BLVD WEEHAWKEN NJ 07086-6761	—	—	—	8.30%	—	—

F-9

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Class R5	Class R6
WELLS FARGO CLEARING SERVICES LLC SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMER 2801 MARKET ST SAINT LOUIS MO 63103-2523	—	6.90%	—	6.32%	—	—

Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Class R5	Class R6
AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INVESTMENT SVC 707 2ND AVE S MINNEAPOLIS MN 55402-2405	—	11.12%	—	13.57%	—	—

BNY MELLON INVESTMENT SERVICING INC FBO PRIMERICA FINANCIAL SERVICES 760 MOORE RD KING OF PRUSSIA PA 19406-1212	29.56%	—	—	—	—	—

CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC SPECIAL CUSTODY A/C FBO CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 101 MONTGOMERY ST SAN FRANCISCO CA 94104-4151	—	—	—	—	—	8.07%

CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FBO CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 211 MAIN ST SAN FRANCISCO CA 94105-1901	—	—	—	7.60%	34.15%	—

EDWARD D JONES & CO FOR THE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS 12555 MANCHESTER RD SAINT LOUIS MO 63131-3710	16.14%	8.69%	—	—	—	17.06%

INVESCO GROUP SERVICES INC 1555 PEACHTREE ST NE 4TH FLOOR GENERAL LEDGER ACCOUNTING ATLANTA GA 30309-2460	—	—	—	—	28.41%	—

JP MORGAN SECURITIES LLC FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CUSTOMERS 4 CHASE METROTECH CTR BROOKLYN NY 11245-0001	—	—	—	—	—	15.95%

LPL FINANCIAL OMNIBUS CUSTOMER ACCOUNT ATTN: MUTUAL FUND TRADING 4707 EXECUTIVE DR SAN DIEGO CA 92121-3091	—	6.16%	—	7.85%	—	—

MAC & CO ACCT MUTUAL FUND OPERATIONS 525 WILLIAM PENN PLACE PO BOX 3198 PITTSBURGH PA 15230-3198	—	—	—	—	—	14.74%

F-10

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Class R5	Class R6
MARIL & CO FBO NG C/O RELIANCE TRUST COMPANY WI MAILCODE BD1N ATTN MF 4900 W BROWN DEER RD MILWAUKEE WI 53223-2422	—	—	—	—	—	5.09%

MERRILL LYNCH PIERCE FENNER & SMITH FBO THE SOLE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS ATTN: FUND ADMINISTRATION 4800 DEER LAKE DR EAST 2ND FLOOR JACKSONVILLE FL 32246-6484	—	8.55%	—	20.77%	—	—

MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY LLC FOR EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS 1 NEW YORK PLZ FL 12 NEW YORK NY 10004-1965	6.64%	8.34%	—	16.53%	—	—

NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC FEBO CUSTOMERS MUTUAL FUNDS 499 WASHINGTON BLVD FL 5 JERSEY CITY NJ 07310	—	10.81%	—	9.07%	—	—

OPPENHEIMER PORTFOLIO SERIES MODERATE INVESTOR ATTN CYNTHIA SMITH 11 GREENWAY PLZ FL 16 HOUSTON TX 77046-1100	—	—	—	—	—	7.07%

PERSHING LLC 1 PERSHING PLAZA JERSEY CITY NJ 07399-0001	—	7.17%	—	—	—	—

SEI PRIVATE TRUSTCO C/O PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL GROUP ID 63 ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS ADMIN ONE FREEDOM VALLEY DRIVE OAKS PA 19456-9989	—	—	—	—	—	7.01%

SHAWN D MCNUTT NORWAY ME	—	—	5.60%	—	—	—

UBS WM USA OMNI ACCOUNT M/F ATTN DEPARTMENT MANAGER SPEC CDY A/C EXCL BEN CUST UBSFSI 1000 HARBOR BLVD WEEHAWKEN NJ 07086-6761	—	—	—	6.16%	—	—

VOYA INSTITUTIONAL TRUST CO 1 ORANGE WAY # B3N WINDSOR CT 06095-4773	—	—	—	—	13.07%	—

VOYA RET INS & ANNUITY CO ONE ORANGE WAY B3N WINDSOR CT 06095-4773	—	—	—	—	10.82%	5.91%

F-11

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Class R5	Class R6
WELLS FARGO CLEARING SERVICES LLC SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMER 2801 MARKET ST SAINT LOUIS MO 63103-2523	5.12%	14.35%	—	5.73%	—	—

Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class Y	Class R5	Class R6
AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INVESTMENT SVC 707 2ND AVE S MINNEAPOLIS MN 55402-2405	5.81%	—	—	—	—

BNY MELLON INVESTMENT SERVICING INC FBO PRIMERICA FINANCIAL SERVICES 760 MOORE RD KING OF PRUSSIA PA 19406-1212	7.34%	—	—	—	—

CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FBO CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 211 MAIN ST SAN FRANCISCO CA 94105-1901	—	5.90%	52.60%	14.45%	—

EDWARD D JONES & CO FOR THE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS 12555 MANCHESTER RD SAINT LOUIS MO 63131-3710	22.61%	—	—	—	—

EMPOWER TRUST COMPANY LLC EMPLOYEE BENEFITS CLIENTS 401K 8515 E ORCHARD RD 2T2 GREENWOOD VILLAGE CO 80111-5002	—	—	—	17.02%	—

FIIOC 401K FBO CRUCIBLE INDUSTRIES LLC 401(K) SAVINGS PLAN 100 MAGELLAN WAY (KW1C) COVINGTON KY 41015-1987	—	—	—	6.44%	—

FIIOC FBO BREAKAWAY TECHNOLOGIES, INC. 401(K) PLAN 100 MAGELLAN WAY (KW1C) COVINGTON KY 41015-1987	—	—	—	6.16%	—

INVESCO GROWTH ALLOCATION FUND FUND OMNIBUS ACCOUNT KGHL 11 GREENWAY PLZ STE 2500 HOUSTON TX 77046-1188	—	—	—	—	12.81%

LPL FINANCIAL OMNIBUS CUSTOMER ACCOUNT ATTN: MUTUAL FUND TRADING 4707 EXECUTIVE DR SAN DIEGO CA 92121-3091	—	6.41%	—	—	—

F-12

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class Y	Class R5	Class R6
MAC & CO ACCT MUTUAL FUND OPERATIONS 525 WILLIAM PENN PLACE PO BOX 3198 PITTSBURGH PA 15230-3198	—	—	—	—	12.64%

MATRIX TRUST COMPANY TRUSTEE FBO EPLAN SVCS GROUP TRUST PO BOX 52129 PHOENIX AZ 85072-2129	—	—	—	23.45%	—

MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY LLC FOR EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS 1 NEW YORK PLZ FL 12 NEW YORK NY 10004-1965	7.00%	12.17%	—	—	—

NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC FEBO CUSTOMERS MUTUAL FUNDS 499 WASHINGTON BLVD FL 5 JERSEY CITY NJ 07310	7.52%	6.20%	11.32%	22.17%	—

OPPENHEIMER PORTFOLIO SERIES ACTIVE ALLOCATION ATTN: CYNTHIA SMITH 11 GREENWAY PLZ FL 16 HOUSTON TX 77046-1100	—	—	—	—	25.95%

OPPENHEIMER PORTFOLIO SERIES GROWTH INVESTOR FUND ATTN CYNTHIA SMITH 11 GREENWAY PLZ FL 16 HOUSTON TX 77046-1100	—	—	—	—	11.19%

OPPENHEIMER PORTFOLIO SERIES MODERATE INVESTOR ATTN CYNTHIA SMITH 11 GREENWAY PLZ FL 16 HOUSTON TX 77046-1100	—	—	—	—	24.52%

PERSHING LLC 1 PERSHING PLAZA JERSEY CITY NJ 07399-0001	6.36%	12.20%	18.93%	—	—

WELLS FARGO CLEARING SERVICES LLC SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMER 2801 MARKET ST SAINT LOUIS MO 63103-2523	5.24%	16.24%	—	—	—

Invesco Growth and Income Fund

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Class R5	Class R6
AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INV SVC 707 2ND AVE S MINNEAPOLIS MN 55402-2405	—	5.91%	—	—	—	—

F-13

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Class R5	Class R6
BNY MELLON INVESTMENT SERVICING INC FBO PRIMERICA FINANCIAL SERVICES 760 MOORE RD KING OF PRUSSIA PA 19406-1212	16.37%	—	—	—	—	—

CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FBO CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 211 MAIN ST SAN FRANCISCO CA 94105-1901	—	—	—	5.22%	35.16%	—

DCGT TRUSTEE & OR CUSTODIAN FBO PLIC VARIOUS RETIREMENT PLANS OMNIBUS ATTN NPIO TRADE DESK 711 HIGH ST DES MOINES IA 50392-0001	—	—	—	—	29.62%	—

EDWARD D JONES & CO FOR THE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS 12555 MANCHESTER RD SAINT LOUIS MO 63131-3710	32.53%	17.06%	—	—	—	54.72%

JOHN HANCOCK TRUST COMPANY LLC 200 BERKELEY ST STE 7 BOSTON MA 02116-5038	—	—	—	—	—	6.07%

LINCOLN NATIONAL LIFE INS COMPANY ATTN SHIRLEY SMITH 1300 S CLINTON ST FORT WAYNE IN 46802-3506	—	—	—	12.14%	—	—

MATRIX TRUST COMPANY AS AGENT FOR ADVISOR TRUST, INC. ASPIRE- INVESTLINK 717 17TH ST STE 1300 DENVER CO 80202-3304	—	—	23.70%	—	—	—

MERRILL LYNCH PIERCE FENNER & SMITH FBO THE SOLE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS ATTN: FUND ADMINISTRATION 4800 DEER LAKE DR EAST 2ND FLOOR JACKSONVILLE FL 32246-6484	—	—	—	—	11.74%	9.52%

MLPF&S FOR THE SOLE BENEFIT OF ITS CUSTOMERS ATTN FUND ADMINISTRATION 4800 DEER LAKE DR E 2ND FL JACKSONVILLE FL 32246-6484	—	—	—	8.56%	—	—

MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY LLC FOR EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS 1 NEW YORK PLZ FL 12 NEW YORK NY 10004-1965	—	—	—	19.66%	—	—

NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC FEBO CUSTOMERS MUTUAL FUNDS 499 WASHINGTON BLVD FL 5 JERSEY CITY NJ 07310-2010	—	—	—	13.03%	—	16.09%

F-14

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Class R5	Class R6
NATIONWIDE TRUST CO FSB FBO PARTICIPATING RET PL NTC-PLNS C/O IPO PORTFOLIO ACCOUNTING PO BOX 182029 COLUMBUS OH 43218-2029	—	—	—	—	6.65%	—

PERSHING LLC 1 PERSHING PLAZA JERSEY CITY NJ 07399-0002	—	5.68%	—	7.33%	—	—

TALCOTT RESOLUTION LIFE INS CO SEPARATE ACCOUNT 401K PO BOX 5051 HARTFORD CT 06102-5051	—	—	16.56%	—	—	—

Invesco Income Advantage U.S. Fund

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Investor Class	Class R5	Class R6
ASCENSUS TRUST COMPANY FBO KAPLAN TELEPHONE COMPANY 401(K) PO BOX 10758 FARGO ND 58106-0758	—	—	12.04%	—	—	—	—

CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FBO CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 211 MAIN ST SAN FRANCISCO CA 94105-1901	—	—	—	10.88%	—	—	—

D A DAVIDSON & CO WILLIAM & SCARLETT CHIEN GREAT FALLS MT	—	—	7.71%	—	—	—	—

DORIS DURST TOD ACCOUNT CHIPPEWA FLS WI	—	—	—	—	9.87%	—	—

EJM CONSULTING SERVICES LLC EDWIN MACKIEWICZ III INDIALANTIC FL	—	—	5.36%	—	—	—	—

INVESCO ADVISERS INC ATTN: CORPORATE CONTROLLER 1555 PEACHTREE ST NE STE 1800 ATLANTA GA 30309-2499	—	—	—	—	—	12.02%	6.31%

ITC HAUPPAUGE PS ALICIA TULLY PATCHOGUE NY	—	—	8.30%	—	—	—	—

JP MORGAN SECURITIES LLC FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CUSTOMERS 4 CHASE METROTECH CTR BROOKLYN NY 11245-0001	—	—	—	—	—	—	16.03%

F-15

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Investor Class	Class R5	Class R6
LPL FINANCIAL OMNIBUS CUSTOMER ACCOUNT ATTN: MUTUAL FUND TRADING 4707 EXECUTIVE DR SAN DIEGO CA 92121-3091	—	11.70%	—	11.69%	—	—	—

MARK D HARDING MD PC MARK D HARDING KALISPELL MT	—	—	5.27%	—	—	—	—

MATRIX TRUST COMPANY CUST. FBO COLLINS CARDIOLOGY 717 17TH ST STE 1300 DENVER CO 80202-3304	—	5.07%	—	—	—	—	—

MISSION MOUNTAIN MRO LLC HEATHER JONES GOCHIS RANCHO MIRAGE CA	—	—	5.08%	—	—	—	—

MISSION MOUNTAIN MRO LLC PAUL D GOCHIS RANCHO MIRAGE CA	—	—	10.06%	—	—	—	—

NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC FEBO CUSTOMERS MUTUAL FUNDS 499 WASHINGTON BLVD FL 5 JERSEY CITY NJ 07310	6.53%	—	—	37.28%	5.61%	68.23%	—

NICHOLAS PIERCE OMAHA NE	—	—	5.47%	—	—	—	—

PERSHING LLC 1 PERSHING PLAZA JERSEY CITY NJ 07399-0001	5.33%	9.25%	—	7.77%	—	19.12%	77.29%

RAYMOND JAMES OMNIBUS FOR MUTUAL FUNDS HOUSE A/C ATTN MUTUAL FUND RECONCILIATION 880 CARILLON PARKWAY ST PETERSBURG FL 33716-1102	—	—	—	5.97%	—	—	—

WELLS FARGO CLEARING SERVICES LLC SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMER 2801 MARKET ST SAINT LOUIS MO 63103-2523	5.82%	—	—	—	—	—	—

Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class R6
CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FBO CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 211 MAIN ST SAN FRANCISCO CA 94105-1901	25.29%

F-16

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class R6
EMPOWER TRUST COMPANY LLC EMPLOYEE BENEFITS CLIENTS 401K 8515 E ORCHARD RD 2T2 GREENWOOD VILLAGE CO 80111-5002	5.97%

EMPOWER TRUST FBO EMPLOYEE BENEFIT CLIENTS 401K 8515 E ORCHARD RD 2T2 GREENWOOD VILLAGE CO 80111-5002	5.90%

MAC & CO ACCT ATTN MUTUAL FUND OPERATIONS 500 GRANT STREET RM 151-1010 PITTSBURGH PA 15219-2502	22.50%

STATE STREET BANK AND TRUST AS CUST FBO ADP ACCESS PRODUCT 1 LINCOLN STOTECH CTR FL 6 BOSTON MA 02111	5.94%

VANGUARD FIDUCIARY TRUST COMPANY AIM FUNDS ATTN OUTSIDE FUNDS PO BOX 2900 K14 VALLEY FORGE PA 19482-2900	9.71%

Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class Y	Class R6
EDWARD D JONES & CO FOR THE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS 12555 MANCHESTER RD SAINT LOUIS MO 63131-3710	7.84%	—	—	39.13%

INVESCO GROUP SERVICES INC 1555 PEACHTREE ST NE 4TH FLOOR GENERAL LEDGER ACCOUNTING ATLANTA GA 30309-2460	—	—	—	34.76%

JP MORGAN SECURITIES LLC FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF OUR CUSTOMERS 4 CHASE METROTECH CTR BROOKLYN NY 11245-0001	—	—	—	10.75%

LPL FINANCIAL OMNIBUS CUSTOMER ACCOUNT ATTN: MUTUAL FUND TRADING 4707 EXECUTIVE DR SAN DIEGO CA 92121-3091	—	9.53%	20.66%	—

MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY LLC FOR EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS 1 NEW YORK PLZ FL 12 NEW YORK NY 10004-1965	21.13%	6.01%	9.43%	—

F-17

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class Y	Class R6
NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC FEBO CUSTOMERS MUTUAL FUNDS 499 WASHINGTON BLVD FL 5 JERSEY CITY NJ 07310	5.81%	8.65%	11.55%	—

PERSHING LLC 1 PERSHING PLAZA JERSEY CITY NJ 07399-0002	—	9.26%	8.74%	—

RAYMOND JAMES OMNIBUS FOR MUTUAL FUNDS HOUSE A/C ATTN MUTUAL FUND RECONCILIATION 14G 880 CARILLON PARKWAY ST PETERSBURG FL 33716-1102	—	8.01%	10.79%	—

STATE STREET BANK AND TRUST AS CUST FBO ADP ACCESS PRODUCT 1 LINCOLN STOTECH CTR FL 6 BOSTON MA 02111	7.95%	—	—	5.87%

STIFEL NICOLAUS & CO INC EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS 501 N BROADWAY SAINT LOUIS MO 63102-2137	—	8.46%	—	—

UBS WM USA OMNI ACCOUNT M/F ATTN DEPARTMENT MANAGER SPEC CDY A/C EXCL BEN CUST UBSFSI 1000 HARBOR BLVD WEEHAWKEN NJ 07086-6761	—	—	6.35%	—

WELLS FARGO CLEARING SERVICES LLC SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMER 2801 MARKET ST SAINT LOUIS MO 63103-2523	—	13.26%	9.08%	—

Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Class R5	Class R6
AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INVESTMENT SVC 707 2ND AVE S MINNEAPOLIS MN 55402-2405	—	5.81%	—	11.26%	—	—

CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FBO CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 211 MAIN ST SAN FRANCISCO CA 94105-1901	5.04%	—	—	8.00%	—	42.14%

F-18

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Class R5	Class R6
CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC SPECIAL CUSTODY FBO CUSTOMERS (RPS) ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 101 MONTGOMERY ST SAN FRANCISCO CA 94104-4151	—	—	—	—	—	5.69%

EDWARD D JONES & CO FBO CUSTOMERS 12555 MANCHESTER RD ST LOUIS MO 63131-3710	—	—	—	—	—	22.29%

INVESCO ADVISERS INC ATTN: CORPORATE CONTROLLER 1555 PEACHTREE ST NE STE 1800 ATLANTA GA 30309-2499	—	—	—	—	57.62%	—

LPL FINANCIAL --OMNIBUS CUSTOMER ACCOUNT-- ATTN LINDSAY OTOOLE 4707 EXECUTIVE DRIVE SAN DIEGO CA 92121-3091	7.42%	11.34%	—	9.24%	—	—

MLPF&S FOR THE SOLE BENEFIT OF ITS CUSTOMERS ATTN FUND ADMN 4800 DEER LAKE DR E FL 3 JACKSONVILLE FL 32246-6484	—	—	—	9.59%	—	—

MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY LLC FOR THE EXCLUSIVE FBO ITS CUSTOMERS 1 NEW YORK PLAZA FL 12 NEW YORK NY 10004-1965	7.04%	—	—	9.16%	—	—

NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC FOR EXCLUSIVE BEN OF CUSTOMERS 200 LIBERTY STREET ONE WORLD FINANCIAL CENTER ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 5TH FLOOR NEW YORK NY 10281-1003	10.70%	9.09%	—	11.28%	—	—

NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC FOR EXCLUSIVE BEN OF CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 4TH FLOOR 499 WASHINGTON BLVD JERSEY CITY NJ 07310-1995	—	—	—	—	—	16.91%

PERSHING LLC 1 PERSHING PLAZA JERSEY CITY NJ 07399-0001	8.02%	12.09%	—	15.09%	42.38%	—

RAYMOND JAMES OMNIBUS FOR MUTUAL FUNDS HOUSE A/C ATTN MUTUAL FUND RECONCILIATION 14G 880 CARILLON PARKWAY ST PETERSBURG FL 33716-1102	—	7.24%	—	—	—	—

F-19

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class R	Class Y	Class R5	Class R6
SAMMONS FINANCIAL NETWORK 4546 CORPORATE DR STE 100 W DES MOINES IA 50266-5911	—	—	18.82%	—	—	—

WELLS FARGO CLEARING SVCS LLC SPECIAL CUSTODY A/C FOR THE EXCLUSIVE FBO CUSTOMER 2801 MARKET STREET ST LOUIS MO 63103-2523	6.30%	9.53%	—	13.08%	—	—

Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class Y	Class R5	Class R6
AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INV SVC 707 2ND AVE S MINNEAPOLIS MN 55402-2405	—	—	5.08%	—	—

CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC SPECIAL CUSTODY A/C FBO CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 211 MAIN ST SAN FRANCISCO CA 94105-1901	—	—	—	—	22.50%

EDWARD D JONES & CO FOR THE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS 12555 MANCHESTER RD SAINT LOUIS MO 63131-3710	29.92%	27.13%	—	—	74.71%

INVESCO ADVISERS INC ATTN: CORPORATE CONTROLLER 1555 PEACHTREE ST NE STE 1800 ATLANTA GA 30309-2499	—	—	—	100.00%*	—

LPL FINANCIAL OMNIBUS CUSTOMER ACCOUNT ATTN: MUTUAL FUND TRADING 4707 EXECUTIVE DR SAN DIEGO CA 92121-3091	—	5.52%	5.88%	—	—

MLPF&S FOR THE SOLE BENEFIT OF ITS CUSTOMERS ATTN FUND ADMN 4800 DEER LAKE DR E FL 3 JACKSONVILLE FL 32246-6484	5.02%	—	—	—	—

MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY LLC FOR EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMERS 1 NEW YORK PLZ FL 12 NEW YORK NY 10004-1965	7.38%	11.69%	10.81%	—	—

NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC FEBO CUSTOMERS MUTUAL FUNDS 499 WASHINGTON BLVD FL 5 JERSEY CITY NJ 07310-2010	7.34%	6.45%	13.16%	—	—

F-20

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class C	Class Y	Class R5	Class R6
PERSHING LLC 1 PERSHING PLAZA JERSEY CITY NJ 07399-0001	5.82%	—	—	—	—

RBC CAPITAL MARKETS LLC MUTUAL FUND OMNIBUS PROCESSING OMNIBUS ATTN MUTUAL FUND OPS MANAGER 250 NICOLLET MALL STE 1400 MINNEAPOLIS MN 55401-7582	—	—	5.26%	—	—

UBS WM USA OMNI ACCOUNT M/F ATTN DEPARTMENT MANAGER SPEC CDY A/C EXCL BEN CUST UBSFSI 1000 HARBOR BLVD WEEHAWKEN NJ 07086-6761	—	—	18.29%	—	—

WELLS FARGO CLEARING SERVICES LLC SPECIAL CUSTODY ACCT FOR THE EXCLUSIVE BENEFIT OF CUSTOMER 2801 MARKET ST SAINT LOUIS MO 63103-2523	9.08%	15.30%	19.50%	—	—

Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class Y	Class R6
AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INVESTMENT SVC 707 2ND AVE SOUTH MINNEAPOLIS MN 55402-2405	16.13%	14.16%	—

BNY MELLON INVESTMENT SERVICING INC FBO PRIMERICA FINANCIAL SERVICES 760 MOORE RD KING OF PRUSSIA PA 19406-1212	7.99%	—	—

CHARLES SCHWAB & CO INC SPECIAL CUSTODY A/C FBO CUSTOMERS ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 211 MAIN ST SAN FRANCISCO CA 94105-1901	—	8.10%	13.41%

FIRST STATE TRUST COMPANY 0 1 RIGHTER PKWY STE 120 WILMINGTON DE 19803-1533	—	—	23.14%

LPL FINANCIAL --OMNIBUS CUSTOMER ACCOUNT-- ATTN LINDSAY OTOOLE 4707 EXECUTIVE DRIVE SAN DIEGO CA 92121-3091	5.21%	9.31%	—

MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY LLC FOR THE EXCLUSIVE FBO ITS CUSTOMERS 1 NEW YORK PLAZA FL 12 NEW YORK NY 10004-1965	8.68%	23.80%	—

F-21

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	Class A	Class Y	Class R6

NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC FEBO CUSTOMERS MUTUAL FUNDS 499 WASHINGTON BLVD FL 5 JERSEY CITY NJ 07310-2010	—	—	34.51%

NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC FOR EXCLUSIVE BEN OF CUSTOMERS 200 LIBERTY STREET ONE WORLD FINANCIAL CENTER ATTN MUTUAL FUNDS 5TH FLOOR NEW YORK NY 10281-1003	15.48%	13.69%	—

PERSHING LLC 1 PERSHING PLAZA JERSEY CITY NJ 07399-0001	10.48%	7.00%	—

RELIANCE TRUST CO FBO HUNTINGTON NATIONAL BANK PO BOX 570788 ATLANTA GA 30357-3114	—	—	25.29%

WELLS FARGO CLEARING SVCS LLC SPECIAL CUSTODY A/C FOR THE EXCLUSIVE FBO CUSTOMER 2801 MARKET STREET ST LOUIS MO 63103-2523	5.94%	9.88%	—

Invesco SMA Municipal Bond Fund

Name and Address of Principal Holder	Percentage Owned of Record
	SMA
INVESCO ADVISERS INC ATTN: CORPORATE CONTROLLER 1555 PEACHTREE ST NE STE 1800 ATLANTA GA 30309-2499	85.97%

NATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES LLC FEBO CUSTOMERS MUTUAL FUNDS 499 WASHINGTON BLVD FL 5 JERSEY CITY NJ 07310-2010	14.03%

*Owned beneficially and of record

Management Ownership

As of December 2, 2024, the trustees and officers as a group owned less than 1% of the outstanding shares of each class of each Fund.

F-22

APPENDIX G - MANAGEMENT FEES

For the last three fiscal years or periods, as applicable, ended August 31, the management fees payable by each Fund, the amounts waived by Invesco and the net fees paid by each Fund were as follows:

	2024			2023			2022
	Management Fee Payable	Amounts Waived and/or Reimbursed that Reduced the Management Fee	Net Management Fee Paid	Management Fee Payable	Amounts Waived and/or Reimbursed that Reduced the Management Fee	Net Management Fee Paid	Management Fee Payable	Amounts Waived and/or Reimbursed that Reduced the Management Fee	Net Management Fee Paid
Invesco American Franchise Fund	$80,468,174	$(84,757)	$80,383,417	$65,215,027	$(122,344)	$65,092,683	$80,529,260	$(126,368)	$80,402,892
Invesco Core Plus Bond Fund	19,457,472	(2,749,787)	16,707,685	18,137,172	(2,041,688)	16,095,504	21,322,463	(1,879,962)	19,442,501
Invesco Discovery Fund	24,237,152	(100,215)	24,136,937	21,487,572	(100,493)	21,387,079	23,977,820	(84,119)	23,893,701
Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund	28,530,126	(39,060)	28,491,066	23,502,277	(48,250)	23,454,027	29,156,012	(49,580)	29,106,432
Invesco Equally- Weighted S&P 500 Fund	6,809,981	(30,397)	6,779,584	6,704,748	(34.802)	6,669,946	7,424,380	(69,385)	7,354,995
Invesco Equity and Income Fund	42,267,839	(631,815)	41,636,024	41,477,487	(608,848)	40,868,639	44,874,081	(369,076)	44,505,005
Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund	16,714,444	(94,054)	16,620,390	19,149,260	(71,197)	19,078,063	21,309,401	(337,210)	20,972,191
Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund	4,360,949	(24,647)	4,336,302	4,449,200	(18,502)	4,430,698	5,211,238	(21,716)	5,189,522
Invesco Growth and Income Fund	14,327,353	(75,833)	14,251,520	14,932,883	(89,546)	14,843,337	17,206,794	(51,286)	17,155,508
Invesco Income Advantage U.S. Fund	1,171,527	(69,081)	1,102,446	1,065,853	(181,371)	884,482	1,180,996	(169,225)	1,011,771
Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund	83,970	(83,970)	0	22,378	(22,378)	0	9,684	(9,684)	0
Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund	3,251,201	(70,858)	3,180,343	2,558,275	(53,648)	2,504,627	2,588,976	(24,973)	2,564,003
Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund	19,187,449	(591,396)	18,596,053	20,226,031	(958,531)	19,267,500	22,892,032	(58,510)	22,833,522
Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund	4,982,671	0	4,982,671	5,633,485	0	5,633,485	5,967,131	0	5,967,131
Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund	6,467,115	0	6,467,115	8,232,287	0	8,232,287	11,269,340	0	11,269,340

G-1

APPENDIX H - PORTFOLIO MANAGER(S)

Portfolio Manager Fund Holdings and Information on Other Managed Accounts

Invesco’s portfolio managers develop investment models which are used in connection with the management of certain Invesco Funds as well as other mutual funds for which Invesco or an affiliate acts as sub-adviser, other pooled investment vehicles that are not registered mutual funds, and other accounts managed for organizations and individuals. The ‘Investments’ chart reflects the portfolio managers' investments in the Fund(s) that they manage and includes investments in the Fund’s shares beneficially owned by a portfolio manager, as determined in accordance with Rule 16a-1(a)(2) under the Exchange Act (beneficial ownership includes ownership by a portfolio manager’s immediate family members sharing the same household). The ‘Assets Managed’ chart reflects information regarding accounts other than the Funds for which each portfolio manager has day-to-day management responsibilities. Accounts are grouped into three categories: (i) other registered investment companies; (ii) other pooled investment vehicles; and (iii) other accounts. To the extent that any of these accounts pay advisory fees that are based on account performance (performance-based fees), information on those accounts is specifically noted. In addition, any assets denominated in foreign currencies have been converted into U.S. dollars using the exchange rates as of the applicable date.

Investments

The following information is as of August 31, 2024 (unless otherwise noted):

Fund	Portfolio Managers	Dollar Range of Investments in the Fund
Invesco American Franchise Fund
	Ido Cohen	$500,001–$1,000,000
	Ronald J. Zibelli, Jr.	$500,001–$1,000,000

Invesco Core Plus Bond
	Matthew Brill	$100,001–$500,000
	Chuck Burge	None
	Michael Hyman	$100,001–$500,000
	Todd Schomberg	$10,001–$50,000

Invesco Discovery Fund
	Ash Shah	$100,001–$500,000
	Ronald J. Zibelli, Jr.	Over $1,000,000

Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund
	Ash Shah	$500,001–$1,000,000
	Ronald J. Zibelli, Jr.	Over $1,000,000

Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund
	Pratik Doshi	None
	Peter Hubbard	None
	Michael Jeanette	None
	Tony Seisser	None

Invesco Equity and Income Fund
	Chuck Burge	$1–$10,000
	Brian Jurkash	Over $1,000,000
	Sergio Marcheli	$500,001–$1,000,000
	Matthew Titus	Over $1,000,000

H-1

Fund	Portfolio Managers	Dollar Range of Investments in the Fund
Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund
	Scott Baskind	$500,001–$1,000,000
	Thomas Ewald	$1–$10,000
	Philip Yarrow	$500,001–$1,000,000

Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund
	James Cowen1	None
	Grant Jackson	$50,001–$100,000
	PingYing Wang	$10,001–$50,000
Invesco Growth and Income Fund
	Brian Jurkash2	Over $1,000,000
	Sergio Marcheli	$100,001–$500,000
	Matthew Titus	Over $1,000,000

Invesco Income Advantage U.S. Fund
	Mark Ahnrud	$100,001–$500,000
	John Burrello	$100,001–$500,000
	Chris Devine	$100,001–$500,000
	Scott Hixon	$50,001–$100,000
	Christian Ulrich	$500,001–$1,000,000
	Scott Wolle	$500,001–$1,000,000

Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund
	Pratik Doshi	None
	Peter Hubbard	None
	Michael Jeanette	None
	Tony Seisser	None

Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund
	Pratik Doshi	None
	Peter Hubbard	None
	Michael Jeanette	None
	Tony Seisser	None

Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund
	Thomas Ewald	None
	David Lukkes	Over $1,000,000
	Philip Yarrow	$100,001–$500,000

Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund
	John “Jack” Connelly	None
	Tim O’Reilly	None
	Mark Paris	None
	John Schorle	None
	Julius Williams	None

Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund
	Michael Magee	None
	Tim O’Reilly	None
	Mark Paris	$10,001–$50,000
	Rebecca Setcavage	None
	Julius Williams	None

H-2

Fund	Portfolio Managers	Dollar Range of Investments in the Fund

Assets Managed

The following information is as of August 31, 2024 (unless otherwise noted):

Portfolio Manager(s)	Other Registered Investment Companies Managed		Other Pooled Investment Vehicles Managed		Other Accounts Managed
	Number of Accounts	Assets (in millions)	Number of Accounts	Assets (in millions)	Number of Accounts	Assets (in millions)
Invesco American Franchise Fund
Ido Cohen	2	$4,182.2	7	$3,079.9	1	$14.6
Ronald J. Zibelli, Jr.	10	$22,759.7	5	$1,106.9	273	$3.13

Invesco Core Plus Bond
Matthew Brill	8	$10,563.2	23	$29,321.6	243	$10,156.83
Chuck Burge	10	$22,719.7	10	$31,213.0	83	$2,129.43
Michael Hyman	8	$10,563.2	25	$29,208.1	83	$2,376.93
Todd Schomberg	7	$8,938.7	24	$29,356.2	233	$9,988.53

Invesco Discovery Fund
Ash Shah	7	$8,740.7	1	$106.2	None	None
Ronald J. Zibelli, Jr.	10	$33,819.2	5	$1,106.9	273	$3.13

Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund
Ash Shah	7	$7,939.0	1	$106.2	None	None
Ronald J. Zibelli, Jr.	10	$33,017.5	5	$1,106.9	273	$3.13

Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund
Pratik Doshi	156	$229,527.2	108	$29,215.6	42	$56,853.4
Peter Hubbard	212	$281,698.5	124	$89,331.2	42	$56,853.4
Michael Jeanette	157	$229,620.5	108	$29,215.6	42	$56,853.4
Tony Seisser	157	$229,620.5	108	$29,215.6	42	$56,853.4

Invesco Equity and Income Fund
Chuck Burge	10	$15,493.8	10	$31,213.0	83	$2,129.43
Brian Jurkash	6	$8,498.5	1	$69.4	1,7233	$276.63
Sergio Marcheli	6	$8,498.5	1	$69.4	1,7233	$276.63
Matthew Titus	6	$8,498.5	1	$69.4	1,7233	$276.63

Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund
Scott Baskind	5	$8,658.9	9	$8,184.0	14	$5,055.8
Thomas Ewald	4	$4,763.4	3	$5,522.5	14	$5,055.8
Philip Yarrow	4	$4,763.4	3	$5,522.5	14	$5,055.8

Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund
James Cowen	7	$1,734.2	7	$3,159.6	224	$2,996.74
Grant Jackson	8	$1,798.6	7	$3,159.6	224	$2,996.74
PingYing Wang	8	$1,798.6	7	$3,159.6	224	$2,996.74

Invesco Growth and Income Fund
Brian Jurkash	6	$16,842.9	1	$69.4	1,7233	$276.63
Sergio Marcheli	6	$16,842.9	1	$69.4	1,7233	$276.63
Matthew Titus	6	$16,842.9	1	$69.4	1,7233	$276.63

H-3

Portfolio Manager(s)	Other Registered Investment Companies Managed		Other Pooled Investment Vehicles Managed		Other Accounts Managed
Invesco Income Advantage U.S. Fund
Mark Ahnrud	8	$4,691.6	13	$5,960.7	None	None
John Burrello	17	$3,581.8	12	$4,255.5	None	None
Chris Devine	12	$5,504.7	16	$6,052.9	None	None
Scott Hixon	18	$11,770.5	26	$7,084.9	None	None
Christian Ulrich	8	$4,691.6	13	$5,960.7	None	None
Scott Wolle	9	$5,006.1	17	$7,284.8	None	None

Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund
Pratik Doshi	156	$236,242.8	108	$29,215.6	42	$56,853.4
Peter Hubbard	212	$288,414.1	124	$89,331.2	42	$56,853.4
Michael Jeanette	157	$236,336.1	108	$29,215.6	42	$56,853.4
Tony Seisser	157	$236,336.1	108	$29,215.6	42	$56,853.4

Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund
Pratik Doshi	156	$233,038.4	108	$29,215.6	42	$56,853.4
Peter Hubbard	212	$285,209.7	124	$89,331.2	42	$56,853.4
Michael Jeanette	157	$233,131.7	108	$29,215.6	42	$56,853.4
Tony Seisser	157	$233,131.7	108	$29,215.6	42	$56,853.4

Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund
Thomas Ewald	4	$4,397.0	3	$5,522.5	14	$5,055.8
David Lukkes	None	None	None	None	None	None
Philip Yarrow	4	$4,397.0	3	$5,522.5	14	$5,055.8

Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund
John “Jack” Connelly	15	$22,826.3	None	None	None	None
Tim O’Reilly	26	$47,173.2	None	None	None	None
Mark Paris	27	$47,184.7	None	None	203	$12,591.23
John Schorle	16	$22,837.8	None	None	None	None
Julius Williams	26	$47,173.2	None	None	None	None

Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund
Michael Magee	1	$2,884.5	None	None	None	None
Tim O’Reilly	26	$46,795.9	None	None	None	None
Mark Paris	27	$46,807.4	None	None	203	$12,591.23
Rebecca Setcavage	8	$9,856.6	None	None	203	$12,591.23
Julius Williams	26	$46,795.9	None	None	None	None

1 The Portfolio Manager is not domiciled in the United States. Accordingly, the Portfolio Manager may not invest in the Fund.

2 The Portfolio Manager manages and has made investments in an Invesco Fund with the same or similar investment objectives, strategies and risks as the Fund (such similar fund being a “Patterned Fund”) as of the most recent fiscal year end of the Patterned Fund. A portion of the amount shown in the table includes the portfolio manager’s investment in the Patterned Fund.

3 These are accounts of individual investors for which Invesco provides investment advice. Invesco offers separately managed accounts that are managed according to the investment models developed by its portfolio managers and used in connection with the management of certain Invesco Funds. These accounts may be invested in accordance with one or more of those investment models and investments held in those accounts are traded in accordance with the applicable models.

4 This amount includes 1 fund that pays performance-based fees with $108.4M in total assets under management.

Potential Conflicts of Interest

Actual or apparent conflicts of interest may arise when a portfolio manager has day-to-day management responsibilities with respect to more than one Fund or other account. More specifically, portfolio managers who manage multiple Funds and/or other accounts may be presented with one or more of the following potential conflicts:

H-4

●

The management of multiple Funds and/or other accounts may result in a portfolio manager devoting unequal time and attention to the management of each Fund and/or other account. The Adviser and each Sub-Adviser seek to manage such competing interests for the time and attention of portfolio managers by having portfolio managers focus on a particular investment discipline. Most other accounts managed by a portfolio manager are managed using the same investment models that are used in connection with the management of the Funds.

●

If a portfolio manager identifies a limited investment opportunity which may be suitable for more than one Fund or other account, a Fund may not be able to take full advantage of that opportunity due to an allocation of filled purchase or sale orders across all eligible Funds and other accounts. To deal with these situations, the Adviser, each Sub-Adviser and the Funds have adopted procedures for allocating portfolio transactions across multiple accounts.

●

The Adviser and each Sub-Adviser determine which broker to use to execute each order for securities transactions for the Funds, consistent with its duty to seek best execution of the transaction. However, for certain other accounts (such as mutual funds for which Invesco or an affiliate acts as sub-adviser, other pooled investment vehicles that are not registered mutual funds, and other accounts managed for organizations and individuals), the Adviser and each Sub-Adviser may be limited by the client with respect to the selection of brokers or may be instructed to direct trades through a particular broker. In these cases, trades for a Fund in a particular security may be placed separately from, rather than aggregated with, such other accounts. Having separate transactions with respect to a security may temporarily affect the market price of the security or the execution of the transaction, or both, to the possible detriment of the Fund or other account(s) involved.

●

The appearance of a conflict of interest may arise where the Adviser or Sub-Adviser has an incentive, such as a performance-based management fee, which relates to the management of one Fund or account but not all Funds and accounts for which a portfolio manager has day-to-day management responsibilities.

●

In the case of a fund-of-funds arrangement, including where a portfolio manager manages both the investing Fund and an affiliated underlying fund in which the investing Fund invests or may invest, a conflict of interest may arise if the portfolio manager of the investing Fund receives material nonpublic information about the underlying fund. For example, such a conflict may restrict the ability of the portfolio manager to buy or sell securities of the underlying Fund, potentially for a prolonged period of time, which may adversely affect the Fund.

The Adviser, each Sub-Adviser, and the Funds have adopted certain compliance procedures which are designed to address these types of conflicts. However, there is no guarantee that such procedures will detect each and every situation in which a conflict arises.

Description of Compensation Structure

For the Adviser and each Sub-Adviser

The Adviser and each Sub-Adviser seek to maintain a compensation program that is competitively positioned to attract and retain high-caliber investment professionals. Portfolio managers receive a base salary, an incentive cash bonus opportunity and a deferred compensation opportunity. Portfolio manager compensation is reviewed and may be modified each year as appropriate to reflect changes in the market, as well as to adjust the factors used to determine bonuses to promote competitive Fund performance. The Adviser and each Sub-Adviser evaluate competitive market compensation by reviewing compensation survey results conducted by an independent third party of investment industry compensation. Each portfolio manager's compensation consists of the following three elements:

Base Salary. Each portfolio manager is paid a base salary. In setting the base salary, the Adviser and each Sub-Adviser’s intention is to be competitive in light of the particular portfolio manager's experience and responsibilities.

H-5

Annual Bonus. The portfolio managers are eligible, along with other employees of the Adviser and each Sub-Adviser, to participate in a discretionary year-end bonus pool. The Compensation Committee of Invesco Ltd. reviews and approves the firm-wide bonus pool based upon progress against strategic objectives and annual operating plan, including investment performance and financial results. In addition, while having no direct impact on individual bonuses, assets under management are considered when determining the starting bonus funding levels. Each portfolio manager is eligible to receive an annual cash bonus which is based on quantitative (i.e. investment performance) and non-quantitative factors (which may include, but are not limited to, individual performance, risk management and teamwork).

Each portfolio manager's compensation is linked to the pre-tax investment performance of the Funds/accounts managed by the portfolio manager as described in Table 1 below.

Sub-Adviser	Performance time period5
Invesco6	One-, Three- and Five-year performance against Fund peer group
Invesco Canada6
Invesco Deutschland6
Invesco Hong Kong6
Invesco Asset Management6
Invesco India6
Invesco Listed Real Assets Division6

Invesco Senior Secured6, 7	Not applicable
Invesco Capital6, 8	Not applicable

Invesco Japan	One-, Three- and Five-year performance

5 Rolling time periods based on calendar year-end.
6 Portfolio Managers may be granted an annual deferral award that vests on a pro-rata basis over a four-year period.
7 Invesco Senior Secured’s bonus is based on annual measures of equity return and standard tests of collateralization performance.
8 Portfolio Managers for Invesco Capital base their bonus on Invesco results as well as overall performance of Invesco Capital.

High investment performance (against applicable peer group and/or benchmarks) would deliver compensation generally associated with top pay in the industry (determined by reference to the third-party provided compensation survey information) and poor investment performance (versus applicable peer group) would result in low bonus compared to the applicable peer group or no bonus at all. These decisions are reviewed and approved collectively by senior leadership which has responsibility for executing the compensation approach across the organization.

With respect to Invesco Capital, there is no policy regarding, or agreement with, the Portfolio Managers or any other senior executive of the Adviser to receive bonuses or any other compensation in connection with the performance of any of the accounts managed by the Portfolio Managers.

Deferred / Long Term Compensation. Portfolio managers may be granted a deferred compensation award based on a firm-wide bonus pool approved by the Compensation Committee of Invesco Ltd. Deferred compensation awards may take the form of annual fund deferral awards or long-term equity awards. Annual fund deferral awards are notionally invested in certain Invesco funds selected by the Portfolio Manager and are settled in cash. Long-term equity awards are settled in Invesco Ltd. common shares. Both fund deferral awards and long-term equity awards have a four-year ratable vesting schedule. The vesting period aligns the interests of the Portfolio Managers with the long-term interests of clients and shareholders and encourages retention.

Retirement and health and welfare arrangements. Portfolio managers are eligible to participate in retirement and health and welfare plans and programs that are available generally to all employees.

H-6

APPENDIX I - ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES FEES

The Funds paid Invesco the following amounts for administrative services for the last three fiscal years or periods, as applicable, ended August 31.

Fund Name	2024	2023	2022
Invesco American Franchise Fund	$2,061,203	$1,496,751	$2,070,717
Invesco Core Plus Bond Fund	699,177	642,507	789,869
Invesco Discovery Fund	588,455	515,579	566,844
Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund	712,540	573,967	711,373
Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund	922,261	883,191	1,024,524
Invesco Equity and Income Fund	1,721,654	1,660,860	1,829,405
Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund	391,481	456,766	518,379
Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund	83,368	83,619	103,427
Invesco Growth and Income Fund	573,321	581,664	686,182
Invesco Income Advantage U.S. Fund	27,226	24,758	28,495
Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund	7,157	1,895	923
Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund	408,932	293,917	322,517
Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund	451,136	474,475	536,119
Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund	177,134	208,220	212,095
Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund	240,066	310,058	427,109

I-1

APPENDIX J - BROKERAGE COMMISSIONS AND COMMISSIONS ON AFFILIATED TRANSACTIONS

Set forth below are brokerage commissions paid by the Funds during the last three fiscal years or periods, as applicable, ended August 31. Unless otherwise indicated, the amount of the brokerage commissions paid by a Fund may change from year to year because of, among other things, changing asset levels, shareholder activity, and/or portfolio turnover.

	Total $ Amount of Brokerage Commissions Paid1			Total $ Amount of Brokerage Commissions Paid to Affiliated Brokers			% of Total Brokerage Commissions Paid to the Affiliated Brokers	% of Total Transaction Dollars Effected Through Affiliated Brokers
	2024	2023	2022	2024	2023	2022	2024	2024
Invesco American Franchise Fund	$2,918,853	$3,590,855	$6,606,997	$60,192	$246,419	$499,851	2.06%	1.81%
Invesco Core Plus Bond Fund	291,029	317,791	437,040	0	0	0	0.00	0.00
Invesco Discovery Fund	3,321,154	2,978,153	2,935,041	104,139	98,862	0	3.14	4.06
Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund	866,790	1,267,425	1,054,514	5,438	64,980	66,882	0.63	0.94
Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund	370,086	371,176	454,493	211,238	209,816	154,231	57.08	50.65
Invesco Equity and Income Fund	1,993,365	1,671,114	1,608,064	263,628	168,393	111,289	13.23	5.98
Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund	16,396	16,396	22,910	0	0	0	0.00	0.00
Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund	389,319	596,048	281,946	2,229	0	0	0.57	2.59
Invesco Growth and Income Fund	1,049,109	839,612	815,294	194,661	84,702	40,453	18.55	9.05
Invesco Income Advantage U.S. Fund	7,852	6,509	39,770	7,569	5,003	5,344	96.39	96.64
Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund	4,418	1,850	498	1,139	150	0	25.79	23.81
Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund	27,060	17,798	13,000	9,481	9,919	7,782	35.04	11.48
Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund	22,002	21,368	74,082	0	0	0	0.00	0.00
Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund	3,584	12,985	15,655	0	0	0	0.00	0.00
Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund	510	0	0	0	0	0	0.00	0.00

1 Disclosure regarding brokerage commissions is limited to commissions paid on agency trades and designated as such on the trade confirm.

J-1

APPENDIX K - RESEARCH SERVICES AND PURCHASES OF SECURITIES OF REGULAR BROKERS OR DEALERS

RESEARCH SERVICES

The following table shows the dollar amount of brokerage commissions paid to brokers for providing Section 28(e) research/brokerage services under Section 28(e) of the Exchange Act, and the approximate dollar amount of the transactions involved for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024. The provision of Section 28(e) research/brokerage services was not necessarily a factor in the placement of all brokerage business with such brokers.

Fund	Amount of Brokerage Transactions Involved1	Amount of Commissions Paid to Brokers for Providing 28(e) Eligible Research Services1
Invesco American Franchise Fund	$13,977,375,107	$2,845,701
Invesco Core Plus Bond Fund	0	0
Invesco Discovery Fund	6,224,845,834	3,024,234
Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund	5,151,492,429	822,613
Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund	0	0
Invesco Equity and Income Fund	4,630,924,474	1,983,452
Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund	0	0
Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund	331,011,364	353,032
Invesco Growth and Income Fund	2,437,194,546	1,044,346
Invesco Income Advantage U.S. Fund	0	0
Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund	0	0
Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund	0	0
Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund	0	0
Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund	0	0
Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund	0	0
1 Amount is inclusive of commissions paid to, and brokerage transactions placed with, certain brokers that provide execution, research and other services.

REGULAR BROKER-DEALERS

During the last fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, the following Funds purchased securities issued by the following companies, which are "regular" brokers or dealers of the Funds identified below.

Fund	Security	Market Value (as of August 31, 2024)
Invesco American Franchise Fund	Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (The) (Common Stock)	$156,792,681

Invesco Core Plus Bond Fund	Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (The) (Bonds and Notes)	$49,249,923
	Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (The) (Preferred Stock)	$3,564,367
	Morgan Stanley (Preferred Stock)	$6,320,844
	Morgan Stanley (Bonds and Notes)	$28,161,082
	Bank of America Corp. (Bonds and Notes)	$11,280,689
	Royal Bank of Canada (Canada) (Bonds and Notes)	$7,751,399

Invesco Growth and Income Fund	Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (The) (Common Stock)	$65,179,335
	Bank of America Corp. (Common Stock)	$135,806,058

Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund	Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (The) (Common Stock)	$11,328,060
	Morgan Stanley (Common Stock)	$8,926,520
	Bank of America Corp. (Common Stock)	$19,088,237

K-1

APPENDIX L - PURCHASE, REDEMPTION, EXCHANGE AND PRICING OF SHARES

All references in the following "Purchase, Redemption and Pricing of Shares" section of this SAI to Class A, C and R shares shall include Class A2 and AX (except Invesco Government Money Market Fund) and Class CX shares, respectively, unless otherwise noted. All references in the following "Purchase, Redemption and Pricing of Shares" section of this SAI to Invesco Cash Reserve Shares of Invesco Government Money Market Fund shall include Class AX shares of Invesco Government Money Market Fund, unless otherwise noted. The information contained in this section of the SAI does not apply to Invesco SMA High Yield Bond Fund and Invesco SMA Municipal Bond Fund. For more information regarding those funds, please see their SAIs.

Transactions through Financial Intermediaries

If you are investing indirectly in an Invesco Fund through a financial intermediary such as a broker-dealer, a bank (including a bank trust department), an insurance company separate account, an investment adviser, an administrator or trustee of a Retirement and Benefit Plan or a qualified tuition plan or a sponsor of a fee-based program that maintains a master account (an omnibus account) with the Invesco Fund for trading on behalf of its customers, different guidelines, conditions and restrictions may apply than if you held your shares of the Invesco Fund directly. These differences may include, but are not limited to: (i) different eligibility standards to purchase and sell shares, different eligibility standards to invest in Funds with limited offering status and different eligibility standards to exchange shares by telephone; (ii) different minimum and maximum initial and subsequent purchase amounts; (iii) system inability to provide Letter of Intent privileges; and (iv) different annual amounts (less than 12%) subject to withdrawal under a Systematic Redemption Plan without being subject to a contingent deferred sales charge (CDSC). The financial intermediary through whom you are investing may also choose to adopt different exchange and/or transfer limit guidelines and restrictions, including different trading restrictions designed to discourage excessive or short-term trading.

If the financial intermediary is managing your account, you may also be charged a transaction or other fee by such financial intermediary, including service fees for handling redemption transactions. Consult with your financial intermediary (or, in the case of a Retirement and Benefit Plan, your plan sponsor) to determine what fees, guidelines, conditions and restrictions, including any of the above, may be applicable to you.

Unless otherwise provided, the following are certain defined terms used throughout this prospectus:

●

Employer Sponsored Retirement and Benefit Plans include (i) employer sponsored pension or profit sharing plans that qualify under Section 401(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), including 401(k), money purchase pension, profit sharing and defined benefit plans; (ii) 403(b) and non-qualified deferred compensation arrangements that operate similar to plans described under (i) above, such as 457 plans and executive deferred compensation arrangements; (iii) health savings accounts maintained pursuant to Section 223 of the Code; and (iv) voluntary employees' beneficiary arrangements maintained pursuant to Section 501(c)(9) of the Code.

●

Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) include Traditional and Roth IRAs.

●

Employer Sponsored IRAs include Simplified Employee Pension (SEP), Salary Reduction Simplified Employee Pension (SAR-SEP), and Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees of Small Employers (SIMPLE) IRAs.

●

Retirement and Benefit Plans include Employer Sponsored Retirement and Benefit Plans, IRAs and Employer Sponsored IRAs.

Purchase and Redemption of Shares

Purchases of Class A shares, Class A2 shares of Invesco Short Duration Inflation Protected Fund and Invesco Limited Term Municipal Income Fund, Class AX shares of Invesco Government Money Market Fund and Invesco Cash Reserve Shares of Invesco Government Money Market Fund and Invesco U.S. Government Money Portfolio

L-1

Initial Sales Charges. Each Invesco Fund (other than Invesco Conservative Income Fund and Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund) is grouped into one of six categories to determine the applicable initial sales charge for its Class A shares. The sales charge is used to compensate Invesco Distributors, Inc. (Invesco Distributors) and participating dealers for their expenses incurred in connection with the distribution of the Invesco Funds' shares. You may also be charged a transaction or other fee by the financial intermediary managing your account.

Class A shares of Invesco Conservative Income Fund and Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund; Invesco Cash Reserve Shares of Invesco U.S. Government Money Portfolio; and Class A shares and Invesco Cash Reserve Shares of Invesco Government Money Market Fund, are sold without an initial sales charge.

Category I Funds

Invesco Advantage International Fund

Invesco American Franchise Fund

Invesco Balanced-Risk Allocation Fund

Invesco Balanced-Risk Commodity Strategy Fund

Invesco Charter Fund

Invesco Comstock Fund

Invesco Comstock Select Fund

Invesco Convertible Securities Fund

Invesco Developing Markets Fund

Invesco Discovery Fund

Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund

Invesco Discovery Mid Cap Growth Fund

Invesco Diversified Dividend Fund

Invesco Dividend Income Fund

Invesco Energy Fund

Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund

Invesco Equity and Income Fund

Invesco EQV Asia Pacific Equity Fund

Invesco EQV Emerging Markets All Cap Fund

Invesco EQV European Equity Fund

Invesco EQV European Small Company Fund

Invesco EQV International Equity Fund

Invesco EQV International Small Company Fund

Invesco Fundamental Alternatives Fund

Invesco Global Allocation Fund

Invesco Global Core Equity Fund

Invesco Global Focus Fund

Invesco Global Fund

Invesco Global Infrastructure Fund

Invesco Global Opportunities Fund

Invesco Global Real Estate Fund

Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund

Invesco Gold & Special Minerals Fund

Invesco Greater China Fund

Invesco Growth and Income Fund

Invesco Health Care Fund

Invesco Income Advantage International Fund

Invesco Income Advantage U.S. Fund

Invesco International Diversified Fund

Invesco International Small-Mid Company Fund

Invesco Macro Allocation Strategy Fund

Invesco Main Street All Cap Fund

Invesco Main Street Fund

Invesco Main Street Mid-Cap Fund

Invesco Main Street Small Cap Fund

Invesco MSCI World SRI Index Fund

Invesco Multi-Asset Income Fund

Invesco Oppenheimer International Growth Fund

Invesco Real Estate Fund

Invesco Rising Dividends Fund

Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund

Invesco Small Cap Equity Fund

Invesco Small Cap Growth Fund

Invesco Small Cap Value Fund

Invesco SteelPath MLP Alpha Fund

Invesco Steelpath MLP Alpha Plus Fund

Invesco SteelPath MLP Income Fund

Invesco SteelPath MLP Select 40 Fund

Invesco Summit Fund

Invesco Technology Fund

Invesco Value Opportunities Fund

Amount of Investment	Investor’s Sales Charge		Dealer Concession
	As a Percentage of the Public Offering Price	As a Percentage of the Net Amount Invested	As a Percentage of the Net Amount Invested
Less than $50,000	5.50%	5.82%	5.00%
$50,000 but less than $100,000	4.50%	4.71%	4.00%
$100,000 but less than $250,000	3.50%	3.63%	3.00%
$250,000 but less than $500,000	2.75%	2.83%	2.25%
$500,000 but less than $1,000,000	2.00%	2.04%	1.75%

Category II Funds

Invesco AMT-Free Municipal Income Fund

Invesco California Municipal Fund

Invesco Core Bond Fund

Invesco Core Plus Bond Fund

Invesco Corporate Bond Fund

Invesco Emerging Markets Local Debt Fund

Invesco Environmental Focus Municipal Fund

Invesco Global Strategic Income Fund

L-2

Invesco High Yield Fund

Invesco High Yield Municipal Fund

Invesco Income Fund

Invesco Intermediate Bond Factor Fund

Invesco International Bond Fund

Invesco Municipal Income Fund

Invesco New Jersey Municipal Fund

Invesco Pennsylvania Municipal Fund

Invesco Quality Income Fund

Invesco Rochester AMT-Free New York Municipal Fund

Invesco Rochester Municipal Opportunities Fund

Invesco Rochester New York Municipals Fund

Amount of Investment	Investor’s Sales Charge		Dealer Concession
	As a Percentage of the Public Offering Price	As a Percentage of the Net Amount Invested	As a Percentage of the Net Amount Invested
Less than $100,000	4.25%	4.44%	4.00%
$100,000 but less than $250,000	3.50%	3.63%	3.25%
$250,000 but less than $500,000	2.50%	2.56%	2.25%
$500,000 but less than $1,000,000	2.00%	2.04%	1.75%

Category III Funds

Invesco Limited Term Municipal Income Fund (Class A2 shares)

Invesco Short Duration Inflation Protected Fund (Class A2 shares)

Amount of Investment	Investor’s Sales Charge		Dealer Concession
	As a Percentage of the Public Offering Price	As a Percentage of the Net Amount Invested	As a Percentage of the Net Amount Invested
Less than $100,000	1.00%	1.01%	0.75%
$100,000 but less than $250,000	0.75%	0.76%	0.50%
$250,000 but less than $1,000,000	0.50%	0.50%	0.40%

As of the close of business on October 30, 2002, Class A2 shares of Invesco Short Duration Inflation Protected Fund and Invesco Limited Term Municipal Income Fund were closed to new investors. Current investors must maintain a share balance in order to continue to make incremental purchases.

Category IV Funds

Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund

Invesco Intermediate Term Municipal Income Fund

Invesco Limited Term California Municipal Fund

Invesco Limited Term Municipal Income Fund (Class A shares)

Invesco Rochester Limited Term New York Municipal Fund

Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund

Invesco Short Duration Inflation Protected Fund (Class A shares)

Invesco Short Term Bond Fund

Amount of Investment	Investor’s Sales Charge		Dealer Concession
	As a Percentage of the Public Offering Price	As a Percentage of the Net Amount Invested	As a Percentage of the Net Amount Invested
Less than $100,000	2.50%	2.56%	2.00%
$100,000 but less than $250,000	1.75%	1.78%	1.50%

L-3

Category V Funds

Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund

Amount of Investment	Investor’s Sales Charge		Dealer Concession
	As a Percentage of the Public Offering Price	As a Percentage of the Net Amount Invested	As a Percentage of the Net Amount Invested
Less than $100,000	3.25%	3.36%	3.00%
$100,000 but less than $250,000	2.75%	2.83%	2.50%
$250,000 but less than $500,000	1.75%	1.78%	1.50%
$500,000 but less than $1,000,000	1.50%	1.52%	1.25%

Category VI Funds

Invesco Active Allocation Fund

Invesco Income Allocation Fund

Invesco Select Risk: Conservative Investor Fund

Invesco Select Risk: Growth Investor Fund

Invesco Select Risk: High Growth Investor Fund

Invesco Select Risk: Moderate Investor Fund

Invesco Select Risk: Moderately Conservative Investor Fund

Amount of Investment	Investor’s Sales Charge		Dealer Concession
	As a Percentage of the Public Offering Price	As a Percentage of the Net Amount Invested	As a Percentage of the Net Amount Invested
Less than $50,000	5.50%	5.82%	5.00%
$50,000 but less than $100,000	4.50%	4.71%	4.00%
$100,000 but less than $250,000	3.50%	3.63%	3.00%

Large Purchases of Class A Shares. Investors who purchase $1,000,000 or more of Class A shares of Category I, II or V Funds do not pay an initial sales charge. Investors who purchase $250,000 or more of Class A shares of Category IV or VI Funds do not pay an initial sales charge. In addition, investors who own Class A shares of Category I, II or V Funds and make additional purchases that result in account balances of $1,000,000 or more and investors who own Class A shares of Category IV or VI Funds and make additional purchases that result in account balances of $250,000 or more do not pay an initial sales charge on the additional purchases. The additional purchases, as well as initial purchases of Class A shares of $1,000,000 or more (for Category I, II and V) or $250,000 or more (for Category IV or VI Funds), are referred to as Large Purchases. If an investor makes a Large Purchase of Class A shares of a Category I, II, IV, V or VI Fund, each share will generally be subject to a 1.00% CDSC if the investor redeems those shares within 18 months after purchase.

Invesco Distributors may pay a dealer concession and/or advance a service fee on Large Purchases of Class A shares, as set forth below. Exchanges between the Invesco Funds may affect total compensation paid.

Payments for Purchases of Class A Shares by Investors Other than Employer Sponsored Retirement and Benefit Plans. Invesco Distributors may make the following payments to dealers of record for Large Purchases of Class A shares of Category I, II, IV, V or VI Funds by investors other than Employer Sponsored Retirement and Benefit Plans:

Percent of Purchases – Categories I, II, IV, V and VI

●

1% (0.50% for Invesco Short Duration Inflation Protected Fund and 0.75% for Invesco Limited Term Municipal Income Fund and Invesco Short Term Bond Fund) of the first $4 million

●

plus 0.50% of the next $46 million

●

plus 0.25% of amounts in excess of $50 million

L-4

If (i) the amount of any single purchase order plus (ii) the public offering price of all other shares owned by the same customer submitting the purchase order on the day on which the purchase order is received equals or exceeds $1,000,000, with respect to Categories I or II Funds, or $250,000 with respect to Category IV or VI Funds, the purchase will be considered a "jumbo accumulation purchase." With regard to any individual jumbo accumulation purchase, Invesco Distributors may make payment to the dealer of record based on the cumulative total of jumbo accumulation purchases made by the same customer over the life of his or her account(s).

If an investor made a Large Purchase of Class A shares of Invesco Short Duration Inflation Protected Fund or Invesco Limited Term Municipal Income Fund on or after October 31, 2002, and prior to February 1, 2010, and exchanges those shares for Class A shares of a Category I, II, IV, V or VI Fund, Invesco Distributors will pay 1.00% of such purchase as dealer compensation upon the exchange. The Class A shares of the Category I, II, IV, V or VI Fund received in exchange generally will be subject to a 1.00% CDSC if the investor redeems such shares within 18 months from the date of exchange.

Payments for Purchases of Class A Shares at NAV by Employer Sponsored Retirement and Benefit Plans. Invesco Distributors may make the following payments to dealers of record for purchases of Class A shares at net asset value (NAV) of Category I, II, IV, V or VI Funds by Employer Sponsored Retirement and Benefit Plans provided that the applicable dealer of record is able to establish that the plan's purchase of such Class A shares is a new investment (as defined below):

Percent of Purchases

●

0.50% of the first $20 million

●

plus 0.25% of amounts in excess of $20 million

A "new investment" means a purchase paid for with money that does not represent (i) the proceeds of one or more redemptions of Invesco Fund shares, (ii) an exchange of Invesco Fund shares, (iii) the repayment of one or more Employer Sponsored Retirement and Benefit Plan loans that were funded through the redemption of Invesco Fund shares, or (iv) money returned from another fund family. If Invesco Distributors pays a dealer concession in connection with an Employer Sponsored Retirement and Benefit Plan's or SIMPLE IRA Plan's purchase of Class A shares at NAV, such shares may be subject to a CDSC of 1.00% of net assets for 12 months, commencing on the date the Employer Sponsored Retirement and Benefit Plan or SIMPLE IRA Plan first invests in Class A shares of an Invesco Fund. If the applicable dealer of record is unable to establish that an Employer Sponsored Retirement and Benefit Plan's or SIMPLE IRA Plan's purchase of Class A shares at NAV is a new investment, Invesco Distributors will not pay a dealer concession in connection with such purchase and such shares will not be subject to a CDSC.

With regard to any individual jumbo accumulation purchase, Invesco Distributors may make payment to the dealer of record based on the cumulative total of jumbo accumulation purchases made by the same plan over the life of the plan's account(s).

Fund Reorganizations. Class A Shares issued in connection with a Fund's merger, consolidation, or acquisition of the assets of another Fund will not be charged an initial sales charge.

Purchasers Qualifying For Reductions in Initial Sales Charges. As shown in the tables above, the applicable initial sales charge for the new purchase may be reduced and will be based on the total of your current purchase and the value of other shares owned based on their current public offering price. These reductions are available to purchasers that meet the qualifications listed in the prospectus under "Qualifying for Reduced Sales Charges and Sales Charge Exceptions."

How to Qualify For Reductions in Initial Sales Charges under Rights of Accumulation (ROAs) or Letters of Intent (LOIs). The following sections discuss different ways that a purchaser can qualify for a reduction in the initial sales charges for purchases of Class A shares of the Invesco Funds.

L-5

Letters of Intent

A purchaser may pay reduced initial sales charges by (i) indicating on the Account Application that he, she or it intends to provide a LOI; and (ii) subsequently fulfilling the conditions of that LOI.

Purchases of Class A shares of Invesco Conservative Income Fund and Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund; Invesco Cash Reserve Shares of Invesco U.S. Government Money Portfolio; and Class A, Class AX or Invesco Cash Reserve Shares of Invesco Government Money Market Fund, as applicable, or Class IB, IC, Y and Investor Class shares of any Invesco Fund, will not be taken into account in determining whether a purchase qualifies for a reduction in initial sales charges since they cannot be tied to a LOI.

The LOI confirms the total investment in shares of the Invesco Funds that the purchaser intends to make within the next 13 months. By marking the LOI section on the account application and by signing the account application, the purchaser indicates that he, she or it understands and agrees to the terms of the LOI and is bound by the provisions described below:

Calculating the Initial Sales Charge

●

Each purchase of Fund shares normally subject to an initial sales charge made during the 13-month period will be made at the public offering price applicable to a single transaction of the total dollar amount indicated by the LOI (to determine what the applicable public offering price is, look at the sales charge table in the section on "Initial Sales Charges" above).

●

It is the purchaser's responsibility at the time of purchase to specify the account numbers that should be considered in determining the appropriate sales charge.

●

The offering price may be further reduced as described below under "Rights of Accumulation" if Invesco Investment Services, Inc., the Invesco Funds' transfer agent (Transfer Agent) is advised of all other accounts at the time of the investment.

●

Reinvestment of dividends and capital gains distributions acquired during the 13-month LOI period will not be applied to the LOI.

Calculating the Number of Shares to be Purchased

●

Purchases made and shares acquired through reinvestment of dividends and capital gains distributions prior to the LOI effective date will be applied toward the completion of the LOI based on the value of the shares calculated at the public offering price on the effective date of the LOI.

●

If a purchaser wishes to revise the LOI investment amount upward, he, she or it may submit a written and signed request at any time prior to the completion of the original LOI. This revision will not change the original expiration date.

●

The Transfer Agent will process necessary adjustments upon the expiration or completion date of the LOI.

Fulfilling the Intended Investment

●

By signing a LOI, a purchaser is not making a binding commitment to purchase additional shares, but if purchases made within the 13-month period do not total the amount specified, the purchaser generally will have to pay the increased amount of sales charge.

●

To assure compliance with the provisions of the 1940 Act, the Transfer Agent will reserve, in escrow or similar arrangement, in the form of shares, an appropriate dollar amount computed to the nearest full share out of the initial purchase (or subsequent purchases if necessary). All dividends and any capital gain distributions on the escrowed shares will be credited to the purchaser. All shares purchased, including those reserved, will be registered in the purchaser's name. If the total investment specified under this LOI is completed within the 13-month period, the reserved shares will be promptly released, and additional purchases will be subject to the appropriate breakpoint sales charge based on the account's current ROA value.

L-6

●

If the intended investment is not completed, the purchaser generally will pay the Transfer Agent the difference between the sales charge on the specified amount and the sales charge on the total amount actually purchased. If the purchaser does not pay such difference within 20 days of the expiration date, the Transfer Agent will surrender for redemption any or all shares, to make up such difference within 60 days of the expiration date.

●

Accounts linked under the LOI revert back to ROA once a LOI is met, regardless of expiration date.

Canceling the LOI

●

If at any time before completing the LOI Program, the purchaser wishes to cancel the agreement, he or she must give written notice to Invesco Distributors or its designee.

●

If at any time before completing the LOI Program the purchaser requests the Transfer Agent to liquidate or transfer beneficial ownership of his or her total shares, the LOI will be automatically canceled. If the total amount purchased is less than the amount specified in the LOI, the Transfer Agent will redeem an appropriate number of reserved shares equal to the difference between the sales charge actually paid and the sales charge that would have been paid if the total purchases had been made at a single time.

Other Persons Eligible for the LOI Privilege

The LOI privilege is also available to holders of the Connecticut General Guaranteed Account, established for tax qualified group annuities, for contracts purchased on or before June 30, 1992.

LOIs and Contingent Deferred Sales Charges

All LOIs to purchase $1,000,000 or more of Class A shares of Category I, II or V Funds or $250,000 or more of Class A shares of Category IV or VI Funds are subject to an 18-month, 1% CDSC.

Rights of Accumulation

A purchaser may also qualify for reduced initial sales charges under Invesco’s ROA policy. To determine whether or not a reduced initial sales charge applies to a proposed purchase, Invesco Distributors takes into account not only the money that is invested upon such proposed purchase, but also the value of all shares of the Invesco Funds owned by such purchaser, calculated at their then current public offering price.

If a purchaser qualifies for a reduced sales charge, the reduced sales charge applies to the total amount of money being invested, even if only a portion of that amount exceeds the breakpoint for the reduced sales charge. For example, if a purchaser already owns qualifying shares of any Invesco Fund with a value of $30,000 and wishes to invest an additional $30,000 in a Fund with a maximum initial sales charge of 5.50%, the reduced initial sales charge of 4.50% will apply to the full $30,000 purchase and not just to the $10,000 in excess of the $50,000 breakpoint.

To qualify for obtaining the discount applicable to a particular purchase, the purchaser or his dealer must furnish the Transfer Agent with a list of the account numbers and the names in which such accounts of the purchaser are registered at the time the purchase is made.

ROAs are also available to holders of the Connecticut General Guaranteed Account, established for tax-qualified group annuities, for contracts purchased on or before June 30, 1992.

Certain participants utilizing an Invesco 403(b)(7) Custodial Account who were granted ROA at the plan level prior to December 15, 2023, are also eligible to receive a reduced applicable initial sales charge pursuant to that plan-level ROA arrangement.

If an investor's new purchase of Class A shares of a Category I, II, IV, V or VI Fund is at net asset value, the newly purchased shares may be subject to a 1% CDSC if the investor redeems them prior to the end of the 18 month holding period.

L-7

Other Requirements For Reductions in Initial Sales Charges. As discussed above, investors or dealers seeking to qualify orders for a reduced initial sales charge must identify such orders and, if necessary, support their qualification for the reduced charge. Invesco Distributors reserves the right to determine whether any purchaser is entitled to a reduced sales charge based upon the qualifications set forth in the prospectus under "Qualifying for Reduced Sales Charges and Sales Charge Exceptions."

Class A Shares Sold Without an Initial Sales Charge. Invesco Distributors permits certain other investors to invest in Class A shares without paying an initial sales charge, generally as a result of the investor's current or former relationship with the Invesco Funds. It is possible that a financial intermediary may not, in accordance with its policies and procedures, be able to offer one or more of these waiver categories. If this situation occurs, it is possible that the investor would need to invest directly through an account without a designated intermediary in order to take advantage of the waiver. The Funds may terminate or amend the terms of these sales charge waivers at any time.

●

Any current, former or retired trustee, director, officer or employee (or any immediate family member of a current, former or retired trustee, director, officer or employee) of any Invesco Fund or of Invesco Ltd. or any of its subsidiaries. This includes any foundation, trust or employee benefit plan maintained by any such persons;

●

Any current or retired officer, director, or employee (and members of his or her immediate family) of DST Systems, Inc.;

●

Shareholders who received Class A shares of an Invesco Fund on June 1, 2010 in connection with the reorganization of a predecessor fund in which such shareholder owned Class H, Class L, Class P, and/or Class W shares, who purchase additional Class A shares of the Invesco Fund;

●

Shareholders of record holding shares of AIM Weingarten Fund or AIM Constellation Fund on September 8, 1986, or of AIM Charter Fund on November 17, 1986, who have continuously owned shares and who purchase additional shares of Invesco Constellation Fund or Invesco Charter Fund, respectively;

●

Unitholders of G/SET series unit investment trusts investing proceeds from such trusts in shares of Invesco Constellation Fund in an account established without a designated intermediary; provided, however, prior to the termination date of the trusts, a unitholder may invest proceeds from the redemption or repurchase of his units only when the investment in shares of Invesco Constellation Fund is effected within 30 days of the redemption or repurchase;

●

Shareholders of the former GT Global funds as of April 30, 1987 who since that date continually have owned shares of one or more of these funds who purchase additional Class A shares;

●

Certain former AMA Investment Advisers' shareholders who became shareholders of the AIM Global Health Care Fund in October 1989, and who have continuously held shares in the GT Global funds since that time, who purchase additional Class A shares;

●

Shareholders of record of Advisor Class shares of an Invesco Fund on February 11, 2000 who have continuously owned shares of that Invesco Fund, who purchase additional shares of that Invesco Fund;

●

Shareholders of record of Class K shares on October 21, 2005 whose Class K shares were converted to Class A shares and who since that date have continuously held Class A shares, who purchase additional Class A shares;

●

Shareholders of record of Class B shares of Invesco Global Dividend Growth Securities Fund who received Class A shares of the Invesco Global Core Equity Fund in connection with a reorganization on May 20, 2011 and who since that date have continuously owned Class A shares, who purchase additional Class A shares of Invesco Global Core Equity Fund;

●

Shareholders of record of Class B shares of Invesco Van Kampen Global Equity Allocation Fund who received Class A shares of the Invesco Global Core Equity Fund in connection with a reorganization

L-8

on May 20, 2011 and who since that date have continuously owned Class A shares, who purchase additional Class A shares of Invesco Global Core Equity Fund; and

●

Unitholders of Invesco unit investment trusts who enrolled prior to December 3, 2007 to reinvest distributions from such trusts in Class A shares of the Invesco Funds, who receive Class A shares of an Invesco Fund pursuant to such reinvestment program in an account established without a designated intermediary. The Invesco Funds reserve the right to modify or terminate this program at any time.

●

Certain IRA accounts and payroll deduct IRA programs held directly at Invesco for which intermediaries offered Class A shares without an initial sales charge, pursuant to an arrangement with OppenheimerFunds Distributor, Inc. prior to May 28, 2019.

●

Certain participants in Employer-Sponsored IRA Plans utilizing Invesco Trust Company custodial accounts who were offered Class A shares without an initial sales charge prior to December 15, 2023, who purchase additional Class A shares.

Payments to Dealers. Invesco Distributors may elect to re-allow the entire initial sales charge to dealers for all sales with respect to which orders are placed with Invesco Distributors or its designee during a particular period. Dealers to whom substantially the entire sales charge is re-allowed may be deemed to be "underwriters" as that term is defined under the 1933 Act.

The financial intermediary through which you purchase your shares may receive all or a portion of the sales charges and Rule 12b-1 distribution fees discussed above. In this context, "financial intermediaries" include any broker, dealer, bank (including bank trust departments), insurance company separate account, transfer agent, registered investment adviser, financial planner, retirement plan administrator and any other financial intermediary having a selling, administration or similar agreement with Invesco Distributors or one or more of its corporate affiliates (collectively, the Invesco Distributors Affiliates). In addition to those payments, Invesco Distributors Affiliates may make additional cash payments to financial intermediaries in connection with the promotion and sale of shares of the Invesco Funds. Invesco Distributors Affiliates make these payments from their own resources, from Invesco Distributors' retention of underwriting concessions and from payments to Invesco Distributors under Rule 12b-1 plans. In the case of sub-accounting payments, discussed below, Invesco Distributors Affiliates will be reimbursed directly by the Invesco Funds for such payments. These additional cash payments are described below. The categories described below are not mutually exclusive. The same financial intermediary, or one or more of its affiliates, may receive payments under more than one or all categories. Most financial intermediaries that sell shares of the Invesco Funds receive one or more types of these cash payments. Financial intermediaries negotiate the cash payments to be paid on an individual basis. Where services are provided, the costs of providing the services and the overall package of services provided may vary from one financial intermediary to another. Invesco Distributors Affiliates do not make an independent assessment of the cost of providing such services.

Certain financial intermediaries listed below received one or more types of the following payments during the prior calendar year. This list is not necessarily current and will change over time. Certain arrangements are still being negotiated, and there is a possibility that payments will be made retroactively to financial intermediaries not listed below. Accordingly, please contact your financial intermediary to determine whether they currently may be receiving such payments and to obtain further information regarding any such payments.

Financial Support Payments. Invesco Distributors Affiliates make financial support payments as incentives to certain financial intermediaries to promote and sell shares of Invesco Funds. The benefits Invesco Distributors Affiliates receive when they make these payments include, among other things, placing Invesco Funds on the financial intermediary's funds sales system, and access (in some cases on a preferential basis over other competitors) to individual members of the financial intermediary's sales force or to the financial intermediary's management. Financial support payments are sometimes referred to as "shelf space" payments because the payments compensate the financial intermediary for including Invesco Funds in its Fund sales system (on its sales shelf). Invesco Distributors Affiliates compensate financial intermediaries

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differently depending typically on the level and/or type of considerations provided by the financial intermediary. In addition, payments typically apply only to retail sales, and may not apply to other types of sales or assets (such as sales to Retirement and Benefit Plans, qualified tuition programs, or fee based adviser programs – some of which may generate certain other payments described below).

The financial support payments Invesco Distributors Affiliates make may be calculated on sales of shares of Invesco Funds (Sales-Based Payments), in which case the total amount of such payments shall not exceed 0.25% of the public offering price of all such shares sold by the financial intermediary during the particular period. Such payments also may be calculated on the average daily net assets of the applicable Invesco Funds attributable to that particular financial intermediary (Asset-Based Payments), in which case the total amount of such cash payments shall not exceed 0.25% per annum of those assets during a defined period. Sales-Based Payments primarily create incentives to make new sales of shares of Invesco Funds and Asset-Based Payments primarily create incentives to retain previously sold shares of Invesco Funds in investor accounts. Invesco Distributors Affiliates may pay a financial intermediary either or both Sales-Based Payments and Asset-Based Payments.

Sub-Accounting and Networking Support Payments. The Transfer Agent, an Invesco Distributors Affiliate, acts as the transfer agent for the Invesco Funds, registering the transfer, issuance and redemption of Invesco Fund shares, and disbursing dividends and other distributions to Invesco Funds shareholders. However, many Invesco Fund shares are owned or held by financial intermediaries, as that term is defined above, for the benefit of their customers. In those cases, the Invesco Funds often do not maintain an account for the shareholder. Thus, some or all of the transfer agency functions for these accounts are performed by the financial intermediary. In these situations, Invesco Distributors Affiliates may make payments to financial intermediaries that sell Invesco Fund shares for certain transfer agency services, including record keeping and sub-accounting shareholder accounts. Payments for these services typically do not exceed 0.25% (for non-Class R5 shares) or 0.10% (for Class R5 shares) of average annual assets of such share classes or $19 per annum per shareholder account (for non-Class R5 shares only). No Sub-Accounting or Networking Support payments will be made with respect to Invesco Funds' Class R6 shares or Institutional Class shares. Invesco Distributors Affiliates also may make payments to certain financial intermediaries that sell Invesco Fund shares in connection with client account maintenance support, statement preparation and transaction processing. The types of payments that Invesco Distributors Affiliates may make under this category include, among others, payment of networking fees of up to $10 per shareholder account maintained on certain mutual fund trading systems.

All fees payable by Invesco Distributors Affiliates pursuant to a sub-transfer agency, omnibus account service or sub-accounting agreement are charged back to the Invesco Funds, subject to certain limitations approved by the Board of the Trust.

Other Cash Payments. From time to time, Invesco Distributors Affiliates, at their expense and out of their own resources, may provide additional compensation to financial intermediaries which sell or arrange for the sale of shares of a Fund. Such compensation provided by Invesco Distributors Affiliates may include payment of ticket charges per purchase or exchange order placed by a financial intermediary, one-time payments for ancillary services such as setting up funds on a financial intermediary's mutual fund trading systems, financial assistance to financial intermediaries that enable Invesco Distributors Affiliates to participate in and/or present at conferences or seminars, sales or training programs for invited registered representatives and other employees, client entertainment, client and investor events, and other financial intermediary-sponsored events, and travel expenses, including lodging incurred by registered representatives and other employees in connection with client prospecting, retention and due diligence trips. Other compensation may be offered to the extent not prohibited by state laws or any self-regulatory agency, such as the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA). Invesco Distributors Affiliates make payments for entertainment events they deem appropriate, subject to Invesco Distributors Affiliates guidelines and applicable law. These payments may vary depending upon the nature of the event or the relationship.

Invesco Distributors Affiliates are motivated to make the payments described above because they promote the sale of Invesco Fund shares and the retention of those investments by clients of financial

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intermediaries. To the extent financial intermediaries sell more shares of Invesco Funds or retain shares of Invesco Funds in their clients' accounts, Invesco Distributors Affiliates benefit from the incremental management and other fees paid to Invesco Distributors Affiliates by the Invesco Funds with respect to those assets.

In certain cases these payments could be significant to the financial intermediary. Your financial intermediary may charge you additional fees or commissions other than those disclosed in the prospectus. You can ask your financial intermediary about any payments it receives from Invesco Distributors Affiliates or the Invesco Funds, as well as about fees and/or commissions it charges. You should consult disclosures made by your financial intermediary at the time of purchase.

Certain Financial Intermediaries That Received One or More Types of Payments

Adhesion Wealth Advisor Solutions

Admin Partners LLC

ADP Broker Dealer Inc

Alight Financial Solutions LLC

Allianz Life

Allstate

Alta Montclair

Altruist Financial LLC

American Enterprise Investment

American Fidelity Assurance Company

American General

American Property Casualty Insurance Association

American United Life Insurance Company

Apex

Ascensus LLC

Atria Wealth Solutions Inc

Avantax Investment Services Inc

AXA Advisors LLC

AXA Equitable

AXOS Financial Inc.

Bank of America NA

Bank of New York Mellon

Bank of Oklahoma – Nabank & Co

Bay Bridge Administrators LLC

Benefit Plans Administrators

Benefit Trust Company

BMO Harris Bank NA

BOSC Inc

Brighthouse Life Insurance Co

Broadway National Bank

Brown Brothers Harriman & Co

Cadaret Grant and Co Inc

Cambridge Investment Research Inc

Carson Pacific Llc

Cavu Securities, LLC

Cetera Financial Group Inc

Cetera Investment Services LLC

Charles Schwab and Company Inc

Citibank NA

Citigroup Global Markets

Cmfg Life Insurance Company

CoBank

Comerica Bank

Commonwealth Financial Network

Concurrent Investment Advisors Llc

CUSO Financial Services LP

Delaware Life Insurance Company

Educators Benefit Consultants LLC

Edward Jones & Co

Ekon Benefits

Empire Fidelity Investments

Empower

Envestnet Asset Management Inc

Envoy Plan Services Inc

Equitable Advisors LLC

Equitable Life

Fidelity Brokerage Services

Fidelity Institutional

Fidelity Investments

Fifth Third

Financial Data Services Inc

First Command

First Financial Administrators

Frost Brokerage Services Inc

Frost National Bank

Genworth Financial

Goldman Sachs & Co

Guardian Insurance & Annuity Co Inc

Hantz Financial Services Inc

Hare and Company

Hartford Life

Hightower Holding Llc

Hilltop Securities Inc

Huntington Securities Inc

Institutional Cash Distributors LLC

Jackson National Life

Janney Montgomery Scott LLC

Jefferson National Life Insurance Company

Jefferson National Life Insurance Company of New York

John Hancock

JP Morgan Chase Bank

JP Morgan Clearing Corp

JP Morgan Securities LLC

Kestra Investment Services LLC

Key Bank National Association

Legend Group Adviserv

Lincoln Benefit Life Company

Lincoln Investment Planning

Lincoln National Life Insurance

LPL Financial LLC

Mass Mutual

Merrill Lynch

Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner and Smith Inc

Metropolitan Life Insurance Company

Midland National Life Insurance Co

Minnesota Life

Mitsubishi UFJ Trust and Banking

MML Investors Services LLC

Moreton Asset Management

Moreton Capital Markets LLC

Morgan Stanley

MSCS Financial Services Inc

Mutual Securities Inc

National Benefit Services LLC

National Financial Services LLC

National Plan Administrators Inc

Nationwide

New York Life Insurance and Annuity Corporation

Newport Retirement Plan Services Inc

Next Financial Group Inc

NFP Retirement Inc

Northwestern Mutual Investment Services

Oppenheimer & Co Inc

Osaic, Inc

Pacific Financial Group

Pacific Life Insurance Company

Penserv Plan Services Inc

Pershing

Pershing LLC

Plains Capital Bank

Plan Administrators Inc

PNC Capital Markets LLC

PNC Investments LLC

Primerica Financial Services

Principal Life Insurance Company

Protective Life

Pruco Life Insurance Company

Pruco Life Insurance Company of New Jersey

Pruco Securities LLC

Prudential

Raymond James

RBC Capital Markets LLC

RBC Wealth Management

Reliance Trust Company

Rhode Island

Riversource Life Insurance Company

Robert W Baird and Co Inc

Sammons Financial Network LLC

Sanctuary Wealth Group

SB Business Services LLC

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Schools First Plan Administration

Security Distributors Inc

Security Financial Resources

SEI Private Trust Company

Sorrento Pacific Financial LLC

Standard Insurance Company

State Street Corporation

Steward Partners

Stifel Nicolaus & Co Inc

Sungard

T Rowe Price Associates Inc

Talcott Resolution Life Insurance Company

TCG Administrators

TD Ameritrade

TDS Group Inc

Texas Capital Bank

The OMNI Group

TIAA-CREF

Transamerica Financial Life Insurance Company

Transamerica Life Insurance Company

Treasury Curve

Truist

Trust Management Network LLC

UBS Financial Services Inc

Ultimate Asset Services LLC

UMB Bank

US Bancorp Investments Inc

US Bank

VALIC Financial

Vanguard Brokerage Services

Vanguard Group Inc

Variable Annuity Life Insurance Co

VOYA Financial Advisors Inc

VOYA Insurance and Annuity Company

VOYA Retirement Insurance and Annuity Company

VOYA Services Company

VRSCO-American General Distributors

Wedbush Securities Inc

Wells Fargo

Wells Fargo Securities LLC

Western International Securities Inc

Zions First National Bank

Zurich American Life Insurance Company

Purchases of Class C Shares

Class C shares are sold at net asset value, and are not subject to an initial sales charge. Investors in Class C shares may pay a CDSC if they redeem their shares within the first year after purchase. See the prospectus for additional information regarding this CDSC. Invesco Distributors may pay sales commissions to dealers and institutions who sell Class C shares of the Invesco Funds at the time of such sales. Payments with respect to Invesco Funds other than Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund and Invesco Short Term Bond Fund will generally equal 1.00% of the purchase price and will consist of a sales commission of 0.75% plus an advance of the first year service fee of 0.25%. Payments with respect to Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund will equal 0.75% of the purchase price and will consist of a sales commission of 0.50% plus an advance of the first year service fee of 0.25%. Payments with respect to Invesco Short Term Bond Fund will equal 0.65% of the purchase price and will consist of a sales commission of 0.40% plus an advance of the first year service fee of 0.25%. (Invesco Distributors has contractually agreed to waive 0.15% of Rule 12b-1 distribution plan payments of Class C shares of Invesco Short Term Bond Fund. Unless Invesco Distributors continues the fee waiver agreement, it will terminate on June 30, 2025. While the fee waiver agreement is in place, payments with respect to Invesco Short Term Bond will equal 0.50% of the purchase price and will consist of a sales commission of 0.25% plus an advance of the first year service fee of 0.25%.) These commissions are not paid on sales to investors exempt from the CDSC, including shareholders of record of AIM Advisor Funds, Inc. on April 30, 1995, who purchase additional shares in any of the Invesco Funds on or after May 1, 1995, and in circumstances where Invesco Distributors grants an exemption on particular transactions.

Payments with Regard to Converted Class K Shares

For Class A shares acquired by a former Class K shareholder (i) as a result of a fund merger; or (ii) as a result of the conversion of Class K shares into Class A shares on October 21, 2005, Invesco Distributors will pay financial intermediaries 0.45% on such Class A shares as follows: (i) 0.25% from the Class A shares' Rule 12b-1 plan fees; and (ii) 0.20% from Invesco Distributors' own resources provided that, on an annualized basis for 2005 as of October 21, 2005, the 0.20% exceeds $2,000 per year.

Purchase and Redemption of Class P Shares

Certain former investors in the AIM Summit Plans I and II may acquire Class P shares at net asset value. Please see Invesco Summit Fund's prospectus for details.

Purchases of Class R Shares

Class R shares are sold at net asset value and are not subject to an initial sales charge. Invesco Distributors may pay dealers of record an annual distribution and/or service fee of up to 0.50% of average daily net assets and such payments will commence immediately. For any Class R shares sold on or before January 17, 2020 that received an upfront dealer concession, Invesco Distributors may pay dealers of record an annual distribution and/or service fee of up to 0.50% of average daily net assets and such payments will commence in the 13th month from the date of purchase.

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Purchases of Class S Shares

Class S shares are limited to investors who purchase shares with the proceeds received from a systematic contractual investment plan redemption within the 12-months prior to purchasing Class S shares, and who purchase through an approved financial intermediary that has an agreement with the distributor to sell Class S shares. Class S shares are not otherwise sold to members of the general public. An investor purchasing Class S shares will not pay an initial sales charge. The investor will no longer be eligible to purchase additional Class S shares at that point where the value of the contributions to the prior systematic contractual investment plan combined with the subsequent Class S share contributions equals the face amount of what would have been the investor's systematic contractual investment plan under the 30-year investment option. The face amount of a systematic contractual investment plan is the combined total of all scheduled monthly investments under that plan. For a plan with a scheduled monthly investment of $100.00, the face amount would have been $36,000.00 under the 30-year extended investment option. Class S shares have a 12b-1 fee of 0.15%.

Purchases of Class Y Shares

Class Y shares are sold at net asset value, and are not subject to an initial sales charge or to a CDSC. Please refer to the prospectus for more information.

Purchases of Investor Class Shares

Investor Class shares are sold at net asset value, and are not subject to an initial sales charge or to a CDSC. Invesco Distributors may pay dealers and institutions an annual service fee of 0.25% of average daily net assets and such payments will commence immediately. The Investor Class is closed to new investors.

Purchases of Class R5 and R6 Shares

Class R5 and R6 shares are sold at net asset value, and are not subject to an initial sales charge or to a CDSC. Please refer to the Class R5 and R6 prospectus for more information.

Closure of Class R5 shares

The Fund will discontinue sales of its Class R5 shares to new investors after the close of business on September 30, 2024. Existing investors who were invested in Class R5 shares of the Fund on September 30, 2024, and who remain invested in Class R5 shares of the Fund after that date, may continue to make additional purchases of Class R5 shares of the Fund. Any Employer Sponsored Retirement and Benefit Plan or its affiliated plans may continue to make additional purchases of Class R5 shares of the Fund and may add new participant accounts at the plan level that may purchase Class R5 shares of the Fund if the Employer Sponsored Retirement and Benefit Plan or its affiliated plan were invested in Class R5 shares of the Fund as of September 30, 2024 and remain invested in Class R5 shares of the Fund after that date.

Exchanges

Terms and Conditions of Exchanges. Normally, shares of an Invesco Fund to be acquired by exchange are purchased at their net asset value or applicable offering price, as the case may be, determined on the date that such request is received. If a shareholder is exchanging into a Fund paying daily dividends, and the release of the exchange proceeds is delayed for the foregoing five-day period, such shareholder will not begin to accrue dividends until the sixth business day after the exchange.

Redemptions

General. Shares of the Invesco Funds may be redeemed directly through the Transfer Agent or through any dealer who has entered into an agreement with Invesco Distributors. A redemption is effected at the net asset value per share of the applicable Fund next determined after the redemption request is received in good order. To be in good order, the investor, either directly or through his financial intermediary must give the

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Funds’ transfer agent all required information and documentation. Payments from a redemption generally constitute taxable events. Because such payments are funded by the redemption shares, they may result in a return of capital and in capital gains or losses, rather than in ordinary income.

An investor or a financial intermediary may submit a written request to the Funds’ transfer agent for correction of transactions involving Fund shares. If the Funds’ transfer agent agrees to correct a transaction, and the correction requires a dividend adjustment, the investor or the intermediary must agree in writing to reimburse the Funds for any resulting loss.

Payment for redeemed institutional shares is normally made by Federal Reserve wire to the bank account designated in the investor’s account application, while payment for redeemed retail shares is normally made by check, but may be sent electronically by either Federal Reserve wire or ACH at the investor’s request. Any changes to bank instructions must be submitted to the Funds’ transfer agent in writing. The Funds’ transfer agent may request additional documentation. For funds that allow checkwriting, if you do not have a sufficient number of shares in your account to cover the amount of the check and any applicable deferred sales charge, the check will be returned and no shares will be redeemed. Because it is not possible to determine your account’s value in advance, you should not write a check for the entire value of your account or try to close your account by writing a check. Effective August 28, 2023, the Funds’ transfer agent ceased accepting Check Writing authorization forms. Effective December 31, 2023, the Fund’s transfer agent ceased accepting checks as a valid form of redemption.

The Funds’ transfer agent may request that an intermediary maintain separate master accounts in the Funds for shares held by the intermediary (a) for its own account, for the account of other institutions and for accounts for which the intermediary acts as a fiduciary; and (b) for accounts for which the intermediary acts in some other capacity. An intermediary may aggregate its master accounts and sub-accounts to satisfy the minimum investment requirement.

With regard to Money Market Funds that do not qualify as Government Money Market Funds, the Board, in its discretion, may impose liquidity fees of up to 2% of the value of the shares redeemed, if such fee is determined to be in the best interest of the Fund. The Board has delegated liquidity fee determinations to the Adviser. For Funds that do not qualify as Government Money Market Funds, when a fee is in place, shareholders will not be permitted to exchange into or out of a Fund.

The Board may, in its discretion, terminate a liquidity fee at any time if it believes such action to be in the best interest of the Fund and its shareholders. When a fee is in place, the Fund may elect not to permit the purchase of shares or to subject the purchase of shares to certain conditions, which may include affirmation of the purchaser’s knowledge that a fee is in effect.

The Board may, in its discretion, permanently suspend redemptions and liquidate if, among other things, a Money Market Fund, at the end of a business day, has less than 10% of its total assets invested in weekly liquid assets. The Board of the Retail and Government Money Market Funds may suspend redemptions and liquidate if the Board determines that the deviation between its amortized cost price per share and its market-based NAV per share may result in material dilution or other unfair results to investors or existing shareholders.

Systematic Redemption Plan. A Systematic Redemption Plan permits a shareholder of an Invesco Fund to withdraw on a regular basis at least $50 per withdrawal. At the time the withdrawal plan is established, the total account value must be $5,000 or more. Under a Systematic Redemption Plan, all shares are to be held by the Transfer Agent. To provide funds for payments made under the Systematic Redemption Plan, the Transfer Agent redeems sufficient full and fractional shares at their net asset value in effect at the time of each such redemption.

Payments under a Systematic Redemption Plan generally constitute taxable events. Because such payments are funded by the redemption of shares, they may result in a return of capital and in capital gains or losses, rather than in ordinary income. Also because sales charges are imposed on additional purchases of Class A shares, it is disadvantageous to effect such purchases while a Systematic Redemption Plan is in effect.

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Each Invesco Fund bears its share of the cost of operating the Systematic Redemption Plan.

Contingent Deferred Sales Charges Imposed upon Redemption of Shares

A CDSC may be imposed upon the redemption of Large Purchases of Class A shares of Category I, II, IV, V and VI Funds, upon the redemption of Class C shares. (No CDSC applies to Class A2 shares.) See the prospectus for additional information regarding CDSCs.

Contingent Deferred Sales Charge Exceptions for Large Purchases of Class A Shares. An investor who has made a Large Purchase of Class A shares of a Category I, II, IV, V or VI Fund, will not be subject to a CDSC upon the redemption of those shares in the following situations:

●

Redemptions of shares held by an Employer Sponsored Retirement and Benefit Plan or SIMPLE IRA Plan in cases where (i) the plan has remained invested in Class A shares of a Fund for at least 12 months, or (ii) the redemption is not a complete redemption of all Class A shares held by the plan;

●

Redemptions of shares by the investor where the investor's financial intermediary has elected to waive the amounts otherwise payable to it by Invesco Distributors and notifies Invesco Distributors prior to the time of investment;

●

Minimum required distributions made in connection with a Retirement and Benefit Plan following attainment of age 70 1∕2 , or older, and only with respect to that portion of such distribution that does not exceed 12% annually of the participant's beneficiary account value in a particular Fund;

●

Redemptions following the death or post-purchase disability of a registered shareholder or beneficial owner of an account. Subsequent purchases into such account are not eligible for the CDSC waiver; and

●

Amounts from a monthly, quarterly or annual Systematic Redemption Plan of up to an annual amount of 12% of the account value on a per fund basis, provided; the investor reinvests his dividends.

Contingent Deferred Sales Charge Exceptions for Class C Shares. CDSCs will not apply to the following redemptions of Class C shares, as applicable:

●

Redemptions following the death or post-purchase disability of a registered shareholder or beneficial owner of an account. Subsequent purchases into such account are not eligible for the CDSC waiver;

●

Distributions from Retirement and Benefit Plans where redemptions result from (i) required minimum distributions to plan participants or beneficiaries who are age 70 1∕2 or older, and only with respect to that portion of such distributions that does not exceed 12% annually of the participant's or beneficiary's account value in a particular Fund; (ii) in kind transfers of assets where the participant or beneficiary notifies the distributor of the transfer no later than the time the transfer occurs; (iii) tax-free rollovers or transfers of assets to another Retirement and Benefit Plan invested in Class C shares of one or more of the Funds; (iv) tax-free returns of excess contributions or returns of excess deferral amounts; and (v) distributions on the death or disability (as defined in the Code) of the participant or beneficiary;

●

Amounts from a monthly or quarterly Systematic Redemption Plan of up to an annual amount of 12% of the account value on a per fund basis provided the investor reinvests his dividends;

●

Liquidation initiated by the Fund when the account value falls below the minimum required account size of $500; and

●

Investment account(s) of Invesco and its affiliates.

In addition to the foregoing, CDSCs will not apply to the following redemptions of Class C shares:

●

Redemption of shares held by Employer Sponsored Retirement and Benefit Plans or Employer

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Sponsored IRAs in cases where (i) the plan has remained invested in Class C shares of a Fund for at least 12 months, or (ii) the redemption is not a complete redemption of all Class C shares held by the plan; or

●

A total or partial redemption of shares where the investor's financial intermediary has elected to waive amounts otherwise payable to it by Invesco Distributors and notifies Invesco Distributors prior to the time of investment.

It is possible that a financial intermediary may not be able to offer one or more of the waiver categories described in this section. If this situation occurs, it is possible that the investor would need to invest directly through an account without a designated intermediary in order to take advantage of these waivers. Investors should ask their financial intermediary whether they offer the above CDSCs. The Funds may terminate or amend the terms of these CDSCs at any time.

General Information Regarding Purchases, Exchanges and Redemptions

Good Order. Purchase, exchange and redemption orders must be received in good order in accordance with the Transfer Agent's policies and procedures and U.S. regulations. The Transfer Agent reserves the right to refuse transactions. Transactions not in good order will not be processed and once brought into good order, will receive the current price. To be in good order, an investor or financial intermediary must supply the Transfer Agent with all required information and documentation, including signature guarantees and notary public stamps as required. In addition, if a purchase of shares is made by check, the check must be received in good order. This means that the check must be properly completed and signed, and legible to the Transfer Agent in its sole discretion. If a check used to purchase shares does not clear, or if any investment order must be canceled due to nonpayment, the investor will be responsible for any resulting loss.

Authorized Agents. The Transfer Agent and Invesco Distributors may authorize agents to accept purchase and redemption orders that are in good order on behalf of the Invesco Funds. In certain cases, these authorized agents are authorized to designate other intermediaries to accept purchase and redemption orders on a Fund's behalf. The Fund will be deemed to have received the purchase or redemption order when the Fund's authorized agent or its designee accepts the order. The order will be priced at the net asset value next determined after the order is accepted by the Fund's authorized agent or its designee. Orders submitted through a financial intermediary that has not received authorization to accept orders on a Fund’s behalf are priced at the Fund’s net asset value next calculated by the Fund after it receives the order from the financial intermediary and accepts it, which may not occur on the day submitted to the financial intermediary.

Signature Guarantees. Acceptable guarantors include banks, broker-dealers, credit unions, national securities exchanges, savings associations and any other organization, provided that such institution or organization qualifies as an "eligible guarantor institution" as that term is defined in rules adopted by the SEC, and further provided that such guarantor institution is listed in one of the reference guides contained in the Transfer Agent's current Signature Guarantee Standards and Procedures, such as certain domestic banks, credit unions, securities dealers, or securities exchanges. While a notary public stamp may be accepted in certain limited situations, it is not an acceptable replacement for a signature guarantee. The Transfer Agent will also accept signatures with either: (1) a signature guaranteed with a medallion stamp of the STAMP Program, or (2) a signature guaranteed with a medallion stamp of the NYSE Medallion Signature Program, provided that in either event, the amount of the total transaction involved does not exceed the surety coverage amount indicated on the medallion. For information regarding whether a particular institution or organization qualifies as an "eligible guarantor institution" and to determine how to fulfill a signature guarantee requirement, an investor should contact the Client Services Department of the Transfer Agent.

Transactions by Telephone. By signing an account application form, an investor agrees that the Transfer Agent may surrender for redemption any and all shares held by the Transfer Agent in the designated account(s), or in any other account with any of the Invesco Funds, present or future, which has the identical registration as the designated account(s). The Transfer Agent is thereby authorized and directed to accept and act upon any telephone redemptions of shares held in any of the account(s) listed, from any person who requests the redemption proceeds to be applied to purchase shares in any one or more of the Invesco Funds,

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provided that such Fund is available for sale and provided that the registration and mailing address of the shares to be purchased are identical to the registration of the shares being redeemed. An investor acknowledges by signing the form that he understands and agrees that the Transfer Agent may not be liable for any loss, expense or cost arising out of any telephone exchange requests effected in accordance with the authorization set forth in these instructions if they reasonably believe such request to be genuine. Procedures for verification of telephone transactions may include recordings of telephone transactions (maintained for six months), requests for confirmation of the shareholder's Social Security Number and current address, and mailings of confirmations promptly after the transactions. The Transfer Agent reserves the right to modify or terminate the telephone exchange privilege at any time without notice. An investor may elect not to have this privilege by marking the appropriate box on the application. Then any exchanges must be effected in writing by the investor.

Internet Transactions. An investor may effect transactions in his account through the Internet by establishing a Personal Identification Number (PIN). By establishing a PIN the investor acknowledges and agrees that neither the Transfer Agent nor Invesco Distributors will be liable for any loss, expense or cost arising out of any Internet transaction effected by them in accordance with any instructions submitted by a user who transmits the PIN as authentication of his or her identity. Procedures for verification of Internet transactions include requests for confirmation of the shareholder's PIN and mailing of confirmations promptly after the transactions. The investor also acknowledges that the ability to effect Internet transactions may be terminated at any time by the Invesco Funds. Policies for processing transactions via the Internet may differ from policies for transactions via telephone due to system settings.

Inactive or Unclaimed Accounts. The Fund may be required to close your account after a period of inactivity, as determined by applicable U.S. state or territory abandoned or unclaimed property laws and regulations, and transfer your shares to the appropriate U.S. state or territory. Please be advised that abandoned or unclaimed property laws and regulations for certain U.S. states or territories require financial organizations to transfer (escheat) unclaimed property to the appropriate U.S. state or territory if no activity occurs in an account for a period of time as specified by applicable laws and regulations. These laws and regulations may require the transfer of shares of the Fund, including shares held through a traditional or Roth IRA account. For traditional IRA accounts escheated to a U.S. state or territory under these abandoned or unclaimed property laws and regulations, the escheatment will generally be treated as a taxable distribution from your IRA to you; federal and any applicable state income tax may be withheld. This may apply to Roth IRA accounts in addition to traditional IRA accounts. It is the responsibility of the investor to ensure that the Transfer Agent maintains a correct address for his account(s). An incorrect address may cause an investor's account statements and other mailings to be returned to the Transfer Agent. Upon receiving returned mail, the Transfer Agent will attempt to locate the investor or rightful owner of the account. If the Transfer Agent is unable to locate the investor, then it will determine whether the investor's account has legally been abandoned. The Transfer Agent is legally obligated to escheat abandoned property to the appropriate state's unclaimed property administrator in accordance with statutory requirements. The investor's last known address of record determines which state has jurisdiction. For more information on unclaimed property and how to maintain an active account, please contact the Fund's transfer agent.

Retirement and Benefit Plans Sponsored by Invesco Distributors. Invesco Distributors acts as the prototype sponsor for certain types of Retirement and Benefit Plan documents. These Retirement and Benefit Plan documents are generally available to anyone wishing to invest Retirement and Benefit Plan assets in the Funds. These documents are provided subject to terms, conditions and fees that vary by plan type. Contact your financial intermediary for details.

Miscellaneous Fees. In certain circumstances, the intermediary maintaining the shareholder account through which your Fund shares are held may assess various fees related to the maintenance of that account, such as:

●

an annual custodial fee on accounts where Invesco Distributors acts as the prototype sponsor;

●

expedited mailing fees in response to overnight redemption requests; and

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●

copying and mailing charges in response to requests for duplicate statements.

Please consult with your intermediary for further details concerning any applicable fees.

Offering Price

The following formula may be used to determine the public offering price per Class A share of an investor’s investment:

Net Asset Value / (1 – Sales Charge as % of Offering Price) = Offering Price. For example, at the close of business on August 30, 2024, a Fund – Class A shares had a net asset value per share of $11.51. The offering price, assuming an initial sales charge of 5.50%, therefore was $12.18.

Class R5 and R6 shares of the Invesco Funds are offered at net asset value.

The offering price of each money market fund's shares is the Fund's net asset value per share. The Invesco U.S. Government Money Portfolio and Invesco Government Money Market Fund value their portfolio securities on the basis of amortized cost, which approximates market value. This method of valuation is designed to enable a Fund to price its shares at $1.00 per share. The Funds cannot guarantee their net asset value will always remain at $1.00 per share.

Calculation of Net Asset Value

Each Invesco Fund, except for Invesco Government Money Market Fund, generally determines its net asset value per share once daily on each day the NYSE is open for trading (a business day) as of approximately 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time (the customary close of regular trading) or earlier in the case of a scheduled early close. In the event of an unscheduled early close of the NYSE, each Fund, except for Invesco Government Money Market Fund, generally still will determine the net asset value of its shares as of 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time on that business day. Invesco Government Money Market Fund will generally determine the net asset value of their shares at 5:30 p.m. Eastern Time on each business day. The Invesco Funds determine net asset value per share by dividing the value of an Invesco Fund's securities, cash and other assets (including interest accrued but not collected) attributable to a particular class, less all its liabilities (including accrued expenses and dividends payable) attributable to that class, by the total number of shares outstanding of that class. Determination of an Invesco Fund's net asset value per share is made in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Generally, the portfolio securities for non-money market funds are recorded in the NAV no later than trade date plus one, except on fiscal quarter ends, such securities are recorded on trade date. For money market funds, portfolio securities are recorded in the NAV on trade date, as described below. Under normal circumstances, market valuation and fair valuation, as described below, are not used to determine share price for money market funds that seek to maintain a constant NAV because shares of money market funds are valued at amortized cost, as described below.

With respect to non-money market funds, the net asset value for shareholder transactions may be different than the net asset value reported in the Invesco Fund's financial statement due to adjustments required by generally accepted accounting principles made to the net asset value of the Invesco Fund at period end.

Futures contracts may be valued at the final settlement price set by an exchange on which they are principally traded. Where a final settlement price exists, exchange traded options are valued at the final settlement price from the exchange where the option principally trades. When a final settlement price does not exist, exchange traded options shall be valued at the mean of the last bid/ask quotation generally from the exchange where the option principally trades. Options not listed on an exchange are valued by an independent source at the mean between the last bid and ask prices. A security listed or traded on an exchange (excluding convertible bonds) held by an Invesco Fund is valued at its last sales price or official closing price on the exchange where the security is principally traded or, lacking any trades or official closing price on a particular day, the security may be valued at the closing bid price on that day. Each equity security traded in the over-the-counter market is valued on the basis of prices furnished by independent pricing services vendors or market makers. Debt securities (including convertible bonds) and unlisted equities are fair

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valued using an evaluated quote provided by an independent pricing vendor. Evaluated quotes provided by the pricing vendor may be determined without exclusive reliance on quoted prices, and may reflect appropriate factors such as institution-size trading in similar groups of securities, developments related to special securities, dividend rate, yield, quality, coupon rate, maturity, type of issue, individual trading characteristics and other market data. Pricing services generally value fixed income securities assuming orderly transactions of institutional round lot size, but a Fund may hold or transact in the same securities in smaller, odd lot sizes. Odd lots often trade at lower prices than institutional round lots. Securities for which market prices are not provided by any of the above methods may be valued based upon quotes furnished by independent sources and are valued at the last bid price in the case of equity securities and in the case of debt obligations the mean between the last bid and ask prices. Senior secured floating rate loans, corporate loans and senior secured floating rate debt securities are fair valued using an evaluated quote provided by an independent pricing service. Evaluated quotes provided by the pricing service may reflect appropriate factors such as ratings, tranche type, industry, company performance, spread, individual trading characteristics, institution-size trading in similar groups of securities and other market data. Investments in open-end and closed-end registered investment companies that do not trade on an exchange are valued at the end of day NAV per share.

Generally, trading in corporate bonds, U.S. government securities and money market instruments is substantially completed each day prior to the close of the customary trading session of the NYSE. The values of such securities used in computing the NAV of an Invesco Fund's shares are determined at such times. Occasionally, events affecting the values of such securities may occur between the times at which such values are determined and the close of the customary trading session of the NYSE. If the Adviser believes a development/event has actually caused a closing price to no longer reflect current market value, the closing price may be adjusted to reflect the fair value of the affected security as of the close of the NYSE as determined in good faith using the valuation policy approved by the Board and related procedures.

Foreign securities are converted into U.S. dollar amounts using exchange rates as of the close of the NYSE. If market quotations are available and reliable for foreign exchange traded equity securities, the securities will be valued at the market quotations. Because trading hours for certain foreign securities end before the close of the NYSE, closing market quotations may become not representative of market value in the Adviser’s judgment (“unreliable”). If between the time trading ends on a particular security and the close of the customary trading session on the NYSE, events occur that are significant and may make the closing price unreliable, the Adviser may fair value the security. If an issuer specific event has occurred that the Adviser determines, in its judgment, is likely to have affected the closing price of a foreign security, it will price the security at fair value in good faith using the valuation policy approved by the Board and related procedures. Adjustments to closing prices to reflect fair value may also be based on a screening process from a pricing vendor to indicate the degree of certainty, based on historical data, that the closing price in the principal market where a foreign security trades is not the current market value as of the close of the NYSE. For foreign securities where the Adviser believes, at the approved degree of certainty, that the price is not reflective of current market value, the Adviser will use the indication of fair value from the pricing vendor to determine the fair value of the security. The pricing vendor, pricing methodology or degree of certainty may change from time to time. Multiple factors may be considered by the pricing vendor in determining adjustments to reflect fair value and may include information relating to sector indices, American Depositary Receipts, domestic and foreign index futures, and exchange-traded funds.

Invesco Fund securities primarily traded in foreign markets may be traded in such markets on days that are not business days of the Invesco Fund. Because the NAV per share of each Invesco Fund is determined only on business days of the Invesco Fund, the value of the portfolio securities of an Invesco Fund that invests in foreign securities may change on days when an investor cannot exchange or redeem shares of the Invesco Fund.

Securities for which market quotations are not available or are unreliable are valued at fair value as determined in good faith by the Adviser in accordance with the valuation policy approved by the Board and

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related procedures. Issuer specific events, market trends, bid/ask quotes of brokers and information providers and other market data may be reviewed in the course of making a good faith determination of a security's fair value.

Calculation of Net Asset Value (Certain Invesco Money Market Funds)

The Board has established procedures, in accordance with Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act, designed to stabilize each Fund’s net asset value per share at $1.00, to the extent reasonably possible. Such procedures include daily calculation of the extent of the deviation, if any, of the current net asset value per share using available market quotations from the fund’s amortized cost price per share, and the periodic review by the Trustees of the amount of such deviation. The reviews are used to determine whether net asset value, calculated by using available market quotations, deviates from $1.00 per share and, if so, whether such deviation may result in material dilution or is otherwise unfair to investors or existing shareholders. In the event the trustees determine that a material deviation exists, they intend to take such corrective action as they deem necessary and appropriate. Such actions may include selling portfolio securities prior to maturity in order to realize capital gains or losses or to shorten average portfolio maturity, withholding dividends, redeeming shares in kind, or establishing a net asset value per share by using available market quotations. When available market quotations are used to establish the market-based net asset value, the net asset value could possibly be more or less than $1.00 per share. The Funds intend to comply with any amendments made to Rule 2a-7 promulgated under the 1940 Act which may require corresponding changes in the Funds’ procedures which are designed to stabilize each Fund’s price per share at $1.00.

Under the amortized cost method, each investment is valued at its cost and thereafter any discount or premium is amortized on a constant basis to maturity. Although this method provides certainty of valuation, it may result in periods in which the amortized cost value of the Funds’ investments is high or lower than the price that would be received if the investments were sold.

Redemptions in Kind

Although the Invesco Funds generally intend to pay redemption proceeds solely in cash, the Invesco Funds reserve the right to determine, in their sole discretion, whether to satisfy redemption requests by making payment in securities or other property (known as a redemption in kind). For instance, an Invesco Fund may make a redemption in kind if a cash redemption would disrupt its operations or performance. Securities that will be delivered as payment in redemptions in kind will be valued using the same methodologies that the Invesco Fund typically utilizes in valuing such securities. Shareholders receiving such securities are likely to incur transaction and brokerage costs on their subsequent sales of such securities, and the securities may increase or decrease in value until the shareholder sells them. The Trust, on behalf of the Invesco Funds, made an election under Rule 18f-1 under the 1940 Act (a Rule 18f-1 Election) and therefore, the Trust, on behalf of an Invesco Fund, is obligated to redeem for cash all shares presented to such Invesco Fund for redemption by any one shareholder in an amount up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of that Invesco Fund's net assets in any 90-day period. The Rule 18f-1 Election is irrevocable while Rule 18f-1 under the 1940 Act is in effect unless the SEC by order permits withdrawal of such Rule 18f-1 Election.

Backup Withholding

Accounts submitted without a correct, certified taxpayer identification number (TIN) or, alternatively, a correctly completed and currently effective IRS Form W-8 (for non-resident aliens) or Form W-9 (for U.S. persons including resident aliens) accompanying the registration information, generally will be subject to backup withholding.

Each Invesco Fund, and other payers, generally must withhold 24% of reportable dividends (whether paid in cash or reinvested in additional Invesco Fund shares), including exempt-interest dividends, in the case of any shareholder who fails to provide the Invesco Funds with a TIN and a certification that he is not subject to backup withholding.

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An investor is subject to backup withholding if:

1. The investor fails to furnish a correct TIN to the Invesco Fund;

2. the IRS notifies the Invesco Fund that the investor furnished an incorrect TIN;

3. the investor or the Invesco Fund is notified by the IRS that the investor is subject to backup withholding because the investor failed to report all of the interest and dividends on such investor’s tax return (for reportable interest and dividends only);

4. the investor fails to certify to the Invesco Fund that the investor is not subject to backup withholding under (3) above (for reportable interest and dividend accounts opened after 1983 only); or

5. the investor does not certify his TIN. This applies only to non-exempt mutual fund accounts opened after 1983.

Interest and dividend payments are subject to backup withholding in all five situations discussed above. Redemption proceeds are subject to backup withholding only if (1), (2) or (5) above applies.

Certain payees and payments are exempt from backup withholding and information reporting. Invesco or the Transfer Agent will not provide Form 1099 to those payees.

Investors should contact the IRS if they have any questions concerning withholding.

IRS Penalties. Investors who do not supply the Invesco Funds with a correct TIN will be subject to a $50 penalty imposed by the IRS unless such failure is due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect. If an investor falsifies information on this form or makes any other false statement resulting in no backup withholding on an account which should be subject to backup withholding, such investor may be subject to a $500 penalty imposed by the IRS and to certain criminal penalties including fines and/or imprisonment.

Nonresident Aliens. Nonresident alien individuals and foreign entities with a valid Form W-8 are not subject to the backup withholding previously discussed. The Form W-8 generally remains in effect for a period starting on the date the Form is signed and ending on the last day of the third succeeding calendar year. Such shareholders may, however, be subject to federal income tax withholding at a 30% rate on ordinary income dividends and other distributions. Under applicable treaty law, residents of treaty countries may qualify for a reduced rate of withholding or a withholding exemption. Nonresident alien individuals and some foreign entities failing to provide a valid Form W-8 may be subject to backup withholding and Form 1099 reporting.

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APPENDIX M - AMOUNTS PAID TO INVESCO DISTRIBUTORS, INC. PURSUANT TO DISTRIBUTION PLANS

A list of amounts paid by each class of shares to Invesco Distributors pursuant to the Plan for the fiscal year or periods, as applicable, ended August 31, 2024 follows:

Fund	Class A	Class C Shares	Class R Shares	Investor Class Shares
Invesco American Franchise Fund	$33,414,830	$1,130,861	$416,977	N/A
Invesco Core Plus Bond Fund	3,140,469	444,113	146,422	N/A
Invesco Discovery Fund	3,356,416	283,103	199,330	N/A
Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund	10,085,815	1,560,073	841,574	N/A
Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund	7,312,714	4,858,937	949,467	N/A
Invesco Equity and Income Fund	24,534,678	2,104,492	563,555	N/A
Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund	1,825,874	585,914	41,784	N/A
Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund	219,616	27,635	N/A	N/A
Invesco Growth and Income Fund	6,237,714	292,285	270,346	N/A
Invesco Income Advantage U.S. Fund	332,974	26,828	3,816	$82,383
Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund	4,862,875	3,581,218	N/A	N/A
Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund	3,849,678	1,856,197	260,446	N/A
Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund	1,840,133	454,577	N/A	N/A
Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund	1,326,398	N/A	N/A	N/A

For the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, there were unreimbursed distribution-related expenses with respect to the following Funds:

Fund	Class A Shares	Class C Shares
Invesco American Franchise Fund	N/A	$2,323,540
Invesco Growth and Income Fund	N/A	$736
Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund	N/A	$60,242
Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund	$497,779	N/A

M-1

APPENDIX N - ALLOCATION OF ACTUAL FEES PAID PURSUANT TO DISTRIBUTION PLANS

An estimate by category of the allocation of actual fees paid by Class A shares during the fiscal year or periods, as applicable, ended August 31, 2024, follows:

	Advertising	Printing & Mailing	Seminars	Underwriters Compensation	Dealers Compensation	Personnel	Travel Relating to Marketing
Invesco American Franchise Fund	$0	$0	$0	$0	$33,414,830	$0	$0
Invesco Core Plus Bond Fund	0	0	0	0	3,140,469	0	0
Invesco Discovery Fund	0	0	0	0	3,356,416	0	0
Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund	0	0	0	0	10,085,815	0	0
Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund	0	0	0	0	7,312,714	0	0
Invesco Equity and Income Fund	0	0	0	0	24,534,678	0	0
Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund	0	0	0	0	1,825,874	0	0
Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund	0	0	0	0	219,616	0	0
Invesco Growth and Income Fund	0	0	0	0	6,237,714	0	0
Invesco Income Advantage U.S. Fund	0	0	0	0	332,974	0	0
Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund	0	0	0	0	4,862,875	0	0
Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund	0	0	0	0	3,849,678	0	0
Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund	0	0	0	0	1,840,133	0	0
Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund	0	0	0	0	1,326,398	0	0

An estimate by category of the allocation of actual fees paid by Class C shares of the Funds during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024, follows:

	Advertising	Printing & Mailing	Seminars	Underwriters Compensation	Dealers Compensation	Personnel	Travel Relating to Marketing
Invesco American Franchise Fund	$1,148	$916	$1,322	$128,207	$986,518	$12,316	$434
Invesco Core Plus Bond Fund	250	204	303	28,778	411,707	2,774	97
Invesco Discovery Fund	175	147	230	20,953	259,512	2,015	71
Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund	1,070	821	1,246	120,165	1,424,900	11,468	403
Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund	2,235	1,816	2,700	253,069	4,573,578	24,671	868
Invesco Equity and Income Fund	869	704	1,059	98,571	1,993,364	9,586	339
Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund	683	521	761	49,750	526,836	7,111	252
Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund	6	5	7	675	26,875	65	2
Invesco Growth and Income Fund	105	86	126	11,673	279,101	1,153	41
Invesco Income Advantage U.S. Fund	29	24	35	3,357	23,048	324	11
Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund	1,467	1,098	1,674	348,427	3,150,713	543	77,296
Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund	1,128	905	1,399	130,697	1,709,117	12,508	443
Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund	96	83	127	11,596	441,514	1,121	40
Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

1 All existing Class C shares of Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund were automatically converted to Class A shares of the Fund on June 24, 2022.

An estimate by category of the allocation of actual fees paid by Class R Shares of the Funds during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024 follows:

	Advertising	Printing & Mailing	Seminars	Underwriters Compensation	Dealers Compensation	Personnel	Travel Relating to Marketing
Invesco American Franchise Fund	$59	$43	$65	$2,141	$414,039	$609	$21
Invesco Core Plus Bond Fund	13	11	16	509	145,722	146	5
Invesco Discovery Fund	247	190	283	9,174	186,713	2,631	92
Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund	797	605	917	29,594	800,906	8,457	298
Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund	205	156	232	7,560	939,074	2,164	76
Invesco Equity and Income Fund	81	64	97	3,065	559,338	879	31
Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund	4	3	5	166	41,556	48	2

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	Advertising	Printing & Mailing	Seminars	Underwriters Compensation	Dealers Compensation	Personnel	Travel Relating to Marketing
Invesco Growth and Income Fund	85	66	99	3,187	265,963	914	32
Invesco Income Advantage U.S. Fund	1	1	1	0	3,802	11	0
Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund	101	80	123	3,882	255,103	1,118	39

An estimate by category of the allocation of actual fees paid by Investor Class shares of the Funds for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024 follows:

	Advertising	Printing & Mailing	Seminars	Underwriters Compensation	Dealers Compensation	Personnel	Travel Relating to Marketing
Invesco Income Advantage U.S. Fund	$1,687	$1,345	$2,056	$0	$58,032	$18,608	$655

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APPENDIX O - TOTAL SALES CHARGES

The following chart reflects the total sales charges paid in connection with the sale of applicable classes of shares of the Funds and the amount retained by Invesco Distributors for the last three fiscal years or periods, as applicable, ended August 31.

	2024		2023		2022
	Sales Charges	Amount Retained	Sales Charges	Amount Retained	Sales Charges	Amount Retained
Invesco American Franchise Fund	$9,550,683	$1,147,218	$7,120,411	$855,569	$9,494,317	$1,178,443
Invesco Core Plus Bond Fund	1,704,234	131,367	1,507,882	116,393	1,812,556	134,793
Invesco Discovery Fund	256,613	52,145	277,230	56,688	345,323	69,774
Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund	2,457,711	393,890	1,923,385	334,592	2,457,397	432,473
Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund	4,161,909	482,690	4,287,654	497,507	4,510,460	517,817
Invesco Equity and Income Fund	16,586,148	1,860,041	17,459,627	1,985,954	19,808,654	2,244,731
Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund	589,529	117,378	247,718	24,444	523,242	106,593
Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund	21,216	3,369	32,360	4,740	45,265	7,178
Invesco Growth and Income Fund	1,956,874	237,411	1,963,791	235,443	2,327,445	284,473
Invesco Income Advantage U.S. Fund	45,819	8,568	23,764	4,196	31,384	4,882
Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund	—	163	—	—	—	—
Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund	2,902,288	457,112	1,896,722	292,937	2,035,113	304,525
Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund	757,800	87,372	577,073	66,730	707,479	80,216
Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund	128,485	15,923	139,628	769	327,021	40,773
Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund	—	3,317	—	6,125	—	26,228

The contingent deferred sales charges paid by certain shareholders of the Funds and retained by Invesco Distributors for the last three fiscal years or periods, as applicable, ended August 31 is reflected below:

	2024	2024	2023	2023	2022	2022
Fund	Class A	Class C	Class A	Class C	Class A	Class C
Invesco American Franchise Fund	$9,993	$7,428	$17,070	$3,814	$17,810	$11,273
Invesco Core Plus Bond Fund	18,778	3,619	15,326	1,905	17,714	10,266
Invesco Discovery Fund	1	45	618	442	3,583	1,603
Invesco Discovery Large Cap Fund	6,078	5,568	2,123	2,933	10,802	4,232
Invesco Equally-Weighted S&P 500 Fund	24,312	22,200	8,007	25,181	10,073	30,233
Invesco Equity and Income Fund	50,010	6,756	70,552	8,801	21,573	17,391
Invesco Floating Rate ESG Fund	51,833	3,612	192,463	20,619	109,556	22,248
Invesco Global Real Estate Income Fund	108	143	—	46	253	157
Invesco Growth and Income Fund	8,208	2,323	7,954	440	4,947	2,999
Invesco Income Advantage U.S. Fund	—	43	—	99	—	37
Invesco NASDAQ 100 Index Fund	—	—	—	—	—	—
Invesco S&P 500 Index Fund	3,618	19,813	14,246	26,003	3,745	17,962
Invesco Senior Floating Rate Fund	28,629	10,987	73,252	25,123	14,393	28,580
Invesco Short Duration High Yield Municipal Fund	50,942	1,841	84,739	3,251	176,988	11,317
Invesco Short Term Municipal Fund	1,998	—	7,357	—	24,465	1,722

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APPENDIX P – SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS RELATING TO JURISDICTIONS IN WHICH THE FUND INVESTS

As explained in the Fund’s prospectus, the Fund’s investments are highly sensitive to the fiscal stability of the jurisdictions in which the Fund principally invests, including the subdivisions, agencies, instrumentalities or authorities of those jurisdictions that issue municipal securities contained in the Fund’s portfolio. You should consider carefully the special risks inherent in the Fund’s investments in municipal securities.

The Fund may invest in municipal securities issued by certain territories, commonwealths and possessions of the United States that pay interest that is exempt (in the opinion of the issuer’s legal counsel when the security is issued) from federal income tax. Therefore, the Fund’s investments could be affected by the fiscal stability of, for example, Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, or the Northern Mariana Islands. Additionally, the Fund’s investments could be affected by economic, legislative, regulatory or political developments affecting issuers in those territories, commonwealths or possessions.

The following information represents a summary of the risks associated with the concentration of the Fund’s investments in the municipal securities of these jurisdictions. This information is intended to supplement the information contained in the Fund’s prospectus, and does not purport to be a complete analysis of every risk factor that may affect the obligations of the issuers of these municipal securities.

The following information is based on publicly available reports prepared by officials of each jurisdiction’s government or their designees. The information may also be based on official statements and other offering documents relating to securities issued by or on behalf of these jurisdictions, their agencies, instrumentalities and political subdivisions, as available on of the date of this Statement of Additional Information. Although this information is generally compiled from government resources, the Fund does not make any representation as to the accuracy of the information contained herein. Municipal bond issuers may not be subject to the same disclosure obligations as other bond issuers, which may impact the reliability of the information provided by municipal issuers that is used to determine fund investments and can potentially make investments in municipal securities riskier than other investments. The Fund has not independently verified this information and the Fund does not have any obligation to update this information throughout the year.

In addition, this information is subject to change rapidly, substantially and without notice. Such changes may negatively impact the fiscal condition of the jurisdictions in which the Fund invests, which could harm the performance of the Fund. Accordingly, inclusion of the information herein shall not create an implication that there has not been any change in the affairs of the relevant jurisdictions since the date of this Statement of Additional Information. More information about the specific risks facing each jurisdiction may be available from official resources published by those jurisdictions.

The bond ratings provided below are current as of the date specified. Unless otherwise stated, the ratings indicated are for obligations of the jurisdiction referenced below. The political subdivisions of a given jurisdiction may have different ratings that are unrelated to the ratings assigned to the obligations of the state, commonwealth or territory. Investors should note that the creditworthiness of obligations issued by a jurisdiction’s local municipal issuers may be unrelated to the creditworthiness of obligations issued by the jurisdiction itself, and that there may be no obligation on the part of the jurisdiction to make payment on such local obligations in the event of default.

To the extent that any statements made below involve matters of forecasts, projections, opinions, assumptions or estimates, whether or not expressly stated to be such, they are made as such and not as representations of fact or certainty, and no representation is made that any of these statements have been or will be realized. All forecasts, projections, assumptions, opinions or estimates are “forward looking statements,” which must be read with an abundance of caution because they may not be realized or may not occur in the future.

In addition, investors should note that municipal securities may be more susceptible to being downgraded, and issuers of municipal securities may be more susceptible to default, insolvency or bankruptcy, during recessions or similar periods of economic stress. Factors contributing to the economic stress on municipalities may include lower property tax collections, lower sales tax revenue and lower income

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tax revenue, among others. In addition, as certain municipal obligations may be secured or guaranteed by banks and other institutions, the risk to the Fund could increase if the banking or financial sector suffers an economic downturn or if the credit ratings of the institutions issuing the guarantee are downgraded or at risk of being downgraded by a national rating organization. Such a downward revision or risk of being downgraded may have an adverse effect on the market prices of the municipal securities and thus the value of the Fund’s investments in those securities.

Recent downgrades of certain municipal securities insurers have negatively impacted the price of certain insured municipal securities. Given the large number of potential claims against municipal securities insurers, there is a risk that they will be unable to meet all future claims. Certain municipal issuers either have been unable to issue securities or access the market to sell their issues. For some issuers that have been able to access the market, they have had to issue securities at much higher rates, which may reduce revenues available for the municipal issuers to pay existing obligations.

Should a jurisdiction, or its applicable municipalities or subdivisions, fail to sell their securities when and at the rates projected, the jurisdiction or its subdivisions could experience a weakened overall cash position in the current fiscal year.

An insolvent municipality may take steps to reorganize its debt, which might include extending debt maturities, reducing the amount of principal or interest, refinancing the debt or taking other measures that may significantly affect the rights of creditors and the value of the securities issued by the municipality and the value of the Fund’s investments in those securities. Pursuant to Chapter 9 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, certain municipalities that meet specific conditions may be provided protection from creditors while they develop and negotiate plans for reorganizing their debts. The U.S. Bankruptcy Code provides that individual U.S. states are not permitted to pass their own laws purporting to bind non-consenting creditors to a restructuring of a municipality’s indebtedness, and thus all such restructurings must be pursuant to Chapter 9 of the Bankruptcy Code.

The jurisdictions discussed below all face challenges to achieving sustained economic growth, which is critical to debt sustainability. Challenges include, for example, (i) the location of the islands that leads to the high cost of importing goods and energy; (ii) vulnerability to increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events; (iii) concentrated economies relying on limited industries; and (iv) outmigration and population loss.

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

Introduction. The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (the Commonwealth) Government and the Financial Oversight and Management Board for Puerto Rico (the Oversight Board) together have made significant progress in achieving fiscal responsibility, stabilizing Puerto Rico’s finances, substantially reducing its debt burden, and making significant strides to reform its civil service.

When the U.S. Congress passed the bipartisan Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act of 2016 (PROMESA) that created the Oversight Board, the Governor of Puerto Rico had declared the debt unpayable, and the Puerto Rico Government was in default. Decades of economic decline and chronic financial mismanagement left Puerto Rico in crisis, soon exacerbated by natural disasters, including Hurricanes Irma and María in 2017, earthquakes, and the global COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.

According to a U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) report from 2018, the causes of the crisis were: (i) inadequate financial management and oversight practices, such as the overestimation of potential revenues and persistent spending in excess of appropriated amounts; (ii) prolonged economic contraction, impacted by outmigration and resulting diminished labor force, the high cost of energy and importing goods, regulatory challenges to doing business, the phaseout of the possessions tax credit, and banking and housing struggles; and (iii) policy decisions, such as allowing the use of debt proceeds to balance budgets, insufficiently addressing public pension funding shortfalls, and inadequately managing the financial condition of the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA).

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Prior to PROMESA and for each of the first 16 consecutive years of this century, from fiscal years 2000 to 2016, Government spending exceeded recurring Government revenues. Controls and guardrails, to the extent they existed, were insufficient to prevent overestimation of revenues, excessive borrowing, overspending, and the deficits that eroded Puerto Rico’s economic stability. Before PROMESA, Government pensions were not sufficiently funded, putting pension payments for current and future retirees at risk.

As result of these practices, the consolidated Commonwealth’s outstanding debt and pension liabilities had grown to over $120 billion – with more than $70 billion in financial debt and more than $50 billion in pension liabilities – an amount almost twice the size of Puerto Rico’s economy.

The Oversight Board was established to oversee the Commonwealth’s financial operations and allows the Commonwealth and its instrumentalities, with approval of the Oversight Board, to file cases to restructure debt and other obligations in a “Title III” proceeding. U.S. territories do not have the ability to file for bankruptcy under the federal Bankruptcy Code. Title III incorporates many provisions of the federal Bankruptcy Code, and incorporates legal mechanisms for a litigation stay and restructuring of pension and debt obligations, among other provisions. Title III petitions were filed for, among others, the Commonwealth, the Puerto Rico Sales Tax Financing Corporation (COFINA), and PREPA, three of the largest issuers of Commonwealth debt. It is possible that petitions under Title III or other provisions of PROMESA, including Title VI, for additional Commonwealth instrumentalities will be filed in the future. These restructuring proceedings create uncertainty as to the treatment of claims of varying degrees of seniority in the levels and priorities of payment from the affected entities.

There can be no assurances that the Commonwealth will not continue to face severe fiscal stress or that such circumstances will not become even more difficult in the future. Furthermore, there can be no guarantee that future developments will not have a materially adverse impact on the Commonwealth’s finances. Any deterioration in the Commonwealth’s financial condition may have a negative effect on the payment of principal and interest, the marketability, liquidity or value of the securities issued by the Commonwealth, which could reduce the performance of a fund.

Current Economic Climate. Puerto Rico’s civilian labor force consists of approximately 1.2 million individuals. As of August 2024, Puerto Rico had an unemployment rate of 5.7%, which was down from 5.8% in August 2023. Puerto Rico’s unemployment rate was higher than the national average of 4.2% in August 2024.

Puerto Rico’s economy has major components in Trade, Transportation and Utilities; Professional and Business Services; Education and Health Services; and Leisure and Hospitality. In addition, government agencies at the local and federal levels employ a significant number of the Commonwealth’s residents. Based on September 2024 data, these sectors employed almost 80% of the Commonwealth’s workers. Because these sectors represent the largest share of employment in the Commonwealth, economic problems or factors that adversely impact these sectors may have a negative effect on the value of the Commonwealth’s municipal securities, which may reduce the performance of a fund.

On April 10, 2024, the Commonwealth filed its audited financial statements for fiscal year 2022 with the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board’s Electronic Municipal Market Access system. Total assets plus deferred outflows of resources and total liabilities plus deferred inflows of resources of the primary government as of June 30, 2022, amounted to approximately $34.4 billion and $85.5 billion, respectively, for a net deficit of approximately $51.1 billion as of June 30, 2022, compared to a net deficit of approximately $59.2 billion as of June 30, 2021 (as restated). The 2022 audited financial statements noted that notwithstanding the circumstances existing on June 30, 2022, based on subsequent events that remediated the Commonwealth’s financial condition and addressed its liabilities, management does not believe there is substantial doubt about the Commonwealth’s ability to continue as a going concern as of the date of the basic financial statements. The 2022 audited financial statements noted that various component units, including PREPA, have been identified as having substantial doubt about their ability to continue as a going concern.

Puerto Rico’s economy is closely linked to the economy of the United States, as most of the external factors that affect the Commonwealth’s economy (other than oil prices) are determined by the policies and

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performance of the mainland economy. In recent years, however, the performance of Puerto Rico’s economy has significantly diverged from the performance of the United States economy. In May 2018, the Oversight Board projected that the Commonwealth’s real gross national product declined by 13.3% on a year-over-year basis, due, in part, to adverse effects from hurricanes that impacted the Commonwealth in 2017 (as discussed below). In addition, in December 2017, Congress enacted the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which subjects companies located in the Commonwealth to a tax on income generated from certain intellectual property. Previously, companies located in the Commonwealth had been exempt from paying federal income taxes on such income. It is not presently possible to predict the extent of the impact that the tax will have on the Commonwealth’s economy. In recent years, Puerto Rico has received an unprecedented influx of federal funds in the form of Disaster Relief Funding, COVID-19 stimulus, and funds from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law which have strengthened Puerto Rico’s economy but may mask underlying weaknesses. Prior to 2017, Puerto Rico gross national product was trending downwards, a trend which was compounded by subsequent natural disasters, including Hurricanes Irma and María in 2017, earthquakes in 2020, and a global pandemic. Through successive federal stimulus packages, Puerto Rico received approximately $120 billion in federal funds, equivalent to approximately 145% of its 2023 gross national product. Puerto Rico’s economic growth is highly dependent on its ability to efficiently deploy those federal funds. The 2024 Fiscal Plan assumes full deployment of this stimulus by the end of FY2035, after which their stimulative effect on the economy will end.

Puerto Rico’s Government significantly expanded the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) starting in tax year 2021 after receiving permanent additional funds from the federal government under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA). Since then, $3.6 billion has been paid to more than 640,000 taxpayers with approximately $1.3 billion estimated for FY2023 alone. While not solely attributable to the EITC, given other concurring federal stimulus funding, since the adoption of the expanded credit, Puerto Rico’s non-farm employment level increased by over 106,000 from about 851,100 in January 2021 to 957,600 in February 2023. Puerto Rico’s labor force also increased by about 89,000 over this same period, and as of December 2023, the labor participation rate (the size of the labor force relative to the size of the working age population) increased from around 40.6% in 2020 (1.1 million workers) to 43.6% in 2023 (1.2 million workers).

Fiscal Plan and Budget. The Commonwealth has faced a number of significant fiscal challenges, including a structural imbalance between its General Fund revenues and expenditures. Such challenges contributed to the passage of PROMESA, which established the Oversight Board and empowered it to approve Puerto Rico’s fiscal plans and budgets. The Oversight Board is comprised of seven members appointed by the President who are nominated by a bipartisan selection process. The budget process requires the Oversight Board, the Governor, and the Commonwealth’s Legislative Assembly to develop a budget that complies with the fiscal plan developed by the Oversight Board and the Governor.

Most of Puerto Rico’s unaffordable debt has been dramatically reduced. The restructuring of the central government debt saved Puerto Rico more than $50 billion in debt payments to creditors. The restructurings of COFINA saved about $17.5 billion, the Highways and Transportation Authority (HTA) about $3 billion, and the Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority (PRASA) about $400 million. The savings of more than $70 billion reduced the debt burden on the people of the Island by approximately $24,000 per person in Puerto Rico.

The debt restructuring of PREPA is pending. Restructuring the debt, however, was only half of PROMESA’s mandate. In order to fulfill the mandate of PROMESA, fiscal responsibility still needs to be secured over the long term. Necessary improvements to systems and procedures are underway. However, appropriate spending discipline to preserve and institutionalize the recent success and prevent Puerto Rico from falling back into old habits of overpromising and overspending that resulted in bankruptcy has not been achieved. Strong financial management is critical to long-term fiscal stability and will be required to restore access to the capital markets at reasonable rates.

As the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico leaves bankruptcy behind, the Government and Oversight Board’s focus will shift toward growing the economy. The 2023 Fiscal Plan is a roadmap that prioritizes growth and opportunity. The 2023 Fiscal Plan also includes critical initiatives to support economic development, including actions to improve the ease of doing business, upgrade infrastructure, prepare the workforce to compete for

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the jobs of the future, and a roadmap for tax reform. These economic development initiatives are designed to maximize the impact of an unprecedented influx of federal funds. In response to multiple natural disasters and the COVID-19 pandemic, the federal government has committed over $120 billion in funding to Puerto Rico, equivalent to 150% of the Commonwealth’s gross national product.

On June 5, 2024, the Oversight Board certified the 2024 Fiscal Plan for Puerto Rico. The 2024 Fiscal Plan reports that Puerto Rico is stable, and the Commonwealth government is solvent. The massive debt is almost completely restructured, a critical element of fiscal responsibility and access to market access. Under the Fiscal Plans and PROMESA certified budgets, Puerto Rico has moved from structural deficits to fiscal stability. The Oversight Board developed a comprehensive process to evaluate budget changes throughout the year to ensure sufficient funding sources are available to support operating needs. However, the government must still undertake significant work to put in place the practices needed to ensure that this progress is sustained beyond the longevity of the Oversight Board. In particular, the government must establish robust financial management and oversight practices, while also making targeted investments to promote sustainable and inclusive economic development. The 2024 Fiscal Plan highlights a set of initiatives that aim to ensure the successful pursuit of these objectives.

Separate 2024 Fiscal Plans were certified for COFINA on June 5, 2024 and PRASA on June 11, 2024. A separate Fiscal Plan for PREPA’s was certified on June 23, 2023.

There is no certainty that any certified fiscal plan will be fully implemented, or if implemented will ultimately provide the intended results.

Investors should be aware that Puerto Rico relies heavily on transfers from the federal government related to specific programs and activities in the Commonwealth. These transfers include, among others, entitlements for previously performed services, or those resulting from contributions to programs such as Social Security, Veterans’ Benefits, Medicare and U.S. Civil Service retirement pensions, as well as grants such as Nutritional Assistance Program grants and Pell Grant scholarships for higher education. There is considerable uncertainty about which federal policy changes may be enacted in the coming years and the economic impact of those changes. Due to the Commonwealth’s dependence on federal transfers, any actions that reduce or alter these transfers may cause increased fiscal stress in Puerto Rico, which may have a negative effect on the value of the Commonwealth’s municipal securities.

Retirement Systems. The Commonwealth’s retirement systems include the Employees Retirement System (“ERS”), the Teachers Retirement System (“TRS”) and the Judiciary Retirement System (“JRS” and together with the ERS and TRS, the “Pension Systems”). As of July 1, 2017, the total actuarial liabilities for the ERS, the TRS and the JRS were approximately $31.0 billion, $17.0 billion and $700 million, respectively. The total annual benefits due from the ERS, TRS and JRS for FY2018 totaled approximately $1.5 billion, $700 million, and $25 million, respectively. In 2017, the Legislative Assembly enacted laws to reform the operation and funding of the Pension Systems. Those laws required the ERS to sell its assets and transfer the proceeds to the General Fund. In addition, employer contributions to the Pension Systems, which had been operating on a “pay-as-you-go” basis, were eliminated, and the General Fund assumed any payments that the Pension Systems could not make.

The Oversight Board reported in its 2022 Fiscal Plan that, over many decades, successive Commonwealth governments have failed to adequately fund these retirement plans, and that the ERS, TRS and JRS were insolvent. The Oversight Board reported in its 2023 Fiscal Plan that, historically, government pensions were not sufficiently funded, putting the ability to make pension payments for current and future retirees at risk. The Plan of Adjustment (see “Debt” section below) and 2023 Fiscal Plan, together, minimize this risk through a series of pension initiatives. Most importantly, the budget now funds estimated pay-as-you-go (PayGo) payments and the Plan of Adjustment authorizes the establishment of a new Pension Reserve Trust, which allocates surplus funds to support future payments to retirees. Pension Reserve Trust and PayGo accounts for about 10% and 20% of General Fund expenditures in FY 2023, respectively.

The Commonwealth may have to make additional contributions to the Pension Systems, which could result in reduced funding for other priorities, including payments on its outstanding debt obligations.

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Alternatively, the Commonwealth may be forced to raise revenue or issue additional debt. Either outcome could increase the pressure on the Commonwealth’s budget, which could have an adverse impact on a fund’s investments in Puerto Rico.

Debt. Certain of the Commonwealth’s component units defaulted on debt service payments during fiscal year 2016. As a result, the Governor issued several executive orders declaring emergency periods and suspending certain transfers and payments with respect to the Commonwealth and several of its component units. It is expected that the Commonwealth and its component units will need to seek further relief under existing or potential future laws regarding receivership, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium, and/or similar laws affecting creditors’ rights, to the extent available.

On July 1, 2016, the Commonwealth and various additional component units were unable to comply with their scheduled debt service obligations, and defaulted on $911 million of their scheduled debt obligations, including $779 million in general obligation debt service. Since 2016, the Commonwealth has continued to default on debt service payments for multiple bonds, including general obligation bonds and those issued by various component units, including PREPA, the Puerto Rico Public Finance Corporation, and the Puerto Rico Public Building Authority, among others.

In 2017, the Oversight Board filed petitions pursuant to Title III of PROMESA in federal court on behalf the Commonwealth and certain of its instrumentalities, including the PREPA to begin proceedings to restructure their outstanding debt. As a result of these petitions, the ability of the creditors of the Commonwealth and its instrumentalities that have filed for Title III to take action with respect to outstanding obligations were temporarily stayed. The judge assigned to oversee the Title III proceedings initiated a confidential mediation process administered by five federal judges.

In February 2019, the U.S. District Court approved the Plan of Adjustment for COFINA, the first debt restructuring completed under PROMESA’s Title III. It reduced COFINA debt by $6 billion, from $18 billion to $12 billion.

In August 2019, the PRASA and the Government of Puerto Rico reached an agreement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and U.S. Department of Agriculture to a consensual modification of about $1 billion of outstanding loans under PROMESA’s Section 2017. This agreement lowers PRASA’s debt service payments on the U.S. Government program loans by about $380 million over the next 10 years and eliminates approximately $1 billion in guaranty claims against the Puerto Rico Government. Additionally, it provides PRASA with access to $400 million in new federal funding through various clean water programs over the next five years to support PRASA’s ongoing effort to improve water quality and safety for the people of Puerto Rico.

On January 18, 2022, Judge Laura Taylor Swain confirmed the Commonwealth Plan of Adjustment restructuring approximately $35 billion of debt and other claims against the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Public Buildings Authority (PBA), and ERS, as well as more than $50 billion of unfunded pension liabilities. The Plan of Adjustment saves Puerto Rico more than $50 billion in debt service and reduces outstanding obligations to just over $7 billion. On January 18, 2022, the Title III Court entered its Findings of Fact and Confirmation Order with respect to the Eighth Amended Plan. Between January 28, 2022, and February 17, 2022, six appeals of the Confirmation Order were filed in the First Circuit. By March 11, 2022, the First Circuit denied all parties’ motions for stay pending appeal. On March 15, 2022, the conditions precedent to the Effective Date of the Eighth Amended Plan were satisfied and/or waived by the Oversight Board, and the plan became effective.

On the Effective Date, the principal elements of the Eighth Amended Plan were executed reducing the Commonwealth’s total funded debt obligations from approximately $34.3 billion of prepetition debt to approximately $7.4 billion, representing a total debt reduction of 78%. This debt reduction will also reduce the Commonwealth’s maximum annual debt service (inclusive of COFINA) from approximately $4.2 billion to $1.15 billion, representing a total debt service reduction of 73%. Also as of the Effective Date, all of the legacy Commonwealth general obligation bonds, ERS bonds, and PBA bonds were discharged, and all of the Commonwealth, ERS, and PBA obligations and guarantees related thereto were discharged. In addition, all

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Commonwealth laws that required the transfer of funds from the Commonwealth to other entities have been deemed preempted, and the Commonwealth has no obligation to transfer additional amounts pursuant to those laws. Importantly, effectuating the Eighth Amended Plan provides a path for Puerto Rico to access the credit markets and develop balanced annual budgets.

A critical component of the Eighth Amended Plan is the post-effective date issuance of new general obligation bonds (the “New GO Bonds”) and contingent value instruments (CVIs) that will be used to provide recoveries to general obligation and PBA bondholders, and to HTA and Puerto Rico Infrastructure Financing Authority bondholders under separate restructurings.

With respect to PREPA’s Title III proceeding, the Oversight Board announced on August 25, 2023 that it had filed the Third Amended Plan of Adjustment for PREPA (the “PREPA Plan”) with the U.S. District Court for the District of Puerto Rico (“District Court”). Multiple modifications and objections to the PREPA Plan have subsequently been filed with the District Court. There is no certainty that the District Court will confirm the PREPA Plan, or that, if confirmed, the PREPA Plan will be fully implemented.

As of the date of this SAI, this process is ongoing. Any future negative developments could adversely affect Fund performance. It is not presently possible to predict the results of all of the restructurings and related planned issuance of the New GO Bonds and CVIs and other debt securities, but such outcomes will have significant impact on bondholders. If the Commonwealth or its instrumentalities are unable to obtain favorable results, there would be negative impacts on Fund performance.

Other Considerations. On September 6, 2017 and September 20, 2017, respectively, Hurricanes Irma and Maria struck Puerto Rico, causing unprecedented humanitarian, economic, and infrastructure-related damages and upending the daily lives of Puerto Rico’s over three million residents. Thousands of residents were left homeless, basic utilities were completely shut down, and schools, hospitals, and businesses were destroyed. Tens of thousands of local residents fled the Island. The Federal Government’s response has become one of the largest and most complex disaster relief efforts in U.S. history. In addition, the southwestern part of Puerto Rico has been struck by a swarm of earthquakes that began on December 28, 2019, and continued into 2021. On September 18, 2022 Hurricane Fiona made landfall, again causing significant infrastructure damages and loss of basic utilities.

With the onset of the pandemic, the economy of Puerto Rico virtually ground to a halt as the public health imperative for people to stay at home left all but the most essential workers unable to travel to their places of business. The economy responded to the vast amount of local and federal stimulus funding, and an economic recovery is now underway, though there is still significant uncertainty about the future of the Puerto Rican economy.

The long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are currently unpredictable. The long-term behavioral changes associated with the pandemic (i.e., reduced travel, increased work from home, reduced activity in large gathering places, etc.) are also unknown.

Outstanding issues relating to the potential for a transition to statehood may also have broad implications for Puerto Rico and its financial and credit positions. The power to grant statehood resides with the U.S. Congress.

Litigation. In addition to the litigation described above, the Commonwealth, its officials and employees are named as defendants in legal proceedings that occur in the normal course of governmental operations. Some of these proceedings involve claims for substantial amounts, which if decided against the Commonwealth might require the Commonwealth to make significant future expenditures or substantially impair future revenue sources. Because of the prospective nature of these proceedings, it is not presently possible to predict the ultimate outcome of such proceedings, estimate the potential impact on the ability of the Commonwealth to pay debt service costs on its obligations, or determine what impact, if any, such proceedings may have on a fund’s investments.

Credit Rating. In February 2014, Puerto Rico's then outstanding general obligation bonds were downgraded to non-investment grade or “junk” status by Moody's and S&P. Following multiple further

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downgrades S&P discontinued its ratings for the Commonwealth’s general obligation bonds in 2018 and Moody's withdrew its ratings for the Commonwealth's general obligation bonds in 2021. On May 12, 2022, following the Effective Date of the Plan of Adjustment, Fitch withdrew its D rating and announced that it will no longer provide ratings for the Commonwealth. S&P, Fitch and Moody’s do not currently maintain a rating for the New GO Bonds or an issuer rating for the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (confirmed as of November 12, 2024).

GUAM

Introduction. Guam’s economy is heavily dependent upon revenues from tourism and U.S. federal and military spending. As a result, economic problems or factors that adversely impact these sources of revenue may have a negative effect on the value of Guam’s municipal securities, which may reduce the performance of a fund.

Guam faces significant fiscal challenges including a high unemployment rate, uncertainty in the tourism industry and a reliance on a foreign workforce affecting key industry segments. Furthermore, the economic outlook in the rest of the United States remains uncertain, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. An economic downturn in the United States or countries such as Japan, China, or Korea, which provide large sources of tourism to the island, could significantly impact the finances of Guam and, therefore, its municipal securities. Moreover, the level of public debt in Guam may affect long-term growth prospects and could cause Guam to experience financial hardship. As a result of these and other factors, Guam has faced fiscal stress in recent years.

From year-to-year, Guam may experience a number of political, social, economic and environmental circumstances that influence Guam’s economic and fiscal condition. Such circumstances include, but are not limited to: (i) persistent structural imbalances; (ii) rising debt levels; (iii) significant pension underfunding; (iv) revenue volatility; (v) developments with respect to the U.S. and world economies; (vi) environmental considerations, natural disasters and widespread diseases, including pandemics and epidemics; and (vii) U.S. federal economic and fiscal policies, including the amount of federal aid provided to Guam. There can be no guarantee that future developments, including events affecting Guam’s economic and fiscal condition, will not have a materially adverse impact on Guam’s finances. Any deterioration in Guam’s financial condition may have a negative effect on the marketability, liquidity or value of the securities issued by Guam, which could reduce the performance of a fund.

Current Economic Climate. As of September 2023, Guam’s civilian labor force consisted of approximately 71, 990 individuals. This figure includes citizens of the Federated States of Micronesia and the Republic of Marshall Islands, who are authorized by compact to accept employment in the United States, and also citizens of the Republic of Palau, who are authorized by covenant to accept employment in the United States. The unemployment rate in Guam for September 2023 was 4.1%, an increase of 0.1 percentage points from the June 2023 figure of 4.0%, and a reduction of 0.3 percentage points from September 2022. Guam’s unemployment rate was above the national average of 3.8% in September 2023. Approximately 76% of Guam’s workforce is employed in the private sector, with the remainder employed by the federal and local governments. Based upon preliminary reports for June 2024, Guam’s private sector employment increased 4.9%, federal government employment decreased 2.9% and local government employment increased 3.1%.

Guam’s 2022 gross domestic product is estimated at $6.91 billion. The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates indicate that after declining in calendar year 2020 due to COVID-19, Guam’s GDP continued to grow from $6.234 billion in 2021 to $6.910 billion in 2022, an increase of 10.8%. The 2022 gross domestic product figure primarily consists of approximately $4.140 billion in personal consumption expenditures, $4.633 billion in government consumption expenditures and gross investment and 2.013 billion in private fixed investments less $3.876 billion in net export of goods and services increase in real gross domestic product for Guam increased 5.1% in 2022 after increasing 2.1% in 2021. The increase in real domestic product reflected increases in exports, private fixed investment, government spending and personal consumption expenditures. Imports, a subtraction item in the calculation of GDP, increased.

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The Guam Government, residents and businesses received and estimated $3.8 billion through various federal stimulus programs enacted following the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Guam received 1.8 billion under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act of 2020; the Guam government received its full share of the Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act of 2021 ($553.6 million); and Guam received $1.5 billion from ARPA.

Guam's economy is expected to continue expanding and recovering from the pandemic downturn throughout Fiscal Years 2024 and 2025. This economic expansion and partial recovery began in 2021 and 2022, restoring Guam's growth trend. Further, increased Economic activity is anticipated due to simultaneous increases in construction including the progression of the Camp Blaz Marine Corps base construction activity nearing its planned peak, missile defense construction, private and Government construction projects, and continued recovery in the tourism sector from Korea and Japan.

The three primary sources of inflows of funds to Guam are from tourism, federal expenditures, and construction capital investment. Tourism has begun a partial rebound from the pandemic virtual shutdown in March 2020, continuing into 2022. Calendar year 2023 visitor arrivals rose by approximately 101% over 2022, although they were still less than half of pre-pandemic levels.

Federal government expenditures now represent the largest single source of funds flowing to Guam. Federal government expenditures in recent years were the second-largest source of funds, well behind tourism expenditures in recent years. The pandemic induced reduction in tourism, and an increase in federal expenditures changed that.

Economic, social and political conditions in Japan, South Korea and throughout the Pacific Rim, and the resulting effect on overseas travel from these countries, are a major determinant of tourism on Guam. Tourism, particularly from South Korea and Japan, where approximately 85% of visitors originated over the past several fiscal years (including FY 2021), represents a significant share of the economic activity on Guam. In response to the current COVID-19 pandemic, many countries, including South Korea and Japan, issued shelter-in-place orders and travel restrictions and warnings. As a result of the COVID 19 pandemic, calendar year 2020 visitor arrivals to Guam fell by approximately 80%.

The United States’ military presence on Guam also contributes significantly to the island’s economy. Its strategic location close to Asia has increased its importance in the overall military strategy of the United States, but also has exposed Guam to certain geopolitical risks, including threats of military confrontation. In the years following 2010, Guam began to experience a decrease in U.S. military personnel as the plan to relocate certain forces from Japan to Guam was delayed. There can be no guarantee that the relocation will occur or to what extent Guam’s local economy will benefit from any relocation. However, current plans anticipate that approximately 5,000 Marines and 1,500 dependents from Okinawa and other locations will be relocated to Guam by Fiscal Year 2028, with the first 2,500 Marines moving to a new Marine Corps Base Camp Blaz by Fiscal Year 2026. The 2024 National Defense Authorization Act, passed in December 2023, includes over $4.2 billion of appropriations as part of the military buildup on Guam.

Budget. On February 5, 2024, the Governor of Guam submitted the Executive Budget Proposal request for FY 2025 (the “Proposed Budget”). The Proposed Budget totaled $1.13 billion and projected $961.7 million in General Fund Revenues, $214.5 million in Special Fund Revenues and $552.9 million in federal matching grants-in-aid revenue. The Governor of Guam signed the budget bill into law on September 11, 2024. The enacted budget totaled $1.31 billion and projects $906.5 million in General Fund Revenues, $212.3 million in Special Fund Revenues and $190.1 million in federal matching grants-in-aid revenue.

Debt. Guam is prohibited from authorizing or allowing the issuance of public debt in excess of 10% of the assessed tax valuation of the property in Guam, which amounts to $1.352 billion as of October 2022. Public debt does not include bonds or other obligations payable solely from revenues derived from any public improvement or undertaking. Total debt outstanding as of September 30, 2022, subject to the debt ceiling limitation is $940.8 million. The legal debt margin as of September 30, 2022 was $411.1 million.

Litigation. Guam, its officials and employees are named as defendants in legal proceedings that occur in the normal course of governmental operations. Some of these proceedings involve claims for substantial

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amounts, which if decided against Guam might require Guam to make significant future expenditures or substantially impair future revenue sources. Because of the prospective nature of these proceedings, it is not presently possible to predict the ultimate outcome of such proceedings, estimate the potential impact on the ability of Guam to pay debt service costs on its obligations, or determine what impact, if any, such proceedings may have on a fund’s investments.

Natural Disasters. Like other Pacific islands, Guam is periodically subject to typhoons and tropical storms. From 1962 to date, ten typhoons caused damage great enough to result in federal disaster relief. Super Typhoon Karen in 1962, Typhoon Pamela in 1976, Typhoon Russ in 1990, Super Typhoon Omar in 1992, Super Typhoon Paka in 1997, Typhoon Chata’an and Super Typhoon Pongsona in 2002, Typhoon Dolphin in 2015, Typhoon Wutip in 2019 and Super Typhoon Mawar in 2023.

Super Typhoon Mawar made landfall on Guam on May 24, 2023, with the territory sustaining substantial damage from high winds, storm surge, and heavy rainfall. President Joe Biden declared Guam a major disaster area on May 27, 2023, enabling the distribution of federal funds.

Although the United States Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) makes disaster relief assistance available after significant typhoon or earthquake damage, there can be no assurance that future typhoons and/or earthquakes will not cause significant damage to business in Guam, or that FEMA will provide disaster relief assistance if significant damage is experienced. There can also be no assurance that, even with FEMA assistance, damage that results from future typhoons or earthquakes will not adversely affect business activity on Guam.

Potential impacts of climate change, including rising sea levels, excessive rainfall, stronger tropical storms, drought, ocean acidification, coral bleaching, saltwater intrusion, storm surges, rising temperatures and increased migration, may threaten Guam’s security and resources. The impact of climate change and climate variability may also have detrimental socioeconomic impacts to Guam.

Credit rating. On December 16, 2021, S&P affirmed its BB- rating on Guam’s general obligation debt and revised its outlook to stable from negative. On January 25, 2024, Moody’s upgraded its rating of Guam’s outstanding general obligation debt to Baa3 (with a stable outlook). These ratings reflect only the views of the respective rating agency, an explanation of which may be obtained from each such rating agency. As of November 12, 2024, the above ratings had not been revised or withdrawn. There is no assurance that these ratings will continue for any given period of time or that it will not be revised or withdrawn entirely by the rating agencies if, in the judgment of such rating agencies, circumstances so warrant. A downward revision or withdrawal of any such rating may have an adverse effect on the market prices of the securities issued by Guam or its political subdivisions, instrumentalities and authorities.

U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS

Introduction. The United States Virgin Islands (the “Virgin Islands” or “USVI”) is an unincorporated territory of the United States with separate executive, legislative and judicial branches of government. The economy of the Virgin Islands is heavily dependent upon revenues from tourism, but other major sectors of the Virgin Islands’ economy include the trade, transportation and utilities sector; the professional and business services sector; the leisure and hospitality sector; and the government sector. As these sectors represent the largest share of employment in the Virgin Islands, economic problems or factors that adversely impact these sectors may have a negative effect on the value of the Virgin Islands’ municipal securities, which may reduce the performance of a fund.

The economy of the Virgin Islands has faced substantial fiscal challenges in recent years, including damage to infrastructure caused by natural disasters and widespread diseases, a high unemployment rate, a structural deficit, declining government revenues, and considerable unfunded pension and healthcare liabilities. The level of public debt in the Virgin Islands may affect long-term growth prospects and may make it difficult for the Virgin Islands to make full repayment on its obligations. Furthermore, the economic outlook in the rest of the United States remains uncertain. A future economic downturn in the United States could significantly impact the finances of the Virgin Islands and, therefore, its municipal securities.

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There can be no guarantee that economic and fiscal conditions in the Virgin Islands will improve or that future developments will not have a materially adverse impact on the finances of the Virgin Islands. Any deterioration in the Virgin Islands’ financial condition may have a negative effect on the value of the securities issued by the Virgin Islands, which could reduce the performance of a fund.

Current Economic Climate. The impact of the pandemic on employment in the U.S. Virgin Islands was substantial. From February to May 2020, the Territory’s unemployment rate grew from 4.5% to 13.6% but has since fallen to 5.6% as of August 2022. Exports declined partially due to the unprecedented losses in travel and tourism. Tourism is the Territory’s primary export and the sector most impacted by the pandemic. The industry experienced a near halt to air leisure and business travel in 2020 and the cancellation of all cruise ship calls throughout most of 2020 and early 2021. Consequently, air visitors fell 35.1% in 2020 to 442,027 from 640,887 in 2019 before rebounding 96.7% to a high of 824,460 in 2021. Cruise passenger visitors plunged 69.3% to 442,027 in 2020 but began to recover in the second half of 2021 and by year’s end, reached 245,695— still about 82.9% below the 1.4 million cruise passengers in 2019.

Businesses also spent less money on construction and equipment, triggering a 27.7% decline in private fixed investment. In addition, declining government spending from fading disaster response and hurricane recovery activities weighed on gross domestic product growth, decreasing that component by 4%. Imports fell 10.6%, reflecting declines in imports of goods, including consumer goods and equipment, and other services.

The U.S. Census Bureau released the 2020 decennial census counts in 2021. Between 2010 and 2020, the Virgin Islands’ population fell 18.1%.

According to the Virgin Islands Bureau of Economic Research, residents of the Virgin Islands received approximately $2.9 billion in estimated personal income in 2021. As a result, residents of the Virgin Islands had a per capita personal income of $27,049 in 2021.

In 2022, the Virgin Islands’ real gross domestic product (GDP) decreased by 1.3% following a 3.7% increase in 2021. The increase in real GDP reflected increases in exports and personal consumption expenditures. This was due to reductions in exports, private investment, government spending, and personal consumption, partially offset by an increase in inventory investment. Imports, a subtraction item in the calculation of GDP, also decreased. In 2022 the export of goods and services decreased by 18.9%. Goods exports declined due to lower crude oil and petroleum products exports, while services exports increased due to higher visitor spending. Total visitor arrivals were 69.7% higher in 2022 than in 2021.

Visitor arrivals reached roughly 2.4 million in 2023, marking a rise of around 582,385 visitors over 2022—or a 32.1% increase. Furthermore, visitor arrivals surpassed pre-pandemic levels by 15.5%. Air arrivals totaled 782,022. A total of 1.6 million cruise guests visited the territory in 2023, accounting for 67.4% of visitor arrivals in 2023.

As of July 2024, the Virgin Islands’ had an unemployment of approximately 3.8% which was down from 3.7% in July 2023. The Virgin Islands’ unemployment rate was lower than the national average which was 4.3% for the same periods.

The Virgin Islands’ economy has faced setbacks in recent years largely as a result of the lingering effects of the economic recession in the United States, the impact of natural disasters, the closure of the HOVENSA petroleum refinery and the COVID-19 pandemic. These factors have placed financial stress on key segments of the Virgin Islands’ economy.

The tourism sector constitutes a significant portion of the Virgin Islands’ economy. However, because of its geographical location, the Virgin Islands is subject to natural disasters, including hurricanes, that can cause considerable damage to the territory and disrupt the tourism industry. Any additional natural disasters that impact tourism could adversely affect the Virgin Islands’ economy. Furthermore, the Virgin Islands was closed to tourists from March to May 2020 and from August to September 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As of September 19, 2020, the Virgin Islands has reopened to tourism. However, the current and long-term impact of the pandemic remains unknown.

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The United States continues to be the primary source of visitors to the Virgin Islands. Therefore, any gains in the tourism industry are closely related to economic growth in the United States. In order to expand its tourism industry and insulate the islands from potential economic declines in the United States, the Virgin Islands has begun, in recent years, increasing its tourism marketing to other countries and regions and is evaluating ways to reposition itself as a leading tourism destination through a private-sector driven approach.

Important private sector activities in the Virgin Islands include wholesale and retail trade, leisure and hospitality, financial activities, and construction and mining activities. The agricultural sector remains small, which requires most of the territory’s food to be imported. International business and financial services are a small but growing component of the economy.

In 2012, the operators of the HOVENSA oil refinery, one of the largest employers in the Virgin Islands at the time, announced that they would close the refinery, laying off approximately 1,200 employees and 950 subcontractors. However, in January 2016, Limetree Bay Terminals, LLC and its affiliates (Limetree) finalized its purchase of the HOVENSA oil refinery, including HOVENSA’s storage and docking facilities. Limetree re-opened the refinery in February 2021. Following multiple major flaring incidents resulting in significant air pollutant and oil releases, the EPA issued notices of violations of the Clean Air Act, and ordered Limetree to pause all operations at the refinery for at least 60 days. In June 2021, Limetree announced the indefinite closing of its oil refining facility on the island of St. Croix and the layoff of 271 plant employees. In December 2021 Limetree sold the refinery through a Chapter 11 asset auction to joint bidders, West Indies Petroleum and Port Hamilton Refining and Transportation. Because of these and subsequent other events, including West Indies Petroleum’s announcement in June 2022 disavowing ownership of the refinery, ongoing litigation, an August 2022 fire at the refinery, and the September 2022, October 2022 and August 2024 announcements of additional EPA action and reopening requirements, it is not possible to predict the extent of the impact of the sale of the refinery on the Virgin Islands’ economy.

In fiscal year 2020, the Virgin Islands reported a net pension liability for the primary government and component units of $4.2 billion. Additionally, the Virgin Islands reported an other post-employment benefits liability of $786.8 million in fiscal year 2020. In fiscal year 2021, the pension liability totaled approximately $4.53 billion. Additionally, the Virgin Islands reported an other post-employment benefits liability of $992.3 million in fiscal year 2020. Virgin Islands officials were continuing to project that the public pension system would reach insolvency by 2024 absent a reduction in member benefits or infusion of cash into the system.

The U.S. Virgin Islands’ Government Employees’ Retirement System (GERS) remains one of the lowest funded public pension plans in the United States, according to GAO’s analysis of national data. In 2021, GERS actuaries projected that the plan would be insolvent by March 2025. The USVI government has made changes to the plan over the years to maintain its solvency. In April 2022, USVI finalized a debt refinancing plan to provide dedicated funding to GERS with revenue from an excise tax on rum sales. However, GERS continues to face the risk of insolvency. According to GAO’s analysis, GERS may face insolvency within the next 10 years if the excise tax rate is lower than expected or if rum sales decline, among other risks. For example, the GERS’ revenue projections for the excise tax used a $13.25 per proof gallon tax rate that expired in 2021 and reverted to a lower statutorily defined rate in 2022 ($10.50). While the USVI government has paid the resulting shortfall in 2023, it is not required and may not be sustainable.

Overall, the underlying fundamentals of the Virgin Islands economy are volatile. Increasing unemployment, decreasing revenues and the loss of many high-paying jobs have combined to place significant fiscal pressure on the local government. It is possible that fiscal challenges facing the Virgin Islands could impact the ability of the territory to satisfy the obligations on its outstanding debt. Any such outcome would likely reduce the value of the municipal securities issued by the Virgin Islands and its political subdivisions, instrumentalities, and authorities, which may reduce the performance of a fund.

Budget. In recent fiscal years, the government has experienced substantial fluctuations in revenues and expenditures, as well as recurring deficits. The Virgin Islands has taken a series of actions in recent years to reduce the size of its operating budget and address its recurring operating deficit. However, these actions have not addressed the structural imbalances that have led to recurring deficits. Rather, annual shortfalls have been addressed by an ad hoc combination of inter-fund transfers and debt financing.

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The Proposed Executive Biennial Budget includes $969.1 million in General Funds for FY 2024 and $968.0 million in General Funds for FY 2025. The total operating budget including appropriated and non-appropriated funds and federal funds is $1.42 billion and $1.42 billion in Fiscal Years 2024 and 2025, respectively.

Total assets and deferred outflows of resources of the Government of the Virgin Islands as of September 30, 2021 and 2020, were approximately $4.3 billion and $3.7 billion, respectively. Total liabilities and deferred inflows were approximately $9.7 and $8.8 billion, respectively, over the same period. Liabilities exceed assets mainly due to unfunded pension and postemployment benefits such as health insurance due to retired Government employees amounting to $5.5 billion and $5.0 billion at September 30, 2021 and 2020.

As discussed in the financial statements, the Virgin Islands Government reported an unrestricted net deficit in Governmental Activities and in the General Fund that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. On September 30, 2021, the Government’s net deficit of $5.3 billion consisted of a $584.2 million net investment in capital assets; $300.5 million restricted by statute or other legal requirements that were not available to finance day-to-day operations; and an unrestricted net deficit of $6.2 billion. On September 30, 2020, the Government’s net deficit of $5.2 billion consisted of a $529.0 million net investment in capital assets; $307.4 million restricted by statute or other legal requirements that were not available to finance day-to-day operations; and an unrestricted net deficit of $6.0 billion.

The Proposed Executive Biennial Budget reflects a 100% reduction in transfers from the Internal Revenue Matching Fund (IMRF). The great majority of revenues collected through the IRMF have now been pledged towards the reduction of the unfunded liability of the Government Employees Retirement System. There is no guarantee that the Government’s efforts to reverse the pending insolvency of the Government Employees Retirement System through a matching fund special purpose securitization bond offering will be entirely successful.

Debt. Current law prohibits the Virgin Islands from authorizing or issuing general obligation bonds in excess of 10% of the aggregate assessed valuation of taxable real property in the territory. As of September 30, 2020, the net amount of bonds outstanding, including both general obligation and revenue bonds, was estimated at $2.0 billion. The large fiscal risks faced by the Virgin Islands, coupled with its exclusion from capital markets, may hamper the Virgin Islands ability to repay its public debts.

Natural Disasters. In September 2017, two successive hurricanes – Irma and Maria – caused severe damage to the Virgin Islands. The infrastructure of the Virgin Islands was severely damaged by high winds and substantial flooding, leaving much of the Virgin Islands without power. According to officials, Hurricanes Irma and Maria caused an estimated $10.76 billion in damage to the public infrastructure and economy of the Virgin Islands. In February 2018, Congress appropriated $89.3 billion for disaster recovery efforts for areas affected by hurricanes in 2017. Approximately $11 billion of these funds were made available to the Virgin Islands and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and $2 billion was designated to help repair and reconstruct the electrical system of the islands. Before the storms made landfall, the Virgin Islands was already facing a severe economic crisis due to mounting debt obligations and declining revenues. There can be no assurances that the Virgin Islands will receive sufficient aid to rebuild from the damage caused by Hurricanes Irma and Maria, and it is not currently possible to predict the long-term impact that Hurricanes Irma and Maria will have on the Virgin Island’s economy. All these developments have a material adverse effect on the Virgin Island’s finances and negatively impact the marketability, liquidity and value of securities issued by the Virgin Islands that are held by the Fund.

Litigation. The Virgin Islands, its officials and employees are named as defendants in legal proceedings that occur in the normal course of governmental operations. Some of these proceedings involve claims for substantial amounts, which if decided against the Virgin Islands might require the Virgin Islands to make significant future expenditures or substantially impair future revenue sources. Because of the prospective nature of these proceedings, it is not presently possible to predict the ultimate outcome of such proceedings, estimate the potential impact on the ability of the Virgin Islands to pay debt service costs on its obligations, or determine what impact, if any, such proceedings may have on a fund’s investments.

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Credit rating. On September 28, 2017, Fitch withdrew its ratings due to the Virgin Islands’ communication that it intended to stop participating in the ratings process, and Fitch indicated that it no longer had sufficient information to maintain the ratings. On March 23, 2023, Moody’s announced that it had withdrawn the U.S. Virgin Islands issuer rating. S&P, Fitch and Moody’s do not currently maintain an issuer rating for U.S. Virgin Islands (confirmed as of November 12, 2024).

NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS

Introduction. The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (the “Commonwealth” or “CNMI”) is a commonwealth of the United States with a political status similar to that of Puerto Rico. The economy of the Commonwealth is heavily dependent upon revenues from tourism and transfers from the federal government. As these sources represent a significant share of the Commonwealth’s revenue, economic problems or factors that adversely impact these sources may have a negative effect on the value of the Commonwealth’s municipal securities, which may reduce the performance of a fund.

Although the Commonwealth has faced significant setbacks, the economy has shown signs of modest growth in recent years. Such growth in may be slow as the Commonwealth continues to face substantial fiscal challenges including high unemployment, severe reductions in key industry segments and large government deficits. Furthermore, the economic outlook in the rest of the United States remains uncertain, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. An economic downturn in the United States or countries such as Japan, China or Korea, which provide large sources of tourism to the islands, could significantly impact the finances of the Commonwealth and, therefore, its municipal securities. Moreover, the level of public debt in the Commonwealth may affect long-term growth prospects and could cause the Commonwealth to experience continued financial hardship.

From year-to-year, the Commonwealth may experience a number of political, social, economic and environmental circumstances that influence the Commonwealth’s economic and fiscal condition. Such circumstances include, but are not limited to: (i) persistent structural imbalances; (ii) rising debt levels; (iii) significant pension underfunding; (iv) revenue volatility; (v) developments with respect to the U.S. and world economies; (vi) environmental considerations, natural disasters and widespread diseases, including pandemics and epidemics; and (vii) U.S. federal economic and fiscal policies, including the amount of federal aid provided to the Commonwealth. There can be no guarantee that future developments, including events affecting the Commonwealth’s economic and fiscal condition, will not have a materially adverse impact on the Commonwealth’s finances. Any further deterioration in the Commonwealth’s financial condition may have a negative effect on the marketability, liquidity or value of the securities issued by the Commonwealth and may jeopardize the ability of the Commonwealth to satisfy its obligations on its outstanding debt, which could reduce the performance of a fund.

Current Economic Climate. After joining the United States in 1978, the federal government agreed to exempt the Commonwealth from federal minimum wage and immigration laws in an effort to help stimulate the Commonwealth’s economy. As a result of these exemptions, the Commonwealth was able to build a large garment industry, which at one time accounted for nearly 40% of the Commonwealth’s economy. A significant portion of the Commonwealth’s residents and a large number of temporary workers from throughout the region worked in the textile industry. Critical to this growth was duty-free access to U.S. markets and local authority over immigration and the minimum wage.

Over the last two decades, however, the Commonwealth’s economy underwent an involuntary transformation resulting from federal policy actions that led to the dissolution of the Commonwealth’s garment industry. Following the collapse of the garment industry, tourism emerged as the major driver of the Commonwealth’s economy. The majority of the Commonwealth’s visitors are from Japan, Korea, China, and the United States, and federal immigration policy has also greatly impacted tourism in the Commonwealth. Any future developments that make international travel to the islands more difficult may have a negative impact on the Commonwealth’s economy. In addition, the relaxation of laws restricting gambling helped to attract outside private investment and spur economic growth.

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The CNMI economy faced challenges prior to the pandemic. It was still recovering from the effects of Super Typhoon Yutu, which devastated the CNMI in October 2018, causing extensive damage to homes, businesses, and infrastructure, including to the Saipan International Airport.

The CNMI government’s strategy to encourage tourism and economic activity by building casinos and hotels on Saipan and Tinian has not been successful, leaving the territory without a viable plan to recover its economy through other means. CNMI’s inflation adjusted gross domestic product fell by 11.3% in 2019 and another 29.7% in 2020 with sharp declines in tourist spending, casino gambling revenue, and private fixed investment. With the tourism industry struggling to recover, federal assistance slowing, and weak financial management practices persisting, CNMI is at risk of a severe fiscal crisis.

Tourism is CNMI’s primary source of economic activity. However, the number of visitors to CNMI has been declining since 2018 when Super Typhoon Yutu caused extensive damage to homes, businesses, and infrastructure, including to the Saipan International Airport. The COVID-19 pandemic caused a much sharper decline in tourism revenue and economic activity, exacerbated by the subsequent closure of the CNMI’s largest casino in 2020 after just three years of operating. Visitors in 2022 increased to 96,521—indicating a slight recovery—though still well below pre-pandemic levels.

The COVID-19 pandemic also had a significant negative impact on tourism, the Commonwealth’s primary industry. Tourism from Asia declined significantly beginning in January 2020 at the onset of the pandemic, leading to a sharp reduction in anticipated general revenue. To prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus, the Commonwealth suspended commercial air travel in April 2020 and again in December 2021.

The Commonwealth’s real gross domestic product decreased by 29.7% in 2020, after decreasing by 11.3% in 2019. The decrease primarily reflects decreases in exports of services, private fixed investment, personal consumption expenditures and government spending. Exports of goods and services decreased 74.4% in 2020. The decrease in exports was largely accounted for by exports of services, which consists primarily of visitor spending, including on casino gambling. Revenues from casino gambling dropped over 95%. The number of visitors to the Commonwealth decreased 81.7%, reflecting the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Commonwealth also faces certain unique risks, including its reliance on a foreign workforce that has the potential to result in a labor shortage. In addition, because of its geographical location, the Commonwealth is subject to natural disasters. The Commonwealth has previously experienced severe weather events that significantly impacted its economy, and any future storms, or other natural disasters, that have an adverse effect on the Commonwealth’s finances could negatively impact the marketability, liquidity or value of securities issued by the Commonwealth.

Budget. The Commonwealth has run a budget deficit for many years, which means spending has consistently outpaced revenue collection. The Commonwealth’s governmental activities deficit net position increased from $480 million to a deficit net position of $580.1 million, an increase of 20.9% between fiscal years 2020 and 2021.

On September 30, 2024, the Governor signed into law the Commonwealth’s budget for FY2025 (Enacted Budget). The Enacted Budget identifies total budgetary resources of approximately $158.6 million, which, after adjustments and transfers, including debt service, would leave $111.5 million for appropriations during the fiscal year.

Unfunded liabilities of the Northern Mariana Islands Retirement Fund and minimum annual payments required to the Northern Mariana Islands Settlement Fund (“NMISF”) as part of a 2013 pension-related settlement present a significant risk to the fiscal condition of the Commonwealth. Pursuant to law, the Commonwealth is required to make contributions to the retirement fund each year on an actuarially funded basis toward the annuities related to retirement and other benefits. Due to recurring budget deficits, the Commonwealth has often delayed or suspended payments to the retirement fund. For the years ended September 30, 2021, 2020 and 2019, the Commonwealth recorded payments to NMISF of $40 million and $13.57 million, $42 million and $13.98 million, and $44 million and $14.15 million, respectively. However, the enacted Fiscal Year 2025 budget makes no provision for payments to NMISF in Fiscal Year 2025.

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Debt. As of September 30, 2021, the Commonwealth had $80.6 million in long-term debt outstanding, which represents a net decrease of $4.8 million or 5.6% from the prior year. The expected annual debt service requirements on the Commonwealth’s general obligation bonds are $9.77 million for the fiscal year 2024 and $9.65 million for fiscal year 2025.

As of September 30, 2020, CNMI’s total public debt outstanding was about $114.1 million, or about 12 percent of GDP ($938.8 million). This reflects CNMI’s inability to borrow through capital markets in recent years. CNMI has struggled to finance its pension plan. Moreover, its economy continues to decline with limited prospects for recovery as its tourism industry struggles and its largest casino is closed and unlikely to reopen soon. CNMI’s financial management and reporting has also worsened. With CNMI’s limited financial prospects and weak financial management practices persisting, CNMI is at risk of a severe fiscal crisis.

Natural Disasters. The Commonwealth underwent two typhoons during the months of September and October 2018. Typhoon Mangkhut destroyed much of the resources for the island of Rota, and Super Typhoon Utu devastated the islands of Tinian and Saipan. The disasters had detrimental effects on the Commonwealth’s economic activity, leaving two main sectors of the economy (tourism and gaming) at a standstill for the first quarter of the 2019 fiscal year. These events had a material adverse effect on the Commonwealth’s finances and may negatively impact the payment of principal and interest, marketability, liquidity, and value of securities issued by the Commonwealth that are held by the Fund.

Litigation. The Commonwealth, its officials and employees are named as defendants in legal proceedings that occur in the normal course of governmental operations. Some of these proceedings involve claims for substantial amounts, which if decided against the Commonwealth might require the Commonwealth to make significant future expenditures or substantially impair future revenue sources. Because of the prospective nature of these proceedings, it is not presently possible to predict the ultimate outcome of such proceedings, estimate the potential impact on the ability of the Commonwealth to pay debt service costs on its obligations, or determine what impact, if any, such proceedings may have on a fund’s investments.

Credit rating. On April 1, 2020, Moody's withdrew its issuer rating for the Commonwealth of Ba3 with a negative outlook. S&P, Fitch and Moody’s do not currently maintain a credit rating for CNMI general obligation debt (confirmed as of November 12, 2024).

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