ck0001592900-20230930
Prospectus
January 31,
2024
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Alpha
Architect U.S. Quantitative Value ETF |
Ticker
Symbol: QVAL |
Alpha
Architect International Quantitative Value ETF |
Ticker
Symbol: IVAL |
Alpha
Architect U.S. Quantitative Momentum ETF |
Ticker
Symbol: QMOM |
Alpha
Architect International Quantitative Momentum ETF |
Ticker
Symbol: IMOM |
Alpha
Architect Value Momentum Trend ETF |
Ticker
Symbol: VMOT |
Alpha
Architect High Inflation and Deflation ETF |
Ticker
Symbol: HIDE |
each
of the above listed on The Nasdaq Stock Market® |
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Alpha
Architect Tail Risk ETF |
Ticker
Symbol: CAOS |
listed
on Cboe BZX Exchange, Inc. |
These
securities have not been approved or disapproved by the Securities and Exchange
Commission nor has the Securities and Exchange Commission passed upon the
accuracy or adequacy of this Prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a
criminal offense.
ALPHA
ARCHITECT U.S. QUANTITATIVE VALUE ETF
Fund
Summary
INVESTMENT
OBJECTIVE
The
Alpha
Architect U.S. Quantitative Value ETF Fund (the “Fund”) seeks
long-term capital appreciation.
FEES AND
EXPENSES
This
table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy, hold, and
sell shares of the Fund (“Shares”). You
may also pay brokerage commissions on the purchase and sale of Shares, which are
not reflected in the table and example below.
ANNUAL FUND
OPERATING EXPENSES (EXPENSES THAT YOU PAY EACH YEAR AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE VALUE
OF YOUR INVESTMENT)
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Management
Fee1 |
0.29 |
% |
Distribution
and/or Service (12b-1) Fees |
0.00 |
% |
Other
Expenses |
0.00 |
% |
Total
Annual Fund Operating Expenses: |
0.29 |
% |
1.Management
Fee has been restated to reflect current
fee.
EXAMPLE
The
following example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the
Fund with the cost of investing in other funds. The example assumes that you
invest $10,000 for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your Shares
at the end of those periods. The example also assumes that the Fund provides a
return of 5% a year and that operating expenses remain the same. You may also
pay brokerage commissions on the purchase and sale of Shares, which are not
reflected in the example. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower,
based on these assumptions your costs would be:
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One
Year: |
Three
Years: |
Five
Years: |
Ten
Years: |
$30 |
$93 |
$163 |
$368 |
PORTFOLIO
TURNOVER
The
Fund may pay transaction costs, including commissions when it buys and sells
securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may
indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Shares are
held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund
operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. For the
fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate
was 101% of the average
value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT
STRATEGIES
The
Fund’s Investment Strategy
The
Fund is actively managed by Empowered Funds, LLC dba EA Advisers, the Fund’s
investment adviser (the “Adviser”). The Adviser manages the Fund using
proprietary methodology developed by Empirical Finance, LLC, dba Alpha Architect
(the Adviser’s parent) and licensed to the Adviser.
The
Adviser employs a multi-step, quantitative, rules-based methodology to identify
a portfolio of approximately 50 to 200 undervalued U.S. equity securities with
the potential for capital appreciation. A security is considered to be
undervalued when it trades at a price below the price at which the Adviser
believes it would trade if the market reflected all factors relating to the
company’s worth.
The
Adviser analyzes an initial universe of liquid stocks that principally trade on
a U.S. exchange. Typically, the minimum market capitalization for the
smallest-capitalization stocks in the initial universe is above $1
billion.
The
Adviser eliminates from the initial universe illiquid securities, real estate
investment trusts, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), American Depositary Receipts,
stocks of financial firms, and stocks of companies with less than twelve months
of available financial data. The resulting universe is composed primarily of
highly liquid, small-, mid- and large-cap stocks. The Adviser then employs
proprietary screens, which evaluate among other things, the
firms’
accounting practices, to eliminate firms that are potential “value traps.” That
is, these screens eliminate firms with, in the Adviser’s view, negative
characteristics. Those could include situations where firms appear to be
experiencing financial distress or have manipulated accounting data. For
example, the Adviser may seek to avoid firms that have large accruals (i.e.,
their net income greatly exceeds their free cash flow).
Next,
the Adviser employs a value-driven approach to identify the cheapest companies
based on a value-centric metric known as the “enterprise multiple,” a firm’s
total enterprise value (TEV) divided by a firm’s earnings before interest and
taxes (EBIT, often referred to as operating income). While enterprise multiples
are the focus of the Adviser’s approach, the Adviser also incorporates
information from other common value metrics, such as book-to-market, cash-flow
to price, and earnings to price to identify the cheapest companies. Last, the
Adviser employs an ensemble of quality screens, which consider metrics like
current profitability, stability, and recent operational improvements, to select
the top 50 to 200 stocks from the cheapest stocks.
As
of September 30, 2023, the Fund had significant exposures to the following
sectors: Energy (38.7%), Consumer Discretionary (27.2%), and Industrials
(17.8%).
The
Adviser will reallocate the Fund’s portfolio on a periodic basis (e.g., every
two months), but will do so at least quarterly.
The
Fund may also invest up to 20% of its assets in cash and cash equivalents, other
investment companies, as well as securities and other
instruments.
PRINCIPAL
RISKS
An
investment in the Fund involves risk, including those described below.
There
is no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objective.
An investor may lose money by investing in the
Fund. An investment in the Fund is not a bank
deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government
agency.
Value
Style Investing Risk. A
value stock may not increase in price if other investors fail to recognize the
company’s value and bid up the price, or the markets favor faster-growing
companies. Cyclical stocks in which the Fund may invest tend to lose value more
quickly in periods of anticipated economic downturns than non- cyclical stocks.
Companies that may be considered out of favor, particularly companies emerging
from bankruptcy, may tend to lose value more quickly in periods of anticipated
economic downturns, may have difficulty retaining customers and suppliers and,
during economic downturns, may have difficulty paying their debt obligations or
finding additional financing.
Quantitative
Security Selection Risk. Data
for some companies may be less available and/or less current than data for
companies in other markets. The Adviser uses a quantitative model, and its
processes could be adversely affected if erroneous or outdated data is utilized.
In addition, securities selected using the quantitative model could perform
differently from the financial markets as a whole because of the characteristics
used in the analysis, the weight placed on each characteristic and changes in
the characteristic’s historical
trends.
Equity
Investing Risk. An
investment in the Fund involves risks similar to those of investing in any fund
holding equity securities, such as market fluctuations, changes in interest
rates and perceived trends in stock prices. The values of equity securities
could decline generally or could underperform other investments. In addition,
securities may decline in value due to factors affecting a specific issuer,
market or securities markets
generally.
Investment
Risk. When
you sell your Shares of the Fund, they could be worth less than what you paid
for them. Therefore, you may lose money by investing in the
Fund.
Large-Capitalization
Companies Risk. Large-capitalization
companies may trail the returns of the overall stock market.
Large-capitalization stocks tend to go through cycles of doing better - or worse
- than the stock market in general. These periods have, in the past, lasted for
as long as several years. Larger, more established companies may be slow to
respond to challenges and may grow more slowly than smaller
companies.
Small-
and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk. Investing
in securities of small- and mid-capitalization companies involves greater risk
than customarily is associated with investing in larger, more established
companies. These companies’ securities may be more volatile and less liquid than
those of more established companies. Often small- and mid-capitalization
companies and the industries in which they focus are still evolving and, as a
result, they may be more sensitive to changing market
conditions.
Management
Risk.
The Fund is actively managed and may not meet its investment objective based on
the Adviser’s success or failure to implement investment strategies for the
Fund.
Sector
Risk.
Companies with similar characteristics may be grouped together in broad
categories called sectors. A certain sector may underperform other sectors or
the market as a whole. As the Sub-Adviser allocates more of the Fund’s portfolio
holdings to a particular sector, the Fund’s performance will be more susceptible
to any economic, business or other developments which generally affect that
sector.
•Consumer
Discretionary Sector Risk. Companies
engaged in the design, production or distribution of products or services for
the consumer discretionary sector are subject to the risk that their products or
services may become obsolete quickly. The success of these companies can depend
heavily on disposable household income and consumer spending. During periods of
an expanding economy, the consumer discretionary sector may outperform the
consumer staples sector, but may underperform when economic conditions
worsen.
•Energy
Sector Risk.
The
market value of securities in the energy sector may decline for many reasons
including, fluctuations in energy prices and supply and demand of energy fuels
caused by geopolitical events, the success of exploration projects, weather or
meteorological events, taxes, increased governmental or environmental
regulation, resource depletion, rising interest rates, declines in domestic or
foreign production, accidents or catastrophic events that result in injury, loss
of life or property, pollution or other environmental damage claims, terrorist
threats or attacks, among other factors. Markets for various energy-related
commodities can have significant volatility and are subject to control or
manipulation by large producers or purchasers. Companies in the energy sector
may need to make substantial expenditures, and may incur significant amounts of
debt, to maintain or expand their reserves through exploration of new sources of
supply, through the development of existing sources, through acquisitions, or
through long-term contracts to acquire reserves. Factors adversely affecting
producers, refiners, distributors, or others in the energy sector may adversely
affect companies that service or supply those entities, either because demand
for those services or products is curtailed, or those services or products come
under price pressure. Issuers in the energy sector may also be impacted by
changing investor and consumer preferences arising from the sector’s potential
exposure to sustainability and environmental
concerns.
•Industrials
Sector Risk. The
value of securities issued by companies in the industrials sector may be
affected by supply and demand both for their specific products or services and
for industrials sector products in general. The products of manufacturing
companies may face obsolescence due to rapid technological developments and
frequent new product
introduction.
Geopolitical/Natural
Disaster Risks. The
Fund’s investments are subject to geopolitical and natural disaster risks, such
as war, terrorism, trade disputes, political or economic dysfunction within some
nations, public health crises and related geopolitical events, as well as
environmental disasters, epidemics and/or pandemics, which may add to
instability in world economies and volatility in markets. The impact may be
short-term or may last for extended
periods.
Periodic
Reallocation Risk. Because
the Adviser will generally reallocate the Fund’s portfolio on a periodic basis
(e.g., every two months), but at least quarterly, (i) the Fund’s market exposure
may be affected by significant market movements promptly following the periodic
reconstitution that are not predictive of the market’s performance for the
subsequent period and (ii) changes to the Fund’s market exposure may lag a
significant change in the market’s direction (up or down) by as long as a
quarter if such changes first take effect promptly following the periodic
reconstitution. Such lags between market performance and changes to the Fund’s
exposure may result in significant underperformance relative to the broader
equity or fixed income market.
High
Portfolio Turnover Risk. The
Fund’s investment strategy may from time-to-time result in higher turnover
rates. This may increase the Fund’s brokerage commission costs, which could
negatively impact the performance of the Fund. Rapid portfolio turnover also
exposes shareholders to a higher current realization of short-term capital
gains, distributions of which would generally be taxed to you as ordinary income
and thus cause you to pay higher
taxes.
ETF
Risks.
•Authorized
Participants, Market Makers and Liquidity Providers Concentration
Risk.
The Fund has a limited number of financial institutions that may act as
Authorized Participants (“APs”). In addition, there may be a limited number of
market makers and/or liquidity providers in the marketplace. To the extent
either
of the following events occur, Shares may trade at a material discount to NAV
and possibly face delisting: (i) APs exit the business or otherwise become
unable to process creation and/or redemption orders and no other APs step
forward to perform these services, or (ii) market makers and/or liquidity
providers exit the business or significantly reduce their business activities
and no other entities step forward to perform their
functions.
•Premium-Discount
Risk.
The
Shares may trade above or below their net asset value (“NAV”). The market prices
of Shares will generally fluctuate in accordance with changes in NAV as well as
the relative supply of, and demand for, Shares on The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC
(the “Exchange”) or other securities exchanges. The trading price of Shares may
deviate significantly from NAV during periods of market volatility or limited
trading activity in Shares. In addition, you may incur the cost of the “spread,”
that is, any difference between the bid price and the ask price of the
Shares.
•Cost
of Trading Risk.
Investors
buying or selling Shares in the secondary market will pay brokerage commissions
or other charges imposed by brokers as determined by that broker. Brokerage
commissions are often a fixed amount and may be a significant proportional cost
for investors seeking to buy or sell relatively small amounts of
Shares.
•Trading
Risk.
Although
the Shares are listed on the Exchange, there can be no assurance that an active
or liquid trading market for them will develop or be maintained. In addition,
trading in Shares on the Exchange may be halted. In stressed market conditions,
the liquidity of Shares may begin to mirror the liquidity of its underlying
portfolio holdings, which can be less liquid than Shares, potentially causing
the market price of Shares to deviate from its NAV. The spread varies over time
for Shares of the Fund based on the Fund’s trading volume and market liquidity
and is generally lower if the Fund has high trading volume and market liquidity,
and higher if the Fund has little trading volume and market liquidity (which is
often the case for funds that are newly launched or small in
size).
PERFORMANCE
The following information provides some indication of the risks of
investing in the Fund. The bar chart shows the Fund’s performance for calendar
years ended December 31. The table shows illustrates how the Fund’s average
annual returns for one-year, five-year, and since inception periods compare with
those of a broad measure of market performance. For the period February 1, 2017
through January 30, 2022, the Fund was passively-managed and the Fund sought to
track the performance of a propriety index that was constructed in a manner
substantially similar to the methodology used by the Adviser to manage the Fund.
The Fund’s past performance,
before and after taxes, is not necessarily an indication of how the Fund will
perform in the future. Performance information is also available
on the Fund’s website at www.alphaarchitect.com/funds
or by calling the Fund at (215)
882-9983.
Calendar Year Total Returns
as of December 31
During
the period of time shown in the bar chart, the Fund’s highest return for a
calendar quarter was 24.47% (quarter ended June 30, 2020) and
the Fund’s lowest return for a calendar
quarter was -40.26% (quarter ended March 31,
2020).
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Average
Annual Total Returns
(for
periods ended December 31, 2023) |
1
Year |
5
Years |
Since
Inception
(10/21/14) |
Return Before
Taxes |
28.16% |
12.04% |
7.09% |
Return After
Taxes on Distributions |
27.56% |
11.54% |
6.68% |
Return After
Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Shares |
17.00% |
9.51% |
5.61% |
Solactive
GBS U.S. 1000 Index (reflects no deduction for
fees or expenses)1 |
26.11% |
14.93% |
11.49% |
1Index
assumes withholding taxes on
dividends.
After-tax returns are
calculated using the highest historical individual U.S. federal marginal income
tax rates during the period covered by the table and do not reflect the impact
of state and local taxes. Actual
after-tax returns depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown
and are not relevant if you hold your shares through a tax- deferred
arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or an IRA.
The
Solactive GBS U.S. 1000 Index is a broad-based index covering mid- to large-cap
equity securities in the United States.
INVESTMENT
ADVISER
Empowered
Funds, LLC dba EA Advisers serves as the investment adviser of the
Fund.
PORTFOLIO
MANAGERS
Messrs.
Wesley R. Gray, John Vogel, Wm. Joshua Russell, and Richard Shaner are
co-portfolio managers for the Fund. Messrs. Gray, Vogel, and Shaner have been
primarily and jointly responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund
since 2022, and Mr. Russell has been primarily and jointly responsible for the
day-to-day management of the Fund since 2023.
SUMMARY
INFORMATION ABOUT PURCHASES, SALES, TAXES, AND FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARY
COMPENSATION
PURCHASE
AND
SALE
OF FUND SHARES
The
Fund issues and redeems Shares on a continuous basis only in large blocks of
Shares, typically 10,000 Shares, called “Creation Units,” and only APs
(typically, broker-dealers) may purchase or redeem Creation Units. Creation
Units generally are issued and redeemed ‘in-kind’ for securities and partially
in cash. Individual Shares may only be purchased and sold in secondary market
transactions through brokers. Once created, individual Shares generally trade in
the secondary market at market prices that change throughout the day. Market
prices of Shares may be greater or less than their NAV. Except
when aggregated in Creation Units, the Fund’s shares are not redeemable
securities.
TAX
INFORMATION
The
Fund’s distributions generally are taxable to you as ordinary income, capital
gain, or some combination of both, unless your investment is made through an IRA
or other tax-advantaged account. However, subsequent withdrawals from such a
tax-advantaged account may be subject to U.S. federal income tax. You should
consult your own tax advisor about your specific tax situation.
PURCHASES
THROUGH BROKER-DEALERS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
If
you purchase Shares through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary, the
Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Shares
and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by
influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to
recommend Shares over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your
financial intermediary’s website for more information.
ALPHA
ARCHITECT INTERNATIONAL QUANTITATIVE VALUE ETF
Fund
Summary
INVESTMENT
OBJECTIVE
The
Alpha
Architect International Quantitative Value ETF (the “Fund”)
seeks long-term capital appreciation.
FEES AND
EXPENSES
This
table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy, hold, and
sell shares of the Fund (“Shares”). You
may also pay brokerage commissions on the purchase and sale of Shares, which are
not reflected in the table and example below.
ANNUAL FUND
OPERATING EXPENSES (EXPENSES THAT YOU PAY EACH YEAR AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE VALUE
OF YOUR INVESTMENT)
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Management
Fee1 |
0.39 |
% |
Distribution
and/or Service (12b-1) Fees |
0.00 |
% |
Other
Expenses |
0.00 |
% |
Total
Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
0.39 |
% |
1.Management
Fee has been restated to reflect current
fee.
EXAMPLE
The
following example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the
Fund with the cost of investing in other funds. The example assumes that you
invest $10,000 for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your Shares
at the end of those periods. The example also assumes that the Fund provides a
return of 5% a year and that operating expenses remain the same. You may also
pay brokerage commissions on the purchase and sale of Shares, which are not
reflected in the example. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower,
based on these assumptions your costs would be:
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One
Year: |
Three
Years: |
Five
Years: |
Ten
Years: |
$40 |
$125 |
$219 |
$493 |
PORTFOLIO
TURNOVER
The Fund may pay transaction costs, including commissions when it
buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio
turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher
taxes when Shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not
reflected in annual fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s
performance. For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, the Fund’s
portfolio turnover rate was 74% of the average value of its
portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT
STRATEGIES
The
Fund’s Investment Strategy
The
Fund is actively managed by Empowered Funds, LLC dba EA Advisers, the Fund’s
investment adviser (the “Adviser”). The Adviser manages the Fund using
proprietary methodology developed by Empirical Finance, LLC, d/b/a Alpha
Architect (the Adviser’s parent) and licensed to the Adviser.
The
Adviser employs a multi-step, quantitative, rules-based methodology to identify
a portfolio of approximately 50 to 200 undervalued international equity
securities with the potential for capital appreciation. A security is considered
to be undervalued when it trades at a price below the price at which the Adviser
believes it would trade if the market reflected all factors relating to the
company’s worth.
The
Adviser analyzes an initial universe of liquid stocks that principally trade
developed non-U.S. markets securities exchanges in countries included in the
MSCI EAFE Index. Typically, the minimum market capitalization for the
smallest-capitalization stocks in the initial universe is above $1
billion.
The
Adviser eliminates from the initial universe illiquid securities, real estate
investment trusts, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), stocks of financial firms, and
stocks of companies with less than twelve months of available financial data.
The resulting universe is composed primarily of highly liquid, small-, mid- and
large-cap stocks.
The
Adviser then employs proprietary screens, which evaluate among other things, the
firms’ accounting practices, to eliminate firms that are potential “value
traps.” That is, these screens eliminate firms with, in the Adviser’s view,
negative characteristics. Those could include situations where firms appear to
be experiencing financial distress or have manipulated accounting data. For
example, we may seek to avoid firms that have large accruals (i.e., their net
income greatly exceeds their free cash flow).
Next,
the Adviser employs a value-driven approach to identify the cheapest companies
based on a value-centric metric known as the “enterprise multiple,” a firm’s
total enterprise value (TEV) divided by a firm’s earnings before interest and
taxes (EBIT, often referred to as operating income). While enterprise multiples
are the focus of the Adviser’s approach, the Adviser also incorporates
information from other common value metrics, such as book-to-market, cash-flow
to price, and earnings to price to identify the cheapest companies. Last, the
Adviser employs an ensemble of quality screens, which consider metrics like
current profitability, stability, and recent operational improvements, to select
the top 50 to 200 stocks from the cheapest stocks.
As
of September 30, 2023, the Fund had significant exposures to the following
sectors: Consumer Discretionary (32.4%), Energy (22.7%), and Industrials
(18.4%).
The
Adviser will reallocate the Fund’s portfolio on a periodic basis (e.g., every
two months), but will do so at least
quarterly.
The Fund may also invest up to 20% of its assets in cash and cash
equivalents, other investment companies, as well as securities and other
instruments.
PRINCIPAL
RISKS
An
investment in the Fund involves risks, including those described below.
There
is no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objective.
An investor may lose money by investing in the
Fund. An investment in the Fund is not a bank
deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government
agency.
Foreign
Investment Risk. Returns
on investments in foreign securities could be more volatile than, or trail the
returns on, investments in U.S. securities. Investments in or exposures to
foreign securities are subject to special risks, including risks associated with
foreign securities generally, including differences in information available
about issuers of securities and investor protection standards applicable in
other jurisdictions; capital controls risks, including the risk of a foreign
jurisdiction imposing restrictions on the ability to repatriate or transfer
currency or other assets; currency risks; political, diplomatic and economic
risks; regulatory risks; and foreign market and trading risks, including the
costs of trading and risks of settlement in foreign jurisdictions.
•Risks
Related to Investing in Australia.
To
the extent the Fund invests in Australian securities, it will be subject to
risks related to investing in Australia. Investments in Australian issuers may
subject the Fund to regulatory, political, currency, security, and economic risk
specific to Australia. The Australian economy is heavily dependent on exports
from the agricultural and mining sectors. This makes the Australian economy
susceptible to fluctuations in the commodity markets. Australia is also
dependent on trading with key trading partners.
•Risks
Related to Investing in Europe. To
the extent the Fund invests in European securities, it will be subject to risks
related to investing in Europe. The economies and markets of European countries
are often closely connected and interdependent, and events in one country in
Europe can have an adverse impact on other European countries. The Fund makes
investments in securities of issuers that are domiciled in, or have significant
operations in, member countries of the European Union (the “EU”) that are
subject to economic and monetary controls that can adversely affect the Fund’s
investments. The European financial markets have experienced volatility and
adverse trends in recent years and these events have adversely affected the
exchange rate of the euro and may continue to significantly affect other
European countries. Decreasing imports or exports, changes in governmental or EU
regulations on trade, changes in the exchange rate of the euro, the default or
threat of default by an EU member country on its sovereign debt, and/or an
economic recession in an EU member country may have a significant adverse effect
on the economies of EU member countries and their trading partners, including
some or all of the European countries in which the Fund
invests.
In
addition, the United Kingdom resolved to leave the EU, an event commonly known
as “Brexit.” The United Kingdom officially left the EU on January 31, 2020.
Although the UK and EU have made a trade agreement that was entered into force
on May 1, 2021, certain post-EU arrangements were outside the
scope of the negotiating mandate and remain unresolved and subject to
further negotiation and agreement. There remains significant market uncertainty
regarding Brexit’s ramifications, and the range of possible political,
regulatory, economic and market outcomes are difficult to predict. The
uncertainty surrounding the UK’s economy, and its legal, political, and economic
relationship with the remaining member states of the EU, may continue to be a
source of instability and cause considerable disruption in securities markets,
including increased volatility and illiquidity, as well as currency fluctuations
in the British pound’s exchange rate against the U.S.
dollar.
•Risks
Related to Investing in Japan.
As
of September 30, 2023, a significant portion of the Fund’s assets was invested
in Japanese securities. As a result, the Fund is subject to greater risks of
adverse developments in Japan and/or the surrounding regions than a fund that is
more broadly diversified geographically. Political, social or economic
disruptions in Japan or the region, even in countries in which the Fund is not
invested, may adversely affect the value of investments held by the
Fund.
The
Japanese economy may be subject to considerable degrees of economic, political
and social instability, which could have a negative impact on Japanese
securities. Since the year 2000, Japan’s economic growth rate has remained
relatively low and it may remain low in the future. In addition, Japan is
subject to the risk of natural disasters, such as earthquakes, volcanoes,
typhoons and tsunamis.
Additionally,
decreasing U.S. imports, new trade regulations, changes in the U.S. dollar
exchange rates, a recession in the United States or continued increases in
foreclosure rates may have an adverse impact on the economy of Japan. Japan also
has few natural resources, and any fluctuation or shortage in the commodity
markets could have a negative impact on Japanese securities. In addition, Japan
is subject to the risk of natural disasters, such as earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, typhoons and tsunamis, which could negatively affect the Funds’
investment in
Japan.
Sector
Risk.
Companies
with similar characteristics may be grouped together in broad categories called
sectors. A certain sector may underperform other sectors or the market as a
whole. As the Sub-Adviser allocates more of the Fund’s portfolio holdings to a
particular sector, the Fund’s performance will be more susceptible to any
economic, business or other developments which generally affect that
sector.
•Consumer
Discretionary Sector Risk. Companies
engaged in the design, production or distribution of products or services for
the consumer discretionary sector are subject to the risk that their products or
services may become obsolete quickly. The success of these companies can depend
heavily on disposable household income and consumer spending. During periods of
an expanding economy, the consumer discretionary sector may outperform the
consumer staples sector, but may underperform when economic conditions
worsen.
•Energy
Sector Risk.
The
market value of securities in the energy sector may decline for many reasons
including, fluctuations in energy prices and supply and demand of energy fuels
caused by geopolitical events, the success of exploration projects, weather or
meteorological events, taxes, increased governmental or environmental
regulation, resource depletion, rising interest rates, declines in domestic or
foreign production, accidents or catastrophic events that result in injury, loss
of life or property, pollution or other environmental damage claims, terrorist
threats or attacks, among other factors. Markets for various energy-related
commodities can have significant volatility and are subject to control or
manipulation by large producers or purchasers. Companies in the energy sector
may need to make substantial expenditures, and may incur significant amounts of
debt, to maintain or expand their reserves through exploration of new sources of
supply, through the development of existing sources, through acquisitions, or
through long-term contracts to acquire reserves. Factors adversely affecting
producers, refiners, distributors, or others in the energy sector may adversely
affect companies that service or supply those entities, either because demand
for those services or products is curtailed, or those services or products come
under price pressure. Issuers in the energy sector may also be impacted by
changing investor and consumer preferences arising from the sector’s potential
exposure to sustainability and environmental
concerns.
•Industrials
Sector Risk. The
value of securities issued by companies in the industrials sector may be
affected by supply and demand both for their specific products or services and
for industrials sector products in general. The products of manufacturing
companies may face obsolescence due to rapid technological developments and
frequent new product introduction.
Depositary
Receipts Risk. The
risks of investments in depositary receipts, including American Depositary
Receipts (“ADRs”), European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”), and Global Depositary
Receipts (“GDRs”), are substantially similar to Foreign Investment Risk. In
addition, depositary receipts may not track the price of the underlying foreign
securities, and their value may change materially at times when the U.S. markets
are not open for trading.
Value
Style Investing Risk. A
value stock may not increase in price if other investors fail to recognize the
company’s value and bid up the price or the markets favor faster-growing
companies. Cyclical stocks in which the Fund may invest tend to lose value more
quickly in periods of anticipated economic downturns than non-cyclical stocks.
Companies that may be considered out of favor, particularly companies emerging
from bankruptcy, may tend to lose value more quickly in periods of anticipated
economic downturns, may have difficulty retaining customers and suppliers and,
during economic downturns, may have difficulty paying their debt obligations or
finding additional financing.
Quantitative
Security Selection Risk. Data
for some companies may be less available and/or less current than data for
companies in other markets. The Adviser uses a quantitative model, and its
processes could be adversely affected if erroneous or outdated data is utilized.
In addition, securities selected using the quantitative model could perform
differently from the financial markets as a whole as a result of the
characteristics used in the analysis, the weight placed on each characteristic
and changes in the characteristic’s historical
trends.
Equity
Investing Risk. An
investment in the Fund involves risks similar to those of investing in any fund
holding equity securities, such as market fluctuations, changes in interest
rates and perceived trends in stock prices. The values of equity securities
could decline generally or could underperform other investments. In addition,
securities may decline in value due to factors affecting a specific issuer,
market, or securities markets
generally.
Investment
Risk. When
you sell your Shares of the Fund, they could be worth less than what you paid
for them. Therefore, you may lose money by investing in the
Fund.
Large-Capitalization
Companies Risk. Large-capitalization
companies may trail the returns of the overall stock market.
Large-capitalization stocks tend to go through cycles of doing better - or worse
- than the stock market in general. These periods have, in the past, lasted for
as long as several years. Larger, more established companies may be slow to
respond to challenges and may grow more slowly than smaller
companies.
Small-
and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk. Investing
in securities of small- and mid-capitalization companies involves greater risk
than customarily is associated with investing in larger, more established
companies. These companies’ securities may be more volatile and less liquid than
those of more established companies. Often small- and mid-capitalization
companies and the industries in which they focus are still evolving and, as a
result, they may be more sensitive to changing market
conditions.
Management
Risk.
The Fund is actively managed and may not meet its investment objective based on
the Adviser’s success or failure to implement investment strategies for the
Fund.
Geopolitical/Natural
Disaster Risks. The
Fund’s investments are subject to geopolitical and natural disaster risks, such
as war, terrorism, trade disputes, political or economic dysfunction within some
nations, public health crises and related geopolitical events, as well as
environmental disasters, epidemics and/or pandemics, which may add to
instability in world economies and volatility in markets. The impact may be
short-term or may last for extended
periods.
Periodic
Reallocation Risk. Because
the Adviser will generally reallocate the Fund’s portfolio on a periodic basis
(e.g., every two months), but at least quarterly, (i) the Fund’s market exposure
may be affected by significant market movements promptly following the periodic
reconstitution that are not predictive of the market’s performance for the
subsequent period and (ii) changes to the Fund’s market exposure may lag a
significant change in the market’s direction (up or down) by as long as a
quarter if such changes first take effect promptly following the periodic
reconstitution. Such lags between market performance and changes to the Fund’s
exposure may result in significant underperformance relative to the broader
equity or fixed income market.
ETF
Risks.
•Authorized
Participants, Market Makers and Liquidity Providers Concentration
Risk.
The Fund has a limited number of financial institutions that may act as
Authorized Participants (“APs”). In addition, there may be a limited number of
market makers and/or liquidity providers in the marketplace. To the extent
either of the following events occur, Shares may trade at a material discount to
NAV and possibly face delisting: (i) APs exit the business or otherwise become
unable to process creation and/or redemption orders and no other APs step
forward to perform these services, or (ii) market makers and/or liquidity
providers exit the business or significantly reduce their business activities
and no other entities step forward to perform their
functions.
•Premium-Discount
Risk.
The
Shares may trade above or below their net asset value (“NAV”). The market prices
of Shares will generally fluctuate in accordance with changes in NAV as well as
the relative supply of, and demand for, Shares on The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC
(the “Exchange”) or other securities exchanges. The trading price of Shares may
deviate significantly from NAV during periods of market volatility or limited
trading activity in Shares. In addition, you may incur the cost of the “spread,”
that is, any difference between the bid price and the ask price of the Shares.
In addition, because securities held by the Fund may trade on foreign exchanges
that are closed when its primary listing exchange is open, the Fund is likely to
experience premiums and discounts greater than those of domestic
ETFs.
•Cost
of Trading Risk.
Investors
buying or selling Shares in the secondary market will pay brokerage commissions
or other charges imposed by brokers as determined by that broker. Brokerage
commissions are often a fixed amount and may be a significant proportional cost
for investors seeking to buy or sell relatively small amounts of
Shares.
•Trading
Risk.
Although the Shares are listed on the Exchange, there can be no
assurance that an active or liquid trading market for them will develop or be
maintained. In addition, trading in Shares on the Exchange may be halted. In
stressed market conditions, the liquidity of Shares may begin to mirror the
liquidity of its underlying portfolio holdings, which can be less liquid than
Shares, potentially causing the market price of Shares to deviate from its NAV.
The spread varies over time for Shares of the Fund based on the Fund’s trading
volume and market liquidity and is generally lower if the Fund has high trading
volume and market liquidity, and higher if the Fund has little trading volume
and market liquidity (which is often the case for funds that are newly launched
or small in size).
PERFORMANCE
The
following information provides some indication of the risks of investing in the
Fund. The bar chart shows the Fund’s performance for calendar years ended
December 31. The table shows illustrates how the Fund’s average annual returns
for one-year, five-year, and since inception periods compare with those of a
broad measure of market performance. For the period February 1, 2017 through
January 30, 2022, the Fund was passively-managed and the Fund sought to track
the performance of a propriety index that was constructed in a manner
substantially similar to the methodology used by the Adviser to manage the Fund.
The Fund’s past performance,
before and after taxes, is not necessarily an indication of how the Fund will
perform in the future. Performance information is also available
on the Fund’s website at www.alphaarchitect.com/funds
or by calling the Fund at (215)
882-9983.
Calendar Year Total Returns
as of December 31
During
the period of time shown in the bar chart, the Fund’s highest return for a
calendar quarter was 17.39% (quarter ended December 31, 2022)
and the Fund’s lowest return for a calendar
quarter was -28.77% (quarter ended March 31,
2020).
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Average
Annual Total Returns
(for
periods ended December 31, 2023) |
1
Year |
5
Years |
Since
Inception (12/16/14) |
Return Before
Taxes |
20.12% |
4.42% |
3.45% |
Return After
Taxes on Distributions |
18.92% |
3.57% |
2.84% |
Return After
Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Shares |
13.16% |
3.54% |
2.83% |
Solactive
Developed Markets ex N.A. Large and Mid-Cap Index (reflects
no deduction for fees or expense)1 |
17.91% |
8.07% |
5.43% |
1Index assumes withholding
taxes on dividends.
After-tax returns are
calculated using the highest historical individual U.S. federal marginal income
tax rates during the period covered by the table and do not reflect the impact
of state and local taxes. Actual
after-tax returns depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown
and are not relevant if you hold your shares through a tax-deferred arrangement,
such as a 401(k) plan or an IRA.
The Solactive Developed Markets ex N.A. Large and Mid-Cap Index is a
broad-based index covering mid- to large- cap equity securities in
international, developed markets outside of North America.
INVESTMENT
ADVISER
Empowered
Funds, LLC dba EA Advisers serves as the investment adviser of the
Fund.
PORTFOLIO
MANAGERS
Messrs.
Wesley R. Gray, John Vogel, Wm. Joshua Russell, and Richard Shaner are
co-portfolio managers for the Fund. Messrs. Gray, Vogel, and Shaner have been
primarily and jointly responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund
since 2022, and Mr. Russell has been primarily and jointly responsible for the
day-to-day management of the Fund since 2023.
SUMMARY
INFORMATION ABOUT PURCHASES, SALES, TAXES, AND FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARY
COMPENSATION
PURCHASE
AND
SALE
OF FUND SHARES
The
Fund issues and redeems Shares on a continuous basis only in large blocks of
Shares, typically 25,000 Shares, called “Creation Units,” and only APs
(typically, broker-dealers) may purchase or redeem Creation Units. Creation
Units generally are issued and redeemed ‘in-kind’ for securities and partially
in cash. Individual Shares may only be purchased and sold in secondary market
transactions through brokers. Once created, individual Shares generally trade in
the secondary market at market prices that change throughout the day. Market
prices of Shares may be greater or less than their NAV. Except
when aggregated in Creation Units, the Fund’s shares are not redeemable
securities.
TAX
INFORMATION
The
Fund’s distributions generally are taxable to you as ordinary income, capital
gain, or some combination of both, unless your investment is made through an IRA
or other tax-advantaged account. However, subsequent withdrawals from such a
tax-advantaged account may be subject to U.S. federal income tax. You should
consult your own tax advisor about your specific tax situation.
PURCHASES
THROUGH BROKER-DEALERS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
If
you purchase Shares through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary, the
Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Shares
and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by
influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to
recommend Shares over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your
financial intermediary’s website for more information.
ALPHA
ARCHITECT U.S. QUANTITATIVE MOMENTUM ETF
Fund
Summary
INVESTMENT
OBJECTIVE
The
Alpha
Architect U.S. Quantitative Momentum ETF (the “Fund”) seeks
long-term capital appreciation.
FEES AND
EXPENSES
This
table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy, hold, and
sell shares of the Fund (“Shares”). You
may also pay brokerage commissions on the purchase and sale of Shares, which are
not reflected in the table and example below.
ANNUAL FUND
OPERATING EXPENSES (EXPENSES THAT YOU PAY EACH YEAR AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE VALUE
OF YOUR INVESTMENT)
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Management
Fee1 |
0.29 |
% |
Distribution
and/or Service (12b-1) Fees |
0.00 |
% |
Other
Expenses |
0.00 |
% |
Total
Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
0.29 |
% |
1.Management
Fee has been restated to reflect current
fee.
EXAMPLE
The
following example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the
Fund with the cost of investing in other funds. The example assumes that you
invest $10,000 for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your Shares
at the end of those periods. The example also assumes that the Fund provides a
return of 5% a year and that operating expenses remain the same. You may also
pay brokerage commissions on the purchase and sale of Shares, which are not
reflected in the example. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower,
based on these assumptions your costs would be:
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One
Year: |
Three
Years: |
Five
Years: |
Ten
Years: |
$30 |
$93 |
$163 |
$368 |
PORTFOLIO
TURNOVER
The
Fund may pay transaction costs, including commissions when it buys and sells
securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may
indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Shares are
held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund
operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. For the
fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate
was 193% of the average
value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT
STRATEGIES
The
Fund’s Investment Strategy
The
Fund is actively managed by Empowered Funds, LLC dba EA Advisers, the Fund’s
investment adviser (the “Adviser”). The Adviser manages the Fund using
proprietary methodology developed by Empirical Finance, LLC, dba Alpha Architect
(the Adviser’s parent) and licensed to the Adviser.
The
Adviser employs a multi-step, quantitative, rules-based methodology to identify
a portfolio of approximately 50 to 200 equity securities with the highest
relative momentum, as described below. A “momentum” style of investing
emphasizes investing in securities that have had higher recent total return
performance compared to other securities.
The
Adviser analyzes an initial universe of liquid stocks that principally trade on
a U.S. exchange. Typically, the minimum market capitalization for the
smallest-capitalization stocks in the initial universe is above $1
billion.
The
Adviser eliminates from the initial universe illiquid securities, real estate
investment trusts, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), American Depositary Receipts,
and stocks of companies with less than twelve months of available financial
data. The resulting universe is composed primarily of highly liquid, small-,
mid- and large-cap stocks.
The
Adviser then employs proprietary screens to eliminate companies with issues that
may negatively impact their momentum. For example, the Adviser will generally
eliminate companies that measure poorly on any of the following variables: (1)
past six-month momentum (lower is bad), (2) past nine-month momentum (lower is
bad), and (3) beta (higher is bad).
Next,
the Adviser screens the remaining universe of companies to identify the
companies with the highest cumulative return for the past 12 months, excluding
the most recent month. Last, the Adviser employs an ensemble of momentum quality
screens to identify which of the remaining companies has experienced the most
consistent positive returns, as opposed to short-lived success during the
12-month period measured above. The Adviser then selects the top 50 to 200
momentum stocks.
As
of September 30, 2023, the Fund had significant exposures to the following
sectors: Consumer Discretionary (29.6%), Industrials (27.7%) and Information
Technology (16.0%).
The
Adviser will reallocate the Fund’s portfolio on a periodic basis (e.g., every
two months), but will do so at least quarterly.
The
Fund may also invest up to 20% of its assets in cash and cash equivalents, other
investment companies, as well as securities and other
instruments.
PRINCIPAL
RISKS
An
investment in the Fund involves risk, including those described below.
There
is no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objective.
An investor may lose money by investing in the
Fund. An investment in the Fund is not a bank
deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government
agency.
Momentum
Style Risk. Investing
in or having exposure to securities with the highest relative momentum entails
investing in securities that have had above-average recent returns. These
securities may be more volatile than a broad cross- section of securities.
Returns on securities that have previously exhibited momentum may be less than
returns on other styles of investing or the overall stock market. Momentum can
turn quickly and cause significant variation from other types of investments,
and stocks that previously exhibited high momentum may not experience continued
highest relative momentum. In addition, there may be periods when the momentum
style is out of favor, and during which the investment performance of the Fund
using a momentum strategy may suffer.
Quantitative
Security Selection Risk. Data
for some companies may be less available and/or less current than data for
companies in other markets. The Adviser uses a quantitative model, and its
processes could be adversely affected if erroneous or outdated data is utilized.
In addition, securities selected using the quantitative model could perform
differently from the financial markets as a whole as a result of the
characteristics used in the analysis, the weight placed on each characteristic
and changes in the characteristic’s historical
trends.
Equity
Investing Risk. An
investment in the Fund involves risks similar to those of investing in any fund
holding equity securities, such as market fluctuations, changes in interest
rates and perceived trends in stock prices. The values of equity securities
could decline generally or could underperform other investments. In addition,
securities may decline in value due to factors affecting a specific issuer,
market or securities markets
generally.
Sector
Risk.
Companies
with similar characteristics may be grouped together in broad categories called
sectors. A certain sector may underperform other sectors or the market as a
whole. As the Sub-Adviser allocates more of the Fund’s portfolio holdings to a
particular sector, the Fund’s performance will be more susceptible to any
economic, business or other developments which generally affect that
sector.
•Consumer
Discretionary Sector Risk. Companies
engaged in the design, production or distribution of products or services for
the consumer discretionary sector are subject to the risk that their products or
services may become obsolete quickly. The success of these companies can depend
heavily on disposable household income and consumer spending. During periods of
an expanding economy, the consumer discretionary sector may outperform the
consumer staples sector, but may underperform when economic conditions
worsen.
•Industrials
Sector Risk. The
value of securities issued by companies in the industrials sector may be
affected by supply and demand both for their specific products or services and
for industrials sector products in general. The products of manufacturing
companies may face obsolescence due to rapid technological developments and
frequent new product introduction.
•Information
Technology Sector Risk.
The Fund will have exposure to companies operating in the technology sector.
Technology companies, including information technology companies, may have
limited product lines, financial resources and/or personnel. Technology
companies typically face intense competition and potentially rapid product
obsolescence. They are also heavily dependent on intellectual property rights
and may be adversely affected by the loss or impairment of those
rights.
Investment
Risk. When
you sell your Shares of the Fund, they could be worth less than what you paid
for them. Therefore, you may lose money by investing in the
Fund.
Large-Capitalization
Companies Risk. Large-capitalization
companies may trail the returns of the overall stock market.
Large-capitalization stocks tend to go through cycles of doing better - or worse
- than the stock market in general. These periods have, in the past, lasted for
as long as several years. Larger, more established companies may be slow to
respond to challenges and may grow more slowly than smaller
companies.
Small-
and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk. Investing
in securities of small- and mid-capitalization companies involves greater risk
than customarily is associated with investing in larger, more established
companies. These companies’ securities may be more volatile and less liquid than
those of more established companies. Often small- and mid-capitalization
companies and the industries in which they focus are still evolving and, as a
result, they may be more sensitive to changing market
conditions.
Management
Risk.
The Fund is actively managed and may not meet its investment objective based on
the Adviser’s success or failure to implement investment strategies for the
Fund.
Geopolitical/Natural
Disaster Risks. The
Fund’s investments are subject to geopolitical and natural disaster risks, such
as war, terrorism, trade disputes, political or economic dysfunction within some
nations, public health crises and related geopolitical events, as well as
environmental disasters, epidemics and/or pandemics, which may add to
instability in world economies and volatility in markets. The impact may be
short-term or may last for extended
periods.
Periodic
Reallocation Risk. Because
the Adviser will generally reallocate the Fund’s portfolio on a periodic basis
(e.g., every two months), but at least quarterly, (i) the Fund’s market exposure
may be affected by significant market movements promptly following the periodic
reconstitution that are not predictive of the market’s performance for the
subsequent period and (ii) changes to the Fund’s market exposure may lag a
significant change in the market’s direction (up or down) by as long as a
quarter if such changes first take effect promptly following the periodic
reconstitution. Such lags between market performance and changes to the Fund’s
exposure may result in significant underperformance relative to the broader
equity or fixed income market.
High
Portfolio Turnover Risk. The
Fund’s investment strategy may from time-to-time result in higher turnover
rates. This may increase the Fund’s brokerage commission costs, which could
negatively impact the performance of the Fund. Rapid portfolio turnover also
exposes shareholders to a higher current realization of short-term capital
gains, distributions of which would generally be taxed to you as ordinary income
and thus cause you to pay higher
taxes
ETF
Risks.
•Authorized
Participants, Market Makers and Liquidity Providers Concentration
Risk.
The Fund has a limited number of financial institutions that may act as
Authorized Participants (“APs”). In addition, there may be a limited number of
market makers and/or liquidity providers in the marketplace. To the extent
either of the following events occur, Shares may trade at a material discount to
NAV and possibly face delisting: (i) APs exit the business or otherwise become
unable to process creation and/or redemption orders and no other APs step
forward to perform these services, or (ii) market makers and/or liquidity
providers exit the business or significantly reduce their business activities
and no other entities step forward to perform their
functions.
•Premium-Discount
Risk.
The
Shares may trade above or below their net asset value (“NAV”). The market prices
of Shares will generally fluctuate in accordance with changes in NAV as well as
the relative supply of, and demand for, Shares on The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC
(the “Exchange”) or other securities exchanges. The trading price of Shares may
deviate significantly from NAV during periods of market volatility or limited
trading activity in Shares. In addition, you may incur the cost of the “spread,”
that is, any difference between the bid price and the ask price of the
Shares.
•Cost
of Trading Risk.
Investors
buying or selling Shares in the secondary market will pay brokerage commissions
or other charges imposed by brokers as determined by that broker. Brokerage
commissions are often a fixed amount and may be a significant proportional cost
for investors seeking to buy or sell relatively small amounts of
Shares.
•Trading
Risk.
Although the Shares are listed on the Exchange, there can be no
assurance that an active or liquid trading market for them will develop or be
maintained. In addition, trading in Shares on the Exchange may be halted. In
stressed market conditions, the liquidity of Shares may begin to mirror the
liquidity of its underlying portfolio holdings, which can be less liquid than
Shares, potentially causing the market price of Shares to deviate from its NAV.
The spread varies over time for Shares of the Fund based on the Fund’s trading
volume and market liquidity and is generally lower if the Fund has high trading
volume and market liquidity, and higher if the Fund has little trading volume
and market liquidity (which is often the case for funds that are newly launched
or small in size).
PERFORMANCE
The
following information provides some indication of the risks of investing in the
Fund. The bar chart shows the Fund’s performance for calendar years ended
December 31. The table shows illustrates how the Fund’s average annual returns
for one-year, five-year and since inception periods compare with those of a
broad measure of market performance. For the period February 1, 2017 through
January 30, 2022, the Fund was passively-managed and the Fund sought to track
the performance of a propriety index that was constructed in a manner
substantially similar to the methodology used by the Adviser to manage the Fund.
The Fund’s past performance,
before and after taxes, is not necessarily an indication of how the Fund will
perform in the future. Performance information is also available
on the Fund’s website at www.alphaarchitect.com/funds
or by calling the Fund at (215)
882-9983.
Calendar Year Total Returns
as of December 31
During
the period of time shown in the bar chart, the Fund’s highest return for a
calendar quarter was 36.45% (quarter ended June 30, 2020) and
the Fund’s lowest return for a calendar
quarter was -25.54% (quarter ended December 31,
2018).
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| |
Average
Annual Total Returns
(for
periods ended December 31, 2023) |
1
Year |
5
Years |
Since
Inception (12/1/15) |
Return Before
Taxes |
9.45% |
15.15% |
9.35% |
Return After
Taxes on Distributions |
9.22% |
15.01% |
9.25% |
Return After
Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Shares |
5.75% |
12.22% |
7.59% |
Solactive
GBS U.S. 1000 Index (reflects no deduction for
fees or expenses)1 |
26.11% |
14.93% |
11.89% |
1Index assumes withholding taxes on
dividends.
After-tax returns are
calculated using the highest historical individual U.S. federal marginal income
tax rates during the period covered by the table and do not reflect the impact
of state and local taxes. Actual
after-tax returns depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown
and are not relevant if you hold your shares through a tax- deferred
arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or an IRA.
The
Solactive GBS U.S. 1000 Index is a broad-based index covering mid- to large cap
equity securities in the United States.
INVESTMENT
ADVISER
Empowered
Funds, LLC dba EA Advisers serves as the investment adviser of the
Fund.
PORTFOLIO
MANAGERS
Messrs.
Wesley R. Gray, John Vogel, Wm. Joshua Russell, and Richard Shaner are
co-portfolio managers for the Fund. Messrs. Gray, Vogel, and Shaner have been
primarily and jointly responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund
since 2022, and Mr. Russell has been primarily and jointly responsible for the
day-to-day management of the Fund since 2023.
SUMMARY
INFORMATION ABOUT PURCHASES, SALES, TAXES, AND FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARY
COMPENSATION
PURCHASE
AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
The
Fund issues and redeems Shares on a continuous basis only in large blocks of
Shares, typically 10,000 Shares, called “Creation Units,” and only APs
(typically, broker-dealers) may purchase or redeem Creation Units. Creation
Units generally are issued and redeemed ‘in-kind’ for securities and partially
in cash. Individual Shares may only be purchased and sold in secondary market
transactions through brokers. Once created, individual Shares generally trade in
the secondary market at market prices that change throughout the day. Market
prices of Shares may be greater or less than their NAV. Except
when aggregated in Creation Units, the Fund’s shares are not redeemable
securities.
TAX
INFORMATION
The
Fund’s distributions generally are taxable to you as ordinary income, capital
gain, or some combination of both, unless your investment is made through an IRA
or other tax-advantaged account. However, subsequent withdrawals from such a
tax-advantaged account may be subject to U.S. federal income tax. You should
consult your own tax advisor about your specific tax situation.
PURCHASES
THROUGH BROKER-DEALERS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
If
you purchase Shares through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary, the
Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Shares
and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by
influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to
recommend Shares over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your
financial intermediary’s website for more information.
ALPHA
ARCHITECT INTERNATIONAL QUANTITATIVE MOMENTUM ETF
Fund
Summary
INVESTMENT
OBJECTIVE
The
Alpha
Architect International Quantitative Momentum ETF (the “Fund”)
seeks long-term capital appreciation.
FEES AND
EXPENSES
This
table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy, hold, and
sell shares of the Fund (“Shares”). You
may also pay brokerage commissions on the purchase and sale of Shares, which are
not reflected in the table and example below.
ANNUAL FUND
OPERATING EXPENSES (EXPENSES THAT YOU PAY EACH YEAR AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE VALUE
OF YOUR INVESTMENT)
|
|
|
|
| |
Management
Fee1 |
0.39 |
% |
Distribution
and/or Service (12b-1) Fees |
0.00 |
% |
Other
Expenses |
0.00 |
% |
Total
Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
0.39 |
% |
1.Management
Fee has been restated to reflect current fee.
EXAMPLE
The
following example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the
Fund with the cost of investing in other funds. The example assumes that you
invest $10,000 for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your Shares
at the end of those periods. The example also assumes that the Fund provides a
return of 5% a year and that operating expenses remain the same. You may also
pay brokerage commissions on the purchase and sale of Shares, which are not
reflected in the example. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower,
based on these assumptions your costs would be:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
One
Year: |
Three
Years: |
Five
Years: |
Ten
Years: |
$40 |
$125 |
$219 |
$493 |
PORTFOLIO
TURNOVER
The
Fund may pay transaction costs, including commissions when it buys and sells
securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may
indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Shares are
held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund
operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. For the
fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was
140% of the average
value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT
STRATEGIES
The
Fund’s Investment Strategy
The
Fund is actively managed by Empowered Funds, LLC dba EA Advisers, the Fund’s
investment adviser (the “Adviser”). The Adviser manages the Fund using
proprietary methodology developed by Empirical Finance, LLC, dba Alpha Architect
(the Adviser’s parent) and licensed to the Adviser.
The
Adviser employs a multi-step, quantitative, rules-based methodology to identify
a portfolio of approximately 50 to 200 non-U.S. equity securities with the
highest relative momentum, as described below. A “momentum” style of investing
emphasizes investing in securities that have had higher recent total return
performance compared to other securities.
The
Adviser analyzes an initial universe of liquid stocks that principally trade on
developed non-U.S. markets securities exchanges in countries included in the
MSCI EAFE Index. Typically, the minimum market capitalization for the
smallest-capitalization stocks in the initial universe is above $1
billion.
The
Adviser eliminates from the initial universe illiquid securities, real estate
investment trusts, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), American Depositary Receipts,
and stocks of companies with less than twelve months of available financial
data. The resulting universe is composed primarily of highly liquid, small-,
mid- and large-cap stocks.
The
Adviser then employs proprietary screens to eliminate companies with issues that
may negatively impact their momentum. For example, the Adviser will generally
eliminate companies that measure poorly on any of the following variables: (1)
past six-month momentum (lower is bad), (2) past nine-month momentum (lower is
bad), and (3) beta (higher is bad).
Next,
the Adviser screens the remaining universe of companies to identify the
companies with the highest cumulative return for the past 12 months, excluding
the most recent month. Last, the Adviser employs an ensemble of momentum quality
screens to identify which of the remaining companies has experienced the most
consistent positive returns, as opposed to short-lived success during the
12-month period measured above. The Adviser then selects the top 50 to 200
momentum stocks.
As
of September 30, 2023, the Fund had significant exposures to the following
sectors: Financials (33.1%) and Consumer Discretionary (21.5%).
The
Adviser will reallocate the Fund’s portfolio on a periodic basis (e.g., every
two months), but will do so at least quarterly.
The
Fund may also invest up to 20% of its assets in cash and cash equivalents, other
investment companies, as well as securities and other
instruments.
PRINCIPAL
RISKS
An
investment in the Fund involves risks, including those described below.
There
is no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objective.
An investor may lose money by investing in the
Fund. An investment in the Fund is not a bank
deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government
agency.
Foreign
Investment Risk. Returns
on investments in foreign securities could be more volatile than, or trail the
returns on, investments in U.S. securities. Investments in or exposures to
foreign securities are subject to special risks, including risks associated with
foreign securities generally, including differences in information available
about issuers of securities and investor protection standards applicable in
other jurisdictions; capital controls risks, including the risk of a foreign
jurisdiction imposing restrictions on the ability to repatriate or transfer
currency or other assets; currency risks; political, diplomatic and economic
risks; regulatory risks; and foreign market and trading risks, including the
costs of trading and risks of settlement in foreign jurisdictions.
•Risks
Related to Investing in Europe. To
the extent the Fund invests in European securities, it will be subject to risks
related to investing in Europe. The economies and markets of European countries
are often closely connected and interdependent, and events in one country in
Europe can have an adverse impact on other European countries. The Fund makes
investments in securities of issuers that are domiciled in, or have significant
operations in, member countries of the European Union (the “EU”) that are
subject to economic and monetary controls that can adversely affect the Fund’s
investments. The European financial markets have experienced volatility and
adverse trends in recent years and these events have adversely affected the
exchange rate of the euro and may continue to significantly affect other
European countries. Decreasing imports or exports, changes in governmental or EU
regulations on trade, changes in the exchange rate of the euro, the default or
threat of default by an EU member country on its sovereign debt, and/or an
economic recession in an EU member country may have a significant adverse effect
on the economies of EU member countries and their trading partners, including
some or all of the European countries in which the Fund
invests.
In
addition, the United Kingdom resolved to leave the EU, an event commonly known
as “Brexit.” The United Kingdom officially left the EU on January 31, 2020.
Although the UK and EU have made a trade agreement that was entered into force
on May 1, 2021, certain post-EU arrangements were outside the scope of the
negotiating mandate and remain unresolved and subject to further negotiation and
agreement. There remains significant market uncertainty regarding Brexit’s
ramifications, and the range of possible political, regulatory, economic and
market outcomes are difficult to predict. The uncertainty surrounding the UK’s
economy, and its legal, political, and economic relationship with the remaining
member states of the EU, may continue to be a source of instability and cause
considerable disruption in securities markets, including increased volatility
and illiquidity, as well as currency fluctuations in the British pound’s
exchange rate against the U.S.
dollar.
•Risks
Related to Investing in Japan.
To the extent the Fund invests Japanese securities, it will be subject to the
risks related to investing in Japan. Political, social or economic disruptions
in Japan or the region, even in countries in which the Fund is not invested, may
adversely affect the value of investments held by the
Fund.
The
Japanese economy may be subject to considerable degrees of economic, political
and social instability, which could have a negative impact on Japanese
securities. Since the year 2000, Japan’s economic growth rate has remained
relatively low and it may remain low in the future. In addition, Japan is
subject to the risk of natural disasters, such as earthquakes, volcanoes,
typhoons and tsunamis.
Additionally,
decreasing U.S. imports, new trade regulations, changes in the U.S. dollar
exchange rates, a recession in the United States or continued increases in
foreclosure rates may have an adverse impact on the economy of Japan. Japan also
has few natural resources, and any fluctuation or shortage in the commodity
markets could have a negative impact on Japanese securities. In addition, Japan
is subject to the risk of natural disasters, such as earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, typhoons and tsunamis, which could negatively affect the Funds’
investment in
Japan.
Depositary
Receipts Risk. The
risks of investments in depositary receipts, including American Depositary
Receipts (“ADRs”), European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”), and Global Depositary
Receipts (“GDRs”), are substantially similar to Foreign Investment Risk. In
addition, depositary receipts may not track the price of the underlying foreign
securities, and their value may change materially at times when the U.S. markets
are not open for trading.
Momentum
Style Risk.
Investing in or having exposure to securities with the highest relative momentum
entails investing in securities that have had above-average recent returns.
These securities may be more volatile than a broad cross- section of securities.
Returns on securities that have previously exhibited momentum may be less than
returns on other styles of investing or the overall stock market. Momentum can
turn quickly and cause significant variation from other types of investments,
and stocks that previously exhibited high momentum may not experience continued
highest relative momentum. In addition, there may be periods when the momentum
style is out of favor, and during which the investment performance of the Fund
using a momentum strategy may suffer.
Quantitative
Security Selection Risk. Data
for some companies may be less available and/or less current than data for
companies in other markets. The Adviser uses a quantitative model, and its
processes could be adversely affected if erroneous or outdated data is utilized.
In addition, securities selected using the quantitative model could perform
differently from the financial markets as a whole as a result of the
characteristics used in the analysis, the weight placed on each characteristic
and changes in the characteristic’s historical
trends.
Equity
Investing Risk. An
investment in the Fund involves risks similar to those of investing in any fund
holding equity securities, such as market fluctuations, changes in interest
rates and perceived trends in stock prices. The values of equity securities
could decline generally or could underperform other investments. In addition,
securities may decline in value due to factors affecting a specific issuer,
market or securities markets
generally.
Investment
Risk. When
you sell your Shares of the Fund, they could be worth less than what you paid
for them. Therefore, you may lose money by investing in the
Fund.
Large-Capitalization
Companies Risk. Large-capitalization
companies may trail the returns of the overall stock market.
Large-capitalization stocks tend to go through cycles of doing better - or worse
- than the stock market in general. These periods have, in the past, lasted for
as long as several years. Larger, more established companies may be slow to
respond to challenges and may grow more slowly than smaller
companies.
Small-
and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk. Investing
in securities of small- and mid-capitalization companies involves greater risk
than customarily is associated with investing in larger, more established
companies. These companies’ securities may be more volatile and less liquid than
those of more established companies. Often small- and mid-capitalization
companies and the industries in which they focus are still evolving and, as a
result, they may be more sensitive to changing market
conditions.
Sector
Risk.
Companies
with similar characteristics may be grouped together in broad categories called
sectors. A certain sector may underperform other sectors or the market as a
whole. As the Sub-Adviser allocates more of the Fund’s portfolio holdings to a
particular sector, the Fund’s performance will be more susceptible to any
economic, business or other developments which generally affect that
sector.
•Consumer
Discretionary Sector Risk. Companies
engaged in the design, production or distribution of products or services for
the consumer discretionary sector are subject to the risk that their products or
services may become obsolete quickly. The success of these companies can depend
heavily on disposable household income and consumer spending. During periods of
an expanding economy, the consumer discretionary sector may outperform the
consumer staples sector, but may underperform when economic conditions
worsen.
•Financials
Sector Risk. The
Fund has exposure to companies in the financials sector, and therefore, the
Fund’s performance could be negatively impacted by events affecting this sector.
The financials sector includes, for example, banks and financial institutions
providing mortgage and mortgage related services. This sector can be
significantly affected by, among other things, changes in interest rates,
government regulation, the rate of defaults on corporate, consumer and
government debt, the availability and cost of capital, and fallout from the
housing and sub-prime mortgage
crisis.
Management
Risk.
The Fund is actively managed and may not meet its investment objective based on
the Adviser’s success or failure to implement investment strategies for the
Fund.
Geopolitical/Natural
Disaster Risks. The
Fund’s investments are subject to geopolitical and natural disaster risks, such
as war, terrorism, trade disputes, political or economic dysfunction within some
nations, public health crises and related geopolitical events, as well as
environmental disasters, epidemics and/or pandemics, which may add to
instability in world economies and volatility in markets. The impact may be
short-term or may last for extended
periods.
Periodic
Reallocation Risk. Because
the Adviser will generally reallocate the Fund’s portfolio on a periodic basis
(e.g., every two months), but at least quarterly, (i) the Fund’s market exposure
may be affected by significant market movements promptly following the periodic
reconstitution that are not predictive of the market’s performance for the
subsequent period and (ii) changes to the Fund’s market exposure may lag a
significant change in the market’s direction (up or down) by as long as a
quarter if such changes first take effect promptly following the periodic
reconstitution. Such lags between market performance and changes to the Fund’s
exposure may result in significant underperformance relative to the broader
equity or fixed income market.
High
Portfolio Turnover Risk. The
Fund’s investment strategy may from time-to-time result in higher turnover
rates. This may increase the Fund’s brokerage commission costs, which could
negatively impact the performance of the Fund. Rapid portfolio turnover also
exposes shareholders to a higher current realization of short-term capital
gains, distributions of which would generally be taxed to you as ordinary income
and thus cause you to pay higher
taxes
ETF
Risks.
•Authorized
Participants, Market Makers and Liquidity Providers Concentration
Risk.
The Fund has a limited number of financial institutions that may act as
Authorized Participants (“APs”). In addition, there may be a limited number of
market makers and/or liquidity providers in the marketplace. To the extent
either of the following events occur, Shares may trade at a material discount to
NAV and possibly face delisting: (i) APs exit the business or otherwise become
unable to process creation and/or redemption orders and no other APs step
forward to perform these services, or (ii) market makers and/or liquidity
providers exit the business or significantly reduce their business activities
and no other entities step forward to perform their
functions.
•Premium-Discount
Risk.
The
Shares may trade above or below their net asset value (“NAV”). The market prices
of Shares will generally fluctuate in accordance with changes in NAV as well as
the relative supply of, and demand for, Shares on The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC
(the “Exchange”) or other securities exchanges. The trading price of Shares may
deviate significantly from NAV during periods of market volatility or limited
trading activity in Shares. In addition, you may incur the cost of the “spread,”
that is, any difference between the bid price and the ask price of the Shares.
In addition, because securities held by the Fund may trade on foreign exchanges
that are closed when its primary listing exchange is open, the Fund is likely to
experience premiums and discounts greater than those of domestic
ETFs.
•Cost
of Trading Risk.
Investors
buying or selling Shares in the secondary market will pay brokerage commissions
or other charges imposed by brokers as determined by that broker. Brokerage
commissions are often a fixed amount and may be a significant proportional cost
for investors seeking to buy or sell relatively small amounts of
Shares.
•Trading
Risk.
Although
the Shares are listed on the Exchange, there can be no assurance that an active
or liquid trading market for them will develop or be maintained. In addition,
trading in Shares on the Exchange may be halted. In stressed market conditions,
the liquidity of Shares may begin to mirror the liquidity of its underlying
portfolio holdings, which can be less liquid than Shares, potentially causing
the market price of Shares to deviate from its NAV. The spread varies over time
for Shares of the Fund based on the Fund’s trading volume and market liquidity
and is generally lower if the Fund has high trading volume and market liquidity,
and higher if the Fund has little trading volume and market liquidity (which is
often the case for funds that are newly launched or small in
size).
PERFORMANCE
The
following information provides some indication of the risks of investing in the
Fund. The bar chart shows the Fund’s performance for calendar years ended
December 31. The table shows illustrates how the Fund’s average annual returns
for one-year, five-year, and since inception periods compare with those of a
broad measure of market performance. For the period February 1, 2017 through
January 30, 2022, the Fund was passively-managed and the Fund sought to track
the performance of a propriety index that was constructed in a manner
substantially similar to the methodology used by the Adviser to manage the Fund.
The Fund’s past performance,
before and after taxes, is not necessarily an indication of how the Fund will
perform in the future. Performance information is also available
on the Fund’s website at www.alphaarchitect.com/funds
or by calling the Fund at (215)
882-9983.
Calendar Year Total Returns
as of December 31
During
the period of time shown in the bar chart, the Fund’s highest return for a
calendar quarter was 26.80% (quarter ended June 30, 2020) and
the Fund’s lowest return for a calendar
quarter was -22.77% (quarter ended March 31,
2020).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Average
Annual Total Returns
(for
periods ended December 31, 2023) |
1
Year |
5
Years |
Since
Inception (12/22/15) |
Return Before
Taxes |
9.16% |
5.05% |
2.53% |
Return
After Taxes on Distributions |
8.61% |
4.66% |
2.26% |
Return
After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of
Shares |
6.15% |
4.13% |
2.11% |
Solactive
Developed Markets ex N.A. Large & Mid Cap Index (reflects no deduction for
fees or expenses)1 |
17.91% |
8.07% |
6.27% |
1Index
assumes withholding taxes on
dividends.
After-tax returns are
calculated using the highest historical individual U.S. federal marginal income
tax rates during the period covered by the table and do not reflect the impact
of state and local taxes. Actual
after-tax returns depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown
and are not relevant if you hold your shares through a tax- deferred
arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or an IRA.
The
Solactive Developed Markets ex N.A. Large & Mid Cap Index is a broad-based
index covering mid to large cap equity securities in international, developed
markets outside of North America.
INVESTMENT
ADVISER
Empowered
Funds, LLC dba EA Advisers serves as the investment adviser of the
Fund.
PORTFOLIO
MANAGERS
Messrs.
Wesley R. Gray, John Vogel, Wm. Joshua Russell, and Richard Shaner are
co-portfolio managers for the Fund. Messrs. Gray, Vogel, and Shaner have been
primarily and jointly responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund
since 2022, and Mr. Russell has been primarily and jointly responsible for the
day-to-day management of the Fund since 2023.
SUMMARY
INFORMATION ABOUT PURCHASES, SALES, TAXES, AND FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARY
COMPENSATION
PURCHASE
AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
The
Fund issues and redeems Shares on a continuous basis only in large blocks of
Shares, typically 25,000 Shares, called “Creation Units,” and only APs
(typically, broker-dealers) may purchase or redeem Creation Units. Creation
Units generally are issued and redeemed ‘in-kind’ for securities and partially
in cash. Individual Shares may only be purchased and sold in secondary market
transactions through brokers. Once created, individual Shares generally trade in
the secondary market at market prices that change throughout the day. Market
prices of Shares may be greater or less than their NAV. Except
when aggregated in Creation Units, the Fund’s shares are not redeemable
securities.
TAX
INFORMATION
The
Fund’s distributions generally are taxable to you as ordinary income, capital
gain, or some combination of both, unless your investment is made through an IRA
or other tax-advantaged account. However, subsequent withdrawals from such a
tax-advantaged account may be subject to U.S. federal income tax. You should
consult your own tax advisor about your specific tax situation.
PURCHASES
THROUGH BROKER-DEALERS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
If
you purchase Shares through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary, the
Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Shares
and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by
influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to
recommend Shares over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your
financial intermediary’s website for more information.
ALPHA
ARCHITECT VALUE MOMENTUM TREND ETF
Fund
Summary
INVESTMENT
OBJECTIVE
The
Alpha
Architect Value Momentum Trend ETF (the “Fund”) seeks long term
capital appreciation while attempting to minimize market
drawdowns.
FEES AND
EXPENSES
This
table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy, hold, and
sell shares of the Fund (“Shares”). You
may also pay brokerage commissions on the purchase and sale of Shares, which are
not reflected in the table and example below.
ANNUAL FUND
OPERATING EXPENSES (EXPENSES THAT YOU PAY EACH YEAR AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE VALUE
OF YOUR INVESTMENT)
|
|
|
|
| |
Management
Fee |
0.45 |
% |
Distribution
and/or Service (12b-1) Fees |
0.00 |
% |
Other
Expenses |
|
Dividend
Expenses on Securities Sold Short1 |
0.69 |
% |
Other
Operating Expenses |
0.00 |
% |
Total
of Other Expenses |
0.69 |
% |
Acquired
Fund Fees and Expenses2 |
0.46 |
% |
Total
Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
1.60 |
% |
Less
Fee Waiver3 |
(0.22) |
% |
Total
Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Waiver4 |
1.38 |
% |
1.When
a cash dividend is declared on a stock the Fund has sold short, the Fund is
required to pay an amount equal to that dividend to the party from which the
Fund borrowed the stock and to record the payment of the dividend as an
expense.
2.“Acquired Fund Fees and
Expenses” are indirect fees and expenses that the Fund incurs from investing in
the shares of other investment companies, including the Underlying Alpha
Architect ETFs (as defined herein).
3.The
Fund’s investment adviser has contractually agreed to waive all or a portion of
its management fee for the Fund until at least January 31,
2025 to the extent necessary to prevent (i) management fees paid
to the investment adviser for the Fund plus (ii) the aggregate amount of
management fees paid to the investment adviser for management of the Underlying
Alpha Architect ETFs (defined below) that are directly attributable to the
Fund’s ownership of shares of the Underlying Alpha Architect ETFs, from
exceeding 0.69% of the Fund’s daily net assets. This waiver agreement may be
terminated only by agreement of the investment adviser and the Fund’s Board of
Trustees.
4.Excluding
Other Expenses, the Fund’s Total Net Annual Fund Operating Expenses are
0.69%.
EXAMPLE
The
following example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the
Fund with the cost of investing in other funds. The example assumes that you
invest $10,000 for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your Shares
at the end of those periods. The example reflects the Fund’s contractual expense
limitation agreement only for the term of the contractual expense limitation
agreement. For the other periods in the example, the figures shown do not
reflect the fee waiver. The example also assumes that the Fund provides a return
of 5% a year and that operating expenses remain the same.
You
may also pay brokerage commissions on the purchase and sale of Shares, which are
not reflected in the example. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower,
based on these assumptions your costs would be:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
One
Year: |
Three
Years: |
Five
Years: |
Ten
Years: |
$140 |
$483 |
$850 |
$1,882 |
PORTFOLIO
TURNOVER
The
Fund may pay transaction costs, including commissions when it buys and sells
securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may
indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Shares are
held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund
operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. For the
fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was
49% of the average
value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT
STRATEGIES
The
Fund is actively managed by Empowered Funds, LLC dba EA Advisers, the Fund’s
investment adviser (the “Adviser”). The Adviser manages the Fund using
proprietary methodology developed by Empirical Finance, LLC, d/b/a Alpha
Architect (the Adviser’s parent) and licensed to the Adviser.
The
Fund is a “fund of funds,” meaning that it primarily invests its assets in the
shares of other exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”),
rather than in securities of individual companies. The Fund’s portfolio is
composed primarily of four other ETFs advised by the Adviser: Alpha Architect
U.S. Quantitative Value ETF, Alpha Architect International Quantitative Value
ETF, Alpha Architect U.S. Quantitative Momentum ETF, and Alpha Architect
International Quantitative Momentum ETF (each, an “Underlying
Alpha Architect ETF”).
The Fund invests in value and momentum securities. Alpha Architect U.S.
Quantitative Value ETF and Alpha Architect U.S. Quantitative Momentum ETF
provide exposure to domestic equity securities, while Alpha Architect
International Quantitative Value ETF and Alpha Architect International
Quantitative Momentum ETF provide exposure to international equity securities.
In addition, the Fund may, from time to time, use hedging strategies (as
described more below).
The
Underlying Alpha Architect ETFs can be grouped into ETFs that use a quantitative
momentum investment strategy (Alpha Architect U.S. Quantitative Momentum ETF and
Alpha Architect International Quantitative Momentum ETF, referred to as the
“Momentum
ETFs”)
and those that use a quantitative value investment strategy (Alpha Architect
U.S. Quantitative Value ETF and the Alpha Architect International Quantitative
Value ETF, referred to as the “Value
ETFs”).
A “momentum” investment style emphasizes investing in securities that recently
have had better recent total return performance compared to other securities. In
contrast, a “value” investment style emphasizes investing in securities that
based on quantitative analysis are considered undervalue compared to other
securities.
The
Adviser manages each of the Underlying Alpha Architect ETFs using a multi-step,
quantitative, rules-based methodology to identify a portfolio of equity
securities with the highest relative momentum (for the Momentum ETFs) or
potential for capital appreciation (for the Value ETFs), as described below.
Construction of each Momentum and Value ETF’s portfolio begins with a universe
of stocks that principally trade on the applicable exchanges (e.g., either U.S.
exchanges or exchanges in countries included in the MSCI EAFE Index). Each
universe of stocks is then screened to, among other things, include the largest
common stocks based on their market capitalization (e.g., above $1 billion). A
liquidity screen is then employed to eliminate illiquid securities.
For
the Momentum ETFs, the Adviser then eliminates companies with potential issues,
and thereafter screens the remaining companies to identify those with the
highest cumulative return for the past 12 months, excluding the last month.
Last, the Adviser employs momentum quality screens to identify which of the
remaining companies has experienced the most consistent positive returns during
the 12-month period measured above. The Adviser will reallocate the Momentum
ETFs’ portfolios on a periodic basis (e.g., every two months), but will do so at
least quarterly.
For
the Value ETFs, the second stage incorporates proprietary models to identify and
exclude companies at risk of potential poor financial performance. The third
stage employs a value-driven approach to identify the cheapest firms based on a
proprietary value-centric metric similar to what is known as the “enterprise
multiple,” a firm’s total enterprise value divided by earnings before interest
and taxes (EBIT). Last, the Adviser employs an ensemble of quality screens,
which consider metrics like current profitability, stability, and recent
operational improvements. The Adviser will reallocate the Value ETFs’ portfolios
on a periodic basis (e.g., every two months), but will do so at least
quarterly.
The
Adviser allocates the Fund’s portfolio across the four Underlying Alpha
Architect ETFs using a proprietary model. The Fund will generally allocate more
assets to an Underlying Alpha Architect ETFs with higher relative momentum and
fewer assets to an Underlying Alpha Architect ETF with lower relative momentum.
As of September 30, 2023, the Fund, excluding the use of any hedging strategies
(as described more below), was weighted as follows: 30.31% in the Alpha
Architect U.S. Quantitative Value ETF; 34.68% in the Alpha Architect
International
Quantitative Value ETF; 14.33% in the Alpha Architect U.S. Quantitative Momentum
ETF; 19.74% Alpha Architect International Quantitative Momentum ETF; and 0.94%
in cash and cash equivalents.
As
of September 30, 2023, the Fund had significant exposure to the following
sectors: Consumer Discretionary (26.67%) and Energy (20.96%).
Hedging
To
seek to avoid down trending markets, the Fund may hedge up to 100% of the value
of its long portfolio. The Adviser uses a mathematical modeling approach with
respect to the use of hedging techniques. The Fund may use derivatives,
including U.S. exchange-traded stock index futures or options thereon, to seek
to hedge during times when the Adviser’s model indicates that the U.S. equity
market or international equity market identifies unfavorable trends in each
respective market. The Fund will engage in hedging of its U.S. portfolio by
shorting a representative broad-based U.S. securities index ETF or similar
futures contracts. Likewise, the Fund will engage in hedging of its
international portfolio by shorting a representative broad-based international
securities index ETF or similar futures contracts. As of September 30, 2023, the
Fund’s portfolio was 0% hedged.
Reconstitutions
and Cash
The
Fund’s portfolio will generally be reallocated up to twice a month. The Adviser
performs the above-mentioned hedging calculations twice each
month.
PRINCIPAL
RISKS
An
investment in the Fund involves risk, including those described below.
There
is no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objective.
An investor may lose money by investing in the
Fund. An investment in the Fund is not a bank
deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government
agency. More complete risk descriptions are set forth below
under the heading “Additional
Information About the Fund’s Risks”.
Fund
of Funds Risk. Because
it invests primarily in other funds, the Fund’s investment performance largely
depends on the investment performance of those Underlying Alpha Architect ETFs.
An investment in the Fund is subject to the risks associated with the Underlying
Alpha Architect ETFs that comprise the Fund’s portfolio. At times, certain of
the segments of the market represented by constituent Underlying Alpha Architect
ETFs may be out of favor and underperform other segments. The Fund indirectly
pays a proportional share of the expenses of the Underlying Alpha Architect ETFs
in which it invests (including operating expenses and management fees), which
are identified in the fee schedule above as “Acquired Fund Fees and
Expenses.”
Portfolio
Size Risk. Pursuant
to the Adviser’s methodology, the Fund’s portfolio is composed of a relatively
small number of constituents. To the extent that a significant portion of the
Fund’s total assets is invested in a limited number of holdings, the
appreciation or depreciation of any one holding of the Fund may have a greater
impact on the Fund’s NAV than it would if the Fund’s portfolio was comprised of
a greater number of constituents.
Quantitative
Security Selection Risk. Data
for some companies in which the Underlying Alpha Architect ETFs invest or upon
which the Fund calculates its risk-parity allocations may be less available
and/or less current than data for companies in other markets. The Adviser uses a
quantitative model to generate investment decisions and its processes and stock
selection could be adversely affected if it relies on erroneous or outdated
data. In addition, securities selected using the quantitative model could
perform differently from the financial markets as a whole as a result of the
characteristics used in the analysis, the weight placed on each characteristic
and changes in the characteristic’s historical
trends.
Equity
Investing Risk. An
investment in the Fund involves risks similar to those of investing in any fund
holding equity securities, such as market fluctuations, changes in interest
rates and perceived trends in stock prices. The values of equity securities
could decline generally or could underperform other investments. In addition,
securities may decline in value due to factors affecting a specific issuer,
market, or securities markets
generally.
Investment
Risk. When
you sell your Shares of the Fund, they could be worth less than what you paid
for them. The Fund could lose money due to short-term market movements and over
longer periods during market downturns. Securities may decline in value due to
factors affecting securities markets generally or particular asset classes or
industries represented in the markets. The value of a security may decline due
to general market conditions, economic trends or events that are not
specifically related to the issuer of the security or to factors that affect a
particular industry or group of industries. During a general downturn in the
securities markets, multiple asset classes may be negatively affected.
Therefore, you may lose money by investing in the
Fund.
Hedging
Risk - General. A
hedge is an investment made in order to reduce the risk of adverse price
movements in a security, by taking an offsetting position in a related security
or basket of securities (often a derivative, such as an option or a short sale).
While hedging strategies can be very useful and inexpensive ways of reducing
risk, they are sometimes ineffective due to unexpected changes in the market.
Hedging also involves the risk that changes in the value of the related security
or basket of securities will not match those of the instruments being hedged as
expected, in which case any losses on the instruments being hedged may not be
reduced.
Hedging
Model Risk. The
risk that the Fund’s use of hedging strategies based on mathematical models may
not produce the desired result or risk that the Adviser is unable to trade
certain derivatives effectively or in a timely manner. The Adviser uses a
mathematical approach to the implementation of hedging strategies. Maintenance
of the hedging strategies will not ensure that the Fund will deliver competitive
returns. The use of derivatives in connection with the Fund’s hedging strategies
may expose the Fund to losses (some of which may be sudden) that it would not
have otherwise been exposed to if it had only invested directly in equity
securities. Hedging strategies could limit the Fund’s gains in rising markets
and may expose the Fund to costs to which it would otherwise not have been
exposed. The Fund’s hedging strategies may result in the Fund outperforming the
general securities market during periods of flat or negative market performance
and underperforming the general securities market during periods of positive
market performance.
Derivatives
Risk. A
derivative is any financial instrument whose value is based on, and determined
by, another asset, rate or index (i.e., stock options, futures contracts, caps,
floors, etc.). Unfavorable changes in the value of the underlying asset, rate or
index may cause sudden losses. Changes in the value of a derivative may not
correlate perfectly with the underlying asset, rate or index, a the Fund could
lose more than the principal amount invested. Derivative instruments are subject
to a number of risks including counterparty, liquidity, interest rate, market,
credit and management risks, as well as the risk of improper valuation. To the
extent a derivative contract is used to hedge another position in the Fund, the
Fund will be exposed to the risks associated with hedging. Since the Fund
primarily uses exchange-traded equity index futures contracts and
exchange-traded interest rate futures contracts, the primary risks associated
with the Fund’s use of derivatives are equity market risk and hedging
risk.
Short
Sale Risk. Short
selling is generally considered speculative, has the potential for unlimited
loss and may involve leverage, which can magnify a Fund’s exposure to assets
that decline in value and increase the volatility of the Fund’s net asset value.
If the price of a security which the Fund has sold short increases between the
time of the short sale and when the position is closed out, the Fund will incur
a loss equal to the increase in price from the time of the short sale plus any
related interest payments, dividends, transaction or other costs. There can be
no assurance that the Fund will be able to close out a short position at any
particular time or at an acceptable price. Purchasing a security to cover a
short position can itself cause the price of the security to rise, potentially
exacerbating a loss or reducing a gain. In addition, the Fund is subject to the
risk that the lender of a security will terminate the loan at a time when the
Fund is unable to borrow the same instrument from another lender. A Fund that
uses short sales is subject to the risk that its prime broker will be unwilling
or unable to perform its contractual obligations. Regulatory restrictions limit
the extent to which the Fund may engage in short
sales.
Sector
Risk.
Companies
with similar characteristics may be grouped together in broad categories called
sectors. A certain sector may underperform other sectors or the market as a
whole. As the Sub-Adviser allocates more of the Fund’s portfolio holdings to a
particular sector, the Fund’s performance will be more susceptible to any
economic, business or other developments which generally affect that
sector.
•Consumer
Discretionary Sector Risk. Companies
engaged in the design, production or distribution of products or services for
the consumer discretionary sector are subject to the risk that their products or
services may become obsolete quickly. The success of these companies can depend
heavily on disposable household income and consumer spending. During periods of
an expanding economy, the consumer discretionary sector may outperform the
consumer staples sector, but may underperform when economic conditions
worsen.
•Energy
Sector Risk.
The
market value of securities in the energy sector may decline for many reasons
including, fluctuations in energy prices and supply and demand of energy fuels
caused by geopolitical events, the success of exploration projects, weather or
meteorological events, taxes, increased governmental or environmental
regulation, resource depletion, rising interest rates, declines in domestic or
foreign production, accidents or catastrophic events that result in injury, loss
of life or property, pollution or other environmental damage claims, terrorist
threats or attacks, among other factors. Markets for various energy-related
commodities can have significant volatility and are subject to control or
manipulation by large producers or purchasers. Companies in the energy sector
may need to make substantial expenditures, and may incur significant amounts of
debt, to maintain or expand their reserves through exploration of new sources of
supply, through the development of existing sources, through acquisitions, or
through long-term contracts to acquire reserves. Factors adversely affecting
producers, refiners, distributors, or others in the energy sector may adversely
affect companies that service or supply those entities, either because demand
for those services or products is curtailed, or those services or products come
under price pressure. Issuers in the energy sector may also be impacted by
changing investor and consumer preferences arising from the sector’s potential
exposure to sustainability and environmental
concerns
Underlying
Alpha Architect ETFs Risk. The
Fund expects to invest a substantial portion of its assets in the Underlying
Alpha Architect ETFs, so the Fund’s investment performance is likely to be
directly related to the performance of the Underlying Alpha Architect ETFs. The
Fund’s NAV will change with changes in the value of the Underlying Alpha
Architect ETFs and other instruments in which the Fund invests based on their
market valuations. If the investment advisory fee waiver is discontinued, an
investment in the Fund will entail more costs and expenses than the combined
costs and expenses of direct investments in the Underlying Alpha Architect ETFs
and the costs and expense of engaging in hedging strategies as contemplated by
the Adviser.
In
addition to some or all of the foregoing risks, the Fund will be subject to the
risks as noted below:
Momentum
Style Risk. Investing
in or having exposure to securities with the highest relative momentum entails
investing in securities that have had above-average recent returns. These
securities may be more volatile than a broad cross- section of securities.
Returns on securities that have previously exhibited momentum may be less than
returns on other styles of investing or the overall stock market. Momentum can
turn quickly and cause significant variation from other types of investments,
and stocks that previously exhibited high momentum may not experience continued
highest relative momentum. In addition, there may be periods when the momentum
style is out of favor, and during which the investment performance of a fund
using a momentum strategy may suffer.
Value
Style Investing Risk. A
value stock may not increase in price if other investors fail to recognize the
company’s value and bid up the price, or the markets favor faster-growing
companies. Cyclical stocks in which an Alpha Architect ETF may invest tend to
lose value more quickly in periods of anticipated economic downturns than
non-cyclical stocks. Companies that may be considered out of favor, particularly
companies emerging from bankruptcy, may tend to lose value more quickly in
periods of anticipated economic downturns, may have difficulty retaining
customers and suppliers and, during economic downturns, may have difficulty
paying their debt obligations or finding additional
financing.
Foreign
Investment Risk. Returns
on investments in foreign securities could be more volatile than, or trail the
returns on, investments in U.S. securities. Investments in or exposures to
foreign securities are subject to special risks, including risks associated with
foreign securities generally, such as differences in information available about
issuers of securities and investor protection standards applicable in other
jurisdictions; capital controls risks, including the risk of a foreign
jurisdiction imposing restrictions on the ability to repatriate or transfer
currency or other assets; currency risks; political, diplomatic and economic
risks; regulatory risks; and foreign market and trading risks, including the
costs of trading and risks of settlement in foreign
jurisdictions.
Depositary
Receipts Risk. The
risks of investments in depositary receipts are substantially similar to Foreign
Investment Risk. In addition, depositary receipts may not track the price of the
underlying foreign securities, and their value may change materially at times
when the U.S. markets are not open for
trading.
Large-Capitalization
Companies Risk. Large-capitalization
companies may trail the returns of the overall stock market.
Large-capitalization stocks tend to go through cycles of doing better - or worse
- than the stock market in general. These periods have, in the past, lasted for
as long as several years. Larger, more established companies may be slow to
respond to challenges and may grow more slowly than smaller
companies.
Small-
and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk. Investing
in securities of small- and mid-capitalization companies involves greater risk
than customarily is associated with investing in larger, more established
companies. These companies’ securities may be more volatile and less liquid than
those of more established companies. Often small and mid-capitalization
companies and the industries in which they focus are still evolving and, as a
result, they may be more sensitive to changing market
conditions.
Management
Risk.
The Fund is actively managed and may not meet its investment objective based on
the Adviser’s success or failure to implement investment strategies for the
Fund.
Geopolitical/Natural
Disaster Risks. The
Fund’s investments are subject to geopolitical and natural disaster risks, such
as war, terrorism, trade disputes, political or economic dysfunction within some
nations, public health crises and related geopolitical events, as well as
environmental disasters, epidemics and/or pandemics, which may add to
instability in world economies and volatility in markets. The impact may be
short-term or may last for extended
periods.
Periodic
Reallocation Risk.
Because the Adviser will generally reallocate the Fund’s portfolio on only a
monthly basis, (i) the Fund’s market exposure may be affected by significant
market movements promptly following the monthly reconstitution that are not
predictive of the market’s performance for the subsequent monthly period and
(ii) changes to the Fund’s market exposure may lag a significant change in the
market’s direction (up or down) by as long as a month if such changes first take
effect promptly following the monthly reconstitution. Such lags between market
performance and changes to the Fund’s exposure may result in significant
underperformance relative to the broader equity or fixed income
market.
ETF
Risks.
•Authorized
Participants, Market Makers and Liquidity Providers Concentration
Risk.
The Fund has a limited number of financial institutions that may act as
Authorized Participants (“APs”). In addition, there may be a limited number of
market makers and/or liquidity providers in the marketplace. To the extent
either of the following events occur, Shares may trade at a material discount to
NAV and possibly face delisting: (i) APs exit the business or otherwise become
unable to process creation and/or redemption orders and no other APs step
forward to perform these services, or (ii) market makers and/or liquidity
providers exit the business or significantly reduce their business activities
and no other entities step forward to perform their
functions.
•Premium-Discount
Risk.
The
Shares may trade above or below their net asset value (“NAV”). The market prices
of Shares will generally fluctuate in accordance with changes in NAV as well as
the relative supply of, and demand for, Shares on The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC
(the “Exchange”) or other securities exchanges. The trading price of Shares may
deviate significantly from NAV during periods of market volatility or limited
trading activity in Shares. In addition, you may incur the cost of the “spread,”
that is, any difference between the bid price and the ask price of the
Shares.
•Cost
of Trading Risk.
Investors
buying or selling Shares in the secondary market will pay brokerage commissions
or other charges imposed by brokers as determined by that broker. Brokerage
commissions are often a fixed amount and may be a significant proportional cost
for investors seeking to buy or sell relatively small amounts of
Shares.
•Trading
Risk.
Although
the Shares are listed on the Exchange, there can be no assurance that an active
or liquid trading market for them will develop or be maintained. In addition,
trading in Shares on the Exchange may be halted. In stressed market conditions,
the liquidity of Shares may begin to mirror the liquidity of its underlying
portfolio holdings, which can be less liquid than Shares, potentially causing
the market price of Shares to deviate from its NAV. The spread varies over time
for Shares of the Fund based on the Fund’s trading volume and market liquidity
and is generally lower if the Fund has high trading volume and market liquidity,
and higher if the Fund has little trading volume and market liquidity (which is
often the case for funds that are newly launched or small in
size).
PERFORMANCE
The
following information provides some indication of the risks of investing in the
Fund. The bar chart shows the Fund’s performance for calendar years ended
December 31. The table shows illustrates how the Fund’s average annual returns
for one-year, five-year, and since inception periods compare with those of a
broad measure of market performance. From the Fund’s commencement of operations
through January 30, 2022, the Fund was passively-managed and the Fund sought to
track the performance of a propriety index that was constructed in a manner
substantially similar to the methodology used by the Adviser to manage the Fund.
The Fund’s past performance,
before and after taxes, is not necessarily an indication of how the Fund will
perform in the future. Performance information is also available
on the Fund’s website at www.alphaarchitect.com/funds
or by calling the Fund at (215)
882-9983.
Calendar Year Total
Returns as of December 31
During
the period of time shown in the bar chart, the Fund’s highest return for a
calendar quarter was 8.97% (quarter ended December 31, 2020)
and the Fund’s lowest return for a calendar
quarter was -16.79% (quarter ended March 31,
2020).
|
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|
|
|
|
| |
Average
Annual Total Returns
(for
periods ended December 31, 2023) |
1
Year |
5
Years |
Since
Inception (5/2/2017) |
Return Before
Taxes |
-0.30% |
0.97% |
0.50% |
Return
After Taxes on Distributions |
-1.28% |
0.55% |
0.12% |
Return
After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of
Shares |
0.45% |
0.74% |
0.38% |
35%
Solactive GBS United States 1000 Index, 35% Solactive GBS Developed
Markets ex North America Large & Mid Cap Index, 30% Solactive 1-3
Month U.S. T-Bill Index (reflects no deduction for
fees, taxes, or expenses)1 |
16.96% |
8.92% |
7.01% |
1The
Solactive 1-3 Month U.S. T-Bill Index reflects no deduction for fees, taxes, or
expenses. However, each of the Solactive GBS United States 1000 Index and
Solactive GBS Developed Markets ex North America Large & Mid Cap Index
assumes withholding taxes on
dividends.
After-tax returns are
calculated using the highest historical individual U.S. federal marginal income
tax rates during the period covered by the table and do not reflect the impact
of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns depend on your tax situation and
may differ from those shown and are not relevant if you hold your shares through
a tax-
deferred arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or an
IRA. In some cases, the return
after taxes may exceed the return before taxes due to an assumed tax benefit
from any losses on a sale of Fund shares at the end of the measurement
period.
The
Fund’s primary benchmark is comprised of three separate indices, namely, 35%
Solactive GBS United States 1000 Index, 35% Solactive GBS Developed Markets ex
North America Large & Mid Cap Index, and 30% Solactive 1-3 Month U.S. T-Bill
Index. The Solactive GBS United States 1000 Index intends to track the
performance of the largest 1000 companies from the US stock market and is based
on the Solactive Global Benchmark Series. The Solactive GBS Developed Markets ex
N.A. Large & Mid Cap Index is a broad-based index covering mid- to large-
cap equity securities in international, developed markets outside of North
America. The Solactive 1-3 Month US T-Bill Index is a rules-based market value
weighted index engineered for the short-term T-Bill market denominated in
USD.
INVESTMENT
ADVISER
Empowered
Funds, LLC dba EA Advisers serves as the investment adviser of the
Fund.
PORTFOLIO
MANAGERS
Messrs.
Wesley R. Gray, John Vogel, Wm. Joshua Russell, and Richard Shaner are
co-portfolio managers for the Fund. Messrs. Gray, Vogel, and Shaner have been
primarily and jointly responsible for the day-to-day management of the Fund
since 2022, and Mr. Russell has been primarily and jointly responsible for the
day-to-day management of the Fund since 2023.
SUMMARY
INFORMATION ABOUT PURCHASES, SALES, TAXES, AND FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARY
COMPENSATION
PURCHASE
AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
The
Fund issues and redeems Shares on a continuous basis only in large blocks of
Shares, typically 10,000 Shares, called “Creation Units,” and only APs
(typically, broker-dealers) may purchase or redeem Creation Units. Creation
Units generally are issued and redeemed ‘in-kind’ for securities and partially
in cash. Individual Shares may only be purchased and sold in secondary market
transactions through brokers. Once created, individual Shares generally trade in
the secondary market at market prices that change throughout the day. Market
prices of Shares may be greater or less than their NAV. Except
when aggregated in Creation Units, the Fund’s shares are not redeemable
securities.
TAX
INFORMATION
The
Fund’s distributions generally are taxable to you as ordinary income, capital
gain, or some combination of both, unless your investment is made through an IRA
or other tax-advantaged account. However, subsequent withdrawals from such a
tax-advantaged account may be subject to U.S. federal income tax. You should
consult your own tax advisor about your specific tax situation.
PURCHASES
THROUGH BROKER-DEALERS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
If
you purchase Shares through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary, the
Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Shares
and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by
influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to
recommend Shares over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your
financial intermediary’s website for more information.
ALPHA
ARCHITECT HIGH INFLATION AND DEFLATION ETF
Fund
Summary
INVESTMENT
OBJECTIVE
The
Alpha
Architect High Inflation and Deflation ETF (the “Fund”) seeks
long-term total return.
FEES AND
EXPENSES
This
table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy, hold, and
sell shares of the Fund (“Shares”). You
may also pay brokerage commissions on the purchase and sale of Shares, which are
not reflected in the table and example below.
ANNUAL
FUND OPERATING EXPENSES (EXPENSES THAT YOU PAY EACH YEAR AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE
VALUE OF YOUR INVESTMENT)
|
|
|
|
| |
Management
Fee |
0.29 |
% |
Distribution
and/or Service (12b-1) Fees |
0.00 |
% |
Other
Expenses |
0.00 |
% |
Acquired
Fund Fees and Expenses1 |
0.02 |
% |
Total
Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
0.31 |
% |
Fee
Waiver and Expense Reimbursement2 |
(0.02 |
%) |
Total
Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Fee Waiver and Expense
Reimbursement |
0.29 |
% |
1.Acquired Fund Fees
and Expenses (AFFE) include fees and expenses incurred indirectly by the Fund as
a result of investments in other investment companies, including funds which
invest exclusively in money market instruments. Because AFFEs are not borne
directly by the Fund, they will not be reflected in the expense information in
the Fund’s financial statements and the information presented in the table will
differ from that presented in the Fund’s financial highlights included in the
Fund’s reports to shareholders.
2.The
Adviser has contractually agreed to waive receipt of its management fees and/or
assume expenses of the Fund to the extent necessary to offset AFFE so that the
total annual operating expenses of the Fund (excluding payments under the Fund’s
Rule 12b-1 distribution and service plan (if any), brokerage expenses, taxes
(including tax-related services), interest (including borrowing costs),
litigation expense (including class action-related services) and other
non-routine or extraordinary expenses) do not exceed 0.29% of the Fund’s average
daily net assets. This agreement is in effect until November 15,
2025, and it may be terminated before that date only by a
majority vote of the “non-interested” trustees.
EXAMPLE
The
following example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the
Fund with the cost of investing in other funds. The example assumes that you
invest $10,000 for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your Shares
at the end of those periods. The example reflects the Fund’s contractual expense
limitation agreement only for the term of the contractual expense limitation
agreement. The example also assumes that the Fund provides a return of 5% a year
and that operating expenses remain the same. You may also pay brokerage
commissions on the purchase and sale of Shares, which are not reflected in the
example. Although your actual costs may be higher
or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would
be:
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One
Year: |
Three
Years: |
Five
Years: |
Ten
Years: |
$30 |
$98 |
$172 |
$391 |
PORTFOLIO
TURNOVER
The
Fund may pay transaction costs, including commissions when it buys and sells
securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may
indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Shares are
held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund
operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. For the
fiscal period ended September 30, 2023, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was
402% of the average
value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT
STRATEGIES
The
Fund’s Investment Strategy
The
Fund is an actively managed, non-diversified fund managed by Alpha Architect,
LLC, the Fund’s investment sub-adviser (“Alpha Architect” or the “Sub-Adviser”).
The Sub-Adviser manages the Fund using a proprietary methodology developed by
Empirical Finance, LLC, d/b/a Alpha Architect (the Adviser’s
parent).
The
Fund primarily invests its assets in the shares of registered investment
companies, including affiliated and non-affiliated exchange-traded funds
(“ETFs”)
(the “underlying funds”), that emphasize investments in (i) intermediate-term
U.S. Treasury bonds; (ii) real estate; and (iii) commodities (the “Target Asset
Classes”). The Fund expects to obtain its exposure to the Target Asset Classes
primarily through its investments in underlying funds, but the Fund also may
invest directly in equity interests in real estate investment trusts (REITs) and
in intermediate-term U.S. Treasury bonds. The Sub-Adviser believes its
investments in underlying funds will provide an efficient, low cost means for
the Fund to gain exposure to the Target Asset Classes.
The
Sub-Adviser has developed an investment model that is used to determine the
asset allocations for the Fund, but the Sub-Adviser does retain discretion to
modify the model. The Sub-Adviser does not anticipate major deviations from the
model driven asset allocation process, but such deviations may occur in response
to extreme market conditions. The asset allocation process can only be changed
by the Sub-Adviser.
The
Sub-Adviser’s model is quantitative and systematic, utilizing absolute momentum
and trend-following factors to identify the allocations to the Target Asset
Classes and/or cash and cash equivalents. Absolute momentum is reliant upon the
continuance of an existing market trend while trend-following investment seeks
to invest in assets that are considered in an upward trend. In the most basic
terms, the model seeks to determine when a Target Asset Class (e.g., real
estate) is perceived to be attractive from an investment perspective given
current market conditions.
The
Fund’s quantitative process is designed to analyze each Target Asset Class to
determine whether it is demonstrating positive or negative price trends. The
Sub-Adviser’s quantitative investment model will use various trend signals. The
model generally relies on past prices and past return data. The Sub-Adviser may
use a variety of lookbacks and formations that are subject to change based on
the Sub-Adviser’s research efforts. Two examples of these lookbacks and
formations would be a moving average signal and a time-series momentum signal
when analyzing each Target Asset Class. These examples are representative of
general trend-following techniques and may not be the exclusive signals used.
The signals generated by the Sub-Adviser’s quantitative model are used to guide
the Fund’s allocation to the Target Asset Classes and/or cash and cash
equivalents.
The
Sub-Adviser’s target weightings, when all Target Asset Classes have a “buy”
signal, for the Fund are 50% exposure to intermediate-term U.S. Treasury bonds,
25% exposure to real estate securities, including REITs, and 25% exposure to
commodities. The target weightings are simply investment targets and are subject
to change based on the Sub-Adviser’s analysis of current market conditions. For
example, if the Sub-Adviser’s analysis indicates a negative trend for any of the
Fund’s Target Asset Classes, the Sub-Adviser will reduce or eliminate the Fund’s
exposure to such Target Asset Class and invest such reallocated assets into
other Target Asset Classes or cash and cash equivalents. The Fund’s investments
in cash and cash equivalents, which may represent at times 100% of the Fund’s
assets, will consist of money market funds, U.S. Treasury bills, and/or U.S.
Treasury bill equivalents (or an underlying fund that focus its investments on
these objectives).
The
Sub-Adviser is responsible for determining the timing of trading and the actual
securities selected for investment. When selecting investments, the Sub-Adviser
will compile a list of investments that provide the Fund with the desired Target
Asset Class exposure. As it relates to the Fund’s investments in underlying
funds, the Sub-Adviser’s analysis may include, but is not limited to, a review
of the underlying fund’s cost structure, holdings, investment process, market
liquidity, performance, operational and legal issues, diversification, time
horizon, and tax-related issues. The Sub-Adviser will generally sell or reduce
its exposure to an investment based on the results of the Sub-Adviser’s
quantitative model. The Sub-Adviser’s quantitative model is updated at least
monthly and the Fund’s asset allocations will be systematically updated based on
the results of the model. There are times when the Fund’s strategy may result in
active and frequent trading of portfolio instruments to achieve its investment
objective.
The
Sub-Adviser, through its quantitative investment model, will actively manage the
Fund’s portfolio across the different Target Asset Classes with the goal of
providing investors with protection against an environment of high inflation or
deflation. For example, during a period of perceived high inflation (i.e., a
period where the general prices of goods and services are increasing in the
economy), the Sub-Adviser will generally increase the Fund’s
exposure
to commodities through its investments in underlying funds, and at times, to
REITs and other real estate securities. During a period of perceived deflation
(i.e., a period where the general prices of goods and services are declining in
the economy), the Sub-Adviser will generally increase the Fund’s exposure to
intermediate-term U.S. Treasury bonds through either its investments in
underlying funds, and at times, to REITs and other real estate securities. The
Sub-Adviser believes that actively managing the Fund’s exposure to the Target
Asset Classes and cash and cash equivalents can add value over a static
allocation to one or more of these asset classes over both periods of high
inflation and deflation.
PRINCIPAL
RISKS
An
investment in the Fund involves risk, including those described below.
There
is no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objective.
An investor may lose money by investing in the
Fund. An investment in the Fund is not a bank
deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government
agency. The Fund may be subject to the following risks as a
result of its direct investments or through its investments in underlying
funds:
Investment
Risk. When
you sell your Shares of the Fund, they could be worth less than what you paid
for them. The Fund could lose money due to short-term market movements and over
longer periods during market downturns. Securities may decline in value due to
factors affecting securities markets generally or particular asset classes or
industries represented in the markets. The value of a security may decline due
to general market conditions, economic trends or events that are not
specifically related to the issuer of the security or to factors that affect a
particular industry or group of industries. During a general downturn in the
securities markets, multiple asset classes may be negatively affected.
Therefore, you may lose money by investing in the
Fund.
Management
Risk.
The Fund is actively managed and may not meet its investment objective based on
the Sub-Adviser’s success or failure to implement investment strategies for the
Fund.
Fund
of Funds Risk.
The Fund’s investment performance will largely depend on the investment
performance of the selected underlying funds. An investment in the Fund is
subject to the risks associated with the underlying funds that then-currently
comprise the Fund’s portfolio. At times, certain of the segments of the market
represented by the Fund’s underlying funds may be out of favor and underperform
other segments. The Fund will indirectly pay a proportional share of the
expenses of the underlying funds in which it invests (including operating
expenses and management fees), which are identified in the fee schedule above as
“Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses.”
Fixed
Income Risk.
The market value of fixed income securities will change in response to interest
rate changes and other factors, such as changes in the effective maturities and
credit ratings of fixed income investments. During periods of falling interest
rates, the values of outstanding fixed income securities and related financial
instruments generally rise. Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates,
the values of such securities and related financial instruments generally
decline. Fixed income investments are also subject to credit
risk.
Interest
Rate Risk. Changes
in interest rates can result in losses for fixed-income and other securities.
Specifically, for fixed-income securities or fixed-income ETFs, when interest
rates rise, the market values of the fixed-income instruments normally decrease.
Typically, the longer the maturity or duration of a fixed-income security, the
greater the security’s sensitivity to changes in interest rates. Changes in
monetary policy, government policy, government spending and inflation may affect
the level of interest rates.
Credit
Risk.
Debt securities are subject to credit risk. Credit risk refers to the
possibility that the issuer or guarantor of a security will be unable and/or
unwilling to make timely interest payments and/or repay the principal on its
debt or to otherwise honor its obligations and/or default completely. Debt
securities are subject to varying degrees of credit risk, depending on the
issuer’s financial condition and on the terms of the securities, which may be
reflected in credit ratings. There is a possibility that the credit rating of a
debt security may be downgraded after purchase or the perception of an issuer’s
credit worthiness may decline, which may adversely affect the value of the
security.
Risk
of U.S. Treasury Bills.
Direct obligations of the U.S. Treasury have historically involved little risk
of loss of principal if held to maturity. However, due to fluctuations in
interest rates, the market value of such securities may
vary.
Investment
Company Risk.
An
investment in other registered investment companies (including other ETFs,
affiliated and non-affiliated) is subject to the risks associated with those
investment companies, which include, but are not limited to, the risk that such
fund’s investment strategy may not produce the intended results; the risk that
securities in such fund may underperform in comparison to the general securities
markets or other asset classes; and the risk that the fund will be concentrated
in a particular issuer, market, industry or sector, and therefore will be
especially
susceptible to loss due to adverse occurrences affecting that issuer, market,
industry or sector. Moreover, the Fund will incur duplicative expenses from such
investments, bearing its share of that fund’s expenses while also paying its own
advisory fees and trading costs. Investments in ETFs are also subject to the
“ETF Risks” described below.
In
addition, the Fund may invest in underlying funds which invest a larger portion
of their assets in one or more sectors than many other mutual funds, and thus
will be more susceptible to negative events affecting those
sectors.
The
Fund may invest in affiliated ETFs managed by the Adviser and/or Sub-Adviser.
The Adviser and/or Sub-Adviser may be subject to potential conflicts of interest
in selecting underlying funds because the fees paid to it by certain affiliated
underlying funds are higher than the fees paid by other affiliated and
unaffiliated underlying funds. To the extent the Fund invests a significant
percentage of its assets in any one affiliated ETF or across multiple affiliated
ETFs, the Fund will be subject to a greater degree to the risks particular to
the investment strategies employed by the Adviser and/or
Sub-Adviser.
Derivatives
Risk.
A
derivative is any financial instrument whose value is based on, and determined
by, another asset, rate or index (i.e., stock options, futures contracts, caps,
floors, etc.). When the Fund obtains exposure to derivatives through its
investments in other underlying funds, it will be indirectly exposed to the
risks of those derivatives. The use of derivatives for non-hedging purposes may
be considered to carry more risk than other types of investments. Unfavorable
changes in the value of the underlying asset, rate or index may cause sudden
losses. Changes in the value of a derivative may not correlate perfectly with
the underlying asset, rate or index, a the Fund could lose more than the
principal amount invested. Derivative instruments are subject to a number of
risks including counterparty, liquidity, interest rate, market, credit and
management risks, as well as the risk of improper
valuation.
Leverage
Risk.
The
Fund does not seek leveraged returns but as a result of the Fund’s investments
in underlying funds that use certain derivatives it may create investment
leverage. As a result, the use of these derivatives by the underlying funds may
magnify losses to the Fund, and even a small market movement may result in
significant losses to the Fund.
Commodity
Risk.
Investing
in physical commodities is speculative and can be extremely volatile. Market
prices of commodities may fluctuate rapidly based on numerous factors,
including: changes in supply and demand relationships (whether actual,
perceived, anticipated, unanticipated or unrealized); weather; agriculture;
trade; domestic and foreign political and economic events and policies;
diseases; pestilence; technological developments; currency exchange rate
fluctuations; and monetary and other governmental policies, action and inaction.
When the Fund obtains exposure to commodities through its investments in other
underlying funds, it will be indirectly exposed to the foregoing
risks.
Commodity-Linked
Derivatives Risk.
The Fund seeks to gain exposure to commodity markets by investing in underlying
funds that have exposure to commodities and this may include exposure to
commodity-linked derivatives. The value of a commodity-linked derivative
investment is typically based upon the price movements of a physical commodity
(such as heating oil, precious metals, livestock, or agricultural products), a
commodity futures contract or commodity index, or some other readily measurable
economic variable. Commodity-linked derivatives provide exposure, which may
include long and/or short exposure, to the investment returns of physical
commodities that trade in the commodities markets without investing directly in
physical commodities. The value of commodity-linked derivative instruments may
be affected by changes in overall market movements, volatility of the underlying
Index, changes in interest rates, or factors affecting a particular industry or
commodity, such as drought, floods, weather, livestock disease, embargoes,
tariffs and international economic, political and regulatory developments. The
value of commodity-linked derivatives will rise or fall in response to changes
in the underlying commodity or related index. Investments in commodity-linked
derivatives may be subject to greater volatility than non-derivative based
investments. A highly liquid secondary market may not exist for certain
commodity-linked derivatives, and there can be no assurance that one will
develop.
Commodity
Futures Risk.
The Fund seeks to gain exposure to commodity markets by investing in underlying
funds that have exposure to commodities and this may include exposure to
commodity futures. Risks of commodity futures include: (i) an imperfect
correlation between the value of the futures contract and the underlying
commodity or commodity index; (ii) possible lack of a liquid secondary market;
(iii) the inability to close a futures contract when desired; (iv) losses caused
by unanticipated market movements, which may be unlimited; and (v) an obligation
for the investor to make daily cash payments to maintain its required
collateral, or margin, particularly at times when
the
investor may have insufficient cash or must sell securities to meet those margin
requirements. Although the counterparty to an exchange-traded futures contract
is often backed by a futures commission merchant (“FCM”) or clearing
organization that is further backed by a group of financial institutions, there
may be instances in which the FCM or the clearing organization could fail to
perform its obligations, causing significant losses to the
investor.
Commodity
Swaps Risk. The
Fund seeks to gain exposure to commodity markets by investing in underlying
funds that have exposure to commodities and this may include exposure to
commodity swaps. If a counterparty to a commodity swap agreement becomes
bankrupt or otherwise fails to perform its obligations under the commodity swap
due to financial difficulties, the Fund could suffer losses. Central clearing is
designed to reduce counterparty credit risk compared to uncleared commodity
swaps because central clearing interposes the central clearinghouse as the
counterparty to each participant’s swap, but it does not eliminate those risks
completely. Credit risk of cleared commodity swap participants is concentrated
in a few clearinghouses and the consequences of insolvency of a clearinghouse
are not clear. Commodity Swaps are subject to pricing risk (i.e., commodity
swaps may be hard to value) and may be considered
illiquid.
Commodity-Linked
Note Risk.
The Fund seeks to gain exposure to commodity markets by investing in underlying
funds that have exposure to commodities and this may include exposure to
commodity-linked notes. Commodity-linked notes have characteristics of both a
debt security and a derivative. Typically, they are issued by a bank at a
specified face value and pay a fixed or floating rate linked to the performance
of an underlying asset, such as commodity indices, particular commodities or
commodity futures contracts. As such, an investor faces the economic risk of
movements in commodity prices by investing in such notes. These notes also are
subject to credit, market and interest rate risks that in general affect the
values of debt securities.
Real
Estate Investment Risk.
Companies in the real estate sector include companies that invest in real
estate, such as real estate investment trusts (REITs) and real estate management
and development companies. Companies that invest in real estate are subject to
the risks of owning real estate directly as well as to risks that relate
specifically to the way that such companies operate, including management risk
(such companies are dependent upon the management skills of a few key
individuals and may have limited financial resources). Adverse economic,
business or political developments affecting real estate could have a major
effect on the value of an underlying fund’s investments. Investing in real
estate is subject to such risks as decreases in real estate values,
overbuilding, increased competition and other risks related to local or general
economic conditions, increases in operating costs and property taxes, changes in
zoning laws, casualty or condemnation losses, possible environmental
liabilities, regulatory limitations on rent, possible lack of availability of
mortgage financing, market saturation, fluctuations in rental income and the
value of underlying properties and extended vacancies of properties. Certain
real estate securities have a relatively small market capitalization, which may
tend to increase the volatility of the market price of these securities. Real
estate securities have limited diversification and are, therefore, subject to
risks inherent in operating and financing a limited number of projects. Real
estate securities are also subject to heavy cash flow dependency and defaults by
borrowers or tenants. The Fund’s investments in REITs are subject to additional
risks, such as poor performance by the manager of the REIT or failure by the
REIT to qualify for tax-free pass through of income under the
Code.
Asset
Allocation Risk. The
Fund is also subject to asset allocation risk, which is the chance that the
selection of investments, and the allocation of assets to such investments, will
cause the Fund to underperform other funds with a similar investment
objective.
Quantitative
Security Selection Risk. The
Sub-Adviser uses a quantitative model, and its processes could be adversely
affected if erroneous or outdated data is utilized. In addition, securities
selected using a quantitative model could perform differently from the financial
markets as a whole as a result of the characteristics used in the analysis, the
weight placed on each characteristic and changes in the characteristic’s
historical trends. The factors used in such analyses may not be predictive of a
security’s value and its effectiveness can change over time. These changes may
not be reflected in the quantitative model. There can be no assurance that use
of a quantitative model will enable the Fund to achieve positive returns or
outperform the market.
High
Portfolio Turnover Risk. The
Fund’s investment strategy may from time-to-time result in higher turnover
rates. This may increase the Fund’s brokerage commission costs, which could
negatively impact the performance of the Fund. Rapid portfolio turnover also
exposes shareholders to a higher current realization of short-term capital
gains, distributions of which would generally be taxed to you as ordinary income
and thus cause you to pay higher taxes.
Non-Diversification
Risk.
The Fund is non-diversified, meaning that it is permitted to invest a larger
percentage of its assets in fewer issuers than diversified funds. Thus, the Fund
may be more susceptible to adverse developments affecting any single issuer held
in its portfolio and may be more susceptible to greater losses because of these
developments.
ETF
Risks.
•Authorized
Participants, Market Makers and Liquidity Providers Concentration
Risk.
The Fund has a limited number of financial institutions that may act as
Authorized Participants (“APs”). In addition, there may be a limited number of
market makers and/or liquidity providers in the marketplace. To the extent
either of the following events occur, Shares may trade at a material discount to
NAV and possibly face delisting: (i) APs exit the business or otherwise become
unable to process creation and/or redemption orders and no other APs step
forward to perform these services, or (ii) market makers and/or liquidity
providers exit the business or significantly reduce their business activities
and no other entities step forward to perform their
functions.
•Premium-Discount
Risk.
The
Shares may trade above or below their net asset value (“NAV”). The market prices
of Shares will generally fluctuate in accordance with changes in NAV as well as
the relative supply of, and demand for, Shares on The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC
(the “Exchange”) or other securities exchanges. The trading price of Shares may
deviate significantly from NAV during periods of market volatility or limited
trading activity in Shares. In addition, you may incur the cost of the “spread,”
that is, any difference between the bid price and the ask price of the
Shares.
•Cost
of Trading Risk.
Investors
buying or selling Shares in the secondary market will pay brokerage commissions
or other charges imposed by brokers as determined by that broker. Brokerage
commissions are often a fixed amount and may be a significant proportional cost
for investors seeking to buy or sell relatively small amounts of
Shares.
•Trading
Risk.
Although
the Shares are listed on the Exchange, there can be no assurance that an active
or liquid trading market for them will develop or be maintained. In addition,
trading in Shares on the Exchange may be halted. In stressed market conditions,
the liquidity of Shares may begin to mirror the liquidity of its underlying
portfolio holdings, which can be less liquid than Shares, potentially causing
the market price of Shares to deviate from its NAV. The spread varies over time
for Shares of the Fund based on the Fund’s trading volume and market liquidity
and is generally lower if the Fund has high trading volume and market liquidity,
and higher if the Fund has little trading volume and market liquidity (which is
often the case for funds that are newly launched or small in
size).
Cash
and Cash Equivalents Risk. Holding
cash or cash equivalents rather than securities or other instruments in which
the Fund primarily invests, even strategically, may cause the Fund to risk
losing opportunities to participate in market appreciation, and may cause the
Fund to experience potentially lower returns than the Fund’s benchmark or other
funds that remain fully invested.
Geopolitical/Natural
Disaster Risks. The
Fund’s investments are subject to geopolitical and natural disaster risks, such
as war, terrorism, trade disputes, political or economic dysfunction within some
nations, public health crises and related geopolitical events, as well as
environmental disasters, epidemics and/or pandemics, which may add to
instability in world economies and volatility in markets. The impact may be
short-term or may last for extended periods.
PERFORMANCE
The
following information provides some indication of the risks of investing in the
Fund. The bar chart shows the Fund’s performance for calendar years ended
December 31. The table shows illustrates how the Fund’s average annual returns
for one-year and since inception periods compare with those of a broad measure
of market performance. The Fund’s past performance,
before and after taxes, is not necessarily an indication of how the Fund will
perform in the future. Performance information is also available
on the Fund’s website at www.alphaarchitect.com/funds
or by calling the Fund at (215)
882-9983.
Calendar Year Total Return
as of December 31
During
the period of time shown in the bar chart, the Fund’s highest return for a
calendar quarter was 1.62% (quarter ended December 31, 2023)
and the Fund’s lowest return for a
calendar quarter was 0.24% (quarter ended March 31,
2023).
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| |
Average
Annual Total Returns
(for
periods ended December 31, 2023) |
1
Year |
Since
Inception (11/16/22) |
Return Before
Taxes |
2.65% |
2.07% |
Return
After Taxes on Distributions |
1.11% |
-1.45% |
Return
After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of
Shares |
1.59% |
0.10% |
Solactive
US Aggregate Bond Index (reflects no deduction for
fees or expenses)1 |
5.28% |
4.85% |
1Index
assumes withholding taxes on
dividends.
After-tax returns are
calculated using the highest historical individual U.S. federal marginal income
tax rates during the period covered by the table and do not reflect the impact
of state and local taxes. Actual
after-tax returns depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown
and are not relevant if you hold your shares through a tax- deferred
arrangement, such as a 401(k) plan or an IRA. In some cases, the return
after taxes may exceed the return before taxes due to an assumed tax benefit
from any losses on a sale of Fund shares at the end of the measurement
period.
The
Solactive US Aggregate Bond Index aims to track the performance of the USD
denominated bond market.
INVESTMENT
ADVISER AND INVESTMENT SUB-ADVISER
|
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Investment
Adviser: |
Empowered
Funds, LLC dba EA Advisers serves as the investment adviser of the
Fund. |
Investment
Sub-Adviser: |
Alpha
Architect, LLC serves as the sub-adviser of the
Fund. |
PORTFOLIO
MANAGERS
Messrs.
Wesley R. Gray and John Vogel are co-portfolio managers for the Fund. Each
portfolio manager has managed the Fund since November 2022.
SUMMARY
INFORMATION ABOUT PURCHASES, SALES, TAXES, AND FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARY
COMPENSATION
PURCHASE
AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
The
Fund issues and redeems Shares on a continuous basis only in large blocks of
Shares, typically 10,000 Shares, called “Creation Units,” and only APs
(typically, broker-dealers) may purchase or redeem Creation Units. Creation
Units generally are issued and redeemed ‘in-kind’ for securities and partially
in cash. Individual Shares may only be purchased and sold in secondary market
transactions through brokers. Once created, individual Shares generally trade in
the secondary market at market prices that change throughout the day. Market
prices of Shares may be greater or less than their NAV. Except
when aggregated in Creation Units, the Fund’s shares are not redeemable
securities.
TAX
INFORMATION
The
Fund’s distributions generally are taxable to you as ordinary income, capital
gain, or some combination of both, unless your investment is made through an IRA
or other tax-advantaged account. However, subsequent withdrawals from such a
tax-advantaged account may be subject to U.S. federal income tax. You should
consult your own tax advisor about your specific tax situation.
PURCHASES
THROUGH BROKER-DEALERS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
If
you purchase Shares through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary, the
Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Shares
and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by
influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to
recommend Shares over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your
financial intermediary’s website for more information.
ALPHA
ARCHITECT TAIL RISK ETF
Fund
Summary
INVESTMENT
OBJECTIVE
The
Alpha
Architect Tail Risk ETF (the “Fund”) seeks to maximize total
return through a combination of capital appreciation and current
income.
FEES AND
EXPENSES
This
table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy, hold, and
sell shares of the Fund (“Shares”). You may also pay brokerage commissions on
the purchase and sale of Shares, which are not reflected in the table or
example.
ANNUAL
FUND OPERATING EXPENSES (EXPENSES THAT YOU PAY EACH YEAR AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE
VALUE OF YOUR INVESTMENT)
|
|
|
|
| |
Management
Fee |
0.63 |
% |
Distribution
and/or Service (12b-1) Fees |
0.00 |
% |
Other
Expenses |
0.00 |
% |
Acquired
Fund Fees and Expenses |
0.07 |
% |
Total
Annual Fund Operating Expenses |
0.70 |
% |
Fees
Waived and/or Reimbursed |
(0.07 |
%) |
Total
Annual Fund Operating Expenses After Waiving and/or Reimbursing
Expenses1 |
0.63 |
% |
1.The
Adviser has contractually agreed to waive receipt of its management fees and/or
assume expenses of the Fund, including any acquired fund fees or expenses
(“AFFE”) related to the Fund’s investment in the Alpha Architect 1-3 Month Box
ETF so that the total annual operating expenses of the Fund (excluding payments
under the Fund’s Rule 12b-1 distribution and service plan (if any), brokerage
expenses, taxes (including tax-related services), interest (including borrowing
costs), litigation expense (including class action-related services) and other
non-routine or extraordinary expenses) do not exceed 0.63% of the Fund’s average
daily net assets. Any AFFE associated with Fund investments in any other
acquired funds are not included in the fee waiver. This agreement may only be
changed or terminated by a vote of the holders of a majority of the Fund’s
outstanding voting securities.
EXAMPLE
The
following example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the
Fund with the cost of investing in other funds. The example assumes that you
invest $10,000 for the time periods indicated and then redeem all of your Shares
at the end of those periods. The example reflects the Fund’s contractual expense
limitation agreement for the term of the contractual expense limitation
agreement. The example also assumes that the Fund provides a return of 5% a year
and that operating expenses remain the same. You may also pay brokerage
commissions on the purchase and sale of Shares, which are not reflected in the
example. Although your actual costs may be higher
or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would
be:
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One
Year: |
Three
Years: |
Five
Years: |
Ten
Years: |
$64 |
$202 |
$351 |
$786 |
PORTFOLIO
TURNOVER
The
Fund may pay transaction costs, including commissions when it buys and sells
securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may
indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Shares are
held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund
operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. For the
fiscal period ended September 30, 2023, the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate
was 0% of the average
value of its portfolio.
PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT
STRATEGIES
The
Fund is an actively managed exchange-traded fund (“ETF”). The Fund will invest,
under normal circumstances, in a portfolio of options contracts on securities
that are linked to the performance of an index whose value is based on companies
with market capitalizations that qualify them as “large cap”
companies.
Arin
Risk Advisors, LLC (“Arin Risk Advisors” or the “Sub-Adviser”) considers a
company to be a “large cap” company if its market capitalization is at least $10
billion. The Sub-Adviser utilizes one or more combinations of long and short put
and call options, such as options on securities that are linked to the
performance of the S&P 500 Index (the “Index”) (these options are known as
“SPX Options”) in an effort to gain broad market exposure as well as to hedge
the Fund’s market exposure and generate income. The Fund may, from time to time,
also invest in options on other broad-based market indexes that represent the
U.S. large-cap equity market. While the Fund invests in securities whose prices
are affected by changes in the value of the Index, the Fund does not typically
maintain full long investment exposure to the Index, does not track the Index,
and its performance may differ significantly from that of the Index. The Fund
may utilize either standard exchange-listed options or FLexible EXchange®
Options (“FLEX Options”) or a combination of both.
The
Fund’s three primary objectives are: (i) to gain a varying amount of market
exposure to the Index; (ii) limit risk relative to a decline in the Index and
profit from a market dislocation event; and (iii) generate a series of cash
flows. The Sub-Adviser considers a market dislocation event (also known as a
tail risk event) when the Index suffers an extreme market decline (generally
greater than 25%) within a few months accompanied by a sustained increase in
expected Index volatility (generally greater than 50) - see discussion of
Protective Options below. Examples of historical market dislocation or tail risk
events that have met both of these standards include the Financial Crisis of
2008-09 and the COVID-19 Pandemic of 2020.
In
order to gain Index exposure, the Fund will sell SPX Options or a combination of
SPX Options that are expected to allow the Fund to realize gains if the Index
remains above certain price levels expressed by the strike prices of the Fund’s
SPX Options contracts. Even if the Index price fails to appreciate in value, the
Fund may realize gains from the option premiums paid to the Fund when such
options expire worthless or when the value of such options decreases over time.
These gains are attributable to the decrease in value of the SPX Options sold
over time and is typically referred to as “theta”. In cases where the Index
falls below certain price levels, the Fund will experience gains and losses that
are in line with the movement of the Index. The difference between the Index
price and the strike prices of the Fund’s SPX Options determines the extent of
the Fund’s market exposure to the Index. If the Index price remains above the
strike price, the Fund will have modest Index exposure. If the Index price
trades below the strike price, the Fund will have greater Index exposure. In
cases where the Index price rises above certain levels, then the Fund will
experience gains only up to the amount of option premium initially received. The
Fund’s investment exposure to the Index will generally vary between 120%
exposure to the Index and -40% (i.e., short exposure to the Index), exclusive of
the Protective Options as discussed below. The Fund’s exposure to the Index will
depend on the mix of call options and put options in the Fund’s portfolio, and
whether such options have been sold or purchased by the Fund.
The
Fund’s total performance will be a function of its exposure to the Index over
certain periods of time and the income and expenses of the option premiums. The
Fund’s assets serve as collateral for options that are bought and sold in an
attempt to gain market exposure to the Index. The SPX Options in the Fund’s
portfolio each have a trading volume sufficient to preclude the Fund’s trades
from influencing prices. The Fund may also use short SPX Options (short SPX
Options generate immediate cash inflows in exchange for taking on the obligation
of delivering cash at a future date) or long SPX Options (long SPX Options
require an initial cash payment in exchange for the right to receive a future
cash payment at a future date). The Fund may also utilize call or put spreads to
limit the downside risk of the Fund. The Fund will purchase SPX call options or
sell SPX put options (including spreads) when the Sub-Adviser believes the value
of the Index will increase and will purchase SPX put options or sell SPX call
options (including spreads) when the Sub-Adviser believes the value of the Index
will decrease.
An
option spread combines two or more option contracts as a single trade. The Fund
sells one SPX Option and simultaneously buys an offsetting position in another
SPX Option. When selling a spread, the maximum gain is the net premium collected
and the maximum loss is equal to the difference in the respective strike prices,
less the premium collected. The use of spreads may limit the Fund’s exposure to
the Index depending upon the rate of change in the Index, the Sub-Adviser’s
ability to adjust the position, and the pricing of the SPX Options used to
create the spread. There may be instances where the Fund has no long market
exposure and may temporarily have
short
market exposure. Such an instance may arise when the market either rises or
falls at a rate in excess of the levels provided by the SPX Option contracts
held by the Fund for long market exposure.
The
following is an overview of the limitations on the Fund’s use of put and call
options:
•When
the Fund sells call options, the Fund receives an option premium and will
experience a loss if the Index rises above the call option strike price plus the
premium collected;
•When
the Fund buys call options, the Fund pays a premium and will experience a loss
if the Index fails to rise above the call option strike price plus the premium
paid;
•When
the Fund sells put options, the Fund receives a premium and will experience a
loss if the Index falls below the put option strike price less the premium
collected; and
•When
the Fund buys put options, the Fund pays a premium and will experience a loss if
the Index fails to fall below the put option strike price less the premium
paid.
The
Fund will purchase other SPX Options (“Protective Options”) that should
appreciate during a market dislocation event. During other market periods, such
as when the Index is increasing in value, the Protective Options will decrease
the Fund’s return. When the Index falls below the strike prices of the
Protective Options, the Fund will be negatively correlated to the Index. The
Protective Options provide the Fund with potential reductions to its Index
exposure (see above where Index exposure is typically between 120% exposure to
the Index and -40%) and may cause the Fund’s Index exposure to fall below -40%.
If the Index were to suddenly fall below the strike prices of the Protective
Options, the Fund should experience a gain from the decline in the
Index.
The
SPX Option exposure from the Protective Options is referred to as the Fund’s
“Protection Ratio”. This Protection Ratio represents the number of Protective
Options expiring in greater than 40 days with strike prices that are at least
five percent (5%) below the current Index value as compared to the number of SPX
Options representing the investment of all the Fund’s assets (the Fund’s total
net assets divided by the Index value divided by 100 units per contract). A
higher Protection Ratio would generally mean the Fund owns relatively more
Protective Options as compared to its net assets than when the Fund has a lower
Protection Ratio. Purchasing the Protective Options during periods without any
market dislocation events will cause the Fund’s return to be lower that it would
have been had the Fund purchased fewer or no Protective Options. The Sub-Adviser
seeks to keep the Protection Ratio above 10 and as high as possible while
attempting to minimize this carrying cost. There may be periods where the high
carrying cost of the Protective Options may result in Fund’s Protection Ratio
remaining below 10. Furthermore, during a market dislocation event, the Fund
expects its Protective Options to increase in value. When the Protective Options
increase in value, the Fund may experience a high cost to continue holding all
of its Protective Options and the Sub-Adviser may seek to sell some or all of
the Protective Options.
The
Sub-Adviser will also maintain a collateral portfolio that is designed primarily
to serve as margin or collateral for the Fund’s options positions and
secondarily to enhance the Fund’s return by generating income (the “Collateral
Portfolio”). Under normal circumstances, the Fund will allocate approximately
20% of its capital to gain exposure to the Index, 1% to 10% of the Fund’s assets
will be allocated to the Protective Options and the remaining cash will be
utilized as part of the Collateral Portfolio. The Collateral Portfolio is
comprised of cash or cash equivalents, including United States Treasury
Securities, money-market instruments, money-market mutual funds, or option “box
spreads” (“Box Spreads”), including ETFs that hold Box Spreads. A Box Spread is
a synthetic bond created by combining different options trades that have
offsetting spreads (e.g.,
purchases and sales on the same underlying instrument, such as an index or an
ETF, but with different strike prices).
The
Sub-Adviser may invest up to 100% of the Collateral Portfolio in the Alpha
Architect 1-3 Month Box ETF (the “1-3 Month Box ETF”). The 1-3 Month Box ETF is
advised by Empowered Funds, LLC and is sub-advised by the Sub-Adviser. The 1-3
Month Box ETF is an actively managed ETF whose investment objective is to
provide investment results that, before fees and expenses, equal or exceed the
price and yield performance of an investment that tracks the 1-3 month sector of
the United States Treasury Bill market. To achieve its principal investment
strategy the 1-3 Month Box ETF primarily invests in Box Spreads.
The
Fund may engage in active and frequent trading of portfolio securities to
achieve its investment objective. The Fund’s portfolio turnover rate is expected
to be greater than 100%. A high portfolio turnover rate will increase the Fund’s
brokerage commission costs, which will negatively impact the performance of the
Fund.
PRINCIPAL
RISKS
An
investment in the Fund involves risk, including those described below.
There
is no assurance that the Fund will achieve its investment objective.
An investor may lose money by investing in the
Fund. An investment in the Fund is not a bank
deposit and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any government
agency. More complete risk descriptions are set forth below
under the heading “Additional
Information About the Fund’s Risks”.
Options
Risk.
•Selling
or Writing Options.
Writing option contracts can result in losses that exceed the seller’s initial
investment and may lead to additional turnover and higher tax liability. The
risk involved in writing a call option is that there could be an increase in the
market value of the underlying or reference asset. An underlying or reference
asset may be an index, equity security, or ETF. If this occurs, the call option
could be exercised and the underlying asset would then be sold at a lower price
than its current market value. In the case of cash settled call options such as
SPX options, the call seller would be required to purchase the call option at a
price that is higher than the original sales price for such call option.
Similarly, while writing call options can reduce the risk of owning the
underlying asset, such a strategy limits the opportunity to profit from an
increase in the market value of the underlying asset in exchange for up-front
cash at the time of selling the call option. The risk involved in writing a put
option is that there could be a decrease in the market value of the underlying
asset. If this occurs, the put option could be exercised and the underlying
asset would then be sold at a higher price than its current market value. In the
case of cash settled put options, the put seller would be required to purchase
the put option at a price that is higher than the original sales price for such
put option.
•Buying
or Purchasing Options Risk.
If a call or put option is not sold when it has remaining value and if the
market price of the underlying asset, in the case of a call option, remains less
than or equal to the exercise price, or, in the case of a put option, remains
equal to or greater than the exercise price, the buyer will lose its entire
investment in the call or put option. Since many factors influence the value of
an option, including the price of the underlying asset, the exercise price, the
time to expiration, the interest rate, and the dividend rate of the underlying
asset, the buyer’s success in implementing an option buying strategy may depend
on an ability to predict movements in the prices of individual assets,
fluctuations in markets, and movements in interest rates. There is no assurance
that a liquid market will exist when the buyer seeks to close out any option
position. When an option is purchased to hedge against price movements in an
underlying asset, the price of the option may move more or less than the price
of the underlying asset.
•Box
Spread Risk.
A Box Spread is a synthetic bond created by combining different options trades
that have offsetting spreads (e.g.,
purchases and sales on the same underlying instrument, such as an index or an
ETF, but with different strike prices). If one or more of these individual
option positions are modified or closed separately prior to the option
contract’s expiration, then the Box Spread may no longer effectively eliminate
risk tied to the underlying asset’s price movement. Furthermore, the Box
Spread’s value is derived in the market and is in part, based on the time until
the options comprising the Box Spread expire and the prevailing market interest
rates. If the Fund (or an underlying ETF) sells a Box Spread prior to its
expiration, then the Fund may incur a loss. The Fund’s ability to profit from
Box Spreads is dependent on the availability and willingness of other market
participants to sell Box Spreads to the Fund (or the underlying ETF) at
competitive prices.
•FLEX
Options Risk.
FLEX Options are exchange-traded options contracts with uniquely customizable
terms like exercise price, style, and expiration date. Due to their
customization and potentially unique terms, FLEX Options may be less liquid than
other securities, such as standard exchange listed options. In less liquid
markets for the FLEX Options, the Fund may have difficulty closing out certain
FLEX Options positions at desired times and prices. The value of FLEX Options
will be affected by, among others, changes in the underlying share or equity
index price, changes in actual and implied interest rates, changes in the actual
and implied volatility of the underlying shares or equity index and the
remaining time to until the FLEX Options expire. The value of the FLEX Options
will be determined based upon market quotations or using other recognized
pricing methods. During periods of reduced market liquidity or in the absence of
readily available market quotations for the holdings of the Fund, the ability of
the Fund to value the FLEX Options becomes more difficult and the judgment of
the Fund’s Sub-Adviser (employing the fair value procedures adopted by the Board
of Trustees of the Trust) may play a greater role in the valuation of the Fund’s
holdings due to reduced availability of reliable objective pricing
data.
Derivatives
Risk.
A
derivative is any financial instrument whose value is based on, and determined
by, another asset, rate or index (i.e., stock options, futures contracts, caps,
floors, etc.). When the Fund obtains exposure to derivatives it will be exposed
to the risks of those derivatives. The use of derivatives for non-hedging
purposes may be considered to carry more risk than other types of investments.
Unfavorable changes in the value of the underlying asset, rate or index may
cause sudden losses. Changes in the value of a derivative may not correlate
perfectly with the underlying asset, rate or index, a the Fund could lose more
than the principal amount invested. Derivative instruments are subject to a
number of risks including counterparty, liquidity, interest rate, market, credit
and management risks, as well as the risk of improper
valuation.
Counterparty
Risk. Counterparty
risk is the risk that a counterparty to a financial instrument held by the Fund
may become insolvent or otherwise fail to perform its obligations, and the Fund
may obtain no or limited recovery of its investment, and any recovery may be
significantly delayed. Exchange listed options, including FLEX Options, are
issued and guaranteed for settlement by the Options Clearing Corporation
(“OCC”). The Fund’s investments are at risk that the OCC will be unable or
unwilling to perform its obligations under the option contract terms. In the
unlikely event that the OCC becomes insolvent or is otherwise unable to meet its
settlement obligations, the Fund could suffer significant
losses.
Leverage
Risk.
Leverage risk refers to the potential for increased volatility and losses in a
portfolio due to the use of derivatives or other financial instruments that may
magnify gains and losses beyond the initial investment. The Fund will utilize
derivatives, such as options, to gain exposure to certain assets or markets with
a smaller initial investment. While leveraging derivatives can amplify gains, it
can also magnify losses significantly. Leverage could possibly create increased
volatility for the Fund.
Cash
and Cash Equivalents Risk. At
any time, the Fund may have significant investments in cash or cash equivalents.
When a substantial portion of a portfolio is held in cash or cash equivalents,
there is the risk that the value of the cash account, including interest, will
not keep pace with inflation, thus reducing purchasing power over
time.
Market
Risk. The
Fund’s investments are subject to changes in general economic conditions,
general market fluctuations and the risks inherent in investment in interest
rate sensitive markets. Interest rate markets can be volatile and prices of
investments can change substantially due to various factors including, but not
limited to, economic growth or recession, the investment’s average time to
maturity, changes in interest rates, changes in the actual or perceived
creditworthiness of issuers, and general market liquidity. The Fund is subject
to the risk that geopolitical events will disrupt securities markets and
adversely affect global economies and markets. Local, regional or global events
such as war, acts of terrorism, the spread of infectious illness or other public
health issues, or other events could have a significant impact on the Fund and
its investments.
Equity
Securities Risk. Investments
in securities whose performance is linked to that of equity securities, such as
SPX Options, may fluctuate in value in response to many factors, including the
activities of the individual issuers included in the Index, general market and
economic conditions, interest rates, and specific industry changes. Such price
fluctuations subject the Fund to potential
losses.
Investment
Risk. When
you sell your Shares of the Fund, they could be worth less than what you paid
for them. Therefore, you may lose money by investing in the
Fund.
Large-Capitalization
Companies Risk.
Large-capitalization companies may trail the returns of the overall stock
market. Large-capitalization stocks tend to go through cycles of doing better -
or worse - than the stock market in general. These periods have, in the past,
lasted for as long as several years. Larger, more established companies may be
slow to respond to challenges and may grow more slowly than smaller
companies.
Investment
Company Risk.
An
investment in other registered investment companies (including other ETFs,
affiliated and non-affiliated) is subject to the risks associated with those
investment companies, which include, but are not limited to, the risk that such
fund’s investment strategy may not produce the intended results; the risk that
securities in such fund may underperform in comparison to the general securities
markets or other asset classes; and the risk that the fund will be concentrated
in a particular issuer, market, industry or sector, and therefore will be
especially susceptible to loss due to adverse occurrences affecting that issuer,
market, industry or sector. Moreover, the Fund will incur duplicative expenses
from such investments, bearing its share of that fund’s expenses while also
paying its own advisory fees and trading costs. Investments in ETFs are also
subject to the “ETF Risks” described below.
In
addition, the Fund may invest in underlying funds which invest a larger portion
of their assets in one or more sectors than many other mutual funds, and thus
will be more susceptible to negative events affecting those
sectors.
The
Fund may invest in affiliated ETFs managed by the Adviser and/or Sub-Adviser,
including the Architect 1-3 Month Box ETF. The Adviser and/or Sub-Adviser may be
subject to potential conflicts of interest in selecting underlying funds because
the fees paid to it by certain affiliated underlying funds are higher than the
fees paid by other affiliated and unaffiliated underlying funds. To the extent
the Fund invests a significant percentage of its assets in any one affiliated
ETF or across multiple affiliated ETFs, the Fund will be subject to a greater
degree to the risks particular to the investment strategies employed by the
Adviser and/or Sub-Adviser.
Valuation
Risk.
Some portfolio holdings, potentially a large portion of the Fund’s investment
portfolio, may be valued on the basis of factors other than market quotations.
This may occur more often in times of market turmoil or reduced liquidity. There
are multiple methods that can be used to value a portfolio holding when market
quotations are not readily available. The value established for any portfolio
holding at a point in time might differ from what would be produced using a
different methodology or if it had been priced using market
quotations.
Portfolio
holdings that are valued using techniques other than market quotations,
including “fair valued” securities, may be subject to greater fluctuation in
their valuations from one day to the next than if market quotations were used.
In addition, there is no assurance that the Fund could sell or close out a
portfolio position for the value established for it at any time, and it is
possible that the Fund would incur a loss because a portfolio position is sold
or closed out at a discount to the valuation established by the Fund at that
time.
High
Portfolio Turnover Risk. The Fund’s investment strategy is expected to result in a high
portfolio turnover rate (100% or more). This will increase the Fund’s brokerage
commission costs, which could negatively impact the performance of the Fund.
When taking into account derivative instruments, including option contracts, and
instruments with maturities of one year or less at the time acquisition, the
Fund’s strategy will result in frequent portfolio trading and, if these
instruments were included in the calculation of the Fund’s portfolio turnover
rate it would exceed 100%.
U.S.
Government Securities Risk. U.S.
government securities risk refers to the risk that debt securities issued or
guaranteed by certain U.S. Government agencies, instrumentalities, and sponsored
enterprises are not supported by the full faith and credit of the U.S.
Government, and so investments in their securities or obligations issued by them
involve credit risk greater than investments in other types of U.S. Government
securities.
Management
Risk. The
Fund is actively managed and the Sub-Adviser’s ability to choose suitable
investments and implement the strategies described above has a significant
impact on the ability of the Fund to achieve its investment objectives. In
addition, there is the risk that the investment process, techniques and analyses
used by the Sub-Adviser will not produce the desired investment results and the
Fund may lose value as a result.
ETF
Risks.
•Authorized
Participants, Market Makers and Liquidity Providers Concentration
Risk.
The Fund has a limited number of financial institutions that may act as
Authorized Participants (“APs”). In addition, there may be a limited number of
market makers and/or liquidity providers in the marketplace. To the extent
either of the following events occur, Shares may trade at a material discount to
NAV and possibly face delisting: (i) APs exit the business or otherwise become
unable to process creation and/or redemption orders and no other APs step
forward to perform these services, or (ii) market makers and/or liquidity
providers exit the business or significantly reduce their business activities
and no other entities step forward to perform their
functions.
•Premium-Discount
Risk.
The
Shares may trade above or below their net asset value (“NAV”). The market prices
of Shares will generally fluctuate in accordance with changes in NAV as well as
the relative supply of, and demand for, Shares on Cboe BZX Exchange, Inc. (the
“Exchange”) or other securities exchanges. The trading price of Shares may
deviate significantly from NAV during periods of market volatility or limited
trading activity in Shares. In addition, you may incur the cost of the “spread,”
that is, any difference between the bid price and the ask price of the
Shares.
•Cost
of Trading Risk.
Investors
buying or selling Shares in the secondary market will pay brokerage commissions
or other charges imposed by brokers as determined by that broker. Brokerage
commissions are often a fixed amount and may be a significant proportional cost
for investors seeking to buy or sell relatively small amounts of
Shares.
•Trading
Risk.
Although
the Shares are listed on the Exchange, there can be no assurance that an active
or liquid trading market for them will develop or be maintained. In addition,
trading in Shares on the Exchange may be halted. In stressed market conditions,
the liquidity of Shares may begin to mirror the liquidity of its underlying
portfolio holdings, which can be less liquid than Shares, potentially causing
the market price of Shares to deviate from its NAV. The spread varies over time
for Shares of the Fund based on the Fund’s trading volume and market liquidity
and is generally lower if the Fund has high trading volume and market liquidity,
and higher if the Fund has little trading volume and market liquidity (which is
often the case for funds that are newly launched or small in
size).
Cash
Creation Unit Risk.
Unlike most other ETFs, the Fund expects to effect a substantial portion of its
creations and redemptions for cash, rather than in-kind securities (although
redemptions will also be done in-kind under certain circumstances). The use of
cash creations and redemptions may also cause the Fund’s shares to trade in the
market at greater bid-ask spreads or greater premiums or discounts to the Fund’s
NAV. As a practical matter, only institutions and large investors, such as
market makers or other large broker dealers, also known as “authorized
participants,” create or redeem shares directly through the Fund. Most investors
will buy and sell shares of the Fund on an exchange through a broker-dealer.
Cash creation and redemption transactions may result in certain brokerage, tax,
execution, price movement and other costs and expenses related to the execution
of trades resulting from such transactions. To offset these expenses, the Fund
will collect fees from the applicable authorized participant to reimburse the
Fund for any costs incurred by the Fund that result from a cash creation or
redemption. The use of cash for redemptions will limit the tax efficiency of the
Fund.
Geopolitical/Natural
Disaster Risks. The
Fund’s investments are subject to geopolitical and natural disaster risks, such
as war, terrorism, trade disputes, political or economic dysfunction within some
nations, public health crises and related geopolitical events, as well as
environmental disasters, epidemics and/or pandemics, which may add to
instability in world economies and volatility in markets. The impact may be
short-term or may last for extended
periods.
Tax
Risk.
The Fund intends to qualify as a regulated investment company (“RIC”) under the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. However, the U.S. federal income tax
treatment of certain aspects of the options strategy employed by the Fund are
not entirely clear under existing law, including identifying the issuer of an
option, and could affect such qualification. If, in any year, the Fund fails to
qualify as a RIC, the Fund itself generally would be subject to U.S. federal
income taxation and distributions received by its shareholders generally would
be subject to further U.S. federal income taxation.
PERFORMANCE
The
following information provides some indication of the risks of investing in the
Fund. The Fund has adopted the performance of the Arin Large Cap Theta Fund, a
series of the Starboard Investment Trust (the “Predecessor Mutual Fund”) as the
result of the reorganization of the Predecessor Mutual Fund into the Fund (the
“Reorganization”). The bar chart shows the Fund’s (and Predecessor Mutual
Fund’s) performance for calendar years ended December 31. The table shows
illustrates how the Fund’s (and Predecessor Mutual Fund’s) average annual
returns for one-year, five-year, and ten-year periods compare with those of a
broad measure of market performance.
The
Fund’s total net operating expense ratio is equivalent to the total net
operating expense ratio of the Predecessor Mutual Fund. Returns in the bar chart
and table for the Predecessor Mutual Fund have not been adjusted. Unlike the
Fund’s (and Predecessor Mutual Fund’s) returns, the index returns do not reflect
any deductions for fees, expenses or taxes. Past
performance, before or after taxes, is not indicative of future
performance. Performance information is also available on the
Fund’s website at www.alphaarchitect.com/funds
or by calling the Fund at (215)
882-9983.
During the period shown in the bar chart, the highest
quarterly performance for the Predecessor Mutual Fund was
28.99% (for the quarter ended March 31, 2020).
The lowest quarterly
performance was -14.16% (for the quarter ended June 30,
2022).*
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Average
Annual Total Returns
(for
periods ended December 31, 2023) |
|
|
| |
| 1
Year |
5
Years |
10
Years |
Since
Inception
(08/14/2013) |
Return Before
Taxes |
13.30% |
4.79% |
2.91% |
3.39% |
Return
After Taxes on Distributions1 |
13.30% |
3.88% |
2.02% |
2.46% |
Return
After Taxes on Distributions and Sale of Fund Shares1 |
7.87% |
3.50% |
2.02% |
2.39% |
S&P
500 Total Return Index (reflects no deductions for
fees, expenses or taxes)2 |
26.29% |
15.69% |
12.03% |
12.65% |
*The
Predecessor Mutual Fund commenced operations on August 14,
2013.
1This
table shows returns for the Institutional Class Shares of the Predecessor Mutual
Fund, which commenced operations on August 14, 2013. After-tax
returns are calculated using the highest historical individual U.S. federal
marginal income tax rates during the period covered by the table and do not
reflect the impact of state and local taxes. Actual after-tax returns
depend on your tax situation and may differ from those shown and are not
relevant if you hold your shares through a tax-deferred arrangement, such as a
401(k) plan or an
IRA.
2Index assumes withholding taxes on
dividends.
INVESTMENT
ADVISER AND INVESTMENT SUB-ADVISER
|
|
|
|
| |
Investment
Adviser: |
Empowered
Funds, LLC, dba EA Advisers (the “Adviser”) |
Investment
Sub-Adviser: |
Arin
Risk Advisors, LLC (“Arin Risk Advisors” or the
“Sub-Adviser”) |
PORTFOLIO
MANAGERS
The
Fund’s portfolio is managed on a day-to-day basis by Lawrence Lempert and Joseph
DeSipio. Messrs. Lempert and DeSipio have managed the Fund since its inception
in 2023.
Each
has also served as a portfolio manager of the Predecessor Mutual Fund since its
inception in August 2013.
SUMMARY
INFORMATION ABOUT PURCHASES, SALES, TAXES, AND FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARY
COMPENSATION
PURCHASE
AND SALE OF FUND SHARES
The
Fund issues and redeems Shares on a continuous basis only in large blocks of
Shares, typically 10,000 Shares, called “Creation Units,” and only APs
(typically, broker-dealers) may purchase or redeem Creation Units. Creation
Units are primarily issued in cash and redeemed ‘in-kind’ for securities and/or
in cash. Individual Shares may only be purchased and sold in secondary market
transactions through brokers. Once created, individual Shares generally trade in
the secondary market at market prices that change throughout the day. Market
prices of Shares may be greater or less than their NAV. Except
when aggregated in Creation Units, the Fund’s shares are not redeemable
securities.
TAX
INFORMATION
The
Fund’s distributions generally are taxable to you as ordinary income, capital
gain, or some combination of both, unless your investment is made through an IRA
or other tax-advantaged account. However, subsequent withdrawals from such a
tax-advantaged account may be subject to U.S. federal income tax. In the event
that a shareholder purchases Shares shortly before a distribution by the Fund,
the entire distribution may be taxable to the shareholder even though a portion
of the distribution effectively represents a return of the purchase price. You
should consult your own tax advisor about your specific tax
situation.
PURCHASES
THROUGH BROKER-DEALERS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES
If
you purchase Shares through a broker-dealer or other financial intermediary, the
Fund and its related companies may pay the intermediary for the sale of Shares
and related services. These payments may create a conflict of interest by
influencing the broker-dealer or other intermediary and your salesperson to
recommend Shares over another investment. Ask your salesperson or visit your
financial intermediary’s website for more information.
ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION ABOUT THE FUNDS
HOW
ARE THE FUNDS DIFFERENT FROM MUTUAL FUNDS?
Redeemability.
Mutual
fund shares may be bought from, and redeemed with, the issuing fund for cash at
NAV typically calculated once at the end of the business day. Shares of the
Funds, by contrast, cannot be purchased from or redeemed with the Funds except
by or through APs (typically, broker-dealers), and then principally for an
in-kind basket of securities (and a limited cash amount). With respect to the
Alpha Architect Tail Risk ETF, shares of the Fund are purchased from or redeemed
with the Fund through APs principally for cash for purchases and an in-kind
basket of securities (and a limited cash amount) for redemptions. In addition,
each Fund issues and redeems Shares on a continuous basis only in large blocks
of Shares (for example, 10,000 Shares) called “Creation Units.”
Exchange
Listing. Unlike
mutual fund shares, Shares of each Fund are listed for trading on the Exchange.
Investors can purchase and sell Shares on the secondary market through a broker.
Investors purchasing Shares in the secondary market through a brokerage account
or with the assistance of a broker may be subject to brokerage commissions and
charges. Secondary-market transactions do not occur at NAV, but at market prices
that change throughout the day, based on the supply of, and demand for, Shares
and on changes in the prices of a Fund’s portfolio holdings. The market price of
Shares may differ from the NAV of a Fund. The difference between market price of
Shares and the NAV of a Fund is called a premium when the market price is above
the reported NAV and called a discount when the market price is below the
reported NAV, and the difference is expected to be small most of the time,
though it may be significant, especially in times of extreme market
volatility.
Tax
Treatment. The
Funds (excluding Alpha Architect Tail Risk ETF) and the Shares have been
designed to be tax-efficient where possible. Specifically, their in-kind
creation and redemption feature has been designed to protect Fund shareholders
from adverse tax consequences applicable to non-ETF registered investment
companies as a result of cash transactions in the non-ETF registered investment
company’s shares, including cash redemptions. Nevertheless, to the extent
redemptions from a Fund are paid in cash, the Fund may realize capital gains or
losses, including in some cases short-term capital gains, upon the sale of
portfolio securities to generate the cash to satisfy the redemption. In
addition, tax treatment of options may negate certain tax efficiencies outlined
above.
Transparency.
Each
Fund’s portfolio holdings are disclosed on its website daily after the close of
trading on the Exchange and prior to the opening of trading on the Exchange the
following day. A description of the Funds’ policies and procedures with respect
to the disclosure of the Funds’ portfolio holdings is available in the Funds’
Statement of Additional Information (“SAI”).
Premium/Discount
Information. Information
about the premiums and discounts at which the Funds’ Shares have traded is
available at www.alphaarchitect.com/funds.
ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION ABOUT THE FUNDS’ INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES
Each
Fund’s investment objective is a non-fundamental investment policy and may be
changed without a vote of shareholders with prior written notice to
shareholders.
Alpha
Architect U.S. Quantitative Value ETF
Under
normal circumstances, the Fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus
any borrowings for investment purposes, in securities of U.S. companies. The
Fund’s 80% policy is non-fundamental and can be changed without shareholder
approval. However, Fund shareholders would be given at least 60 days’ notice
prior to any such change.
For
purposes of the Fund’s 80% policy, securities of U.S. companies include the
securities of any company organized outside of the United States (a) that is
included in the S&P 500®
Index, (b) that has its headquarters or principal location of operations in the
United States, (c) whose primary listing is on a securities exchange or market
in the United States, or (d) that derives a majority of its revenues in the
United States.
Alpha
Architect International Quantitative Value ETF
Under
normal circumstances, the Fund will invest at least 65% of its net assets, plus
any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of international
companies and their depositary receipts.
For
purposes of the Fund’s 65% policy, securities of international companies include
the securities of any company (a) that is organized outside of the United
States, (b) that is included in the MSCI EAFE Index, (c) that has its
headquarters or principal location of operations in a country outside of the
United States, (d) whose primary listing
is
on a securities exchange or market outside of the United States, or (e) that
derives a majority of its revenues outside of the United States.
Alpha
Architect U.S. Quantitative Momentum ETF
Under
normal circumstances, the Fund will invest at least 80% of its net assets, plus
any borrowings for investment purposes, in securities of U.S. companies. The
Fund’s 80% policy is non-fundamental and can be changed without shareholder
approval. However, Fund shareholders would be given at least 60 days’ notice
prior to any such change.
For
purposes of the Fund’s 80% policy, securities of U.S. companies include the
securities of any company organized outside of the United States (a) that is
included in the S&P 500®
Index, (b) that has its headquarters or principal location of operations in the
United States, (c) whose primary listing is on a securities exchange or market
in the United States, or (d) that derives a majority of its revenues in the
United States.
Alpha
Architect International Quantitative Momentum ETF
Under
normal circumstances, the Fund will invest at least 65% of its net assets, plus
any borrowings for investment purposes, in equity securities of international
companies and their depositary receipts.
For
purposes of the Fund’s 65% policy, securities of international companies include
the securities of any company (a) that is organized outside of the United
States, (b) that is included in the MSCI EAFE Index, (c) that has its
headquarters or principal location of operations in a country outside of the
United States, (d) whose primary listing is on a securities exchange or market
outside of the United States, or (e) that derives a majority of its revenues
outside of the United States.
Alpha
Architect Value Momentum Trend ETF
Under
normal circumstances, at least 80% of the Fund’s total assets (exclusive of
collateral held from securities lending) will be invested in the component
securities of the Underlying Alpha Architect ETFs. The Fund may also, from time
to time, include holdings of (or short) various securities and financial
instruments (such as futures contracts and options on securities, indices and
futures contracts) based on trends in market returns and moving averages. The
Fund and the Underlying Alpha Architect ETFs are part of the same group of
investment companies.
Alpha
Architect High Inflation and Deflation ETF
The
Fund is an actively managed non-diversified fund managed by Alpha Architect, the
Fund’s sub-adviser. Alpha Architect manages the Fund using a proprietary
methodology that allocates assets across the Fund’s Target Asset Classes in
accordance with perceived market conditions. Alpha Architect does retain
discretion to modify the model but does not anticipate major deviations from the
model driven asset allocation process, but such deviations may occur in response
to extreme market conditions. The asset allocation process can only be changed
by Alpha Architect.
The
Fund primarily invests its assets in the shares of registered investment
companies, including affiliated and non-affiliated underlying funds, that
emphasize investments in the Fund’s Target Asset Classes. The Fund expects to
obtain its exposure to the Target Asset Classes primarily through its
investments in underlying funds, but the Fund also may invest in equity
interests in real estate investment trusts (REITs) and directly in
intermediate-term U.S. Treasury bonds. Alpha Architect believes its investments
in underlying funds will provide an efficient low cost means for the Fund to
gain exposure to the Target Asset Classes.
Alpha
Architect’s target weightings, when all Target Asset Classes have a “buy”
signal, for the Fund are 50% exposure to intermediate-term U.S. Treasury bonds,
25% exposure to real estate securities, including REITs, and 25% exposure to
commodities. The target weightings are simply investment targets and are subject
to change based on Alpha Architect’s analysis of current market conditions. If
Alpha Architect’s analysis indicates a negative trend for any of the Fund’s
Target Asset Classes, Alpha Architect will reduce or eliminate the Fund’s
exposure to such Target Asset Class and invest such reallocated assets into
other Target Asset Classes or cash and cash equivalents. The Fund’s investments
in cash and cash equivalents, which may represent at times 100% of the Fund’s
assets, will consist of money market funds, U.S. Treasury bills, and/or U.S.
Treasury bill equivalents (or an underlying fund that focus its investments on
these objectives).
Intermediate-term
U.S. Treasury Bonds.
The Fund’s exposure to intermediate-term U.S. treasury bonds will be primarily
through its investments in underlying funds that generally maintain portfolios
that consist of U.S. Treasury securities that have a remaining maturity of
greater than or equal to three years and less than ten years, are rated
investment
grade, and have $300 million or more of outstanding face value.
“Investment-grade” debt securities are securities rated at or above “BBB-” or
“Baa3” by at least one of S&P Global Ratings (S&P) or Moody’s Investors
Service (Moody’s), respectively, or that have comparable ratings from other
nationally recognized statistical rating organizations (NRSROs). The Fund may,
at times, invest directly in intermediate-term U.S. Treasury bonds.
REIT
Investments. The
Fund expects to invest in REITs or underlying funds that have exposure to REITs.
REITs offer investors greater liquidity and diversification than direct
ownership of real estate. REITs also offer the potential for higher income than
an investment in common stocks would provide. As with any investment in real
estate, however, a REIT’s performance depends on specific factors, such as the
company’s ability to find tenants for its properties, to renew leases, and to
finance property purchases and renovations. Investments in REITs may not
correspond to returns from direct property ownership. The Fund’s expects to have
exposure to equity REITs, mortgage REITs and hybrid REITs. Equity REITs
typically generate income from rental and lease payments, and they offer the
potential for growth from property appreciation as well as occasional capital
gains from the sale of property. A mortgage REIT makes loans to commercial real
estate developers. Mortgage REITs earn interest income and are subject to credit
risk (i.e., the chance that a developer will fail to repay a loan). A hybrid
REIT holds both properties and mortgages.
Commodity
Investments.
Commodities
are assets that have tangible properties and that are used in commerce, such as
fuels (e.g., crude oil, natural gas and gasoline), precious and industrial
metals, livestock and agricultural products. The Fund seeks to gain exposure to
commodity markets by investing in underlying funds that have exposure to
commodities. The underlying funds may invest in commodity-linked instruments,
such as commodity futures, swap agreements, commodity-linked notes,
exchange-traded products (including exchange-traded notes and other ETFs) to
obtain exposure to commodities. The value of commodity-linked instruments may be
affected by overall market movements and other factors affecting the value of a
particular industry or commodity, such as weather, disease, embargoes, or
political and regulatory developments. The underlying funds may invest in other
instruments whose value goes up or down based on price movements of underlying
physical commodities, such as commodity-linked notes, exchange-traded notes
(“ETNs”), other ETFs and other investment companies. An ETN is an unsecured debt
security that trades on an established exchange. Its underlying value is based
on the value of an index, commodity, interest rate or other objectively
determined reference. A commodity linked note is an instrument that has
characteristics of both a debt security and a commodity-linked derivative
instrument. It typically makes interest payments like a debt security, and at
maturity, the principal payment is linked to the price movement of a commodity,
commodity index, or Commodity Futures contract.
Alpha
Architect Tail Risk ETF
The
Fund is an actively managed ETF. The Fund will invest, under normal
circumstances, in a portfolio of options contracts on securities that are linked
to the performance of an index whose value is based on companies with market
capitalizations that qualify them as “large cap” companies.
Arin
Risk Advisors, the Fund’s sub-adviser, considers a company to be a “large cap”
company if its market capitalization is at least $10 billion. Arin Risk Advisors
utilizes one or more combinations of long and short put and call options, such
as options on securities that are linked to the performance of the S&P 500
Index (the “Index”) (these options are known as “SPX Options”) in an effort to
gain broad market exposure as well as to hedge the Fund’s market exposure and
generate income. The Fund may, from time to time, also invest in options on
other broad-based market indexes that represent the U.S. large-cap equity
market. While the Fund invests in securities whose prices are affected by
changes in the value of the Index, the Fund does not typically maintain full
long investment exposure to the Index, does not track the Index, and its
performance may differ significantly from that of the Index. The Fund may
utilize either standard exchange-listed options or FLEX Options or a combination
of both.
The
Fund’s three primary objectives are: (i) to gain a varying amount of market
exposure to the Index; (ii) limit risk relative to a decline in the Index and
profit from a market dislocation event; and (iii) generate a series of cash
flows. Arin Risk Advisors considers a market dislocation event (also known as a
tail risk event) when the Index suffers an extreme market decline (generally
greater than 25%) within a few months accompanied by a sustained increase in
expected Index volatility (generally greater than 50) - see discussion of
Protective Options below. Examples of historical market dislocation or tail risk
events that have met both of these standards include the Financial Crisis of
2008-09 and the COVID-19 Pandemic of 2020.
In
order to gain Index exposure, the Fund will sell SPX Options or a combination of
SPX Options that are expected to allow the Fund to realize gains if the Index
remains above certain price levels expressed by the strike prices of the Fund’s
SPX Options contracts. Even if the Index price fails to appreciate in value, the
Fund may realize gains from the option premiums paid to the Fund when such
options expire worthless or when the value of such options decreases over time.
These gains are attributable to the decrease in value of the SPX Options sold
over time and is typically referred to as “theta”. In cases where the Index
falls below certain price levels, the Fund will experience gains and losses that
are in line with the movement of the Index. The difference between the Index
price and the strike prices of the Fund’s SPX Options determines the extent of
the Fund’s market exposure to the Index. If the Index price remains above the
strike price, the Fund will have modest Index exposure. If the Index price
trades below the strike price, the Fund will have greater Index exposure. In
cases where the Index price rises above certain levels, then the Fund will
experience gains only up to the amount of option premium initially received. The
Fund’s investment exposure to the Index will generally vary between 120%
exposure to the Index and -40% (i.e., short exposure to the Index), exclusive of
the Protective Options as discussed below. The Fund’s exposure to the Index will
depend on the mix of call options and put options in the Fund’s portfolio, and
whether such options have been sold or purchased by the Fund. The Fund’s total
performance will be a function of its exposure to the Index over certain periods
of time and the income and expenses of the option premiums.
The
Fund’s assets serve as collateral for options that are bought and sold in an
attempt to gain market exposure to the Index. The SPX Options in the Fund’s
portfolio each have a trading volume sufficient to preclude the Fund’s trades
from influencing prices. The Fund may also use short SPX Options (short SPX
Options generate immediate cash inflows in exchange for taking on the obligation
of delivering cash at a future date) or long SPX Options (long SPX Options
require an initial cash payment in exchange for the right to receive a future
cash payment at a future date). The Fund may also utilize call or put spreads to
limit the downside risk of the Fund. The Fund will purchase SPX call options or
sell SPX put options (including spreads) when Arin Risk Advisors believes the
value of the Index will increase and will purchase SPX put options or sell SPX
call options (including spreads) when Arin Risk Advisors believes the value of
the Index will decrease.
An
option spread combines two or more option contracts as a single trade. The Fund
sells one SPX Option and simultaneously buys an offsetting position in another
SPX Option. When selling a spread, the maximum gain is the net premium collected
and the maximum loss is equal to the difference in the respective strike prices,
less the premium collected. The use of spreads may limit the Fund’s exposure to
the Index depending upon the rate of change in the Index, Arin Risk Advisors’
ability to adjust the position, and the pricing of the SPX Options used to
create the spread. There may be instances where the Fund has no long market
exposure and may temporarily have short market exposure. Such an instance may
arise when the market either rises or falls at a rate in excess of the levels
provided by the SPX Option contracts held by the Fund for long market
exposure.
The
following is an overview of the limitations on the Fund’s use of put and call
options:
•When
the Fund sells call options, the Fund receives an option premium and will
experience a loss if the Index rises above the call option strike price plus the
premium collected;
•When
the Fund buys call options, the Fund pays a premium and will experience a loss
if the Index fails to rise above the call option strike price plus the premium
paid;
•When
the Fund sells put options, the Fund receives a premium and will experience a
loss if the Index falls below the put option strike price less the premium
collected; and
•When
the Fund buys put options, the Fund pays a premium and will experience a loss if
the Index fails to fall below the put option strike price less the premium
paid.
The
Fund will purchase other SPX Options (“Protective Options”) that should
appreciate during a market dislocation event. During other market periods, such
as when the Index is increasing in value, the Protective Options will decrease
the Fund’s return. When the Index falls below the strike prices of the
Protective Options, the Fund will be negatively correlated to the Index. The
Protective Options provide the Fund with potential reductions to its Index
exposure (see above where Index exposure is typically between 120% exposure to
the Index and -40%) and may cause the Fund’s Index exposure to fall below -40%.
If the Index were to suddenly fall below the strike prices of the Protective
Options, the Fund should experience a gain from the decline in the
Index.
The
SPX Option exposure from the Protective Options is referred to as the Fund’s
“Protection Ratio”. This Protection Ratio represents the number of Protective
Options expiring in greater than 40 days with strike prices that are at least
five percent (5%) below the current Index value as compared to the number of SPX
Options representing the investment of all the Fund’s assets (the Fund’s total
net assets divided by the Index value divided by 100 units per contract). A
higher Protection Ratio would generally mean the Fund owns relatively more
Protective Options as compared to its net assets than when the Fund has a lower
Protection Ratio. Purchasing the Protective Options during periods without any
market dislocation events will cause the Fund’s return to be lower that it would
have been had the Fund purchased fewer or no Protective Options. Arin Risk
Advisors seeks to keep the Protection Ratio above 10 and as high as possible
while attempting to minimize this carrying cost. There may be periods where the
high carrying cost of the Protective Options may result in Fund’s Protection
Ratio remaining below 10. Furthermore, during a market dislocation event, the
Fund expects its Protective Options to increase in value. When the Protective
Options increase in value, the Fund may experience a high cost to continue
holding all of its Protective Options and Arin Risk Advisors may seek to sell
some or all of the Protective Options.
Arin
Risk Advisors will also maintain a collateral portfolio that is designed
primarily to serve as margin or collateral for the Fund’s options positions and
secondarily to enhance the Fund’s return by generating income (the “Collateral
Portfolio”). Under normal circumstances, the Fund will allocate approximately
20% of its capital to gain exposure to the Index, 1% to 10% of the Fund’s assets
will be allocated to the Protective Options and the remaining cash will be
utilized as part of the Collateral Portfolio. The Collateral Portfolio is
comprised of cash or cash equivalents, including United States Treasury
Securities, money-market instruments, money-market mutual funds, or option “box
spreads” (“Box Spreads”), including ETFs that hold Box Spreads. A Box Spread is
a synthetic bond created by combining different options trades that have
offsetting spreads (e.g.,
purchases and sales on the same underlying instrument, such as an index or an
ETF, but with different strike prices).
Arin
Risk Advisors may invest up to 100% of the Collateral Portfolio in the Alpha
Architect 1-3 Month Box ETF (the “1-3 Month Box ETF”). The 1-3 Month Box ETF is
advised by Empowered Funds, LLC and is sub-advised by Arin Risk Advisors. The
1-3 Month Box ETF is an actively managed ETF whose investment objective is to
provide investment results that, before fees and expenses, equal or exceed the
price and yield performance of an investment that tracks the 1-3-month sector of
the United States Treasury Bill market. To achieve its principal investment
strategy the 1-3 Month Box ETF primarily invests in Box Spreads.
The
Fund may engage in active and frequent trading of portfolio securities to
achieve its investment objective. The Fund’s portfolio turnover rate is expected
to be greater than 100%. A high portfolio turnover rate will increase the Fund’s
brokerage commission costs, which will negatively impact the performance of the
Fund.
Temporary
Defensive Positions.
A Fund may, from time to time, take temporary defensive positions that are
inconsistent with the Fund’s principal investment strategy in an attempt to
respond to adverse market, economic, political, or other conditions. During such
an unusual set of circumstances, the Fund may hold up to 100% of its portfolio
in cash or cash equivalent positions. When a Fund takes temporary defensive
positions, the Fund may not be able to achieve its investment
objectives.
ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION ABOUT THE FUNDS’ RISKS
The
table below provides additional information about the risks of investing in each
Fund, including the principal risks identified under “Principal Risks” in each
Fund Summary. Following the table, each risk is explained.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Risks |
QVAL |
IVAL |
QMOM |
IMOM |
Consumer
Discretionary Sector Risk |
X |
X |
X |
X |
Depositary
Receipts Risk |
| X |
| X |
Energy
Sector Risk |
X |
X |
| |
Equity
Investing Risk |
X |
X |
X |
X |
ETF
Risks |
X |
X |
X |
X |
Financials
Sector Risk |
|
|
| X |
Foreign
Investment Risk |
| X |
| X |
Geopolitical/Natural
Disasters Risks |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
|
|
| |
High
Portfolio Turnover Risk |
X |
| X |
X |
Industrials
Sector Risk |
X |
X |
X |
|
Information
Technology Risk |
|
| X |
|
Investment
Risk |
X |
X |
X |
X |
Large-Capitalization
Companies Risk |
X |
X |
X |
X |
Management
Risk |
X |
X |
X |
X |
|
|
|
| |
Momentum
Style Risk |
|
| X |
X |
Periodic
Reallocation Risk |
X |
X |
X |
X |
Quantitative
Security Selection Risk |
X |
X |
X |
X |
Small-
and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk |
X |
X |
X |
X |
Value
Style Investing Risk |
X |
X |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Risks |
VMOT |
HIDE |
CAOS |
Asset
Allocation Risk |
| X |
|
Cash
and Cash Equivalents Risk |
| X |
X |
Cash
Creation Unit Risk |
|
| X |
Commodity
Futures Risk |
| X |
|
Commodity
Risk |
| X |
|
Commodity
Swaps Risk |
| X |
|
Commodity-Linked
Derivatives Risk |
| X |
|
Commodity-Linked
Note Risk |
| X |
|
Consumer
Discretionary Sector Risk |
X |
| |
Counterparty
Risk |
|
| X |
Credit
Risk |
| X |
|
Depositary
Receipts Risk |
X |
| |
Derivatives
Risk |
X |
X |
X |
Energy
Sector Risk |
X |
| |
Equity
Investing Risk |
X |
| |
Equity
Securities Risk |
|
| X |
ETF
Risks |
X |
X |
X |
Fixed
Income Risk |
| X |
|
Foreign
Investment Risk |
X |
| |
Fund
of Funds Risk |
X |
X |
|
Geopolitical/Natural
Disasters Risks |
X |
X |
X |
Hedging
Model Risk |
X |
| |
Hedging
Risk – General |
X |
| |
High
Portfolio Turnover Risk |
| X |
X |
Interest
Rate Risk |
| X |
|
Investment
Company Risk |
| X |
X |
Investment
Risk |
X |
X |
X |
Large-Capitalization
Companies Risk |
X |
| X |
Leverage
Risk |
| X |
X |
Management
Risk |
X |
X |
X |
Market
Risk |
|
| X |
Momentum
Style Risk |
X |
| |
Non-Diversification
Risk |
| X |
|
Options
Risk |
|
| X |
Periodic
Reallocation Risk |
X |
| |
Portfolio
Size Risk |
X |
| |
Quantitative
Security Selection Risk |
X |
X |
|
Real
Estate Investment Risk |
| X |
|
Risk
of U.S. Treasury Bills |
| X |
|
Short
Sale Risk |
X |
| |
Small-
and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk |
X |
| |
Tax
Risk |
|
| X |
Underlying
Alpha Architect ETFs Risk |
X |
| |
U.S.
Government Securities Risk |
|
| X |
Valuation
Risk |
|
| X |
Value
Style Investing Risk |
X |
| |
Asset
Allocation Risk. The
Fund is also subject to asset allocation risk, which is the chance that the
selection of investments, and the allocation of assets to such investments, will
cause the Fund to underperform other funds with a similar investment
objective.
Cash
and Cash Equivalents Risk. Holding
cash or cash equivalents rather than securities or other instruments in which
the Fund primarily invests, even strategically, may cause the Fund to risk
losing opportunities to participate in market appreciation, and may cause the
Fund to experience potentially lower returns than the Fund’s benchmark or other
funds that remain fully invested.
With
respect to the Alpha Architect Tail Risk ETF, at any time, the Fund may have
significant investments in cash or cash equivalents. When a substantial portion
of a portfolio is held in cash or cash equivalents, there is the risk that the
value of the cash account, including interest, will not keep pace with
inflation, thus reducing purchasing power over time.
Cash
Creation Unit Risk.
Unlike most other ETFs, the Alpha Architect Tail Risk ETF expects to effect a
substantial portion of its creations and redemptions for cash, rather than
in-kind securities (although redemptions will also be done in-kind under certain
circumstances). The use of cash creations and redemptions may also cause the
Fund’s shares to trade in the market at greater bid-ask spreads or greater
premiums or discounts to the Fund’s NAV. As a practical matter, only
institutions and large investors, such as market makers or other large broker
dealers, also known as “authorized participants,” create or redeem shares
directly through the Fund. Most investors will buy and sell shares of the Fund
on an exchange through a broker-dealer. Cash creation and redemption
transactions may result in certain brokerage, tax, execution, price movement and
other costs and expenses related to the execution of trades resulting from such
transactions. To offset these expenses, the Fund will collect fees from the
applicable authorized participant to reimburse the Fund for any costs incurred
by the Fund that result from a cash creation or redemption. The use of cash for
redemptions will limit the tax efficiency of the Fund.
Commodity
Futures Risk.
The Fund seeks to gain exposure to commodity markets by investing in underlying
funds that have exposure to commodities and this may include exposure to
commodity futures contracts. Risks of Commodity futures include: (i) an
imperfect correlation between the value of the futures contract and the
underlying commodity or commodity index; (ii) possible lack of a liquid
secondary market; (iii) the inability to close a futures contract when desired;
(iv) losses caused by unanticipated market movements, which may be unlimited;
and (v) an obligation for the investor to make daily cash payments to maintain
its required collateral, or margin, particularly at times when the investor may
have insufficient cash or must sell securities to meet those margin
requirements. Although the counterparty to an exchange-traded futures contract
is often backed by a futures commission merchant (“FCM”) or clearing
organization that is further backed by a group of financial institutions, there
may be instances in which the FCM or the clearing organization could fail to
perform its obligations, causing significant losses to the
investor.
Commodity
Risk.
Investing
in physical commodities is speculative and can be extremely volatile. Market
prices of commodities may fluctuate rapidly based on numerous factors,
including: changes in supply and demand relationships (whether actual,
perceived, anticipated, unanticipated or unrealized); weather; agriculture;
trade; domestic and foreign political and economic events and policies;
diseases; pestilence; technological developments; currency exchange rate
fluctuations; and monetary and other governmental policies, action and inaction.
Commodities include, among other things, energy products, agricultural products,
industrial metals, precious metals and livestock. The commodities markets may
fluctuate widely based on a variety of factors, including overall market
movements, economic events and policies, changes in interest rates or inflation
rates, changes in monetary and exchange control programs, war, acts of
terrorism, natural disasters and technological developments. Variables such as
disease, drought, floods, weather, trade, embargoes, tariffs and other political
events, in particular, may have a larger impact on commodity prices than on
traditional securities. These additional variables may create additional
investment risks that subject an underlying fund’s investments to greater
volatility than investments in traditional securities. The prices of commodities
can also fluctuate widely due to supply and demand disruptions in major
producing or consuming regions. Because certain commodities may be produced in a
limited number of countries and may be controlled by a small number of
producers, political, economic and supply-related events in such countries could
have a disproportionate impact on the prices of such commodities. These factors
may affect the value of an underlying fund in varying ways, and different
factors may cause the value and the volatility of an underlying fund to move in
inconsistent directions at inconsistent rates.
Commodity
Swaps Risk. The
Fund seeks to gain exposure to commodity markets by investing in underlying
funds that have exposure to commodities and this may include exposure to
commodity swaps. If a counterparty to a Commodity swap agreement becomes
bankrupt or otherwise fails to perform its obligations under the commodity swap
due to financial difficulties, the Fund could suffer losses. Central clearing is
designed to reduce counterparty credit risk compared to uncleared commodity
swaps because central clearing interposes the central clearinghouse as the
counterparty to each participant’s swap, but it does not eliminate those risks
completely. Credit risk of cleared commodity swap participants is concentrated
in a few clearinghouses and the consequences of insolvency of a clearinghouse
are not clear. Commodity swaps are subject to pricing risk (i.e., commodity
swaps may be hard to value) and may be considered illiquid.
Commodity-Linked
Derivatives Risk.
The Fund seeks to gain exposure to commodity markets by investing in underlying
funds that have exposure to commodities and this may include exposure to
commodity-linked derivatives. The value of a commodity-linked derivative
investment is typically based upon the price movements of a physical commodity
(such as heating oil, precious metals, livestock, or agricultural products), a
commodity futures contract or commodity index, or some other readily measurable
economic variable. Commodity-linked derivatives provide exposure, which may
include long and/or short exposure, to the investment returns of physical
commodities that trade in the commodities markets without investing directly in
physical commodities. The value of commodity-linked derivative instruments may
be affected by changes in overall market movements, volatility of the underlying
Index, changes in interest rates, or factors affecting a particular industry or
commodity, such as drought, floods, weather, livestock disease, embargoes,
tariffs and international economic, political and regulatory developments. The
value of commodity-linked derivatives will rise or fall in response to changes
in the underlying commodity or related index. Investments in commodity-linked
derivatives may be subject to greater volatility than non-derivative based
investments. A highly liquid secondary market may not exist for certain
commodity-linked derivatives, and there can be no assurance that one will
develop.
Commodity-Linked
Note Risk.
The Fund seeks to gain exposure to commodity markets by investing in underlying
funds that have exposure to commodities and this may include exposure to
commodity-linked notes. Commodity-linked notes have characteristics of both a
debt security and a derivative. Typically, they are issued by a bank at a
specified face value and pay a fixed or floating rate linked to the performance
of an underlying asset, such as commodity indices, particular commodities or
commodity futures contracts. As such, an investor faces the economic risk of
movements in commodity prices by investing in such notes. These notes also are
subject to credit, market and interest rate risks that in general affect the
values of debt securities.
Consumer
Discretionary Sector Risk.
Companies engaged in the design, production or distribution of products or
services for the consumer discretionary sector are subject to the risk that
their products or services may become obsolete quickly. The success of these
companies can depend heavily on disposable household income and consumer
spending. During periods of an expanding economy, the consumer discretionary
sector may outperform the consumer staples sector, but may underperform when
economic conditions worsen.
Counterparty
Risk. Counterparty
risk is the risk that a counterparty to a financial instrument held by the Fund
may become insolvent or otherwise fail to perform its obligations, and the Fund
may obtain no or limited recovery of its investment, and any recovery may be
significantly delayed. Exchange listed options, including FLEX Options, are
issued and guaranteed for settlement by the OCC. The Fund bears the risk that
the OCC will be unable or unwilling to perform its obligations under the options
contracts. In the unlikely event that the OCC becomes insolvent or is otherwise
unable to meet its settlement obligations, the Fund could suffer significant
losses. Additionally, FLEX Options may be illiquid, and in such cases, the Fund
may have difficulty closing out certain FLEX Options positions at desired times
and prices. Also, since the Fund is not a member of the OCC (a “clearing
member”), and only clearing members can participate directly in the OCC, the
Fund will hold options contracts through commingled omnibus accounts at clearing
members. As a result, Fund assets deposited with a clearing member as margin for
options contracts may, in certain circumstances, be used to satisfy losses of
other clients of the Fund’s clearing member. Although clearing members guarantee
performance of their clients’ obligations to the OCC, there is a risk that Fund
assets might not be fully protected in the event of the clearing member’s
bankruptcy.
Credit
Risk.
Debt securities are subject to credit risk. Credit risk refers to the
possibility that the issuer or guarantor of a security will be unable and/or
unwilling to make timely interest payments and/or repay the principal on its
debt or to otherwise honor its obligations and/or default completely. Debt
securities are subject to varying degrees of credit risk, depending on the
issuer’s financial condition and on the terms of the securities, which may be
reflected
in
credit ratings. There is a possibility that the credit rating of a debt security
may be downgraded after purchase or the perception of an issuer’s credit
worthiness may decline, which may adversely affect the value of the
security.
Depositary
Receipts Risk. The
risks of investments in depositary receipts, including American Depositary
Receipts (“ADRs”), European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”), and Global Depositary
Receipts (“GDRs”), are substantially similar to Foreign Investment Risk. In
addition, depositary receipts may not track the price of the underlying foreign
securities, and their value may change materially at times when the U.S. markets
are not open for trading.
Derivatives
Risk. A
derivative is any financial instrument whose value is based on, and determined
by, another asset, rate or index (i.e., stock options, futures contracts, caps,
floors, etc.). Unfavorable changes in the value of the underlying asset, rate or
index may cause sudden losses. Changes in the value of a derivative may not
correlate perfectly with the underlying asset, rate or index, a the Fund could
lose more than the principal amount invested. Derivative instruments are subject
to a number of risks including counterparty, liquidity, interest rate, market,
credit and management risks, as well as the risk of improper valuation.
The
Alpha Architect Value Momentum Trend ETF uses derivatives for hedging purposes;
the Fund primarily uses exchange-traded equity index futures contracts and
exchange-traded interest rate futures contracts, the primary risks associated
with the Fund’s use of derivatives are equity market risk and hedging
risk.
When
the Alpha Architect High Inflation and Deflation ETF obtains exposure to
derivatives through its investments in underlying funds, it will be indirectly
exposed to the risks of those derivatives. The derivatives used by the
underlying funds may be for non-hedging purposes. This use of derivative
instruments may be considered to carry more risk than other types of
investments.
When
the Alpha Architect Tail Risk ETF obtains exposure to derivatives, it will be
indirectly exposed to the risks of those derivatives. See Options Risk below for
more detail on the risks associated with Fund’s use of derivatives. The use of
derivative instruments may be considered to carry more risk than other types of
investments.
Energy
Sector Risk. The
market value of securities in the energy sector may decline for many reasons
including, fluctuations in energy prices and supply and demand of energy fuels
caused by geopolitical events, the success of exploration projects, weather or
meteorological events, taxes, increased governmental or environmental
regulation, resource depletion, rising interest rates, declines in domestic or
foreign production, accidents or catastrophic events that result in injury, loss
of life or property, pollution or other environmental damage claims, terrorist
threats or attacks, among others. Markets for various energy-related commodities
can have significant volatility and are subject to control or manipulation by
large producers or purchasers. Companies in the energy sector may need to make
substantial expenditures, and may incur significant amounts of debt, to maintain
or expand their reserves through exploration of new sources of supply, through
the development of existing sources, through acquisitions, or through long-term
contracts to acquire reserves. Factors adversely affecting producers, refiners,
distributors, or others in the energy sector may adversely affect companies that
service or supply those entities, either because demand for those services or
products is curtailed, or those services or products come under price pressure.
Issuers in the energy sector may also be impacted by changing investor and
consumer preferences arising from the sector’s potential exposure to
sustainability and environmental concerns.
Equity
Investing Risk. An
investment in a Fund involves risks similar to those of investing in any fund
holding equity securities, such as market fluctuations, changes in interest
rates and perceived trends in stock prices. The values of equity securities
could decline generally or could underperform other investments. Different types
of equity securities tend to go through cycles of outperformance and
underperformance in comparison to the general securities markets. In addition,
securities may decline in value due to factors affecting a specific issuer,
market or securities markets generally. Recent turbulence in financial markets
and reduced liquidity in credit and fixed income markets may negatively affect
many issuers worldwide, which may have an adverse effect on a Fund.
Equity
Securities Risk. Investments
in securities whose performance is linked to that of equity securities, such as
SPX options, may fluctuate in value response to many factors, including the
activities of the individual issuers included in the Index, general market and
economic conditions, interest rates, and specific industry changes. Such price
fluctuations subject the Fund to potential losses.
ETF
Risks.
•Authorized
Participants, Market Makers and Liquidity Providers Concentration Risk.
The
Fund has a limited number of financial institutions that may act as Authorized
Participants (“APs”). In addition, there may be a limited number of market
makers and/or liquidity providers in the marketplace. To the extent
either
of the following events occur, Shares may trade at a material discount to NAV
and possibly face delisting: (i) APs exit the business or otherwise become
unable to process creation and/or redemption orders and no other APs step
forward to perform these services, or (ii) market makers and/or liquidity
providers exit the business or significantly reduce their business activities
and no other entities step forward to perform their functions.
•Premium-Discount
Risk.
The
Shares may trade above or below their net asset value (“NAV”). The market prices
of Shares will generally fluctuate in accordance with changes in NAV as well as
the relative supply of, and demand for, Shares on an Exchange or other
securities exchanges. The trading price of Shares may deviate significantly from
NAV during periods of market volatility or limited trading activity in Shares.
In addition, you may incur the cost of the “spread,” that is, any difference
between the bid price and the ask price of the Shares. For the Alpha Architect
International Quantitative Value ETF and the Alpha Architect International
Quantitative Momentum ETF, because securities held by those Funds may trade on
foreign exchanges that are closed when its primary listing exchange is open, a
Fund is likely to experience premiums and discounts greater than those of
domestic ETFs.
•Cost
of Trading Risk.
Investors
buying or selling Shares in the secondary market will pay brokerage commissions
or other charges imposed by brokers as determined by that broker. Brokerage
commissions are often a fixed amount and may be a significant proportional cost
for investors seeking to buy or sell relatively small amounts of Shares. In
addition, secondary market investors will also incur the cost of the difference
between the price that an investor is willing to pay for Shares (the “bid”
price) and the price at which an investor is willing to sell Shares (the “ask”
price). This difference in bid and ask prices is often referred to as the
“spread” or “bid/ask spread.” The bid/ask spread varies over time for Shares
based on trading volume and market liquidity, and is generally lower if Shares
have more trading volume and market liquidity and higher if Shares have little
trading volume and market liquidity. Further, increased market volatility may
cause increased bid/ask spreads.
•Trading
Risk.
Although
the Shares are listed on the Exchange, there can be no assurance that an active
or liquid trading market for them will develop or be maintained. In addition,
trading in Shares on the Exchange may be halted due to market conditions or for
reasons that, in the view of the Exchange, make trading in Shares inadvisable.
When markets are stressed, Shares could suffer erratic or unpredictable trading
activity, extraordinary volatility or wide bid/ask spreads, which could cause
some market makers and APs to reduce their market activity or “step away” from
making a market in ETF shares. This could cause the Fund’s market price to
deviate, materially, from the NAV, and reduce the effectiveness of the ETF
arbitrage process. Further, trading in Shares on the Exchange is subject to
trading halts caused by extraordinary market volatility pursuant to the “circuit
breaker” rules, which temporarily halt trading on the Exchange when a decline in
the S&P 500 Index during a single day reaches certain thresholds (e.g., 7%,
13% and 20%). There can be no assurance that the requirements of the Exchange
necessary to maintain the listing of the Fund will continue to be met or will
remain unchanged. In stressed market conditions, the liquidity of Shares may
begin to mirror the liquidity of the Fund’s underlying portfolio holdings, which
can be significantly less liquid than Shares, and this could lead to differences
between the market price of the Shares and the underlying value of those
Shares.
Financials
Sector Risk. Companies
in the financials sector of an economy are subject to extensive governmental
regulation and intervention, which may adversely affect the scope of their
activities, the prices they can charge, the amount of capital they must maintain
and, potentially, their size. The extent to which the Fund may invest in a
company that engages in securities-related activities or banking is limited by
applicable law. Governmental regulation may change frequently and may have
significant adverse consequences for companies in the financials sector,
including effects not intended by such regulation. Recently enacted legislation
in the U.S. has relaxed capital requirements and other regulatory burdens on
certain U.S. banks. While the effect of the legislation may benefit certain
companies in the financials sector, increased risk taking by affected banks may
also result in greater overall risk in the U.S. and global financials sector.
The impact of changes in capital requirements, or recent or future regulation in
various countries, on any individual financial company or on the financials
sector as a whole cannot be predicted. Certain risks may impact the value of
investments in the financials sector more severely than those of investments
outside this sector, including the risks associated with companies that operate
with substantial financial leverage. Companies in the financials sector may also
be adversely affected by increases in interest rates and loan losses, decreases
in the availability of money or asset valuations, credit rating downgrades and
adverse conditions in other related markets. Insurance companies, in particular,
may be subject to severe price competition and/or rate
regulation,
which may have an adverse impact on their profitability. The financials sector
is particularly sensitive to fluctuations in interest rates. The financials
sector is also a target for cyberattacks, and may experience technology
malfunctions and disruptions. In recent years, cyberattacks and technology
malfunctions and failures have become increasingly frequent in this sector and
have reportedly caused losses to companies in this sector, which may negatively
impact the Fund.
Fixed
Income Risk.
The market value of fixed income securities will change in response to interest
rate changes and other factors, such as changes in the effective maturities and
credit ratings of fixed income investments. During periods of falling interest
rates, the values of outstanding fixed income securities and related financial
instruments generally rise. Conversely, during periods of rising interest rates,
the values of such securities and related financial instruments generally
decline. Fixed income investments are also subject to credit risk. The longer
the effective maturity and duration of the Fund’s portfolio, the more the Fund’s
share price is likely to react to changes in interest rates. (Duration is a
weighted measure of the length of time required to receive the present value of
future payments, both interest and principal, from a fixed income security.)
Some fixed income securities give the issuer the option to call, or redeem, the
securities before their maturity dates. If an issuer calls its security during a
time of declining interest rates, the Fund might have to reinvest the proceeds
in an investment offering a lower yield, and therefore might not benefit from
any increase in value of the security as a result of declining interest rates.
During periods of market illiquidity or rising interest rates, prices of
callable issues are subject to increased price fluctuation. In addition, the
Fund may be subject to extension risk, which occurs during a rising interest
rate environment because certain obligations may be paid off by an issuer more
slowly than anticipated, causing the value of those securities held by the Fund
to fall.
Foreign
Investment Risk. The
Alpha Architect International Quantitative Value ETF, Alpha Architect
International Quantitative Momentum ETF and Alpha Architect Value Momentum Trend
ETF may invest in foreign securities, although the Alpha Architect Value
Momentum Trend ETF’s investments in foreign securities will generally be
indirect through its investments in the Underlying Alpha Architect ETFs. Foreign
investments may include non-U.S. dollar-denominated securities traded outside of
the United States and U.S. dollar-denominated securities of foreign issuers
traded in the United States. Returns on investments in foreign securities could
be more volatile than, or trail the returns on, investments in U.S. securities.
Investments in foreign securities, including investments in American Depositary
Receipts (ADRs), European Depositary Receipts (EDRs) and Global Depositary
Receipts (GDRs) are subject to special risks, including the
following:
Foreign
Securities Risk.
Investments in non-U.S. securities involve risks that may not be present with
investments in U.S. securities. For example, investments in non-U.S. securities
may be subject to risk of loss due to foreign currency fluctuations or to
political or economic instability. There may be less information publicly
available about a non-U.S. issuer than a U.S. issuer. Non-U.S. issuers may be
subject to different accounting, auditing, financial reporting and investor
protection standards than U.S. issuers. Changes to the financial condition or
credit rating of foreign issuers may also adversely affect the value of a Fund’s
securities. Investments in non-U.S. securities may be subject to withholding or
other taxes and may be subject to additional trading, settlement, custodial, and
operational risks. Because legal systems differ, there is also the possibility
that it will be difficult to obtain or enforce legal judgments in some
countries. Since foreign exchanges may be open on days when a Fund does not
price its Shares, the value of the securities in a Fund’s portfolio may change
on days when shareholders will not be able to purchase or sell a Fund’s Shares.
Conversely, Shares may trade on days when foreign exchanges are closed.
Investment in foreign securities may involve higher costs than investment in
U.S. securities, including higher transaction and custody costs as well as the
imposition of additional taxes by foreign governments. Each of these factors can
make investments in a Fund more volatile and potentially less liquid than other
types of investments.
Capital
Controls Risk. Economic
conditions, such as volatile currency exchange rates and interest rates,
political events and other conditions may, without prior warning, lead to
government intervention and the imposition of “capital controls” or
expropriation or nationalization of assets. The possible establishment of
exchange controls or freezes on the convertibility of currency, or the adoption
of other governmental restrictions, might adversely affect an investment in
foreign securities. Capital controls include the prohibition of, or restrictions
on, the ability to transfer currency, securities, or other assets within or out
of a jurisdiction.
Levies
may be placed on profits repatriated by foreign entities (such as a Fund).
Capital controls may impact the ability of a Fund to buy, sell or otherwise
transfer securities or currency, may adversely affect the trading market and
price for Shares of a Fund, and may cause a Fund to decline in
value.
Depositary
Receipt Risk. A
Fund’s investments in foreign companies may be in the form of depositary
receipts, including ADRs, EDRs, and GDRs. ADRs, EDRs, and GDRs are generally
subject to the risks of investing directly in foreign securities and, in some
cases, there may be less information available about the underlying issuers than
would be the case with a direct investment in the foreign issuer. ADRs are U.S.
dollar-denominated receipts representing shares of foreign-based corporations.
GDRs are similar to ADRs but are shares of foreign-based corporations generally
issued by international banks in one or more markets around the world.
Investment in ADRs and GDRs may be more or less liquid than the underlying
shares in their primary trading market and GDRs may be more volatile. Depositary
receipts may be “sponsored” or “unsponsored” and may be unregistered and
unlisted. Sponsored depositary receipts are established jointly by a depositary
and the underlying issuer, whereas unsponsored depositary receipts may be
established by a depositary without participation by the underlying issuer.
Holders of an unsponsored depositary receipt generally bear all the costs
associated with establishing the unsponsored depositary receipt. In addition,
the issuers of the securities underlying unsponsored depositary receipts are not
obligated to disclose material information in the United States and, therefore,
there may be less information available regarding such issuers and there may not
be a correlation between such information and the market value of the depositary
receipts. In general, ADRs must be sponsored, but a Fund may invest in
unsponsored ADRs under certain limited circumstances. It is expected that not
more than 10% of the net assets of a Fund will be invested in unsponsored ADRs.
A Fund’s investments may also include ADRs and GDRs that are not purchased in
the public markets and are restricted securities that can be offered and sold
only to “qualified institutional buyers” under Rule 144A of the Securities Act
of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). The Adviser will determine the
liquidity of these investments pursuant to guidelines established by the Board.
If a particular investment in such ADRs or GDRs is deemed illiquid, that
investment will be included within a Fund’s limitation on investment in illiquid
securities. Moreover, if adverse market conditions were to develop during the
period between a Fund’s decision to sell these types of ADRs or GDRs and the
point at which the Fund is permitted or able to sell such security, the Fund
might obtain a price less favorable than the price that prevailed when it
decided to sell.
Currency
Risk. Each
Fund’s NAV is determined on the basis of U.S. dollars; therefore, a Fund may
lose value if the local currency of a foreign market depreciates against the
U.S. dollar, even if the local currency value of a Fund’s holdings goes up.
Currency exchange rates may fluctuate significantly over short periods of time.
Currency exchange rates also can be affected unpredictably by intervention; by
failure to intervene by U.S. or foreign governments or central banks; or by
currency controls or political developments in the U.S. or abroad. Changes in
foreign currency exchange rates may affect the NAV of a Fund and the price of a
Fund’s Shares. Devaluation of a currency by a country’s government or banking
authority would have a significant impact on the value of any investments
denominated in that currency.
Political
and Economic Risk. A
Fund is subject to foreign political and economic risk not associated with U.S.
investments, meaning that political events (civil unrest, national elections,
changes in political conditions and foreign relations, imposition of exchange
controls and repatriation restrictions), social and economic events (labor
strikes, rising inflation) and natural disasters occurring in a foreign country
could cause a Fund’s investments to experience gains or losses. A Fund also
could be unable to enforce its ownership rights or pursue legal remedies in
countries where it invests.
Foreign
Market and Trading Risk.
The trading markets for many foreign securities are not as active as U.S.
markets and may have less governmental regulation and oversight. Foreign markets
also may have clearance and settlement procedures that make it difficult for a
Fund to buy and sell securities. The procedures and rules governing foreign
transactions and custody (holding of a Fund’s assets) also may involve delays in
payment, delivery or recovery of money or investments. These factors could
result in a loss to a Fund by causing the Fund to be unable to dispose of an
investment or to miss an attractive investment opportunity, or by causing Fund
assets to be uninvested for some period of time.
Risks
Related to Investing in Australia.
Investment in Australian issuers may subject a Fund to regulatory, political,
currency, security, and economic risk specific to Australia. The Australian
economy is heavily dependent on exports from the agricultural and mining
sectors. As a result, the Australian economy is susceptible to fluctuations in
the commodity markets. The Australian economy is also becoming increasingly
dependent on its growing services industry. The Australian economy is dependent
on trading with key trading partners, including the United States, China, Japan,
Singapore, and certain European countries. Reduction in spending on Australian
products and services, or changes in any of the economies, may cause an adverse
impact on the Australian economy. The agricultural and mining sectors of
Australia’s economy account for the
majority
of its exports. Australia is susceptible to fluctuations in the commodity
markets and, in particular, in the price and demand for agricultural products
and natural resources. Any negative changes in these sectors could have an
adverse impact on the Australian economy.
Additionally,
Australia is located in a part of the world that has historically been prone to
natural disasters, such as hurricanes and droughts, and is economically
sensitive to environmental events. Any such event may adversely impact the
Australian economy, causing an adverse impact on the value of a Fund’s
Australian securities.
Risks
Related to Investing in Europe.
The economies of Europe are highly dependent on each other, both as key trading
partners and as in many cases as fellow members maintaining the euro. Reduction
in trading activity among European countries may cause an adverse impact on each
nation’s individual economies. European countries that are part of the Economic
and Monetary Union of the European Union (“EU”) are required to comply with
restrictions on inflation rates, deficits, interest rates, debt levels, and
fiscal and monetary controls, each of which may significantly affect every
country in Europe. Decreasing imports or exports, changes in governmental or EU
regulations on trade, changes in the exchange rate of the euro, the default or
threat of default by an EU member country on its sovereign debt, and recessions
in an EU member country may have a significant adverse effect on the economies
of EU member countries and their trading partners.
Potential
implications of Brexit. In
addition, the United Kingdom resolved to leave the EU, an event commonly known
as “Brexit.” The United Kingdom officially left the EU on January 31, 2020.
Although the UK and EU have made a trade agreement that was entered into force
on May 1, 2021, certain post-EU arrangements were outside the scope of the
negotiating mandate and remain unresolved and subject to further negotiation and
agreement. There remains significant market uncertainty regarding Brexit’s
ramifications, and the range of possible political, regulatory, economic and
market outcomes are difficult to predict. The uncertainty surrounding the UK’s
economy, and its legal, political, and economic relationship with the remaining
member states of the EU, may continue to be a source of instability and cause
considerable disruption in securities markets, including increased volatility
and illiquidity, as well as currency fluctuations in the British pound’s
exchange rate against the U.S. dollar.
Risks
Related to Investing in Japan.
Investments in securities of Japanese issuers involve risks that are specific to
Japan, including certain legal, regulatory, political, economic, nuclear, labor
and natural disaster risks.
The
growth of Japan’s economy has recently lagged that of its Asian neighbors and
other major developed economies. Since 2000, Japan’s economic growth rate has
generally remained low relative to other advanced economies, and it may remain
low in the future. The Japanese economy is heavily dependent on international
trade and has been adversely affected in the past by trade tariffs, other
protectionist measures, competition from emerging economies and the economic
conditions of its trading partners. Japan is also heavily dependent on oil and
other commodity imports, and higher commodity prices could therefore have a
negative impact on the Japanese economy.
Historically,
Japan has had unpredictable national politics and may experience frequent
political turnover. Future political developments may lead to changes in policy
that might adversely affect the Fund’s investments. In addition, China has
become an important trading partner with Japan. Japan’s political relationship
with China, however, is strained and delicate. Should political tension
increase, it could adversely affect the Japanese economy and destabilize the
region as a whole.
The
Japanese economy faces several concerns, including a financial system with large
levels of nonperforming loans, overleveraged corporate balance sheets, extensive
cross-ownership by major corporations, a changing corporate governance
structure, and large government deficits. These issues may cause a slowdown of
the Japanese economy.
The
Japanese yen has fluctuated widely at times, and any increase in its value may
cause a decline in exports that could weaken the Japanese economy. The Japanese
government has, in the past, intervened in the currency markets to attempt to
maintain or reduce the value of the yen. Japanese intervention in the currency
markets could cause the value of the yen to fluctuate sharply and unpredictably
and could cause losses to investors.
The
nuclear power plant catastrophe in Japan in March 2011 may have long-term
effects on the Japanese economy and its nuclear energy industry, the extent of
which are currently unknown.
Japan
has an aging workforce and has experienced a significant population decline in
recent years. Japan’s labor market appears to be undergoing fundamental
structural changes, as a labor market traditionally accustomed to lifetime
employment adjusts to meet the need for increased labor mobility, which may
adversely affect Japan’s economic competitiveness.
Natural
disasters, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, typhoons and tsunamis, could
occur in Japan or surrounding areas and could negatively affect the Japanese
economy, and, in turn, could negatively affect the Funds’ investments in
Japan.
Fund
of Funds Risk.
A Fund’s investment performance largely depends on the investment performance of
its underlying funds. An investment in the Fund is subject to the risks
associated with the underlying funds that comprise the Fund’s portfolio. As
noted above, the risks described in this prospectus apply to the Fund directly
and/or indirectly via its investments in one or more underlying funds (e.g.,
commodity risk). At times, certain of the segments of the market represented by
underlying funds may be out of favor and underperform other segments. The Fund
will indirectly pay a proportional share of the expenses of the underlying funds
in which it invests (including operating expenses and management fees), which
are identified in the fee schedule in the Summary section above as “Acquired
Fund Fees and Expenses.”
With
respect to the Alpha Architect High Inflation and Deflation ETF, the Fund may
invest in passively managed underlying funds or certain underlying funds that do
not produce qualifying income.
A
passively managed underlying fund is an investment company whose goal generally
is to track or replicate a desired index, such as a market or global segment.
ETFs are traded on exchanges and trade similarly to publicly-traded companies.
ETFs also have risks and costs that are similar to publicly-traded companies.
The goal of many ETFs is to correspond generally to the price and yield
performance, before fees and expenses of its underlying index. The risk of not
correlating to the index is an additional risk borne by the investors of such
ETFs. Because ETFs trade on an exchange, they may not trade at net asset value
(“NAV”). Sometimes, the prices of ETFs may vary significantly from the NAVs of
the ETF’s underlying securities. An actively managed ETF’s performance will
reflect its adviser’s ability to make investment decisions that are suited to
achieving the ETF’s investment objectives.
Certain
underlying funds may not produce qualifying income for purposes of the “Income
Requirement” which must be met in order for the Fund to maintain its status as a
regulated investment company under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended
(the “Code”). If one or more underlying funds generates more non-qualifying
income for purposes of the “Income Requirement” than the Fund’s portfolio
management expects, it could cause the Fund to inadvertently fail the “Income
Requirement” thereby causing the Fund to inadvertently fail to qualify as a
regulated investment company under the Code.
The
Fund will pay brokerage commissions in connection with the purchase and sale of
shares of ETFs and other exchange-traded products (“ETPs”). ETPs that invest in
commodities contracts and exposure may be, or may become, subject to regulatory
trading limits that could hurt the value of their securities and could affect
the Fund’s ability to pursue its investment program as described in this
prospectus.
Geopolitical/Natural
Disaster Risks. The
Fund’s investments are subject to geopolitical and natural disaster risks, such
as war, terrorism, trade disputes, political or economic dysfunction within some
nations, public health crises and related geopolitical events, as well as
environmental disasters, epidemics and/or pandemics, which may add to
instability in world economies and volatility in markets. The impact may be
short-term or may last for extended periods.
The
respiratory illness COVID-19 caused by a novel coronavirus has resulted in a
global pandemic and major disruption to economies and markets around the world,
including the United States. Financial markets have experienced extreme
volatility and severe losses, and trading in many instruments has been
disrupted. Liquidity for many instruments has been greatly reduced for periods
of time. Some sectors of the economy and individual issuers have experienced
particularly large losses. For some companies, dividend payments have been
delayed, reduced, or rescinded. These circumstances may continue for an extended
period of time, and may affect adversely the value and liquidity of a Fund’s
investments.
Hedging
Model Risk. The
risk that the Fund’s use of hedging strategies based on mathematical models may
not produce the desired result or risk that the Adviser is unable to trade
certain derivatives effectively or in a timely manner. The Adviser uses a
mathematical approach to the implementation of hedging strategies. Maintenance
of the hedging strategies will not ensure that the Alpha Architect Value
Momentum Trend ETF will deliver competitive
returns.
The use of derivatives in connection with the Fund’s hedging strategies may
expose the Fund to losses (some of which may be sudden) that it would not have
otherwise been exposed to if it had only invested directly in equity securities.
Hedging strategies could limit the Fund’s gains in rising markets and may expose
the Fund to costs to which it would otherwise not have been exposed. The Fund’s
hedging strategies may result in the Fund outperforming the general securities
market during periods of flat or negative market performance and underperforming
the general securities market during periods of positive market
performance.
The
Adviser’s mathematical models used to determine whether to include hedging
strategies may perform differently than expected and may negatively affect Fund
performance for various reasons, including errors in using or building the
models, technical issues implementing the models and various nonquantitative
factors (e.g., market or trading system dysfunctions, and investor fear or
over-reaction).
Hedging
Risk - General.
A hedge is an investment made in order to reduce the risk of adverse price
movements in a security, by taking an offsetting position in a related security
or basket of securities (often a derivative, such as an option or a short sale).
While hedging strategies can be very useful and inexpensive ways of reducing
risk, they are sometimes ineffective due to unexpected changes in the market.
Hedging also involves the risk that changes in the value of the related security
or basket of securities will not match those of the instruments being hedged as
expected, in which case any losses on the instruments being hedged may not be
reduced.
The
gains and losses of the Alpha Architect Value Momentum Trend ETF’s futures
positions may not correlate with the Fund’s direct investments in equity
securities; as a result, these futures contracts may decline in value at the
same time as the Fund’s direct investments in equity securities decline in
value.
The
Fund’s use of hedging strategy also exposes the Fund to the risks of investing
in derivative contracts (see below for more information on derivatives
risks).
High
Portfolio Turnover Risk. A
Fund’s investment strategy (or that of its underlying ETFs) may from
time-to-time result in higher turnover rates. This may increase a Fund’s
brokerage commission costs. The performance of a Fund could be negatively
impacted by the increased brokerage commission costs incurred by the Fund. Rapid
portfolio turnover also exposes shareholders to a higher current realization of
short-term capital gains, distributions of which would generally be taxed to you
as ordinary income and thus cause you to pay higher taxes.
With
respect to the Alpha Architect Tail Risk ETF, Arin Risk Advisors, the Fund’s
sub-adviser, will sell portfolio securities when it is in the interests of the
Fund and its shareholders to do so without regard to the length of time they
have been held. As portfolio turnover may involve paying brokerage commissions
and other transaction costs, there could be additional expenses for the Fund and
those expenses may adversely affect the Fund’s performance. High rates of
portfolio turnover may also result in the realization of short-term capital
gains and losses. Any distributions resulting from such gains will be considered
ordinary income for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Under normal
circumstances, the anticipated portfolio turnover rate for the Fund, including
short-term securities, is expected to be greater than 100%.
Industrials
Sector Risk. The
value of securities issued by companies in the industrials sector may be
affected by supply and demand both for their specific products or services and
for industrials sector products in general. The products of manufacturing
companies may face obsolescence due to rapid technological developments and
frequent new product introduction.
Information
Technology Sector Risk. The
information technology sector includes companies engaged in internet software
and services, technology hardware and storage peripherals, electronic
equipment and components, and semiconductors and semiconductor equipment.
Information technology companies face intense competition, both
domestically and internationally, which may have an adverse effect on profit
margins. Information technology companies may have limited product lines,
markets, financial resources or personnel. The products of information
technology companies may face rapid product obsolescence due to
technological developments and frequent new product introduction, unpredictable
changes in growth rates and competition for the services of qualified
personnel. Failure to introduce new products, develop and maintain a loyal
customer base or achieve general market acceptance for their products could
have a material adverse effect on a company’s business. Companies in the
information technology sector are heavily dependent on intellectual
property and the loss of patent, copyright or trademark protections may
adversely affect the profitability of these companies.
Interest
Rate Risk. Changes
in interest rates can result in losses for fixed-income and other securities.
Specifically, for fixed-income securities or fixed-income ETFs, when interest
rates rise, the market values of the fixed-income
instruments
normally decrease. Typically, the longer the maturity or duration of a
fixed-income security, the greater the security’s sensitivity to changes in
interest rates. For example, the approximate percentage change in the price of a
security with a three-year duration would be expected to drop by approximately
3% in response to a 1% increase in interest rates. Duration is a weighted
measure of the length of time required to receive the present value of future
payments, both interest and principal, from a fixed income security. Generally,
the longer the maturity and duration of a bond or fixed rate security, the more
sensitive it is to this risk. Falling interest rates also create the potential
for a decline in the Fund’s income. Changes in monetary policy, government
policy, government spending and inflation may affect the level of interest
rates. These risks are greater during periods of rising inflation. In addition,
a potential rise in interest rates may result in periods of volatility and
increased redemptions that might require the Fund to liquidate portfolio
securities at disadvantageous prices and times.
Investment
Company Risk. An
investment in other investment companies (including other exchange-traded funds)
is subject to the risks associated with those investment companies, which
include, but are not limited to, the risk that such fund’s investment strategy
may not produce the intended results; the risk that securities in such fund may
underperform in comparison to the general securities markets or other asset
classes; and the risk that the fund will be concentrated in a particular issuer,
market, industry or sector, and therefore will be especially susceptible to loss
due to adverse occurrences affecting that issuer, market, industry or sector.
Moreover, the Fund will incur duplicative expenses from such investments,
bearing its share of that fund’s expenses while also paying its own advisory
fees and trading costs. An ETF may also trade at a discount to its net asset
value. This could, in turn, result in differences between the market price of
the ETF’s shares and the underlying value of those shares. The Fund will pay
brokerage commissions in connection with the purchase and sale of shares of
ETFs. In addition, the Fund may invest in underlying funds which invest a larger
portion of their assets in one or more sectors than many other mutual funds, and
thus will be more susceptible to negative events affecting those sectors. The
Fund may invest in affiliated mutual funds managed by the Adviser and/or
Sub-Adviser (e.g., Alpha Architect Tail Risk ETF and Alpha Architect Value
Momentum ETF). The Adviser and/or Sub-Adviser may be subject to potential
conflicts of interest in selecting underlying funds because the fees paid to it
by certain affiliated underlying funds are higher than the fees paid by other
affiliated and unaffiliated underlying funds. To the extent that the Fund
invests a significant percentage of its assets in any one affiliated mutual fund
or across multiple affiliated mutual funds, the Fund will be subject to a
greater degree to the risks particular to the investment strategies employed by
the Adviser and/or Sub-Adviser.
Investment
Risk. When
you sell your Shares of a Fund, they could be worth less than what you paid for
them. The Funds could lose money due to short-term market movements and over
longer periods during market downturns. Securities may decline in value due to
factors affecting securities markets generally or particular asset classes or
industries represented in the markets. The value of a security may decline due
to general market conditions, economic trends or events that are not
specifically related to the issuer of the security or to factors that affect a
particular industry or group of industries. During a general downturn in the
securities markets, multiple asset classes may be negatively affected.
Therefore, you may lose money by investing in a Fund.
Large-Capitalization
Companies Risk.
Large-capitalization companies may trail the returns of the overall stock
market. Large-capitalization stocks tend to go through cycles of doing better -
or worse - than the stock market in general. These periods have, in the past,
lasted for as long as several years. Larger, more established companies may be
slow to respond to challenges and may grow more slowly than smaller
companies.
Leverage
Risk.
Leverage
risk refers to the potential for increased volatility and losses in a portfolio
due to the use of derivatives or other financial instruments that may magnify
gains and losses beyond the initial investment. The Alpha Architect Tail Risk
ETF will utilize derivatives, such as options, to gain exposure to certain
assets or markets with a smaller initial investment. While leveraging
derivatives can amplify gains, it can also magnify losses significantly.
Leverage could possibly create increased volatility for the Fund. Leveraged
investments tend to be more volatile than non-leveraged ones, meaning their
prices can fluctuate more sharply in response to market changes. This can lead
to larger gains or losses for investors. Understanding and managing leveraged
investments can be complex, requiring careful consideration of the underlying
assets, leverage ratios, and associated risks. The Alpha Architect Tail Risk ETF
seeks to mitigate these risks through monitoring, hedging one option contract
with another (i.e., utilizing an option spread), and stress testing. Leverage
may potentially amplify both gains and losses, making it a suitable strategy for
investors with a high-risk tolerance and a long-term investment horizon.
The
Alpha Architect High Inflation and Deflation ETF does not seek leveraged returns
but as a result of the Fund’s investments in underlying funds that use certain
derivatives it may create investment leverage. As a result, the use of
these
derivatives by the underlying funds may magnify losses to the Fund, and even a
small market movement may result in significant losses to the Fund.
Management
Risk. Each
Fund is actively managed. The Adviser’s (or Sub-Adviser’s) ability to choose
suitable investments and implement a Fund’s investment strategies has a
significant impact on the ability of the Fund to achieve its investment
objectives. In addition, there is the risk that the investment process,
techniques and analyses used by the Sub-Adviser will not produce the desired
investment results and the Fund may lose value as a result. The
Adviser’s (or Sub-Adviser’s) evaluations and assumptions regarding investments
and investment processes and techniques may not successfully achieve the Fund’s
investment objective given actual market trends.
Market
Risk.
The Fund’s net asset value and investment return will fluctuate based upon
changes in the value of its portfolio securities. Stock prices change daily as a
result of many factors, including developments affecting the condition of both
individual companies and the market in general. The price of a stock may even be
affected by factors unrelated to the value or condition of its issuer, such as
changes in interest rates, national and international economic and/or political
conditions and general equity market conditions. In a declining stock market,
prices for all companies (including those in the Fund’s portfolio) may decline
regardless of their long-term prospects. The Fund’s performance per share will
change daily in response to such factors.
Momentum
Style Risk.
Investing in or having exposure to securities with the highest relative momentum
entails investing in securities that have had above-average recent returns.
These securities may be more volatile than a broad cross- section of securities.
Returns on securities that have previously exhibited momentum may be less than
returns on other styles of investing or the overall stock market. Momentum can
turn quickly and cause significant variation from other types of investments,
and stocks that previously exhibited high momentum may not experience continued
highest relative momentum. In addition, there may be periods when the momentum
style is out of favor, and during which the investment performance of a Fund
using a momentum strategy may suffer.
Non-Diversification
Risk.
The Fund is non-diversified, meaning that it is permitted to invest a larger
percentage of its assets in fewer issuers than diversified funds. Thus, the Fund
may be more susceptible to adverse developments affecting any single issuer held
in its portfolio and may be more susceptible to greater losses because of these
developments.
Options
Risk.
•Selling
or Writing Options.
Writing option contracts can result in losses that exceed the seller’s initial
investment and may lead to additional turnover and higher tax liability. The
risk involved in writing a call option is that there could be an increase in the
market value of the underlying or reference asset. An underlying or reference
asset may be an index, equity security, or ETF. If this occurs, the call option
could be exercised and the underlying asset would then be sold at a lower price
than its current market value. In the case of cash settled call options such as
SPX options, the call seller would be required to purchase the call option at a
price that is higher than the original sales price for such call option.
Similarly, while writing call options can reduce the risk of owning the
underlying asset, such a strategy limits the opportunity to profit from an
increase in the market value of the underlying asset in exchange for up-front
cash at the time of selling the call option. The risk involved in writing a put
option is that there could be a decrease in the market value of the underlying
asset. If this occurs, the put option could be exercised and the underlying
asset would then be sold at a higher price than its current market value. In the
case of cash settled put options, the put seller would be required to purchase
the put option at a price that is higher than the original sales price for such
put option.
•Buying
or Purchasing Options Risk.
If a call or put option is not sold when it has remaining value and if the
market price of the underlying asset, in the case of a call option, remains less
than or equal to the exercise price, or, in the case of a put option, remains
equal to or greater than the exercise price, the buyer will lose its entire
investment in the call or put option. Since many factors influence the value of
an option, including the price of the underlying asset, the exercise price, the
time to expiration, the interest rate, and the dividend rate of the underlying
asset, the buyer’s success in implementing an option buying strategy may depend
on an ability to predict movements in the prices of individual assets,
fluctuations in markets, and movements in interest rates. There is no assurance
that a liquid market will exist when the buyer seeks to close out any option
position. When an option is purchased to hedge against price movements in an
underlying asset, the price of the option may move more or less than the price
of the underlying asset.
•Box
Spread Risk.
A Box Spread is a synthetic bond created by combining different options trades
that have offsetting spreads (e.g.,
purchases and sales on the same underlying instrument, such as an index or an
ETF, but with different strike prices). If one or more of these individual
option positions are modified or closed separately prior to the option
contract’s expiration, then the Box Spread may no longer effectively eliminate
risk tied to the underlying asset’s price movement. Furthermore, the Box
Spread’s value is derived in the market and is in part, based on the time until
the options comprising the Box Spread expire and the prevailing market interest
rates. If the Fund (or an underlying ETF) sells a Box Spread prior to its
expiration, then the Fund may incur a loss. The Fund’s ability to profit from
Box Spreads is dependent on the availability and willingness of other market
participants to sell Box Spreads to the Fund (or the underlying ETF) at
competitive prices.
•FLEX
Options Risk.
FLEX
Options are exchange-traded options contracts with uniquely customizable terms
like exercise price, style, and expiration date. Due to their customization and
potentially unique terms, FLEX Options may be less liquid than other securities,
such as standard exchange listed options. In less liquid markets for the FLEX
Options, the Fund may have difficulty closing out certain FLEX Options positions
at desired times and prices. The value of FLEX Options will be affected by,
among others, changes in the underlying share or equity index price, changes in
actual and implied interest rates, changes in the actual and implied volatility
of the underlying shares or equity index and the remaining time to until the
FLEX Options expire. The value of the FLEX Options will be determined based upon
market quotations or using other recognized pricing methods. During periods of
reduced market liquidity or in the absence of readily available market
quotations for the holdings of the Fund, the ability of the Fund to value the
FLEX Options becomes more difficult and the judgment of the Fund’s Sub-Adviser
(employing the fair value procedures adopted by the Board of Trustees of the
Trust) may play a greater role in the valuation of the Fund’s holdings due to
reduced availability of reliable objective pricing data.
Periodic
Reallocation Risk. Because
each Fund’s portfolio will be reconstituted on a periodic basis (that is,
generally monthly for Alpha Architect Value Momentum Trend ETF, and quarterly or
every two months for the Alpha Architect U.S. Quantitative Value ETF, Alpha
Architect International Quantitative Value ETF, Alpha Architect U.S.
Quantitative Momentum ETF, and Alpha Architect International Quantitative
Momentum ETF), (i) each Fund’s market exposure may be affected by significant
market movements promptly following its period reconstitution that are not
predictive of the market’s performance for the subsequent period and (ii)
changes to a Fund’s market exposure may lag a significant change in the market’s
direction (up or down) by as long as a month (for Alpha Architect Value Momentum
Trend ETF) and a quarter (for the other Funds listed above) if those changes
first take effect at or follow closely after a periodic reconstitution. Such
lags between market performance and changes to a Fund’s exposure may result in
significant underperformance relative to the broader equity or fixed income
market.
Portfolio
Size Risk. Pursuant
to its methodology, the Alpha Architect Value Momentum Fund’s portfolio is
composed of a relatively small number of constituents. To the extent that a
significant portion of the Fund’s total assets is invested in a limited number
of holdings, the appreciation or depreciation of any one holding of the Fund may
have a greater impact on the Fund’s NAV than it would if the Fund’s portfolio
was comprised of a greater number of constituents.
Quantitative
Security Selection Risk. Data
for some issuers may be less available and/or less current than data for issuers
in other markets. The Adviser (or Sub-Adviser, as applicable) uses a
quantitative model, and its processes could be adversely affected if erroneous
or outdated data is utilized. In addition, securities selected using a
quantitative model could perform differently from the financial markets as a
whole as a result of the characteristics used in the analysis, the weight placed
on each characteristic and changes in the characteristic’s historical trends.
The factors used in such analyses may not be predictive of a security’s value
and its effectiveness can change over time. These changes may not be reflected
in the quantitative model. here can be no assurance that use of a quantitative
model will enable the Fund to achieve positive returns or outperform the
market.
Real
Estate Investment Risk.
Companies in the real estate sector include companies that invest in real
estate, such as real estate investment trusts (REITs) and real estate management
and development companies. Companies that invest in real estate are subject to
the risks of owning real estate directly as well as to risks that relate
specifically to the way that such companies operate, including management risk
(such companies are dependent upon the management skills of a few key
individuals and may have limited financial resources). Adverse economic,
business or political developments affecting real estate could have a major
effect on the value of an underlying fund’s
investments.
Investing in real estate is subject to such risks as decreases in real estate
values, overbuilding, increased competition and other risks related to local or
general economic conditions, increases in operating costs and property taxes,
changes in zoning laws, casualty or condemnation losses, possible environmental
liabilities, regulatory limitations on rent, possible lack of availability of
mortgage financing, market saturation, fluctuations in rental income and the
value of underlying properties and extended vacancies of properties. Certain
real estate securities have a relatively small market capitalization, which may
tend to increase the volatility of the market price of these securities. Real
estate securities have limited diversification and are, therefore, subject to
risks inherent in operating and financing a limited number of projects. Real
estate securities are also subject to heavy cash flow dependency and defaults by
borrowers or tenants. The Fund’s investments in REITs are subject to additional
risks, such as poor performance by the manager of the REIT or failure by the
REIT to qualify for tax-free pass through of income under the Code.
Risk
of U.S. Treasury Bills.
Direct obligations of the U.S. Treasury have historically involved little risk
of loss of principal if held to maturity. However, due to fluctuations in
interest rates, the market value of such securities may vary.
Short
Sale Risk. The
Alpha Architect Value Momentum Trend ETF is subject to short sales risk.
Short sales are transactions in which the Fund sells a security it does not own.
The Fund must borrow the security to make delivery to the buyer. The Fund is
then obligated to replace the security borrowed by purchasing the security at
the market price at the time of replacement. The price at such time may be
higher or lower than the price at which the security was sold by the Fund. If
the underlying security goes down in price between the time the Fund sells the
security and buys it back, the Fund will realize a gain on the transaction.
Conversely, if the underlying security goes up in price during the period, the
Fund will realize a loss on the transaction. Because the market price of the
security sold short could increase without limit, the Fund could be subject to a
theoretically unlimited loss. The risk of such price increases is the principal
risk of engaging in short sales.
In
addition, the Fund’s investment performance may suffer if the Fund is required
to close out a short position earlier than it had intended. This would occur if
the securities lender required the Fund to deliver the securities the Fund
borrowed at the commencement of the short sale and the Fund was unable to borrow
the securities from another securities lender or otherwise obtain the security
by other means. Moreover, the Fund may be subject to expenses related to short
sales that are not typically associated with investing in securities directly,
such as costs of borrowing and margin account maintenance costs associated with
the Fund’s open short positions. These expenses negatively impact the
performance of the Fund. For example, when the Fund short sells an equity
security that pays a dividend, it is obligated to pay the dividend on the
security it has sold. However, a dividend paid on a security sold short
generally reduces the market value of the shorted security and thus, increases
the Fund’s unrealized gain or reduces the Fund’s unrealized loss on its short
sale transaction. To the extent that the dividend that the Fund is obligated to
pay is greater than the return earned by the Fund on investments, the
performance of the Fund will be negatively impacted. Furthermore, the Fund may
be required to pay a premium or interest to the lender of the security. The
foregoing types of short sale expenses are sometimes referred to as the
“negative cost of carry,” and will tend to cause the Fund to lose money on a
short sale even in instances where the price of the underlying security sold
short does not change over the duration of the short sale.
Small-
and Mid-Capitalization Company Risk.
Investing
in securities of small- and mid-capitalization companies involves greater risk
than customarily is associated with investing in larger, more established
companies. These companies’ securities may be more volatile and less liquid than
those of more established companies. As a result, a company’s share price may be
affected by poorly executed trades, even if the underlying business of the
company is unchanged. These securities may have returns that vary, sometimes
significantly, from the overall securities market. Small- and mid-capitalization
companies are sometimes more dependent on key personnel or limited product lines
than larger, more diversified companies. Often small- and mid-capitalization
companies and the industries in which they focus are still evolving and, as a
result, they may be more sensitive to changing market conditions.
Tax
Risk.
The Fund intends to qualify as a RIC under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as
amended. However, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of certain aspects of
the options strategy employed by the Fund are not entirely clear under existing
law, including identifying the issuer of an option, and could affect such
qualification. If, in any year, the Fund fails to qualify as a RIC, the Fund
itself generally would be subject to U.S. federal income taxation and
distributions received by its shareholders generally would be subject to further
U.S. federal income taxation.
Underlying
Alpha Architect ETFs Risks. The
Alpha Architect Value Momentum Trend ETF invests a substantial portion of its
assets in the Alpha Architect ETFs, so the Fund’s investment performance is
directly related to the performance of the Alpha Architect ETFs. The Fund’s NAV
will change with changes in the value of the Alpha Architect ETFs and other
instruments in which the Fund invests based on their market valuations. If the
investment advisory fee waiver is discontinued, an investment in the Fund may
entail more costs and expenses than the combined costs and expenses of direct
investments in the Alpha Architect ETFs and the costs and expense of engaging in
hedging strategies as contemplated by the Adviser. Additionally, absent the
costs and expenses of engaging in hedging strategies, the total operating
expenses of the Fund would entail more costs and expenses than the combined
costs and expenses of direct investments in the Alpha Architect
ETFs.
U.S.
Government Securities Risk. Some
U.S. Government securities, such as Treasury bills, notes, and bonds and
mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by the Government National Mortgage
Association (Ginnie Mae), are supported by the full faith and credit of the
United States; others are supported by the right of the issuer to borrow from
the U.S. Treasury; others are supported by the discretionary authority of the
U.S. Government to purchase the agency’s obligations; still others are supported
only by the credit of the issuing agency, instrumentality, or enterprise.
Although U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises may be chartered or sponsored by
Congress, they are not funded by Congressional appropriations, their securities
are not issued by the U.S. Treasury, their obligations are not supported by the
full faith and credit of the U.S. Government, and so investments in their
securities or obligations issued by them involve greater risk than investments
in other types of U.S. Government securities. In addition, certain governmental
entities have been subject to regulatory scrutiny regarding their accounting
policies and practices and other concerns that may result in legislation,
changes in regulatory oversight and/or other consequences that could adversely
affect the credit quality, availability or investment character of securities
issued or guaranteed by these entities.
Valuation
Risk.
Some portfolio holdings, potentially a large portion of the Fund’s investment
portfolio, may be valued on the basis of factors other than market quotations.
This may occur more often in times of market turmoil or reduced liquidity. There
are multiple methods that can be used to value a portfolio holding when market
quotations are not readily available. The value established for any portfolio
holding at a point in time might differ from what would be produced using a
different methodology or if it had been priced using market
quotations.
Portfolio
holdings that are valued using techniques other than market quotations,
including “fair valued” securities, may be subject to greater fluctuation in
their valuations from one day to the next than if market quotations were used.
In addition, there is no assurance that the Fund could sell or close out a
portfolio position for the value established for it at any time, and it is
possible that the Fund would incur a loss because a portfolio position is sold
or closed out at a discount to the valuation established by the Fund at that
time.
Value
Style Investing Risk.
A value stock may not increase in price if other investors fail to recognize the
company’s value or the markets favor faster-growing companies. A Fund’s policy
of investing in securities that may be out of favor, including turnarounds,
cyclical companies, companies reporting poor earnings and companies whose share
prices have declined sharply or that are less widely followed by other
investors, differs from the approach followed by many other funds.
Cyclical
stocks in which a Fund may invest tend to increase in value more quickly during
periods of anticipated economic upturns than noncyclical stocks, but they also
tend to lose value more quickly in periods of anticipated economic downturns.
Companies emerging from bankruptcy may have difficulty retaining customers and
suppliers. These companies may have relatively weak balance sheets and, during
economic downturns, they may have insufficient cash flow to pay their debt
obligations and difficulty finding additional financing needed for their
operations.
FUND
MANAGEMENT
Investment
Adviser
Empowered
Funds, LLC dba EA Advisers acts as each Fund’s investment adviser. The Adviser
is located at 19 East Eagle Road, Havertown, PA 19083 and is wholly owned by
Alpha Architect LLC. The Adviser is registered with the Securities and Exchange
Commission (“SEC”) under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and provides
investment advisory services solely to the Funds and other exchange-traded
funds. The Adviser was founded in October 2013.
All
Funds except Alpha Architect Tail Risk ETF
The
Adviser is responsible for overseeing the management and business affairs of the
Funds and has discretion to purchase and sell securities in accordance with the
Funds’ objectives, policies, and restrictions. The Adviser continuously reviews,
supervises, and administers the Funds’ investment programs. Pursuant to the
terms of investment advisory agreements (the “Advisory Agreements”) between the
Trust and the Adviser each Fund will pay the Adviser an annual advisory fee
based on its average daily net assets for the services and facilities it
provides payable at the annual rates set forth in the table below:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Fund |
Current
Advisory Fee |
Aggregate
Advisory
Fee
Paid Last Fiscal Year1 |
Alpha
Architect U.S. Quantitative Value ETF |
0.29 |
% |
| $1,018,002 |
Alpha
Architect International Quantitative Value ETF |
0.39 |
% |
| $698,963 |
Alpha
Architect U.S. Quantitative Momentum ETF |
0.29 |
% |
| $579,497 |
Alpha
Architect International Quantitative Momentum ETF |
0.39 |
% |
| $362,815 |
Alpha
Architect Value Momentum Trend ETF |
0.45 |
% |
2 |
$172,558 |
Alpha
Architect High Inflation and Deflation ETF |
0.29 |
% |
3 |
$32,667 |
1.From
January 31, 2023 through September 30, 2023, the management fees for the Alpha
Architect Quantitative Value ETF and the Alpha Architect Quantitative Momentum
ETF were each 0.39%, and the management fees for the Alpha Architect
International Quantitative Value ETF and the Alpha Architect International
Quantitative Momentum ETF were each 0.49%. From October 1, 2022 through January
30, 2023, the management fees for the Alpha Architect Quantitative Value ETF and
the Alpha Architect Quantitative Momentum ETF were each 0.49%, and the
management fees for the Alpha Architect International Quantitative Value ETF and
the Alpha Architect International Quantitative Momentum ETF were each
0.59%.
2.The
Adviser has contractually agreed to waive all or a portion of its management fee
of 45 basis points (0.45%) for the Alpha Architect Value Momentum Trend ETF
until at least January 31, 2025 to the extent necessary to prevent
(i) management fees paid to the Adviser for the Alpha Architect Value
Momentum Trend ETF plus (ii) the aggregate amount of management fees paid to the
Adviser for management of the Alpha Architect ETFs that are directly
attributable to the Alpha Architect Value Momentum Trend ETF’s ownership of
shares of the Alpha Architect ETFs, from exceeding 0.69% of the Alpha Architect
Value Momentum Trend ETF’s daily net assets. With respect to the Alpha Architect
Value Momentum Trend ETF, the fee waiver agreement may be terminated after its
expiration date only by agreement of the Adviser and the Board of Trustees. Net
of waiver, the Fund paid the Adviser $98,445 for the fiscal year ended September
30, 2023.
3.With
respect to the Alpha Architect High Inflation and Deflation ETF, the Adviser has
contractually agreed to waive receipt of its management fees and/or assume
expenses of the Fund to the extent necessary to offset acquired fund fees and
expenses so that the total annual operating expenses of the Fund (excluding
payments under the Fund’s Rule 12b-1 distribution and service plan (if any),
brokerage expenses, taxes (including tax-related services), interest (including
borrowing costs), litigation expense (including class action-related services)
and other non-routine or extraordinary expenses) do not exceed 0.29% of the
Fund’s average daily net assets. This agreement is in effect until November 15,
2025, and it may be terminated before that date only by a majority vote of the
“non-interested” trustees. Net of waiver, the Fund paid the Adviser $30,538 for
the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023.
The
Adviser (or an affiliate of the Adviser) bears all of the Adviser’s own costs
associated with providing these advisory services and all expenses of the Funds,
except for the fee payment under the Advisory Agreements, payments under each
Fund’s Rule 12b-1 Distribution and Service Plan (the “Plan”), brokerage
expenses, acquired fund fees and expenses (AFFEs), taxes, interest (including
borrowing costs), litigation expense and other non-routine or extraordinary
expenses. The Advisory Agreement for a Fund provides that it may be terminated
at any time, without the payment of any penalty, by the Board or, with respect
to a Fund, by a majority of the outstanding
shares
of the Fund, on 60 days’ written notice to the Adviser, and by the Adviser upon
60 days’ written notice, and that it shall be automatically terminated if it is
assigned.
Alpha
Architect Tail Risk ETF only
The
Adviser reviews and supervises the activities of Arin Risk Advisors with respect
to the Fund. Notwithstanding the delegation of discretionary authority to Arin
Risk Advisors, the Adviser retains primary responsibility with respect to all
matters relating to the Fund. Pursuant to the terms of an investment advisory
agreement (the “Advisory Agreement”) between the Trust and the Adviser, the
Adviser is entitled to receive an annual advisory fee based on its average daily
net assets as set forth in the table below:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Fund |
Current
Advisory Fee |
Aggregate
Advisory
Fee
Paid Last Fiscal Year1 |
Alpha
Architect Tail Risk ETF |
0.63 |
% |
| $571,945 |
1.The
Adviser has contractually agreed to waive receipt of its management fees and/or
assume expenses of the Fund so that the total annual operating expenses of the
Fund, including any AFFE related to any Fund investments in the Alpha Architect
1-3 Month Box ETF, (excluding payments under the Fund’s Rule 12b-1 distribution
and service plan (if any), brokerage expenses, taxes (including tax-related
services), interest (including borrowing costs), litigation expense (including
class action-related services) and other non-routine or extraordinary expenses)
do not exceed 0.63% of the Fund’s average daily net assets. Any AFFE associated
with investments in any acquired funds other than the Alpha Architect 1-3 Month
Box ETF are not included in the fee waiver. This agreement may only be changed
or terminated by a vote of the holders of a majority of the Fund’s outstanding
voting securities. Net of waiver, the Fund paid the Adviser $464,245 for the
fiscal period ended September 30, 2023.
The
Adviser (or an affiliate of the Adviser) bears all of the Adviser’s own costs
associated with providing these advisory services and all expenses of the Fund,
except for the fee payment under the Advisory Agreement, payments under the
Fund’s Rule 12b-1 Distribution and Service Plan (the “Plan”), brokerage
expenses, AFFE (including affiliated funds’ fees and expenses), taxes (including
tax-related services), interest (including borrowing costs), litigation expense
(including class action-related services) and other non-routine or extraordinary
expenses.
The
Advisory Agreement for the Fund provides that it may be terminated at any time,
without the payment of any penalty, by the Board of Trustees of the Trust (the
“Board”) or, with respect to the Fund, by a majority of the outstanding shares
of the Fund, on 60 days’ written notice to the Adviser, and by the Adviser upon
60 days’ written notice, and that it shall be automatically terminated if it is
assigned.
Investment
Sub-Adviser (Alpha Architect High Inflation and Deflation ETF only)
Sub-Adviser:
The Adviser has retained Alpha Architect, LLC (“Alpha Architect”), an investment
adviser registered with the SEC under the Advisers Act, to provide sub-advisory
services for the Alpha Architect High Inflation and Deflation ETF. Alpha
Architect is located at 19 East Eagle Road, Havertown, PA 19083 and is the
parent company of the Adviser. Alpha Architect provides investment advisory
services to separately managed accounts, the Fund and other exchange-traded
funds. Alpha Architect was founded in July 2010 and is responsible for
determining the investments for the Fund, subject to the overall supervision and
oversight of the Adviser and the Board.
Alpha
Architect performs its services as a non-discretionary sub-adviser, which means
that Alpha Architect is not responsible for selecting brokers or placing the
Fund’s trades. Rather, Alpha Architect constructs the overall portfolio and
provides trading instructions to the Adviser and, in turn, the Adviser is
responsible for selecting brokers and placing the Fund’s trades. It is
anticipated that the Adviser will generally adhere to Alpha Architect’s
recommendations.
For
its services, the Adviser pays Alpha Architect, a fee, which is calculated daily
and paid monthly, at an annual rate based on the Fund’s average daily net assets
as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Fund |
Current
Sub-Advisory Fee |
| Aggregate
Sub-Advisory Fee Paid Last Fiscal Year |
Alpha
Architect High Inflation and Deflation ETF |
0.15% |
| $0* |
*Pursuant
to the arrangements between Alpha Architect, LLC and the Adviser, the
Sub-Advisory fees were waived for the fiscal period of November 16, 2022
(commencement of operations) through September 30,
2023. |
Investment
Sub-Adviser (Alpha Architect Tail Risk ETF only)
Sub-Adviser:
The Adviser has retained Arin Risk Advisors, LLC (“Arin Risk Advisors” or the
“Sub-Adviser”) to provide sub-advisory services to the Fund. Arin Risk Advisors
is located at 1100 East Hector Street, Suite 215, Conshohocken, Pennsylvania
19428-2980. Arin Risk Advisors was established in 2009 and is registered as an
investment adviser with the SEC under the Advisers Act.
Pursuant
to a sub-advisory agreement (the “Sub-Advisory Agreement”), Arin Risk Advisors
has discretion to purchase and sell securities in accordance with the Fund’s
objectives, policies, and restrictions. Arin Risk Advisors continuously reviews,
supervises, and administers the Fund’s investment program subject to oversight
by the Adviser. For its services, the Adviser pays Arin Risk Advisors, a fee,
which is calculated daily and paid monthly, at an annual rate based on the
Fund’s average daily net assets as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Fund |
Current
Sub-Advisory Fee |
| Aggregate
Sub-Advisory Fee Paid Last Fiscal Year |
Alpha
Architect Tail Risk ETF |
0.30% |
| $346,005 |
Fund
Sponsor (Alpha Architect High Inflation and Deflation ETF only)
The
Adviser has entered into a fund sponsorship agreement with Alpha Architect (the
“Fund Sponsor”). Under this arrangement, the Fund Sponsor has agreed to provide
financial support to the Fund (as described below) and, in turn, the Adviser has
agreed to share with the Fund Sponsor a portion of profits, if any, generated by
the Fund’s Advisory Fee (also as described below). Every month, the Advisory
Fee, which is a unitary management fee, is calculated and paid to the
Adviser.
If
the amount of the unitary management fee exceeds the Fund’s operating expenses
and the Adviser-retained amount, the Adviser pays the net total to the Fund
Sponsor. The amount paid to the Fund Sponsor represents both the sub-advisory
fee and any remaining profits from the Advisory Fee. During months where there
are no profits or the funds are not sufficient to cover the entire sub-advisory
fee, the sub-advisory fee is automatically waived.
If
the amount of the unitary management fee is less than the Fund’s operating
expenses and the Adviser-retained amount, Fund Sponsor is obligated to reimburse
the Adviser for the shortfall.
Fund
Sponsor (Alpha Architect Tail Risk ETF only)
The
Adviser has entered into a fund sponsorship agreement with Arin Risk Advisors
pursuant to which Arin Risk Advisors is also the sponsor of the Fund (“Fund
Sponsor”). Under this arrangement, the Fund Sponsor has agreed to provide
financial support to the Fund (as described below) and, in turn, the Adviser has
agreed to share with the Fund Sponsor a portion of profits, if any, generated by
the Fund’s Advisory Fee (also as described below). Every month, the Advisory
Fee, which is a unitary management fee, is calculated and paid to the
Adviser.
If
the amount of the unitary management fee exceeds the Fund’s operating expenses
and the Adviser-retained amount, the Adviser pays the net total to the Fund
Sponsor. The amount paid to the Fund Sponsor represents both the sub-advisory
fee and any remaining profits from the Advisory Fee. During months where there
are no profits or the funds are not sufficient to cover the entire sub-advisory
fee, the sub-advisory fee is automatically waived.
If
the amount of the unitary management fee is less than the Fund’s operating
expenses and the Adviser-retained amount, Fund Sponsor is obligated to reimburse
the Adviser for the shortfall.
APPROVAL
OF ADVISORY AND SUB-ADVISORY AGREEMENTS
A
discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Advisory
Agreement with respect to the Alpha Architect U.S. Quantitative Value ETF, Alpha
Architect International Quantitative Value ETF, Alpha Architect U.S.
Quantitative Momentum ETF, Alpha Architect International Quantitative Momentum
ETF, and Alpha Architect Value Momentum Trend ETF is available in the Funds’
Annual
Report
for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022.
A
discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Advisory
Agreement and Sub-Advisory Agreement with respect to the Alpha Architect High
Inflation and Deflation ETF is available in the Fund’s Semi-Annual Report
for the fiscal period ended March 31, 2023.
A
discussion regarding the basis for the Board’s approval of the Advisory
Agreement and Sub-Advisory Agreement with respect to the Alpha Architect Tail
Risk ETF is available in the Fund’s Semi-Annual Report
for the fiscal period ended March 31, 2023.
PORTFOLIO
MANAGERS
Alpha
Architect U.S. Quantitative Value ETF, Alpha Architect International
Quantitative Value ETF, Alpha Architect U.S. Quantitative Momentum ETF, Alpha
Architect International Quantitative Momentum ETF, and Alpha Architect Value
Momentum Trend ETF
Messrs.
Wesley R. Gray, John Vogel, Wm. Joshua Russell, and Richard Shaner are
co-portfolio managers, responsible for the day-to-day management of the Alpha
Architect U.S. Quantitative Value ETF, Alpha Architect International
Quantitative Value ETF, Alpha Architect U.S. Quantitative Momentum ETF, Alpha
Architect International Quantitative Momentum ETF, and Alpha Architect Value
Momentum Trend ETF.
Alpha
Architect High Inflation and Deflation ETF
Messrs.
Wesley R. Gray and John Vogel are co-portfolio managers, responsible for the
day-to-day management of the Alpha Architect High Inflation and Deflation
ETF.
Wesley
R. Gray, Ph.D., is the founder and Executive Managing Member of the Adviser,
which he founded in 2014, and Alpha Architect, which he founded in 2010. With
respect to Alpha Architect U.S. Quantitative Value ETF, Alpha Architect
International Quantitative Value ETF, Alpha Architect U.S. Quantitative Momentum
ETF, Alpha Architect International Quantitative Momentum ETF, and Alpha
Architect Value Momentum Trend ETF, Dr. Gray was a portfolio manager of each
Fund from its inception until 2017 and became a portfolio manager of each Fund
again in 2022; from 2017 through 2022, Dr. Gray was an index manager of the
respective indices that the Funds tracked. With respect to Alpha Architect High
Inflation and Deflation ETF, Dr. Gray has served as a portfolio manager of the
Fund since its inception.
Dr.
Gray has published four books: Embedded: A Marine Corps Adviser Inside the Iraqi
Army, Quantitative Value: A Practitioner’s Guide to Automating Intelligent
Investment and Eliminating Behavioral Errors, DIY Financial Advisor: A Simple
Solution to Build and Protect Your Wealth, and Quantitative Momentum: A
Practitioner’s Guide to Building a Momentum-Based Stock Selection System. Since
2010, Dr. Gray has served as a finance professor at Drexel University’s LeBow
College of Business. In 2010, Dr. Gray received a Ph.D./M.B.A. in Finance from
the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. From 2004 through 2008, Dr.
Gray was a Ground Intelligence Officer in the United States Marine Corps,
attaining the rank of captain. Dr. Gray graduated magna cum laude with a B.S.
from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Gray holds the
Series 65 and 3 licenses.
John
Vogel, Ph.D., has been a Managing Member of Alpha Architect since 2012 where he
serves as the CFO, heads the research department and assists in business
development and operations. With respect to Alpha Architect U.S. Quantitative
Value ETF, Alpha Architect International Quantitative Value ETF, Alpha Architect
U.S. Quantitative Momentum ETF, Alpha Architect International Quantitative
Momentum ETF, and Alpha Architect Value Momentum Trend ETF, Dr. Vogel was a
portfolio manager of each Fund from its inception until 2017 and became a
portfolio manager of each Fund again in 2022; from 2017 through 2022, Dr. Vogel
was an index manager of the respective indices that the Funds tracked. With
respect to Alpha Architect High Inflation and Deflation ETF, Dr. Vogel has
served as a portfolio manager of the Fund since its inception
Dr.
Vogel conducts research in empirical asset pricing and behavioral finance and is
a co-author of DIY Financial Advisor: A Simple Solution to Build and Protect
Your Wealth, and Quantitative Momentum: A Practitioner’s Guide to Building a
Momentum-Based Stock Selection System. His academic experience involves being an
instructor and
research
assistant at Drexel University from September 2006 until March 2014 in both the
Finance and Mathematics departments as well as an adjunct finance instructor at
Villanova University since January 2015. Dr. Vogel received a Ph.D. in Finance
from Drexel University. He has a M.S. in Mathematics from Drexel University, and
graduated summa cum laude with a B.S. in Mathematics and Education from The
University of Scranton. Dr. Vogel holds the Series 65 license.
Mr.
Wm. Joshua Russell, PhD, CFA has been a Senior Portfolio Manager with the
Advisor since October 2022 and a portfolio manager of each of Alpha Architect
U.S. Quantitative Value ETF, Alpha Architect International Quantitative Value
ETF, Alpha Architect U.S. Quantitative Momentum ETF, Alpha Architect
International Quantitative Momentum ETF, and Alpha Architect Value Momentum
Trend ETF since January 2023. Prior to this he was a Portfolio Manager at Carson
Group where he was responsible for approximately $1.7 billion in assets. He has
also served in quant research roles as VP, Sr. Research Analyst at Franklin
Templeton and Senior Quantitative Strategist at WisdomTree. Prior to entering
the industry, Dr. Russell was a PhD candidate where he conducted research on
large-scale distributed systems for the US Army, the US Air Force, and NASA. He
earned a PhD in Electrical and Computer Engineering, a Masters in Economics, and
a Masters in Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of
California, Santa Barbara. He earned a Bachelor of Science in Electrical
Engineering from the University of Washington and is a CFA®
Charterholder.
Mr.
Richard Shaner has been portfolio manager of each of Alpha Architect U.S.
Quantitative Value ETF, Alpha Architect International Quantitative Value ETF,
Alpha Architect U.S. Quantitative Momentum ETF, Alpha Architect International
Quantitative Momentum ETF, and Alpha Architect Value Momentum Trend ETF since
2022. Mr. Shaner has advised on trading and execution matters for the Adviser
since January 2021, where he supports trading operations and assists in
quantitative research. Prior to Mr. Shaner’s tenure with the Adviser,
Mr. Shaner executed various trading strategies for a private family office.
Mr. Shaner has a B.Sc in Kinesiology and Applied Physiology from the University
of Colorado. He is also a CFA® Charterholder.
Alpha
Architect Tail Risk ETF
Messrs.
Lawrence Lempert and Joseph DeSipio, each of Arin Risk Advisors, are
co-portfolio managers and are jointly and primarily responsible for the
day-to-day management of the Alpha Architect Tail Risk ETF since its inception
in 2023.
Lawrence
Lempert has been the trading director and chief compliance officer of Arin Risk
Advisors since 2011. Prior to joining Arin Risk Advisors, he founded and managed
Bullock Capital, LLC, a proprietary stock/option trading and market making
broker dealer and previously served as a Specialist, market maker and Index
options trader with Susquehanna International Group. Mr. Lempert earned a
Bachelor of Science degree in Statistics and Economics from Rutgers College, a
Juris Doctor from Villanova University School of Law, and a Master of Laws in
Taxation from New York University School of Law.
Joseph
DeSipio is the co-founder and chief market strategist of Arin Risk Advisors
since the firm’s founding in 2009. He previously held strategist and lead
portfolio manager positions with SEI Investments, Evergreen Investments,
Wachovia, and Vector Capital Management, Inc. Mr. DeSipio founded Evergreen
Investments’ Options Strategy Group in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Mr. DeSipio
earned a Bachelor of Science degree from Indiana University of Pennsylvania and
Master of Arts degree in Economics from Temple University. Mr. DeSipio is a CFA®
charterholder. He earned the right to use the Chartered Financial Analyst
designation. He is a Financial Risk Manager – Certified by the Global
Association of Risk Professionals.
Messrs.
Lempert and DeSipio have each served as a portfolio manager of the Predecessor
Mutual Fund since its inception in August 2013.
The
Funds’ SAI provides additional information about the portfolio managers,
including other accounts each manages, their ownership in the Funds and
compensation.
OTHER
SERVICE PROVIDERS
Quasar
Distributors, LLC (“Distributor”) serves as the distributor of Creation Units
(defined above) for the Funds on an agency basis. The Distributor does not
maintain a secondary market in Shares.
U.S.
Bancorp Fund Services, LLC, doing business as U.S. Bank Global Fund Services, is
the administrator, fund accountant, and transfer agent for the
Funds.
U.S.
Bank National Association is the custodian for the Funds.
Practus,
LLP, 11300 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Suite 310, Leawood, Kansas 66211, serves as
legal counsel to the Trust.
Tait,
Weller & Baker, LLP, 50 South 16th Street, Suite 2900, Philadelphia, PA
19102, serves as the Funds’ independent registered public accounting firm. The
independent registered public accounting firm is responsible for auditing the
annual financial statements of the Funds.
THE
EXCHANGE
Shares
of the Funds are not sponsored, endorsed, or promoted by the Exchanges. The
Exchanges are not responsible for, nor has it participated, in the determination
of the timing of, prices of, or quantities of Shares of a Fund to be issued, nor
in the determination or calculation of the equation by which the Shares are
redeemable. The Exchanges have no obligation or liability to owners of the
Shares of the Funds in connection with the administration, marketing or trading
of the Shares of the Funds. Without limiting any of the foregoing, in no event
shall an Exchange have any liability for any direct, indirect, special,
punitive, consequential or any other damages (including lost profits) even if
notified of the possibility of such damages.
BUYING
AND SELLING FUND SHARES
Shares
will be issued or redeemed by each Fund at NAV per Share only in Creation Units
as follows: 10,000 Shares for each of Alpha Architect U.S. Quantitative Value
ETF, Alpha Architect U.S. Quantitative Momentum ETF, Alpha Architect Value
Momentum Trend ETF, and Alpha Architect High Inflation and Deflation ETF; and
25,000 Shares for each of Alpha Architect International Quantitative Value ETF
and Alpha Architect International Quantitative Momentum ETF. Creation Units are
generally issued and redeemed only in-kind for securities although a portion may
be in cash.
With
respect to the Alpha Architect Tail Risk ETF only, shares will be issued or
redeemed by the Fund at NAV per Share only in Creation Units of 10,000 Shares.
Purchases of Creation Units will primarily be in cash whereas redemptions of
Creation Units will generally be in-kind and in cash.
Shares
will trade on the secondary market, however, which is where most retail
investors will buy and sell Shares. It is expected that only a limited number of
institutional investors, called Authorized Participants or “APs,” will purchase
and redeem Shares directly from the Funds. APs may acquire Shares directly from
the Funds, and APs may tender their Shares for redemption directly to the Funds,
at NAV per Share only in large blocks, or Creation Units. Purchases and
redemptions directly with the Funds must follow the Funds’ procedures, which are
described in the SAI.
Except
when aggregated in Creation Units, Shares are not redeemable with the
Funds.
BUYING
AND SELLING SHARES ON THE SECONDARY MARKET
Most
investors will buy and sell Shares in secondary market transactions through
brokers and, therefore, must have a brokerage account to buy and sell Shares.
Shares can be bought or sold through your broker throughout the trading day like
shares of any publicly traded issuer. The Trust does not impose any redemption
fees or restrictions on redemptions of Shares in the secondary market. When
buying or selling Shares through a broker, you will incur customary brokerage
commissions and charges, and you may pay some or all of the spread between the
bid and the offered prices in the secondary market for Shares. The price at
which you buy or sell Shares (i.e.,
the market price) may be more or less than the NAV of the Shares. Unless imposed
by your broker, there is no minimum dollar amount you must invest in a Fund and
no minimum number of Shares you must buy.
Shares
of each of the Funds are listed on the Exchange under the following
symbols:
|
|
|
|
| |
Fund |
Trading Symbol |
Alpha
Architect U.S. Quantitative Value ETF |
QVAL |
Alpha
Architect International Quantitative Value ETF |
IVAL |
Alpha
Architect U.S. Quantitative Momentum ETF |
QMOM |
Alpha
Architect International Quantitative Momentum ETF |
IMOM |
Alpha
Architect Value Momentum Trend ETF |
VMOT |
Alpha
Architect High Inflation and Deflation ETF |
HIDE |
Alpha
Architect Tail Risk ETF |
CAOS |
The
Exchange is generally open Monday through Friday and is closed for weekends and
the following holidays: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day,
Washington’s Birthday, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Juneteenth National
Independence Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas
Day.
For
information about buying and selling Shares on the Exchange or in the secondary
markets, please contact your broker or dealer.
Book
Entry. Shares
are held in book entry form, which means that no stock certificates are issued.
The Depository Trust Company (“DTC”), or its nominee, will be the registered
owner of all outstanding Shares of the Funds and is recognized as the owner of
all Shares. Participants in DTC include securities brokers and dealers, banks,
trust companies, clearing corporations and other institutions that directly or
indirectly maintain a custodial relationship with DTC. As a beneficial owner of
Shares, you are not entitled to receive physical delivery of stock certificates
or to have Shares registered in your name, and you are not considered a
registered owner of Shares. Therefore, to exercise any right as an owner of
Shares, you must rely on the procedures of DTC and its participants. These
procedures are the same as those that apply to any stocks that you hold in book
entry or “street name” through your brokerage account. Your account information
will be maintained by your broker, which will provide you with account
statements, confirmations of your purchases and sales of Shares, and tax
information.
Your
broker also will be responsible for distributing income dividends and capital
gain distributions and for ensuring that you receive shareholder reports and
other communications from the Funds.
Share
Trading Prices. The
trading prices of a Fund’s Shares may differ from the Fund’s daily NAV and can
be affected by market forces of supply and demand for the Fund’s Shares, the
prices of the Fund’s portfolio securities, economic conditions, and other
factors.
The
Exchange through the facilities of the Consolidated Tape Association or another
market information provider intends to disseminate the approximate value of each
Fund’s portfolio every fifteen seconds during regular U.S. trading hours. This
approximate value should not be viewed as a “real-time” update of the NAV of a
Fund because the approximate value may not be calculated in the same manner as
the NAV, which is computed once a day. The quotations for certain investments
may not be updated during U.S. trading hours if such holdings do not trade in
the U.S., except such quotations may be updated to reflect currency
fluctuations. The Funds are not involved in, or responsible for, the calculation
or dissemination of the approximate values and make no warranty as to the
accuracy of these values.
Continuous
Offering. The
method by which Creation Units of Shares are created and traded may raise
certain issues under applicable securities laws. Because new Creation Units of
Shares are issued and sold by a Fund on an ongoing basis, a “distribution,” as
such term is used in the Securities Act, may occur at any point. Broker-dealers
and other persons are cautioned that some activities on their part may,
depending on the circumstances, result in their being deemed participants in a
distribution in a manner which could render them statutory underwriters and
subject them to the prospectus delivery requirements and liability provisions of
the Securities Act. For example, a broker-dealer firm or its client may be
deemed a statutory underwriter if it takes Creation Units after placing an order
with the Distributor, breaks them down into constituent Shares and sells the
Shares directly to customers or if it chooses to couple the creation of a supply
of new Shares with an active selling effort involving solicitation of secondary
market demand for Shares. A determination of whether one is an underwriter for
purposes of the Securities Act must take into account all the facts and
circumstances pertaining to the activities of the broker- dealer
or
its client in the particular case, and the examples mentioned above should not
be considered a complete description of all the activities that could lead to a
characterization as an underwriter.
Broker-dealer
firms should also note that dealers who are not “underwriters” but are effecting
transactions in Shares, whether or not participating in the distribution of
Shares, are generally required to deliver a prospectus. This is because the
prospectus delivery exemption in Section 4(a)(3) of the Securities Act is not
available in respect of such transactions as a result of Section 24(d) of the
Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”). As a
result, broker-dealer firms should note that dealers who are not “underwriters”
but are participating in a distribution (as contrasted with engaging in ordinary
secondary market transactions) and thus dealing with the Shares that are part of
an overallotment within the meaning of Section 4(a)(3)(C) of the Securities Act,
will be unable to take advantage of the prospectus delivery exemption provided
by Section 4(a)(3) of the Securities Act. For delivery of prospectuses to
exchange members, the prospectus delivery mechanism of Rule 153 under the
Securities Act is only available with respect to transactions on a national
exchange.
ACTIVE
INVESTORS AND MARKET TIMING
The
Board has evaluated the risks of market timing activities by the Funds’
shareholders. The Board noted that the Funds’ Shares can be purchased and
redeemed directly from a Fund only in Creation Units by APs and that the vast
majority of trading in the Funds’ Shares occurs on the secondary market. Because
the secondary market trades do not directly involve the Funds, it is unlikely
those trades would cause the harmful effects of market timing, including
dilution, disruption of portfolio management, increases in the Funds’ trading
costs and the realization of capital gains. With regard to the purchase or
redemption of Creation Units directly with a Fund, to the extent effected
in-kind (i.e.,
for securities), the Board noted that those trades do not cause the harmful
effects (as previously noted) that may result from frequent cash trades. To the
extent trades are effected in whole or in part in cash, the Board noted that
those trades could result in dilution to a Fund and increased transaction costs,
which could negatively impact a Fund’s ability to achieve its investment
objective, although in certain circumstances (e.g., in conjunction with a
reallocation of a Fund’s investments), such trades may benefit Fund shareholders
by increasing the tax efficiency of a Fund. The Board also noted that direct
trading by APs is critical to ensuring that a Fund’s Shares trade at or close to
NAV. In addition, the Funds will impose transaction fees on purchases and
redemptions of Shares to cover the custodial and other costs incurred by a Fund
in effecting trades. Given this structure, the Board determined that it is not
necessary to adopt policies and procedures to detect and deter market timing of
the Funds’ Shares.
DISTRIBUTION
AND SERVICE PLAN
Each
Fund has adopted the Plan pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the Investment Company
Act. Under the Plan, a Fund may be authorized to pay distribution fees of up to
0.25% of its average daily net assets each year to the Distributor and other
firms that provide distribution and shareholder services (“Service Providers”).
As of the date of this Prospectus, the maximum amount payable under the Plan is
set at 0% until further action by the Board. In the event 12b-1 fees are
charged, over time they would increase the cost of an investment in a Fund
because they would be paid on an ongoing basis.
NET
ASSET VALUE
The
NAV of Shares is calculated each business day as of the close of regular trading
on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), generally 4:00 p.m., Eastern
time.
Each
Fund calculates its NAV per Share by:
•Taking
the current market value of its total assets,
•Subtracting
any liabilities, and
•Dividing
that amount by the total number of Shares owned by shareholders.
If
you buy or sell Shares on the secondary market, you will pay or receive the
market price, which may be higher or lower than NAV. Your transaction will be
priced at NAV only if you purchase or redeem your Shares in Creation
Units.
Because
securities listed on foreign exchanges may trade on weekends or other days when
a Fund does not price its Shares, the NAV of the Fund, to the extent it may hold
foreign securities, may change on days when shareholders will not be able to
purchase or sell Shares. In particular, where all or a portion of a Fund’s
underlying securities trade in a market that is closed when the market in which
the Fund’s shares are listed and trading in that market is
open,
there may be changes between the last quote from its closed foreign market and
the value of such security during the Fund’s domestic trading day. In addition,
please note that this in turn could lead to differences between the market price
of a Fund’s shares and the underlying value of those shares.
Equity
securities (other than equity or equity Index Options) that are traded on a
national securities exchange, except those listed on the NASDAQ Global
Market®
(“NASDAQ”) are valued at the last reported sale price on the exchange on which
the security is principally traded. Securities traded on NASDAQ will be valued
at the NASDAQ Official Closing Price (“NOCP”). If, on a particular day, an
exchange-traded or NASDAQ security does not trade, then the most recent quoted
bid for exchange traded or the mean between the most recent quoted bid and ask
price for NASDAQ securities will be used. Equity securities that are not traded
on a listed exchange are generally valued at the last sale price in the
over-the-counter market. If a nonexchange traded security does not trade on a
particular day, then the mean between the last quoted closing bid and asked
price will be used.
The
value of assets denominated in foreign currencies is converted into U.S. dollars
using exchange rates deemed appropriate by the Fund.
Exchange-traded
options (other than FLEX Options) are valued at the mean of the last quoted bid
and ask prices at 4:00 p.m. eastern time as provided by a third-party pricing
service from the primary exchange or the board of trade on which such options
are traded. Exchange-traded options will be valued on the basis of prices
provided by pricing services when such prices are reasonably believed to reflect
the market value of such options and may include the use of composite or
National Best Bid and Offer (“NBBO”) pricing information provided by the pricing
services.
FLEX
Options and “European Style” options (options that cannot be exercised prior to
the expiration date) that are listed on an exchange (e.g., Cboe) will typically
be valued at a model-based price provided by the exchange at the official close
of that exchange’s trading day. However, when a FLEX Option has a same-day
market trading price at the official close of that exchange’s trading day (i)
this same-day market trading price will be used for the FLEX Option value
instead of the exchange’s model-based price and (ii) the implied interest rate
for such same-day market traded FLEX options shall be utilized in all
model-based prices which share the same expiration date when
available.
An
option may be fair valued when: (i) the option does not trade on the valuation
date and a reliable last quoted bid and ask price at the valuation time are not
readily available or (ii) the Fund’s Sub-Adviser or Fund management does not
believe the price provided by the pricing services reflect the market value of
such option.
Redeemable
securities issued by open-end investment companies are valued at the investment
company’s applicable net asset value, with the exception of exchange-traded
open-end investment companies which are priced as equity
securities.
If
a market price is not readily available or is deemed not to reflect market
value, a Fund will determine the price of the security held by the Fund based on
a determination of the security’s fair value pursuant to policies and procedures
approved by the Board.
To
the extent a Fund holds securities that may trade infrequently, fair valuation
may be used more frequently. Fair valuation may have the effect of reducing
stale pricing arbitrage opportunities presented by the pricing of Shares.
However, when a Fund uses fair valuation to price securities, it may value those
securities higher or lower than another fund would have priced the security.
Also, the use of fair valuation may cause the Shares’ NAV performance to diverge
from the Shares’ market price and from the performance of various benchmarks
used to compare a Fund’s performance because benchmarks generally do not use
fair valuation techniques. Because of the judgment involved in fair valuation
decisions, there can be no assurance that the value ascribed to a particular
security is accurate.
FUND
WEBSITE AND DISCLOSURE OF PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS
The
Trust maintains a website for the Funds at www.alphaarchitect.com/funds. Among
other things, these websites include this Prospectus and the SAI, and will
include the Funds’ holdings, the Funds’ last annual and semi-annual reports. The
website will show each Fund’s daily NAV per share, market price, and premium or
discount, each as of the prior business day. The website will also show the
extent and frequency of each Fund’s premiums and discounts. Further, the website
will include each Fund’s median bid-ask spread over the most recent thirty
calendar days.
Each
day a Fund is open for business, the Trust publicly disseminates each Fund’s
full portfolio holdings as of the close of the previous day through its website
at www.alphaarchitect.com/funds. A description of the Trust’s policies and
procedures with respect to the disclosure of the Funds’ portfolio holdings is
available in the Funds’ SAI.
INVESTMENTS
BY OTHER INVESTMENT COMPANIES
Section
12(d)(1) of the Investment Company Act restricts investments by investment
companies in the securities of other investment companies, including shares of
the Alpha Architect Value Momentum Trend ETF, the Alpha Architect High Inflation
and Deflation ETF, and the Alpha Architect Tail Risk ETF. Registered investment
companies are permitted to invest in another registered investment company, an
acquired fund, beyond the limits set forth in Section 12(d)(1) of the Investment
Company Act subject to certain terms and conditions set forth in Rule 12d1-4
under the Investment Company Act. However, registered investment companies
generally may not rely on Rule 12d1-4 to invest in an acquired fund beyond the
limits set forth in Section 12(d)(1) if the acquired fund also invests
significantly in other investment companies in reliance on and compliance with
the conditions set forth in Rule 12d1-4. To the extent the Alpha Architect Value
Momentum Trend ETF, the Alpha Architect High Inflation and Deflation ETF, or the
Alpha Architect Tail Risk ETF invests in other ETFs to a significant extent,
other investment companies will not be permitted to invest in the Alpha
Architect Value Momentum Trend ETF, the Alpha Architect High Inflation and
Deflation ETF, or the Alpha Architect Tail Risk ETF beyond the Section 12(d)(1)
limits in reliance on Rule 12d1-4. Any investment company interested in
purchasing shares of the Alpha Architect Value Momentum Trend ETF, the Alpha
Architect High Inflation and Deflation ETF, or the Alpha Architect Tail Risk ETF
beyond the limits set forth in Section 12(d)(1) should contact the
Trust.
DIVIDENDS,
DISTRIBUTIONS, AND TAXES
As
with any investment, you should consider how your investment in Shares will be
taxed. The tax information in this Prospectus is provided as general
information. You should consult your own tax professional about the tax
consequences of an investment in Shares.
Unless
your investment in Shares is made through a tax-exempt entity or tax-deferred
retirement account, such as an IRA, you need to be aware of the possible tax
consequences when:
•Your
Fund makes distributions,
•You
sell your Shares listed on the Exchange, and
•You
purchase or redeem Creation Units.
Dividends
and Distributions
Dividends
and Distributions.
Each Fund has elected and intends to qualify each year as a regulated investment
company (“RIC”) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the
“Code”). As a RIC, a Fund generally pays no U.S. federal income tax on the
income and gains it distributes to you. Each Fund, with the exceptions of QVAL
and IVAL, expects to declare and to distribute its net investment income, if
any, to shareholders as dividends annually. QVAL and IVAL expect to declare and
to distribute their net investment income, if any, quarterly to shareholders as
dividends. Each Fund will distribute net realized capital gains, if any, at
least annually. A Fund may distribute such income dividends and capital gains
more frequently, if necessary, in order to reduce or eliminate U.S. federal
excise or income taxes on the Fund. The amount of any distribution will vary,
and there is no guarantee a Fund will pay either an income dividend or a capital
gains distribution. Distributions may be reinvested automatically in additional
whole Shares only if the broker through whom you purchased Shares makes such
option available.
Avoid
“Buying a Dividend.” At
the time you purchase Shares of your Fund, a Fund’s NAV may reflect
undistributed income, undistributed capital gains, or net unrealized
appreciation in value of portfolio securities held by the Fund. For taxable
investors, a subsequent distribution to you of such amounts, although
constituting a return of your
investment,
would be taxable. Buying Shares in a Fund just before it declares an income
dividend or capital gains distribution is sometimes known as “buying a
dividend.”
Taxes
Tax
Considerations.
Each Fund expects, based on its investment objective and strategies, that its
distributions, if any, will be taxable as ordinary income, capital gain, or some
combination of both. This is true whether you reinvest your distributions in
additional Shares or receive them in cash. For U.S. federal income tax purposes,
Fund distributions of short-term capital gains are taxable to you as ordinary
income. Fund distributions of long-term capital gains are taxable to you as
long-term capital gain no matter how long you have owned your Shares. A portion
of income dividends reported by a Fund may be qualified dividend income eligible
for taxation by certain shareholders at long-term capital gain rates provided
certain holding period requirements are met.
Tax
Treatment of Complex Securities.
Certain of a Fund’s investments may be subject to complex provisions of the Code
(including provisions relating to hedging transactions, straddles, integrated
transactions, foreign currency contracts, forward foreign currency contracts,
and notional principal contracts) that, among other things, may affect a Fund’s
ability to qualify as a RIC, may affect the character of gains and losses
realized by a Fund (e.g.,
may affect whether gains or losses are ordinary or capital), accelerate
recognition of income to a Fund and defer losses. These rules could therefore
affect the character, amount and timing of distributions to shareholders. These
provisions also may require a Fund to mark to market certain types of positions
in its portfolio (i.e.,
treat them as if they were closed out) which may cause a Fund to recognize
income without it receiving cash with which to make distributions in amounts
sufficient to enable such Fund to satisfy the RIC distribution requirements for
avoiding U.S. federal income and excise taxes. The Funds intend to monitor its
transactions, intends to make appropriate tax elections, and intend to make
appropriate entries in its books and records to mitigate the effect of these
rules and preserve each Fund’s qualification for treatment as a
RIC.
Certain
derivative investments by a Fund, such as exchange-traded products and
over-the-counter derivatives, may not produce qualifying income for purposes of
the qualifying income requirement described in the SAI, which must be met in
order for the Fund to maintain its status as a RIC under the Code. In addition,
the determination of the value and the identity of the issuer of such derivative
investments are often unclear for purposes of the Asset Diversification Test
described in the SAI. Each Fund intends to carefully monitor such investments to
ensure that any non-qualifying income does not exceed permissible limits and to
ensure that it is adequately diversified under the Asset Diversification Test.
The Funds, however, may not be able to accurately predict the non-qualifying
income from these investments and there are no assurances that the Internal
Revenue Service (“IRS”) will agree with a Fund’s determination of the
diversification requirement with respect to such derivatives. Failure of the
Asset Diversification Test might also result from a determination by the IRS
that financial instruments in which a Fund invests are not
securities.
Each
Fund is required for U.S. federal income tax purposes to mark to market and
recognize as income for each taxable year its net unrealized gains and losses on
certain futures and options contracts subject to Code Section 1256 (“Section
1256 Contracts”) as of the end of the year as well as those actually realized
during the year. Gain or loss from Section 1256 Contracts on broad-based indexes
required to be marked to market will be 60% long-term and 40% short-term capital
gain or loss. Application of this rule may alter the timing and character of
distributions to shareholders. A Fund may be required to defer the recognition
of losses on Section 1256 Contracts to the extent of any unrecognized gains on
offsetting positions held by the Fund. These provisions may also require a Fund
to mark-to-market certain types of positions in its portfolio (i.e.,
treat them as if they were closed out), which may cause the Fund to recognize
income without receiving cash with which to make distributions in amounts
necessary to qualify as a RIC. Accordingly, to avoid certain U.S. federal income
and excise taxes, a Fund may be required to liquidate its investments at a time
when the investment adviser might not otherwise have chosen to do
so.
Offsetting
positions held by a Fund involving certain derivative instruments, such as
options, forwards, and futures, as well as its long and short positions in
portfolio securities, may be considered to constitute “straddles” for U.S.
federal income tax purposes. In general, straddles are subject to certain rules
that may affect the amount, character and timing of a Fund’s gains and losses
with respect to the straddle positions by requiring, among other things, that:
(1) any loss realized on disposition of one position of a straddle may not be
recognized to the extent that the Fund has unrealized gains with respect to the
other positions in straddle; (2) the Fund’s holding period in straddle positions
be suspended while the straddle exists (possibly resulting in a gain being
treated as short-term rather than long-term capital gain); (3) the losses
recognized with respect to certain straddle positions that are part of a mixed
straddle and are non-Section 1256 Contracts be treated as 60% long-term and 40%
short-term capital loss; (4) losses
recognized
with respect to certain straddle positions that would otherwise constitute
short-term capital losses be treated as long-term capital losses; and (5) the
deduction of interest and carrying charges attributable to certain straddle
positions may be deferred. Various elections are available to the Funds, which
may mitigate the effects of the straddle rules, particularly with respect to
mixed straddles.
In
general, the straddle rules described above do not apply to any straddles held
by a Fund if all of the offsetting positions consist of Section 1256 Contracts.
The straddle rules described above also do not apply if all the offsetting
positions making up a straddle consist of one or more “qualified covered call
options” and the stock to be purchased under the options and the straddle is not
part of a larger straddle. A qualified covered call option is generally any
option granted by a Fund to purchase stock it holds (or stock it acquires in
connection with granting the option) if, among other things, (1) the option is
traded on a national securities exchange that is registered with the SEC or
other market the IRS determined has rules adequate to carry out the purposes of
the applicable Code provision, (2) the option is granted more than 30 days
before it expires, (3) the option is not a “deep-in-the-money option,” (4) such
option is not granted by an options dealer in connection with the dealer’s
activity of dealing in options, and (5) gain or loss with respect to the option
is not ordinary income or loss. In addition, the straddle rules could cause
distributions from a Fund that would otherwise constitute “qualified dividend
income” or qualify for the dividends received deduction to fail to satisfy the
applicable holding period requirements. To the extent a Fund writes options that
are not Section 1256 Contracts, the amount of the premium received by the Fund
for writing such options is likely to be entirely short-term capital gain. In
addition, if such an option is closed by the Fund, any gain or loss realized as
a result of closing the transaction will also generally be short-term capital
gain or loss. If such an option is exercised, any gain or loss upon the sale of
the underlying security pursuant to such exercise will generally be short-term
or long-term capital gain or loss depending on the Fund’s holding period for the
underlying security.
If
a Fund enters into a “constructive sale” of any appreciated financial position
in its portfolio, the Fund will be treated as if it had sold and immediately
repurchased the property and must recognize gain (but not loss) with respect to
that position. A constructive sale of an appreciated financial position occurs
when a Fund enters into certain offsetting transactions with respect to the same
or substantially identical property, including, but not limited to: (i) a short
sale; (ii) an offsetting notional principal contract; (iii) a futures or forward
contract; or (iv) other transactions identified in future U.S. Treasury
Regulations. The character of the gain from constructive sales will depend upon
a Fund’s holding period in the appreciated financial position. Losses realized
from a sale of a position that was previously the subject of a constructive sale
will be recognized when the position is subsequently disposed of. The character
of such losses will depend upon a Fund’s holding period in the position
beginning with the date the constructive sale was deemed to have occurred and
the application of various loss deferral provisions in the Code. Constructive
sale treatment does not apply to certain closed transactions, including if such
a transaction is closed on or before the 30th day after the close of the Fund’s
taxable year and the Fund holds the appreciated financial position unhedged
throughout the 60-day period beginning with the day such transaction was
closed.
Taxes
on Sales of Shares.
A sale or exchange of Shares is a taxable event and, accordingly, a capital gain
or loss will generally be recognized. Currently, any capital gain or loss
realized upon a sale of Shares generally is treated as long-term capital gain or
loss if the Shares have been held for more than one year and as short-term
capital gain or loss if the Shares have been held for one year or less. The
ability to deduct capital losses may be limited.
Medicare
Tax.
An additional 3.8% Medicare tax is imposed on certain net investment income
(including ordinary dividends and capital gain distributions received from a
Fund and net gains from redemptions or other taxable dispositions of Shares) of
U.S. individuals, estates, and trusts to the extent that such person’s “modified
adjusted gross income” (in the case of an individual) or “adjusted gross income”
(in the case of an estate or trust) exceeds a threshold amount. This Medicare
tax, if applicable, is reported by you on, and paid with, your U.S. federal
income tax return.
Backup
Withholding.
By law, if you do not provide a Fund with your proper taxpayer identification
number and certain required certifications, you may be subject to backup
withholding on any distributions of income, capital gains or proceeds from the
sale of your Shares. A Fund also must backup withhold if the IRS instructs it to
do so. When backup withholding is required, the amount will be 24% of any
distributions or proceeds paid.
State
and Local Taxes.
Fund distributions and gains from the sale or exchange of your Shares generally
are subject to applicable state and local taxes.
Taxes
on Purchase and Redemption of Creation Units.
An AP who exchanges equity securities for Creation Units generally will
recognize a gain or a loss. The gain or loss will be equal to the difference
between the market value of
the
Creation Units at the time of purchase and the exchanger’s aggregate basis in
the securities surrendered and the cash amount paid. A person who exchanges
Creation Units for equity securities generally will recognize a gain or loss
equal to the difference between the exchanger’s basis in the Creation Units and
the aggregate market value of the securities received and the cash amount
received. The IRS, however, may assert that a loss realized upon an exchange of
securities for Creation Units cannot be deducted currently under the rules
governing “wash sales,” or on the basis that there has been no significant
change in economic position. Persons exchanging securities should consult their
own tax advisor with respect to whether the wash sale rules apply and when a
loss might not be deductible.
Any
capital gain or loss realized upon redemption of Creation Units is generally
treated as long-term capital gain or loss if the Shares have been held for more
than one year and as a short-term capital gain or loss if the Shares have been
held for one year or less.
If
a Fund redeems Creation Units in cash, it may recognize more capital gains than
it would if it redeems Creation Units in-kind.
Foreign
Tax Credits.
If a Fund qualifies to pass through to you the tax benefits from foreign taxes
it pays on its investments, and elects to do so, then any foreign taxes it pays
on these investments may be passed through to you as a foreign tax
credit.
Non-U.S.
Investors.
Non-U.S. investors may be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax at a 30% or
lower treaty rate and are subject to special U.S. federal income tax
certification requirements to avoid backup withholding and claim any treaty
benefits. An exemption from U.S. federal withholding tax is provided for capital
gain dividends paid by a Fund from long-term capital gains, if any.
Interest-related dividends paid by a Fund from its qualified net interest income
from U.S. sources and short-term capital gain dividends may be exempt from U.S.
federal withholding provided the Fund makes certain designations and other
requirements are met. Furthermore, notwithstanding such exemptions from U.S.
federal withholding at the source, any such dividends and distributions of
income and capital gains will be subject to U.S. federal backup withholding at a
rate of 24% if you fail to properly certify that you are not a U.S. person. In
addition, U.S. estate tax may apply to Shares of the Fund.
Other
Reporting and Withholding Requirements.
Under the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (“FATCA”), a Fund will be required
to withhold a 30% tax on (1) income dividends paid by each Fund, and (2)
possibly in the future, certain capital gain distributions and the proceeds
arising from the sale of Shares paid, to certain foreign entities, referred to
as foreign financial institutions or non-financial foreign entities, that fail
to comply (or be deemed compliant) with extensive reporting and withholding
requirements designed to inform the U.S. Department of the Treasury of
U.S.-owned foreign investment accounts. A Fund may disclose the information that
it receives from its shareholders to the IRS, non-U.S. taxing authorities or
other parties as necessary to comply with FATCA. Withholding also may be
required if a foreign entity that is a shareholder of a Fund fails to provide
the Fund with appropriate certifications or other documentation concerning its
status under FATCA.
Possible
Tax Law Changes.
At the time that this prospectus is being prepared, various administrative and
legislative changes to the U.S. federal tax laws are under consideration, but it
is not possible at this time to determine whether any of these changes will be
made or what the changes might entail.
This
discussion of “Dividends, Distributions and Taxes” is not intended or written to
be used as tax advice. Because everyone’s tax situation is unique, you should
consult your tax professional about U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax
consequences before making an investment in a Fund.
FINANCIAL
HIGHLIGHTS
The
financial highlights tables are intended to help you understand each Fund’s
financial performance for the last five years, or if shorter, the period of the
Fund’s operations. Certain information reflects financial results for a single
Share. The total returns in the table represent the rate that an investor would
have gained (or lost) on an investment in the Funds (assuming reinvestment of
all dividends and distributions). With respect to each Fund except Alpha
Architect Tail Risk ETF, the information in the table below prior to the
September 30, 2023 fiscal year was audited by the Fund’s prior independent
registered public accounting firm. With respect to the Alpha Architect Tail Risk
ETF, the financial highlights tables are intended to help you understand the
Fund’s (and the Predecessor Mutual Fund’s, as defined above) financial
performance for the past five years. The Fund has adopted the performance
history of the Predecessor Mutual Fund, which was operated as a mutual fund. The
Predecessor Mutual Fund’s financial information shown below is for the periods
prior to its conversion into an exchange traded fund as part of the
Reorganization. The information in the table below prior to the September 30,
2023 fiscal year was audited by the Predecessor Fund’s prior independent
registered public accounting firm. Information for the remaining period in the
table has been audited by Tait, Weller & Baker LLP, an independent
registered public accounting firm, whose report, along with the Fund’s financial
statements, is included in the Fund’s Annual
Report,
which is available upon request.
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| Net
Asset Value, Beginning of Period |
Net
Investment Income (Loss)(1) |
Net
Realized and Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Investments |
Net
Increase (Decrease) in Net Asset Value Resulting from Operations |
Distributions
from Net Investment Income |
Return
of Capital Distribution |
Total
Distributions |
Net
Asset Value, End of Period |
Total
Return(2) |
Net
Assets, End of Period (000’s) |
Net
Expenses(3)(4) |
Gross
Expenses(3) |
Net
Investment Income(3) |
Portfolio
Turnover Rate(5)(14) |
Alpha
Architect U.S. Quantitative Value ETF |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Year
Ended September 30, 2023 |
$29.18 |
0.78 |
8.00 |
8.78 |
(0.81) |
- |
(0.81) |
$37.15 |
30.39% |
$ |
277,853 |
| 0.42% |
0.42% |
2.27% |
101% |
Year
Ended September 30, 2022 |
$34.15 |
0.60 |
(4.94) |
(4.34) |
(0.63) |
- |
(0.63) |
$29.18 |
-12.99% |
$ |
187,902 |
| 0.49% |
0.49% |
1.73% |
89% |
Year
Ended September 30, 2021 |
$24.44 |
0.42 |
9.74 |
10.16 |
(0.45) |
- |
(0.45) |
$34.15 |
41.82% |
$ |
213,768 |
| 0.49% |
0.49% |
1.33% |
44% |
Year
Ended September 30, 2020 |
$27.86 |
0.59 |
(3.51) |
(2.92) |
(0.50) |
- |
(0.50) |
$24.44 |
-10.52% |
$ |
113,653 |
| 0.49% |
0.49% |
2.36% |
78% |
Year
Ended September 30, 2019 |
$31.04 |
0.51 |
(3.32) |
(2.81) |
(0.37) |
- |
(0.37) |
$27.86 |
-8.43% |
$ |
91,941 |
| 0.59% |
0.59% |
1.83% |
77% |
Alpha
Architect International Quantitative Value ETF |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Year
Ended September 30, 2023 |
$20.28 |
1.25 |
4.79 |
6.04 |
(2.71) |
- |
(2.71) |
$23.61 |
30.86% |
$ |
151,678 |
| 0.52% |
0.52% |
5.36% |
74% |
Year
Ended September 30, 2022 |
$27.13 |
1.54 |
(7.72) |
(6.18) |
(0.67) |
- |
(0.67) |
$20.28 |
-23.33% |
$ |
105,472 |
| 0.59% |
0.59% |
6.14% |
124% |
Year
Ended September 30, 2021 |
$24.69 |
0.78 |
2.19 |
2.97 |
(0.53) |
- |
(0.53) |
$27.13 |
12.00% |
$ |
133,633 |
| 0.60% |
0.60% |
2.78% |
103% |
Year
Ended September 30, 2020 |
$26.76 |
0.58 |
(2.05) |
(1.47) |
(0.60) |
- |
(0.60) |
$24.69 |
-5.47% |
$ |
92,569 |
| 0.59% |
0.59% |
2.26% |
76% |
Year
Ended September 30, 2019 |
$30.78 |
0.73 |
(3.99) |
(3.26) |
(0.76) |
- |
(0.76) |
$26.76 |
-10.46% |
$ |
80,294 |
| 0.66% |
0.66% |
2.70% |
76% |
Alpha
Architect U.S. Quantitative Momentum ETF |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Year
Ended September 30, 2023 |
$44.12 |
0.64 |
(0.91) |
(0.27) |
(0.73) |
- |
(0.73) |
$43.12 |
-0.71% |
$ |
145,321 |
| 0.42% |
0.42% |
1.39% |
193% |
Year
Ended September 30, 2022 |
$49.20 |
0.82 |
(5.84) |
(5.02) |
(0.06) |
- |
(0.06) |
$44.12 |
-10.20% |
$ |
91,339 |
| 0.49% |
0.49% |
1.72% |
125% |
Year
Ended September 30, 2021 |
$41.89 |
(0.07) |
7.38 |
7.31 |
- |
- |
- |
$49.20 |
17.45% |
$ |
85,114 |
| 0.49% |
0.49% |
(0.13%) |
120% |
Year
Ended September 30, 2020 |
$30.02 |
0.06 |
11.85 |
11.91 |
(0.02) |
(0.02) |
(0.04) |
$41.89 |
39.79% |
$ |
73,308 |
| 0.49% |
0.49% |
0.18% |
84% |
Year
Ended September 30, 2019 |
$33.99 |
(0.00)(6) |
(3.96) |
(3.96) |
(0.01) |
- |
(0.01) |
$30.02 |
-11.63% |
$ |
55,544 |
| 0.59% |
0.59% |
(0.01%) |
115% |
Alpha
Architect International Quantitative Momentum ETF |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Year
Ended September 30, 2023 |
$22.87 |
0.95 |
2.16 |
3.11 |
(1.51) |
- |
(1.51) |
$24.47 |
13.50% |
$ |
74,024 |
|
0.52% |
0.52% |
3.72% |
140% |
Year
Ended September 30, 2022 |
$34.24 |
1.41 |
(12.42) |
(11.01) |
(0.36) |
- |
(0.36) |
$22.87 |
-32.52% |
$ |
55,451 |
| 0.59% |
0.59% |
4.86% |
187% |
Year
Ended September 30, 2021 |
$28.63 |
0.28 |
5.40 |
5.68 |
(0.07) |
- |
(0.07) |
$34.24 |
19.83% |
$ |
71,907 |
| 0.60% |
0.60% |
0.84% |
99% |
Year
Ended September 30, 2020 |
$25.63 |
0.29 |
2.97 |
3.26 |
(0.26) |
- |
(0.26) |
$28.63 |
13.00% |
$ |
83,024 |
| 0.59% |
0.59% |
1.13% |
158% |
Year
Ended September 30, 2019 |
$28.39 |
0.28 |
(2.69) |
(2.41) |
(0.35) |
- |
(0.35) |
$25.63 |
-8.45% |
$ |
56,388 |
| 0.66% |
0.66% |
1.09% |
135% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Alpha
Architect Value Momentum Trend ETF(7) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Year
Ended September 30, 2023 |
$24.92 |
1.29 |
(3.18) |
(1.89) |
(0.55) |
- |
(0.55) |
$22.48 |
-7.75% |
$ |
35,073 |
| 0.95% |
1.14% |
5.44% |
49% |
Year
Ended September 30, 2022 |
$26.69 |
(0.06) |
(1.51) |
(1.57) |
(0.20) |
- |
(0.20) |
$24.92 |
-5.95% |
$ |
41,366 |
| 2.12% |
2.31% |
(0.24%) |
39% |
Year
Ended September 30, 2021 |
$23.91 |
0.15 |
2.65 |
2.80 |
(0.02) |
- |
(0.02) |
$26.69 |
11.73% |
$ |
45,639 |
| 0.28% |
0.49% |
0.57% |
3% |
Year
Ended September 30, 2020 |
$23.52 |
0.03 |
0.72 |
0.75 |
(0.36) |
- |
(0.36) |
$23.91 |
3.10% |
$ |
49,609 |
| 1.18% |
1.40% |
0.14% |
20% |
Year
Ended September 30, 2019 |
$28.98 |
0.09 |
(5.43) |
(5.34) |
(0.12) |
- |
(0.12) |
$23.52 |
-18.43% |
$ |
81,154 |
| 1.84% |
2.14% |
0.37% |
155% |
Alpha
Architect High Inflation and Deflation ETF |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
November
16, 2022(8)
to
September 30, 2023 |
$24.95 |
1.35 |
(1.20) |
0.15 |
(1.46) |
- |
(1.46) |
$23.64 |
0.69% |
$ |
16,550 |
| 0.27% |
0.29% |
6.54% |
402% |
Alpha
Architect Tail Risk ETF(9) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
March
1, 2023 to September 30, 2023
(10)(11) |
$75.76 |
(0.14) |
5.71 |
5.57 |
- |
- |
- |
$81.33 |
7.32%
|
$ |
164,590 |
|
0.51%(13) |
0.63%(13) |
(0.46%) |
0% |
Year
Ended February 28, 2023 |
$83.12 |
(0.48) |
(6.88) |
(7.36) |
- |
- |
- |
$75.76 |
-8.85% |
$ |
124,313 |
|
0.64%(13) |
0.64%(13) |
(0.61%) |
0% |
Year
Ended February 28, 2022(11) |
$90.40 |
(0.56) |
(0.64) |
(1.20) |
- |
(6.08) |
(6.08) |
$83.12 |
-1.47% |
$ |
188,926 |
|
0.63%(13) |
0.63%(13) |
(0.63%) |
0% |
Year
Ended February 28, 2021(11) |
$76.32 |
(0.56) |
19.52 |
18.96 |
(0.08) |
(4.80) |
(4.88) |
$90.40 |
24.94% |
$ |
166,869 |
|
0.65%(13) |
0.65%(13) |
(0.59%) |
0% |
Year
Ended February 29, 2020(11) |
$76.00 |
0.88 |
1.04 |
1.92 |
(1.60) |
- |
(1.60) |
$76.32 |
2.55% |
$ |
96,449 |
|
0.71%(13) |
0.71%(13) |
1.11% |
457%
(12) |
Year
Ended February 28, 2019(11) |
$84.00 |
0.96 |
(7.52) |
(6.56) |
(0.80) |
(0.64) |
(1.44) |
$76.00 |
-7.80% |
$ |
105,671 |
|
0.83%(13) |
0.83%(13) |
1.18%(13) |
326% |
|
|
|
|
| |
(1) |
Net
investment income per share represents net investment income divided by
the daily average shares of beneficial interest outstanding throughout the
period. |
(2) |
All
returns reflect reinvested dividends, if any, but do not reflect the
impact of taxes. Total return for a period of less than one year is not
annualized. |
(3) |
For
periods of less than one year, these ratios are annualized. |
(4) |
Net
expenses include effects of any reimbursement or recoupment. |
(5) |
Portfolio
turnover is not annualized and is calculated without regard to short-term
securities having a maturity of less than one year. Excludes the impact of
in-kind transactions. |
(6) |
Rounds
to less than $0.005. |
(7) |
Net
and gross expenses do not include expenses of the investment companies in
which the Fund invests. |
(8) |
Commencement
of operations. |
(9) |
Effective
March 22, 2023, the Alpha Architect Tail Risk ETF had a 1:8 reverse stock
split. Share amounts for all periods have been adjusted to give effect to
the 1:8 stock split |
(10) |
Alpha
Architect Tail Risk ETF (the “Fund”) acquired all of the assets and
liabilities of the Arin Large Cap Theta Fund (“Predecessor Fund”) in a
reorganization on March 6, 2023. Market price returns are calculated using
the official closing price of the Fund on the listing exchange as of the
time that the Fund’s NAV is calculated. Prior to the Fund’s listing on
March 6, 2023, the NAV performance of the Institutional Class Shares of
the Predecessor Fund are used as proxy market price returns. |
(11) |
Includes
adjustments in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in
the United States and, consequently, the net asset values for financial
reporting purposes and the returns based upon those net asset values may
differ from the net asset values and returns for shareholder
transactions. |
(12) |
Portfolio
turnover was calculated using the total long-term purchase amount of
$27,391. All securities considered short-term were excluded from the
calculation according to prescribed rules. |
(13) |
Includes
less than 0.01%, less than 0.01%, less than 0.01%, less than 0.01%, 0.03%
& 0.15% of average net assets in interest expense,
respectively. |
(14) |
Excludes
impact of in-kind transactions. |
If
you would like more information about the Funds and the Trust, the following
documents are available free, upon request:
ANNUAL/SEMI-ANNUAL
REPORTS TO SHAREHOLDERS
Additional
information about the Funds will be in their annual and semi-annual reports to
shareholders. The Annual
Report
will explain the market conditions and investment strategies affecting each
Fund’s performance during the last fiscal year.
STATEMENT
OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
The
SAI dated January 31, 2024, which contains more details about the Funds, is
incorporated by reference in its entirety into this Prospectus, which means that
it is legally part of this Prospectus.
To
receive a free copy of the latest annual or semi-annual report, or the SAI, or
to request additional information about the Funds, please contact us as
follows:
|
|
|
|
| |
Call: |
(215)
882-9983 |
| |
Write: |
19
East Eagle Road Havertown, PA 19083 |
| |
Visit: |
www.alphaarchitect.com/funds |
PAPER
COPIES
Please
note that paper copies of the Funds’ shareholder reports will generally not be
sent, unless you specifically request paper copies of the Funds’ reports from
your financial intermediary, such as a broker-dealer or bank. Instead, the
reports will be made available on the Funds’ website, and you will be notified
by mail each time a report is posted and provided with a website link to access
the report.
You
may elect to receive all future Fund reports in paper free of charge. Please
contact your financial intermediary to inform them that you wish to continue
receiving paper copies of Fund shareholder reports and for details about whether
your election to receive reports in paper will apply to all funds held with your
financial intermediary.
INFORMATION
PROVIDED BY THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Information
about the Funds, including their reports and the SAI, has been filed with the
SEC. It can be reviewed on the EDGAR database on the SEC’s internet site
(http://www.sec.gov). You can also request copies of these materials, upon
payment of a duplicating fee, by electronic request at the SEC’s e-mail address
([email protected]) or by calling the SEC at (202) 551-8090.
Investment
Company Act File No. 811-22961.