investment at the time. Securities and investments held by a
Fund may be susceptible to declines in value, including declines in value that
are not believed to be representative of the issuer’s value or fundamentals, due to investor
reactions to such events. In response to market volatility and disruption, an
Underlying Index may delay
rebalancing, implement temporary or permanent modifications to its methodology or take other actions.
Political and diplomatic events within the United
States and abroad, such as the U.S. budget and deficit reduction plans,
protectionist measures, trade tensions central bank policy and government intervention in the economy, has in
the past resulted, and may in the
future result, in developments that present additional risks to a Fund’s investments and
operations. Geopolitical and other events, such as war, acts of terrorism,
natural disasters, the spread of infectious illnesses, epidemics and pandemics,
environmental and other public health issues, recessions or other events, and
governments’ reactions to such events, may lead to increased market volatility
and instability in world economies and markets generally and may have adverse
effects on the performance of a Fund and its investments. Additional and/or
prolonged geopolitical or other events may affect investor and consumer
confidence and may adversely impact financial markets and the broader economy,
perhaps suddenly and to a significant degree. Any such market, economic and
other disruptions could also prevent a Fund from executing its investment
strategies and processes in a timely
manner.
An investment in a Fund is not a deposit in a bank
and is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or
any other government agency. When you sell your Shares, they could be worth less
than what you paid for
them.
Non-Diversified Risk
A Fund is classified as a
“non-diversified” investment company
under the 1940 Act, which means it may
invest a larger percentage of its assets in a smaller number of issuers than a diversified fund. To the extent
a Fund invests its assets in a smaller
number of issuers, the Fund will be more susceptible to negative events
affecting those issuers than a diversified fund. Under the 1940 Act, a Fund may
change its classification from non-diversified to diversified without
shareholder approval.
Operational Risk
Each Fund is exposed to operational risks arising
from a number of factors, including, but not limited to, human error, processing
and communication errors, errors of
the Fund’s service providers, counterparties or other third parties, failed or
inadequate processes and technology or systems failures. A Fund and Advisor seek
to reduce these operational risks through controls and procedures. However,
these measures do not address every possible risk and may be inadequate to
address significant operational
risks.
Passive Management Risk
Each Fund is not actively managed and instead seeks
to track the performance of an Index. Each Fund invests in the securities
included in, or representative of, the Underlying Index. The provider of the
Index or the Index calculation agent may make errors. The Index provider may
include Index constituents that should have been excluded, or it may exclude
Index constituents that should have been included. It also may include or
exclude constituents at incorrect
levels. This may result in the Fund, in turn, being correctly positioned to an
Index that has been incorrectly calculated. This could lead to losses to the
Fund. In seeking to track the Index’s performance, the Fund may be subject to
tracking error, which is the divergence of the Fund’s performance from that of the Underlying
Index. Tracking error may occur
because of differences between the securities and other instruments held in the
Fund’s portfolio and those included in the Underlying Index, pricing differences
(including, as applicable, differences between a security’s price at the local
market close and the Fund’s valuation
of a security at the time of
calculation of the Fund’s NAV), differences in transaction costs, the Fund’s
holding of uninvested cash, differences in timing of the accrual of or the
valuation of dividends or interest, the requirements to maintain pass-through
tax treatment, portfolio transactions carried out to minimize the distribution
of capital gains to shareholders, changes to the Underlying Index or the costs
to the Fund of complying with various new or existing regulatory requirements.
Tracking error also may result because the Fund incurs fees and expenses, while
the Underlying Index does not. This
risk may be heightened during times of increased market volatility or other
unusual market conditions. A Fund generally will not attempt to take defensive
positions in declining markets and generally will not sell a security because
its issuer is in financial trouble, unless that security is removed from (or was
no longer useful in tracking a component of) the Underlying Index.
Secondary Market Trading Risk
Although each Fund’s Shares are listed for trading
on one or more securities exchanges, there can be no assurance that an active trading market for such Shares will
develop or be maintained by market makers or Authorized Participants. The
trading of Shares on securities exchanges is subject to the risk of irregular trading