GAMCO Global Series Funds, Inc.

 

GAMCO GLOBAL SERIES FUNDS, INC.

The Gabelli Global Content & Connectivity Fund

The Gabelli Global Growth Fund

The Gabelli International Small Cap Fund

The Gabelli Global Rising Income and Dividend Fund

The Gabelli Global Mini Mites Fund

STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

April 29, 2022

 

   

FUND

  

CLASS

    

TICKER
SYMBOL

        

 

The Gabelli Global Content & Connectivity Fund

(the “Global Content & Connectivity Fund”)

   AAA

A

I

     GABTX

GTCAX

GTTIX

 

The Gabelli Global Growth Fund

(the “Global Growth Fund”)

   AAA

A

I

     GICPX

GGGAX

GGGIX

 

The Gabelli International Small Cap Fund

(the “International Small Cap Fund”)

   AAA

A

I

     GABOX

GOCAX

GLOIX

 

The Gabelli Global Rising Income and Dividend Fund

(the “GRID Fund”) (formerly, the “GAMCO Vertumnus Fund”)

   AAA

A

I

     GAGCX

GAGAX

GAGIX

 

The Gabelli Global Mini Mites Fund

(the “Global Mini Mites Fund”)

   AAA

A

I

     GAMNX

GMNAX

GGMMX

This Statement of Additional Information (the “SAI”), which is not a prospectus, describes

 

 

The Gabelli Global Content & Connectivity Fund (the “Global Content & Connectivity Fund”)

 

 

The Gabelli Global Growth Fund (the “Global Growth Fund”)

 

 

The Gabelli International Small Cap Fund (the “International Small Cap Fund”)

 

 

The Gabelli Global Rising Income and Dividend Fund (the “GRID Fund”)

 

 

The Gabelli Global Mini Mites Fund (the “Global Mini Mites Fund”)

(each, a “Fund” and collectively, the “Funds”) which are series of the GAMCO Global Series Funds, Inc., a Maryland corporation (the “Corporation”). This SAI should be read in conjunction with the Funds’ prospectus for Class A, Class I, and Class AAA shares dated April 29, 2022. This SAI is incorporated by reference in its entirety into the Funds’ prospectus. Portions of the Funds’ annual report to shareholders are incorporated by reference into this SAI. For a free copy of the prospectus or a Fund’s Annual Report to shareholders, please contact the Funds at the address, telephone number, or Internet website printed below.

GAMCO Global Series Funds, Inc.

One Corporate Center

Rye, New York 10580-1422

Telephone: 800-GABELLI (800-422-3554)

www.gabelli.com

 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

     PAGE  

GENERAL INFORMATION

     3  

INVESTMENT STRATEGIES AND RISKS

     3  

INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS

     23  

PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS INFORMATION

     24  

DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS

     26  

CONTROL PERSONS AND PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS

     34  

INVESTMENT ADVISORY AND OTHER SERVICES

     40  

DISTRIBUTION PLANS

     50  

PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS AND BROKERAGE

     52  

REDEMPTION OF SHARES

     54  

DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE

     54  

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONCERNING TAXES

     56  

INVESTMENT PERFORMANCE INFORMATION

     59  

DESCRIPTION OF THE FUNDS’ SHARES

     60  

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

     60  

APPENDIX A

     A-1  

 

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GENERAL INFORMATION

The Corporation is an open end management investment company and was organized as a Maryland Corporation on July 16, 1993. Each Fund of the Corporation is “non-diversified”, which means each Fund has the ability to invest a larger portion of its assets in a single issuer than would be the case if it were diversified. The Corporation’s principal office is located at One Corporate Center, Rye, New York 10580-1422. The Corporation is advised by Gabelli Funds, LLC (the “Adviser”).

INVESTMENT STRATEGIES AND RISKS

The Funds’ prospectus discusses the investment objectives of each Fund and the principal strategies to be employed to achieve those objectives. This SAI contains supplemental information concerning certain types of securities and other instruments in which the Funds may invest, additional strategies that each Fund may utilize in seeking to achieve its respective investment objective, and certain risks associated with such investments and strategies. Subject to the investment policies and restrictions contained in the prospectus and this SAI, the Funds may invest in any of the securities described below.

Equity Securities

Because each Fund may invest in the common stocks of both domestic and foreign issuers, an investment in a Fund should be made with an understanding of the risks inherent in any investment in common stocks, including the risk that the financial condition of the issuers of each Fund’s portfolio securities may become impaired or that the general condition of the stock market may worsen (both of which may contribute directly to a decrease in the value of the securities and thus in the value of a Fund’s shares). Additional risks include risks associated with the right to receive payments from the issuer which is generally inferior to the rights of creditors of, or holders of debt obligations or preferred stock issued by, the issuer.

Moreover, common stocks do not represent an obligation of the issuer and therefore do not offer any assurance of income or provide the degree of protection of debt securities. The issuance of debt securities or even preferred stock by an issuer will create prior claims for payment of principal, interest, and dividends, that could adversely affect the ability and inclination of the issuer to declare or pay dividends on its common stock or the economic interest of holders of common stock with respect to assets of the issuer upon liquidation or bankruptcy. Further, unlike debt securities which typically have a stated principal amount payable at maturity (the value of which will be subject to market fluctuations prior thereto), common stocks have neither a fixed principal amount nor a maturity and have values that are subject to market fluctuations. Common stocks are especially susceptible to general stock market movements and to volatile increases and decreases in value as market confidence in and perceptions of the issuers change. These perceptions are based on unpredictable factors including expectations regarding government, economic, monetary, and fiscal policies, inflation and interest rates, economic expansion or contraction, and global or regional political, economic, or banking crises. The value of the common stocks in each Fund’s portfolio thus may be expected to fluctuate.

Preferred stocks are usually entitled to rights on liquidation, which are senior to those of common stocks. For these reasons, preferred stocks generally entail less risk than common stocks. Such securities may pay cumulative dividends. Because the dividend rate and liquidation or redemption value is usually pre-established, and as they are senior to common stocks, such securities tend to have less possibility of capital appreciation.

Some of the securities in each of the Funds may be in the form of depository receipts. Depository receipts usually represent common stock or other equity securities of non-U.S. issuers deposited with a custodian in a depository. The underlying securities can be withdrawn at any time by surrendering the depositary receipt. Depositary receipts are usually denominated in U.S. dollars and dividends and other payments from the issuer are converted by the custodian into U.S. dollars before payment to receipt holders. In other respects, depositary receipts for foreign securities have the same characteristics as the underlying securities. Depositary receipts that are not sponsored by the issuer may be less liquid and there may be less readily available public information about the issuer.

Nonconvertible Fixed Income Securities

The category of fixed income securities which are not convertible or exchangeable for common stock includes preferred stocks, bonds, debentures, notes, asset- and mortgage- backed securities, and money market instruments such as commercial paper and bankers acceptances. These investments involve interest rate risk and credit risk. A decrease in interest rates will generally result in an increase in the investment value of such securities, while increases in interest rates will generally result in a decline in its investment value. This effect is generally more pronounced for fixed rate securities than for securities whose income rate is periodically reset. The Fund may be subject to a greater risk of rising interest rates due to the current period of historically low interest rates and recent inflationary price movements. There is a possibility that interest rates may rise. It is also possible that the issuer of a security will not be able to make interest and principal payments when due. There is also no minimum credit rating for these securities in which each of the Funds may invest.

 

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Up to 25% of each Fund’s assets may be invested in lower-quality debt securities although each Fund does not expect to invest more than 10% of its assets in such securities. The foregoing limitations do not apply to the GRID Fund, which may invest in lower quality convertible securities without limit and in non-convertible lower quality securities in amounts up to 25% of its assets. The market values of lower-quality fixed income securities tend to be less sensitive to changes in prevailing interest rates than higher-quality securities but more sensitive to individual corporate developments than higher-quality securities. Such lower-quality securities also tend to be more sensitive to economic conditions than are higher-quality securities. Accordingly, these lower-quality securities are considered predominantly speculative with respect to the issuer’s capacity to pay interest and repay principal in accordance with the terms of the obligation and will generally involve more credit risk than securities in the higher-quality categories. Even securities rated Baa or BBB by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”) and Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services (“S&P”), a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., respectively, which ratings are considered investment grade, possess some speculative characteristics. There are risks involved in applying credit ratings as a method for evaluating high yield obligations in that credit ratings evaluate the safety of principal and interest payments, not market value risk. In addition, credit rating agencies may not change credit ratings on a timely basis to reflect changes in economic or company conditions that affect a security’s market value. Each of the Funds will rely on the judgment, analysis, and experience of the portfolio management team of the Adviser, in evaluating the creditworthiness of an issuer. In this evaluation, the Adviser will take into consideration, among other things, the issuer’s financial resources and ability to cover its interest and fixed charges, factors relating to the issuer’s industry and its sensitivity to economic conditions and trends, its operating history, the quality of the issuer’s management, and regulatory matters.

The risk of loss due to default by the issuer is significantly greater for the holders of lower-quality securities because such securities are generally unsecured and are often subordinated to other obligations of the issuer. During an economic downturn or a sustained period of rising interest rates, highly leveraged issuers of lower-quality securities may experience financial stress and may not have sufficient revenues to meet their interest payment obligations. An issuer’s ability to service its debt obligations may also be adversely affected by specific corporate developments, its inability to meet specific projected business forecasts, or the unavailability of additional financing.

Factors adversely affecting the market value of high yield and other securities will adversely affect each Fund’s net asset value per share (“NAV”). In addition, each Fund may incur additional expenses to the extent it is required to seek recovery upon a default in the payment of principal of or interest on its portfolio holdings. At times, adverse publicity regarding lower quality securities has depressed prices for such securities to some extent.

From time to time, proposals have been discussed regarding new legislation designed to limit the use of certain high yield debt securities by issuers in connection with leveraged buy-outs, mergers, and acquisitions, or to limit the deductibility of interest payments on such securities. Such proposals, if enacted into law, could reduce the market for such debt securities generally, could negatively affect the financial condition of issuers of high yield securities by removing or reducing a source of future financing, and could negatively affect the value of specific high-yield issues and the high yield market in general. For example, under a provision of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), a corporate issuer may be limited from deducting all of the original issue discount on high-yield discount obligations (i.e., certain types of debt securities issued at a significant discount to their face amount). The likelihood of passage of any additional legislation or the effect thereof is uncertain.

The secondary trading market for lower-quality fixed income securities is generally not as liquid as the secondary market for higher- quality securities and is very thin for some securities. The relative lack of an active secondary market may have an adverse impact on market price and each Fund’s ability to dispose of particular issues when necessary to meet a Fund’s liquidity needs or in response to a specific economic event such as deterioration in the creditworthiness of the issuer. The relative lack of an active secondary market for certain securities may also make it more difficult for a Fund to obtain accurate market quotations for purposes of valuing its portfolios. Market quotations are generally available on many high yield issues only from a limited number of dealers and may not necessarily represent firm bids of such dealers or prices for actual sales. During such times, the responsibility of the Board of Directors of the Corporation (the “Board” and each member of the Board, a “Director”) to value the securities becomes more difficult and judgment plays a greater role in valuation because there is less reliable, objective data available.

Convertible Securities

Each of the Global Content & Connectivity Fund, the Global Growth Fund, the International Small Cap Fund, and the Global Mini Mites Fund may invest up to 25% of its assets in convertible securities rated, at the time of investment, less than BBB by S&P or Baa by Moody’s or are unrated but of equivalent credit quality in the judgment of the Adviser. The GRID Fund may invest in such securities without limit. See “Lower Rated Securities.”

Convertible securities generally offer lower interest or dividend yields than non-convertible securities of similar quality. As with all fixed income securities, the market values of convertible securities tend to decline as interest rates increase and, conversely, to increase as interest rates decline. However, when the market price of the common stock underlying a convertible security exceeds the

 

4


conversion price, the convertible security tends to reflect the market price of the underlying common stock. As the market price of the underlying common stock declines, the convertible security tends to trade increasingly on a yield basis and thus may not decline in price to the same extent as the underlying common stock. Convertible securities rank senior to common stock in an issuer’s capital structure and consequently entail less risk than the issuer’s common stock.

The value of convertible securities is influenced by both the yield on nonconvertible securities of comparable issuers and by the value of the underlying common stock. The value of a convertible security viewed without regard to its conversion feature (i.e., strictly on the basis of its yield) is sometimes referred to as its “investment value.” To the extent interest rates change, the investment value of the convertible security typically will fluctuate. At the same time, however, the value of the convertible security will be influenced by its “conversion value,” which is the market value of the underlying common stock that would be obtained if the convertible security were converted. Conversion value fluctuates directly with the price of the underlying common stock. If the conversion value of a convertible security is substantially below its investment value, the price of the convertible security is governed principally by its investment value. To the extent the conversion value of a convertible security increases to a point that approximates or exceeds its investment value, the price of the convertible security will be influenced principally by its conversion value. A convertible security will sell at a premium over the conversion value to the extent investors place value on the right to acquire the underlying common stock while holding a fixed income security. The yield and conversion premium of convertible securities issued in Japan and the Euromarket are frequently determined at levels that cause the conversion value to affect their market value more than the securities’ investment value.

Holders of convertible securities generally have a claim on the assets of the issuer prior to the common stockholders but may be subordinated to other debt securities of the same issuer. A convertible security may be subject to redemption at the option of the issuer at a price established in a charter provision, indenture or other governing instrument pursuant to which the convertible security was issued. If a convertible security held by the Funds is called for redemption, the Funds will be required to redeem the security, convert it into the underlying common stock or sell it to a third party. Certain convertible debt securities may provide a put option to the holder, which entitles the holder to cause the security to be redeemed by the issuer at a premium over the stated principal amount of the debt security under certain circumstances.

Some of the convertible securities in each Fund’s portfolio may be “Pay-In-Kind” securities. During a designated period from original issuance, the issuer of such a security may pay dividends or interest to the holder by issuing additional fully paid and non-assessable shares or units of the same or another specified security.

Contingent Convertible Securities. The Global Mini Mites Fund may invest in contingent convertible securities, sometimes referred to as “CoCos.” CoCos are a form of hybrid debt security issued by banking institutions that are intended to either automatically convert into equity or have their principal written down upon the occurrence of certain “trigger events,” which may include a decline in the issuer’s capital below a specified threshold level, increase in the issuer’s risk weighted assets, the share price of the issuer falling to a particular level for a certain period of time and certain regulatory events. CoCos’ unique equity conversion or principal write-down features are tailored to the issuing banking institution and its regulatory requirements.

CoCos are a newer form of instrument and the regulatory environment for these instruments continues to evolve. Because the market for such securities is evolving, it is uncertain how the larger market for CoCos would react to a trigger event, coupon cancellation, write-down of par value or coupon suspension (as described below) applicable to a single issuer. Following conversion of a CoCo, because the common stock of the issuer may not pay a dividend, investors in such securities could experience reduced yields or no yields at all.

Loss Absorption Risk. CoCos have fully discretionary coupons. This means coupons can potentially be cancelled at the banking institution’s discretion or at the request of the relevant regulatory authority in order to help the bank absorb losses. The liquidation value of a CoCo may be adjusted downward to below the original par value or written off entirely under certain circumstances. The writedown of the security’s par value may occur automatically and would not entitle holders to institute bankruptcy proceedings against the issuer. In addition, an automatic write-down could result in a reduced income rate if the dividend or interest payment associated with the security is based on the security’s par value. Coupon payments may also be subject to approval by the issuer’s regulator and may be suspended in the event there are insufficient distributable reserves. Due to uncertainty surrounding coupon payments, CoCos may be volatile and their price may decline rapidly in the event that coupon payments are suspended.

Subordinated Instruments. CoCos will, in the majority of circumstances, be issued in the form of subordinated debt instruments in order to provide the appropriate regulatory capital treatment prior to a conversion. Accordingly, in the event of liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of an issuer prior to a conversion having occurred, the rights and claims of the holders of the CoCos, such as the Fund, against the issuer in respect of or arising under the terms of the CoCos shall generally rank junior to the claims of all holders of unsubordinated obligations of the issuer. In addition, if the CoCos are converted into the issuer’s underlying equity securities following a conversion event (i.e., a “trigger”), each holder will be subordinated due to their conversion from being the holder of a debt instrument to being the holder of an equity instrument. Such conversion may be automatic.

 

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Unpredictable Market Value Fluctuation. The value of CoCos is unpredictable and will be influenced by many factors including, without limitation: (i) the creditworthiness of the issuer and/or fluctuations in such issuer’s applicable capital ratios; (ii) supply and demand for the CoCos; (iii) general market conditions and available liquidity; and (iv) economic, financial and political events that affect the issuer, its particular market or the financial markets in general.

Sovereign Debt Securities

Each Fund may invest in securities issued or guaranteed by any country and denominated in any currency. Each Fund (other than the GRID Fund) expects that it generally will invest in developed countries including Australia, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Japan, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The obligations of governmental entities have various kinds of government support and include obligations issued or guaranteed by governmental entities with taxing power. These obligations may or may not be supported by the full faith and credit of a government. Debt securities issued or guaranteed by foreign governmental entities have credit characteristics similar to those of domestic debt securities but include additional risks. These additional risks include those resulting from devaluation of currencies, future adverse political and economic developments, and other foreign governmental laws. The GRID Fund may invest in securities issued by undeveloped or emerging market countries, such as those in Latin America, Eastern Europe, and much of Southeast Asia. These securities are generally not considered investment grade and have risks similar to those of other debt securities rated less than investment grade. Such securities are regarded as predominantly speculative with respect to an issuer’s capacity to pay interest and repay principal in accordance with the terms of the obligations and involve risk exposure to adverse conditions. (See “Nonconvertible Fixed Income Securities.”) Each Fund may also purchase securities issued by semi-governmental or supranational agencies such as the Asian Development Bank, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Export-Import Bank, and the European Investment Bank. The governmental members, or “stockholders,” usually make initial capital contributions to the supranational entity and in many cases are committed to make additional capital contributions if the supranational entity is unable to repay its borrowings. Each Fund will not invest more than 25% of its assets in the securities of such supranational entities.

Securities Subject To Reorganization

Each Fund may invest in securities for which a tender or exchange offer has been made or announced and in securities of companies for which a merger, consolidation, liquidation or reorganization proposal has been announced if, in the judgment of a Fund’s portfolio management team, there is a reasonable prospect of high total return significantly greater than the brokerage and other transaction expenses involved.

In general, securities of companies that have announced such an offer or proposal sell at a premium to their historic market price immediately prior to the announcement of the offer or proposal or may also discount what the stated or appraised value of the security would be if the contemplated transaction were approved or consummated.

Such investments may be advantageous when the discount significantly overstates the risk of the contingencies involved; significantly undervalues the securities, assets or cash to be received by shareholders of the prospective portfolio company as a result of the contemplated transaction; or fails adequately to recognize the possibility that the offer or proposal may be replaced or superseded by an offer or proposal of greater value. The evaluation of such contingencies requires unusually broad knowledge and experience on the part of the portfolio management team which must appraise not only the value of the issuer and its component businesses as well as the assets or securities to be received as a result of the contemplated transaction but also the financial resources and business motivation of the offer or as well as the dynamics and business climate when the offer or proposal is in process. Since such investments are ordinarily short term in nature, they will tend to increase the portfolio turnover ratio of the Funds thereby increasing its brokerage and other transaction expenses. The Funds’ portfolio managers intend to select investments of the type described which, in their view, have a reasonable prospect of capital appreciation which is significant in relation to both the risk involved and the potential of available alternate investments.

The principal risk associated with arbitrage investments is that certain of the proposed reorganizations in which a Fund invests may be renegotiated, terminated or involve a longer time frame than originally contemplated, in which case the Fund may realize losses. Among the factors that affect the level of risk with respect to the completion of the transaction are the deal spread and number of bidders, the friendliness of the buyer and seller, the strategic rationale behind the transaction, the existence of regulatory hurdles, the level of due diligence completed on the target company and the ability of the buyer to finance the transaction. If the spread between the purchase price and the current price of the seller’s stock is small, the risk that the transaction will not be completed may outweigh the potential return. If there is very little interest by other potential buyers in the target company, the risk of loss may be higher than where there are back-up buyers that would allow the arbitrageur to realize a similar return if the current deal falls through. Unfriendly management of the target company or change in friendly management in the middle of a deal increases the risk that the deal will not be completed even if the target company’s board has approved the transaction and may involve the risk of litigation expense if the target company pursues litigation in an attempt to prevent the deal from occurring. The underlying strategy behind the deal is also a

 

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risk consideration because the less a target company will benefit from a merger or acquisition, the greater the risk. There is also a risk that an acquiring company may back out of an announced deal if, in the process of completing its due diligence of the target company, it discovers something undesirable about such company. In addition, merger transactions are also subject to regulatory risk because a merger transaction often must be approved by a regulatory body or pass governmental antitrust review. All of these factors affect the timing and likelihood that the transaction will close. Even if the Adviser selects announced deals with the goal of mitigating the risks that the transaction will fail to close, such risks may still delay the closing of such transaction to a date later than the Fund originally anticipated, reducing the level of desired return to the Fund.

In recapitalizations, a corporation may restructure its balance sheet by selling specific assets, significantly leveraging other assets, and creating new classes of equity securities to be distributed, together with a substantial payment in cash or in debt securities, to existing shareholders. In connection with such transactions, there is a risk that the value of the cash and new securities distributed will not be as high as the cost of the Fund’s original investment or that no such distribution will ultimately be made and the value of the Fund’s investment will decline. To the extent an investment in a company that has undertaken a recapitalization is retained by the Fund, the Fund’s risks will generally be comparable to those associated with investments in highly leveraged companies, generally including higher than average sensitivity to (i) short term interest rate fluctuations, (ii) downturns in the general economy or within a particular industry or (iii) adverse developments within the company itself.

Merger arbitrage positions are also subject to the risk of overall market movements. To the extent that a general increase or decline in equity values affects the stocks involved in a merger arbitrage position differently, the position may be exposed to loss.

Finally, merger arbitrage strategies depend for success on the overall volume of global merger activity, which has historically been cyclical in nature. During periods when merger activity is low, it may be difficult or impossible to identify opportunities for profit or to identify a sufficient number of such opportunities to provide balance among potential merger transactions. To the extent that the number of announced deals and corporate reorganizations decreases or the number of investors in such transactions increases, it is possible that merger arbitrage spreads will tighten, causing the profitability of investing in such transactions to diminish, which will in turn decrease the returns to the Fund from such investment activity.

Lower Rated Securities

Securities that are not investment grade are viewed by rating agencies as being predominantly speculative in character and are characterized by substantial risk concerning payments of interest and principal, sensitivity to economic conditions and changes in interest rates, as well as by market price volatility and/or relative lack of secondary market trading among other risks and may involve major risk exposure to adverse conditions or be in default. However, each Fund does not expect to invest more than 5% of its assets in securities which are in default at the time of investment and will invest in such securities only when the Adviser expects that the securities will appreciate in value. By investing in securities of issuers in default, the Funds bear the risk that these issuers will not continue to honor their obligations or emerge from bankruptcy protection or that the value of the securities will not otherwise appreciate. There is no minimum rating of securities in which each Fund may invest. Securities rated less than BBB by S&P or Baa by Moody’s or comparable unrated securities are typically referred to as “junk bonds.”

Lower rated securities are less sensitive to interest rate changes than other fixed income investments but are more sensitive to broad economic changes and individual corporate developments. As lower rated securities may be traded by a smaller number of broker- dealers, it may be more difficult for the Board to value these securities and the Board’s judgment will play a greater role as less reliable, objective data is available.

Event Driven Investing

The GRID Fund and the Global Mini Mites Fund will invest in event driven opportunities from time to time. Event driven opportunities include, among others, investments in companies that may be involved with announced or anticipated mergers and acquisitions, tender offers, restructurings, reorganizations, spin-offs/split-offs, asset sales, liquidations, bankruptcies, public offerings, rights issues, legal or regulatory changes, or any other events that may be expected to impact the value of a company’s securities.

Event driven investing requires the investor to make judgments about: (i) the likelihood that an event will occur and (ii) the impact such event will have on the value of a company’s securities. If the event fails to occur or it does not have the effect foreseen, losses can result. Further, the consummation of mergers and tender and exchange offers may not occur or their consummation may not have the desired effect. The consummation of such transactions can be prevented or delayed by a variety of factors, including, by way of example: (i) intervention of a federal or state regulatory agency; (ii) compliance with any applicable federal or state securities laws; (iii) market conditions resulting in material changes in securities prices; (iv) inability to obtain adequate financing; and, in the case of mergers or tender and exchange offers, (v) opposition of the management or stockholders of the target company, which will often

 

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result in litigation to prevent the proposed transaction. Accordingly, the GRID Fund and the Global Mini Mites Fund may realize losses due to the risks involved with event driven investing which negatively impact the value of their shares.

Consumer Products

The International Small Cap Fund and the Global Growth Fund have in the past focused, and may in the future focus, its investments in securities issued by companies in the consumer products sector. The success of consumer product manufacturers and retailers is tied closely to the performance of domestic and international economies, interest rates, competition, consumer confidence, changes in demographics, supply chain integrity and consumer preferences. Companies in the consumer discretionary sector depend heavily on disposable household income and consumer spending, and may be strongly affected by social trends and marketing campaigns. These companies may be subject to severe competition, which may have an adverse impact on their profitability. Companies in the consumer goods sector may be strongly affected by social trends, marketing campaigns and other factors affecting consumer demand. The consumer goods sector is affected by the strength of the U.S. economy and factors out of the U.S. government’s control, such as global oil prices. Many consumer goods in the U.S. may also be marketed globally, and such consumer goods companies may be affected by the demand and market conditions in non-U.S. countries. Companies in the consumer staples sector may be affected by the regulation of various product components and production methods, marketing campaigns and changes in consumer demand. Tobacco companies, in particular, may be adversely affected by new laws, regulations and litigation. Companies in the consumer staples sector may also be adversely affected by changes or trends in commodity prices, which may be influenced by unpredictable factors.

Information Technology Sector

The Global Growth Fund has in the past invested, and may in the future invest, a significant portion of its total assets in securities issued by information technology companies. Information technology companies face intense competition, both domestically and internationally, which may have an adverse effect on profit margins. These companies are heavily dependent on patent protection and the expiration of or infringement on patents may adversely affect the profitability of such companies.

The securities of information technology companies tend to exhibit a greater degree of market risk and sharp price fluctuations than other types of securities. These securities may fall in and out of favor with investors rapidly, which may cause sudden selling and dramatically lower market prices. Technology securities also may be affected adversely by changes in technology, consumer and business purchasing patterns, government regulation, product and/or service obsolescence, unpredictable changes in growth rates and competition for the services of qualified personnel. In addition, a rising interest rate environment tends to negatively affect information technology companies. These companies having high market valuations may appear less attractive to investors, which may cause sharp decreases in their market prices. Further, those information technology companies seeking to finance expansion would have increased borrowing costs, which may negatively impact earnings.

Options

Each Fund may purchase or sell options on individual securities as well as on indices of securities as a means of achieving additional return on or for hedging the value of its portfolio.

A call option is a contract that gives the holder of the option the right, in return for a premium paid, to buy from the seller the security underlying the option at a specified exercise price at any time during the term of the option or, in some cases, only at the end of the term of the option. The seller of the call option has the obligation, upon exercise of the option, to deliver the underlying security upon payment of the exercise price. A put option is a contract that gives the holder of the option the right, in return for a premium paid, to sell to the seller the underlying security at a specified price. The seller of the put option, on the other hand, has the obligation to buy the underlying security upon exercise at the exercise price. A Fund’s transactions in options may be subject to specific segregation requirements. See “Hedging Transactions”.

If a Fund has sold an option, it may terminate its obligation by effecting a closing purchase transaction. This is accomplished by purchasing an option of the same series as the option previously sold. There can be no assurance that a closing purchase transaction can be effected when a Fund so desires.

The purchaser of an option risks a total loss of the premium paid for the option if the price of the underlying security does not increase or decrease sufficiently to justify exercise. The seller of an option, on the other hand, will recognize the premium as income if the option expires unexercised but foregoes any capital appreciation in excess of the exercise price in the case of a call option and may be required to pay a price in excess of current market value in the case of a put option. Options purchased and sold, other than on an exchange, in private transactions also impose on each Fund the credit risk that the counterparty will fail to honor its obligations. A Fund will not purchase options if, as a result, the aggregate cost of all outstanding options exceeds 5% of such Fund’s assets. To the extent that puts, straddles, and similar investment strategies involve instruments regulated by the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading

 

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Commission (the “CFTC”), each Fund only will enter into such transactions if in doing so each Fund will continue to satisfy the restrictions imposed by the CFTC under rule 4.5.

Warrants and Rights

Each Fund may invest up to 5% of its assets in warrants or rights (other than those acquired in units or attached to other securities) that entitle the holder to buy equity securities at a specific price for or at the end of a specific period of time. Each Fund will do so only if the underlying equity securities are deemed appropriate by the Adviser for inclusion in a Fund’s portfolio. Investing in rights and warrants can provide a greater potential for profit or loss than an equivalent investment in the underlying security, and, thus, can be a riskier investment. The value of a right or warrant may decline because of a decline in the value of the underlying security, the passage of time, changes in interest rates or in the dividend or other policies of the company whose equity underlines the warrant, a change in the perception as to the future price of the underlying security, or any combination thereof. Rights and warrants generally pay no dividends and confer no voting or other rights other than the right to purchase the underlying security.

Investments in Foreign Securities

Foreign securities investments may be affected by changes in currency rates or exchange control regulations, changes in governmental administration or economic or monetary policy (in the United States and abroad) or changed circumstances in dealings between nations. Dividends paid by foreign issuers may be subject to withholding and other foreign taxes that may decrease the net return on these investments as compared with dividends paid to the Fund by domestic corporations. In addition, there may be less publicly available information about foreign issuers than about domestic issuers, and some foreign issuers are not subject to uniform accounting, auditing, and financial reporting standards and requirements comparable with those of domestic issuers. Securities of some foreign issuers are less liquid and more volatile than securities of comparable domestic issuers and foreign brokerage commissions may be fixed or higher than in the United States. Foreign securities markets may also be less liquid, more volatile, and less subject to government supervision than those in the United States. Investments in foreign countries could be affected by other factors not present in the United States, including expropriation, confiscatory taxation, and potential difficulties in enforcing contractual obligations. Securities purchased on foreign exchanges may be held in custody by a foreign branch of a domestic bank.

The following provides more detail on certain pronounced risks with foreign investing:

 

   

Foreign Currency Risk. The Funds may invest in companies whose securities are denominated or quoted in currencies other than U.S. dollars or have significant operations or markets outside of the United States. In such instances, the Funds will be exposed to currency risk, including the risk of fluctuations in the exchange rate between U.S. dollars (in which a Fund’s shares are denominated) and such foreign currencies, the risk of currency devaluations and the risks of non-exchangeability and blockage. As non-U.S. securities may be purchased with and payable in currencies of countries other than the U.S. dollar, the value of these assets measured in U.S. dollars may be affected favorably or unfavorably by changes in currency rates and exchange control regulations. Fluctuations in currency rates may adversely affect the ability of the Adviser to acquire such securities at advantageous prices and may also adversely affect the performance of such assets.

Certain non-U.S. currencies, primarily in developing countries, have been devalued in the past and might face devaluation in the future. Currency devaluations generally have a significant and adverse impact on the devaluing country’s economy in the short and intermediate term and on the financial condition and results of companies’ operations in that country. Currency devaluations may also be accompanied by significant declines in the values and liquidity of equity and debt securities of affected governmental and private sector entities generally. To the extent that affected companies have obligations denominated in currencies other than the devalued currency, those companies may also have difficulty in meeting those obligations under such circumstances, which in turn could have an adverse effect upon the value of a Fund’s investments in such companies. There can be no assurance that current or future developments with respect to foreign currency devaluations will not impair a Fund’s investment flexibility, its ability to achieve its investment objectives or the value of certain of its foreign currency-denominated investments.

 

   

Tax Consequences of Foreign Investing. A Fund’s transactions in foreign currencies, foreign currency-denominated debt obligations and certain foreign currency options, futures contracts and forward contracts (and similar instruments) may give rise to ordinary income or loss to the extent such income or loss results from fluctuations in the value of the foreign currency concerned. This treatment could increase or decrease a Fund’s ordinary income distributions to you, and may cause some or all of the Fund’s previously distributed income to be classified as a return of capital. In certain cases, the Fund may make an election to treat gain or loss attributable to certain investments as capital gain or loss.

 

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EMU and Redenomination Risk. As the European debt crisis progressed, the possibility of one or more Eurozone countries exiting the European Monetary Union (“EMU”), or even the collapse of the Euro as a common currency, arose, creating significant volatility at times in currency and financial markets generally. The effects of the collapse of the Euro, or of the exit of one or more countries from the EMU, on the U.S. and global economy and securities markets are impossible to predict and any such events could have a significant adverse impact on the value and risk profile of the Fund’s portfolio. Any partial or complete dissolution of the EMU could have significant adverse effects on currency and financial markets, and on the values of a Fund’s portfolio investments. If one or more EMU countries were to stop using the Euro as its primary currency, the Fund’s investments in such countries may be redenominated into a different or newly adopted currency. As a result, the value of those investments could decline significantly and unpredictably. In addition, securities or other investments that are redenominated may be subject to foreign currency risk, liquidity risk and valuation risk to a greater extent than similar investments currently denominated in Euros. To the extent a currency used for redenomination purposes is not specified in respect of certain EMU-related investments, or should the Euro cease to be used entirely, the currency in which such investments are denominated may be unclear, making such investments particularly difficult to value or dispose of. A Fund may incur additional expenses to the extent it is required to seek judicial or other clarification of the denomination or value of such securities.

Emerging Markets. The risks discussed above are more pronounced in securities of companies located in emerging markets. The prices of investments in emerging markets can experience sudden and sharp price swings. In many developing markets, there is less government supervision and regulation of business and industry practices (including the potential lack of strict finance and accounting controls and standards), stock exchanges, brokers, and listed companies than in more developed markets, making these investments potentially more volatile in price and less liquid than investments in developed securities markets, resulting in greater risk to investors. There is a risk in developing countries that a future economic or political crisis could lead to price controls, forced mergers of companies, expropriation or confiscatory taxation, imposition or enforcement of foreign ownership limits, seizure, nationalization, sanctions or imposition of restrictions by various governmental entities on investment and trading, or creation of government monopolies, any of which may have a detrimental effect on the Fund’s investments. Many emerging market countries have experienced substantial, and in some periods extremely high, rates of inflation or deflation for many years, and future inflation may adversely affect the economies and securities markets of such countries. In addition, the economies of developing countries tend to be heavily dependent upon international trade and, as such, have been, and may continue to be, adversely impacted by trade barriers, exchange controls, managed adjustments in relative currency values, and other protectionist measures. These economies also have been, and may continue to be, adversely affected by economic conditions in the countries with which they do business.

The securities markets of the countries in which the Fund may invest may also be smaller, less liquid, and subject to greater price volatility than those in the United States. In the event of a default on any investments in foreign debt obligations, it may be more difficult for the Fund to obtain or enforce a judgment against the issuers of such securities. In addition, there may be little financial or accounting information available with respect to issuers of emerging market securities, and it may be difficult as a result to assess the value of an investment in such securities. Further, the Fund’s ability to participate fully in the smaller, less liquid emerging markets may be limited by the policy restricting its investments in illiquid securities. The Fund may be subject to emerging markets risk to the extent that it invests in securities of issuers or companies which are not considered to be from emerging markets, but which have customers, products, or transactions associated with emerging markets.

Frontier Markets. Frontier countries generally have smaller economies or less developed capital markets than traditional emerging markets, and, as a result, the risks of investing in emerging market countries are magnified in frontier countries. The economies of frontier countries are less correlated to global economic cycles than those of their more developed counterparts and their markets have low trading volumes and the potential for extreme price volatility and illiquidity. This volatility may be further heightened by the actions of a few major investors. For example, a substantial increase or decrease in cash flows of mutual funds investing in these markets could significantly affect local stock prices and, therefore, the price of Fund shares. These factors make investing in frontier countries significantly riskier than in other countries and any one of them could cause the price of a Fund’s shares to decline.

Governments of many frontier countries in which a Fund may invest may exercise substantial influence over many aspects of the private sector. In some cases, the governments of such frontier countries may own or control certain companies. Accordingly, government actions could have a significant effect on economic conditions in a frontier country and on market conditions, prices and yields of securities in such Fund’s portfolio. Moreover, the economies of frontier countries may be heavily dependent upon international trade and, accordingly, have been and may continue to be, adversely affected by trade barriers, exchange controls, managed adjustments in relative currency values and other protectionist measures imposed or negotiated by the countries with which they trade. These economies also have been and may continue to be adversely affected by economic conditions in the countries with which they trade.

Certain foreign governments in countries in which the Funds may invest levy withholding or other taxes on dividend and interest income. Although in some countries a portion of these taxes are recoverable, the non-recovered portion of foreign withholding taxes will reduce the income received from investments in such countries.

 

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From time to time, certain of the companies in which the Funds may invest may operate in, or have dealings with, countries subject to sanctions or embargoes imposed by the U.S. government and the United Nations and/or countries identified by the U.S. government as state sponsors of terrorism. A company may suffer damage to its reputation if it is identified as a company which operates in, or has dealings with, countries subject to sanctions or embargoes imposed by the U.S. government and the United Nations and/or countries identified by the U.S. government as state sponsors of terrorism. As an investor in such companies, the Funds will be indirectly subject to those risks.

Investment in equity securities of issuers operating in certain frontier countries is restricted or controlled to varying degrees. These restrictions or controls may at times limit or preclude foreign investment in equity securities of issuers operating in certain frontier countries and increase the costs and expenses of the Funds. Certain frontier countries require governmental approval prior to investments by foreign persons, limit the amount of investment by foreign persons in a particular issuer, limit the investment by foreign persons only to a specific class of securities of an issuer that may have less advantageous rights than the classes available for purchase by domiciliaries of the countries and/or impose additional taxes on foreign investors. Certain frontier countries may also restrict investment opportunities in issuers in industries deemed important to national interests.

Frontier countries may require governmental approval for the repatriation of investment income, capital or the proceeds of sales of securities by foreign investors, such as the Funds. In addition, if deterioration occurs in a frontier country’s balance of payments, the country could impose temporary restrictions on foreign capital remittances. The Funds could be adversely affected by delays in, or a refusal to grant, any required governmental approval for repatriation of capital, as well as by the application to the Funds of any restrictions on investments. Investing in local markets in frontier countries may require the Funds to adopt special procedures, seek local government approvals or take other actions, each of which may involve additional costs to the Funds.

Investing in Africa. Investing in the economies of African countries involves risks not typically associated with investments in securities of issuers in more developed economies, countries or geographic regions, which may negatively affect the value of investments in a Fund. Such heightened risks include, among others, expropriation and/or nationalization of assets, restrictions on and government intervention in international trade, confiscatory taxation, political instability, including authoritarian and/or military involvement in governmental decision making, armed conflict, civil war, and social instability as a result of religious, ethnic and/or socioeconomic unrest.

The securities markets in Africa are underdeveloped and are often considered to be less correlated to global economic cycles than markets located in more developed countries or geographic regions. Securities markets in Africa are subject to greater risks associated with market volatility, lower market capitalization, lower trading volume, illiquidity, inflation, greater price fluctuations, uncertainty regarding the existence of trading markets, governmental control and heavy regulation of labor and industry. Moreover, trading on securities markets may be suspended altogether.

Certain governments in Africa may restrict or control to varying degrees the ability of foreign investors to invest in securities of issuers located or operating in those countries. These restrictions and/or controls may at times limit or prevent foreign investment in securities of issuers located or operating in countries in Africa. Moreover, certain countries in Africa may require governmental approval or special licenses prior to investment by foreign investors; may limit the amount of investment by foreign investors in a particular industry and/or issuer; may limit such foreign investment to a certain class of securities of an issuer that may have less advantageous rights than the classes available for purchase by domestic investors of those countries; and/or may impose additional taxes on foreign investors. These factors, among others, make investing in issuers located or operating in countries in Africa significantly riskier than investing in issuers located or operating in more developed countries.

Investing in Eastern Europe. An investment in Eastern European issuers may subject a Fund to legal, regulatory, political, currency, security and economic risks specific to Eastern Europe. Economies of certain Eastern European countries rely heavily on export of commodities, including oil and gas, and certain metals. As a result, such economies will be impacted by international commodity prices and are particularly vulnerable to global demand for these products. Acts of terrorism and the outbreak of war in or including certain Eastern European countries, including Russia and Ukraine, may cause uncertainty in their financial markets, lead to crippling economic and financial sanctions and adversely affect the performance of the issuers to which the Fund has exposure. The securities markets in Eastern European countries are substantially smaller and inexperienced, with less government supervision and regulation of stock exchanges and less liquid and more volatile than securities markets in the United States or Western European countries. Other risks related to investing in securities of Eastern European issuers include: the absence of legal structures governing private and foreign investments and private property; the possibility of the loss of all or a substantial portion of the Fund’s assets invested in Eastern European issuers as a result of expropriation; certain national policies which may restrict the Fund’s investment opportunities, including, without limitation, restrictions on investing in issuers or industries deemed sensitive to relevant national interests.

Investing in the Middle East. Certain economies in the Middle East depend to a significant degree upon exports of primary commodities such as oil. A sustained decrease in commodity prices could have a significant negative impact on all aspects of the

 

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economy in the region. Middle Eastern governments have exercised and continue to exercise substantial influence over many aspects of the private sector. Countries in the Middle East may be affected by political instability, war or the threat of war, regional instability, terrorist activities and religious, ethnic and/or socioeconomic unrest. Recent unrest and instability in the larger Middle East region has adversely impacted many economies in the region. Recent political instability and protests in the Middle East and North Africa (which has ethnic, religious and economic ties to the Middle East) have caused significant disruptions to many industries.

Investing in Europe. A number of countries in the European Union (the “EU”) have experienced, and may continue to experience, severe economic and financial difficulties, increasing the risk of investing in the European markets. In particular, many EU nations are susceptible to economic risks associated with high levels of debt, notably due to investments in sovereign debt of countries such as Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Ireland. As a result, financial markets in the EU have been subject to increased volatility and declines in asset values and liquidity. Responses to these financial problems by European governments, central banks and others, including austerity measures and reforms, may not work, may result in social unrest, and may limit future growth and economic recovery or have other unintended consequences. Further defaults or restructurings by governments and others of their debt could have additional adverse effects on economies, financial markets, and asset valuations around the world. Greece, Ireland, and Portugal have already received one or more “bailouts” from other Eurozone member states, and it is unclear how much additional funding they will require or if additional Eurozone member states will require bailouts in the future. One or more other countries may also abandon the euro and/or withdraw from the EU, placing its currency and banking system in jeopardy. The impact of these actions, especially if they occur in a disorderly fashion, is not clear, but could be significant and far-reaching.

In addition, certain European countries have recently experienced negative interest rates on certain fixed-income instruments. A negative interest rate policy is an unconventional central bank monetary policy tool where nominal target interest rates are set with a negative value (i.e., below zero percent) intended to help create self-sustaining growth in the local economy. Negative interest rates may result in heightened market volatility and may detract from the Fund’s performance to the extent the Fund is exposed to such interest rates.

Among other things, these developments have adversely affected the value and exchange rate of the euro and pound sterling, and may continue to significantly affect the economies of all EU countries, which in turn may have a material adverse effect on the Fund’s investments in such countries, other countries that depend on EU countries for significant amounts of trade or investment, or issuers with exposure to debt issued by certain EU countries.

To the extent a Fund has exposure to European markets or to transactions tied to the value of the euro, these events could negatively affect the value and liquidity of a Fund’s investments. All of these developments may continue to significantly affect the economies of all EU countries, which in turn may have a material adverse effect on the Fund’s investments in such countries, other countries that depend on EU countries for significant amounts of trade or investment, or issuers with exposure to debt issued by certain EU countries.

Brexit Risk. On June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom held a referendum in which voters approved an exit from the EU, commonly referred to as “Brexit.” The United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the EU occurred on January 31, 2020, and the United Kingdom remained in the EU’s customs union and single market until December 31, 2020. The United Kingdom and the EU have entered into a Trade and Cooperation Agreement (the “TCA”). While the TCA regulates a number of important areas, significant parts of the United Kingdom economy are not addressed in detail by the TCA, including in particular the services sector, which represents the largest component of the United Kingdom’s economy. A number of issues, particularly in relation to the financial services sector, remain to be resolved through further bilateral negotiations. As a result, the new relationship between the United Kingdom and the EU could in the short-term, and possibly for longer, cause disruptions to and create uncertainty in the United Kingdom and European economies, prejudice to financial services businesses that are conducting business in the EU and which are based in the United Kingdom, legal uncertainty regarding achievement of compliance with applicable financial and commercial laws and regulations, and the unavailability of timely information as to expected legal, tax and other regimes.

Investing in Japan. There are special risks associated with investments in Japan. If the Funds invest in Japan, the value of the Funds’ shares may vary widely in response to political and economic factors affecting companies in Japan. Political, social or economic disruptions in Japan or in other countries in the region may adversely affect the values of Japanese securities and thus the Funds’ holdings. Additionally, since securities in Japan are denominated and quoted in yen, the value of the Funds’ Japanese securities as measured in U.S. dollars may be affected by fluctuations in the value of the Japanese yen relative to the U.S. dollar. Japanese securities are also subject to the more general risks associated with foreign securities.

Investing in Latin America. The economies of Latin American countries have in the past experienced considerable difficulties, including high inflation rates and high interest rates. The emergence of the Latin American economies and securities markets will require continued economic and fiscal discipline that has been lacking at times in the past, as well as stable political and social conditions. International economic conditions, particularly those in the United States, as well as world prices for oil and other commodities may also influence the development of the Latin American economies.

 

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Some Latin American currencies have experienced steady devaluations relative to the U.S. dollar and certain Latin American countries have had to make major adjustments in their currencies from time to time. In addition, governments of many Latin American countries have exercised and continue to exercise substantial influence over many aspects of the private sector. Governmental actions in the future could have a significant effect on economic conditions in Latin American countries, which could affect the companies in which the Funds invest and, therefore, the value of the Funds’ shares. As noted, in the past, many Latin American countries have experienced substantial, and in some periods extremely high, rates of inflation for many years. For companies that keep accounting records in the local currency, inflation accounting rules in some Latin American countries require, for both tax and accounting purposes, that certain assets and liabilities be restated on the company’s balance sheet in order to express items in terms of currency of constant purchasing power. Inflation accounting may indirectly generate losses or profits for certain Latin American companies. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had, and could, in the future, have very negative effects on the economies and securities markets of certain Latin American countries.

Substantial limitations may exist in certain countries with respect to the Funds’ ability to repatriate investment income, capital or the proceeds of sales of securities. The Funds could be adversely affected by delays in, or a refusal to grant, any required governmental approval for repatriation of capital, as well as by the application to the Funds of any restrictions on investments.

Certain Latin American countries have entered into regional trade agreements that are designed to, among other things, reduce barriers between countries, increase competition among companies and reduce government subsidies in certain industries. No assurances can be given that these changes will be successful in the long-term, or that these changes will result in the economic stability intended. There is a possibility that these trade arrangements will not be fully implemented, or will be partially or completely unwound. It is also possible that a significant participant could choose to abandon a trade agreement, which could diminish its credibility and influence. Any of these occurrences could have adverse effects on the markets of both participating and non-participating countries, including sharp appreciation or depreciation of participants’ national currencies and a significant increase in exchange rate volatility, a resurgence in economic protectionism, an undermining of confidence in the Latin American markets, an undermining of Latin American economic stability, the collapse or slowdown of the drive towards Latin American economic unity, and/or reversion of the attempts to lower government debt and inflation rates that were introduced in anticipation of such trade agreements. Such developments could have an adverse impact on the Funds’ investments in Latin America generally or in specific countries participating in such trade agreements.

Other Latin American market risks include foreign exchange controls, difficulties in pricing securities, defaults on sovereign debt, difficulties in enforcing favorable legal judgments in local courts and political and social instability. Legal remedies available to investors in certain Latin American countries may be less extensive than those available to investors in the United States or other foreign countries.

Investing in Asia-Pacific Countries. In addition to the risks of investing in foreign securities and the risks of investing in emerging markets, the developing market Asia-Pacific countries are subject to certain additional or specific risks. In many of these markets, there is a high concentration of market capitalization and trading volume in a small number of issuers representing a limited number of industries, as well as a high concentration of investors and financial intermediaries. Many of these markets also may be affected by developments with respect to more established markets in the region such as in Japan and Hong Kong. Brokers in developing market Asia-Pacific countries typically are fewer in number and less well capitalized than brokers in the United States.

Many of the developing market Asia-Pacific countries may be subject to a greater degree of economic, political and social instability than is the case in the United States and Western European countries. Such instability may result from, among other things: (i) authoritarian governments or military involvement in political and economic decision-making, including changes in government through extra-constitutional means; (ii) popular unrest associated with demands for improved political, economic and social conditions; (iii) internal insurgencies; (iv) hostile relations with neighboring countries; and (v) ethnic, religious and racial disaffection. In addition, the governments of many of such countries, such as Indonesia, have a substantial role in regulating and supervising the economy.

Another risk common to most such countries is that the economy is heavily export oriented and, accordingly, is dependent upon international trade. The existence of overburdened infrastructure and obsolete financial systems also presents risks in certain countries, as do environmental problems. Certain economies also depend to a significant degree upon exports of primary commodities and, therefore, are vulnerable to changes in commodity prices that, in turn, may be affected by a variety of factors.

The rights of investors in developing market Asia-Pacific companies may be more limited than those of shareholders of U.S. corporations. It may be difficult or impossible to obtain and/or enforce a judgment in a developing market Asia-Pacific country.

Some developing Asia-Pacific countries prohibit or impose substantial restrictions on investments in their capital markets, particularly their equity markets, by foreign entities. For example, certain countries may require governmental approval prior to investments by foreign persons or limit the amount of investment by foreign persons in a particular company.

 

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When Issued, Delayed Delivery Securities, and Forward Commitments

Each Fund may enter into forward commitments for the purchase or sale of securities, including on a “when issued” or “delayed delivery” basis in excess of customary settlement periods for the type of securities involved. In some cases, a forward commitment may be conditioned upon the occurrence of a subsequent event, such as approval and consummation of a merger, corporate reorganization, or debt restructuring, i.e., a when, as, and if issued security. When such transactions are negotiated, the price is fixed at the time of the commitment, with payment and delivery taking place in the future, generally a month or more after the date of the commitment. While a Fund will only enter into a forward commitment with the intention of actually acquiring the security, such Fund may sell the forward commitment before the settlement date if it is deemed advisable.

Securities purchased under a forward commitment are subject to market fluctuation, and no interest (or dividends) accrues to a Fund prior to the settlement date. Each Fund will segregate with its custodian, through book-entry notations, cash or liquid assets in an aggregate amount at least equal to the amount of its outstanding forward commitments on a daily basis. Whenever a Fund is required to establish a segregated account, notations on the books of the Corporation’s custodian or fund accounting agent are sufficient to constitute a segregated account.

Short Sales

Each Fund may make short sales of securities. A short sale is a transaction in which a Fund sells a security it does not own in anticipation that the market price of that security will decline. Each Fund expects to make short sales both to obtain capital gains from anticipated declines in securities and as a form of hedging to offset potential declines in long positions in the same or similar securities. The short sale of a security is considered a speculative investment technique.

When a Fund makes a short sale, it must borrow the security sold short and deliver it to the broker-dealer through which it made the short sale in order to satisfy its obligation to deliver the security upon conclusion of the sale. A Fund may have to pay a fee to borrow particular securities and is often obligated to pay over any payments received on such borrowed securities.

A Fund’s obligation to replace the borrowed security will be secured by collateral deposited with the broker-dealer, usually cash, U.S. government securities, or other liquid assets. A Fund will also be required to deposit similar collateral with its Custodian to the extent, if any, necessary so that the value of both collateral deposits in the aggregate is at all times equal to the greater of the price at which the security is sold short or 100% of the current market value of the security sold short. Depending on arrangements made with the broker-dealer from which it borrowed the security regarding payment of any amount received by a Fund on such security, such Fund may not receive any payments (including interest) on its collateral deposited with such broker-dealer. If the price of the security sold short increases between the time of the short sale and the time a Fund replaces the borrowed security, such Fund will incur a loss; conversely, if the price declines, such Fund will realize a capital gain. Any gain will be decreased, and any loss increased, by the transaction costs described above. Although a Fund’s gain is limited to the price at which it sold the security short, its potential loss is theoretically unlimited.

Short-selling necessarily involves certain additional risks. If the short seller does not own the securities sold short (an uncovered short sale), the borrowed securities must be replaced by securities purchased at market prices in order to close out the short position, and any appreciation in the price of the borrowed securities would result in a loss. Uncovered short sales expose the Fund to the risk of uncapped losses until a position can be closed out due to the lack of an upper limit on the price to which a security may rise. Purchasing securities to close out the short position can itself cause the price of the securities to rise further, thereby exacerbating the loss. There is the risk that the securities borrowed by a Fund in connection with a short-sale must be returned to the securities lender on short notice. If a request for return of borrowed securities occurs at a time when other short-sellers of the security are receiving similar requests, a “short squeeze” can occur, and a Fund may be compelled to replace borrowed securities previously sold short with purchases on the open market at the most disadvantageous time, possibly at prices significantly in excess of the proceeds received at the time the securities were originally sold short.

In September 2008, in response to spreading turmoil in the financial markets, the SEC temporarily banned short selling in the stocks of numerous financial services companies, and also promulgated new disclosure requirements with respect to short positions held by investment managers. The SEC’s temporary ban on short selling of such stocks has since expired, but should similar restrictions and/or additional disclosure requirements be promulgated, especially if market turmoil occurs, the Funds may be forced to cover short positions more quickly than otherwise intended and may suffer losses as a result. Such restrictions may also adversely affect the ability of a Fund to execute its investment strategies generally. Similar emergency orders were also instituted in non-U.S. markets in response to increased volatility. The Funds’ ability to engage in short sales is also restricted by various regulatory requirements relating to short sales.

The market value of the securities sold short of any one issuer will not exceed either 5% of each Fund’s total assets or 5% of such issuer’s voting securities. A Fund will not make a short sale, if, after giving effect to such sale, the market value of all securities sold

 

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short exceeds 25% of the value of its assets or such Fund’s aggregate short sales of a particular class of securities exceeds 25% of the outstanding securities of that class. A Fund may also make short sales “against the box” without respect to such limitations. In this type of short sale, at the time of the sale, such Fund owns or has the immediate and unconditional right to acquire the identical security at no additional cost.

Restricted and Illiquid Securities

Each Fund may invest up to a total of 15% of its net assets in securities that are subject to legal or contractual restrictions on resale and securities the markets for which are illiquid. The sale of illiquid securities often requires more time and results in higher brokerage charges or dealer discounts and other selling expenses than does the sale of securities eligible for trading on national securities exchanges or in the over-the-counter (“OTC”) markets. Restricted securities may sell at a price lower than similar securities that are not subject to restrictions on resale. Securities freely saleable among qualified institutional investors under special rules adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) or otherwise determined to be liquid may be treated as liquid if they satisfy liquidity standards established by the Board. Unseasoned issuers are companies (including predecessors) that have operated for less than three years. The continued liquidity of such securities is not as well assured as that of publicly traded securities, and accordingly the Board will monitor their liquidity. The Board will review pertinent factors such as trading activity, reliability of price information and trading patterns of comparable securities in determining whether to treat any such security as liquid for purposes of the foregoing 15% test. To the extent the Board treats such securities as liquid, temporary impairments to trading patterns of such securities may adversely affect a Fund’s liquidity.

Repurchase Agreements

Each Fund may invest in repurchase agreements, which are agreements pursuant to which securities are acquired by a Fund from a third party with the understanding that they will be repurchased by the seller at a fixed price on an agreed date. These agreements may be made with respect to any of the portfolio securities in which a Fund is authorized to invest. Repurchase agreements may be characterized as loans secured by the underlying securities. Each Fund may enter into repurchase agreements with (i) member banks of the Federal Reserve System having total assets in excess of $500 million and (ii) securities dealers, provided that such banks or dealers meet the creditworthiness standards established by the Adviser (“Qualified Institutions”). The Adviser will monitor the continued creditworthiness of Qualified Institutions. The resale price reflects the purchase price plus an agreed upon market rate of interest which is unrelated to the coupon rate or date of maturity of the purchased security. The collateral is marked to market daily. Such agreements permit a Fund to keep all of its assets earning interest while retaining “overnight” flexibility in pursuit of investments of a longer-term nature.

The use of repurchase agreements involves certain risks. For example, if the seller of securities under a repurchase agreement defaults on its obligation to repurchase the underlying securities, as a result of its bankruptcy or otherwise, a Fund will seek to dispose of such securities, which action could involve costs or delays. If the seller becomes insolvent and subject to liquidation or reorganization under applicable bankruptcy or other laws, such Fund’s ability to dispose of the underlying securities may be restricted. Finally, it is possible that a Fund may not be able to substantiate its interest in the underlying securities. To minimize this risk, the securities underlying the repurchase agreement will be held by each Fund’s custodian at all times in an amount at least equal to the repurchase price, including accrued interest. If the seller fails to repurchase the securities, a Fund may suffer a loss to the extent proceeds from the sale of the underlying securities are less than the repurchase price. Each Fund will not enter into repurchase agreements of a duration of more than seven days if taken together with all other illiquid securities in a Fund’s portfolio, more than 15% of its net assets would be so invested.

Loans of Portfolio Securities

To increase income, each Fund may lend its portfolio securities to securities broker-dealers or financial institutions if (1) the loan is collateralized in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements including collateralization continuously at no less than 100% by marking to market daily, (2) the loan is subject to termination by a Fund at any time, (3) a Fund receives reasonable interest or fee payments on the loan, (4) a Fund is able to exercise all voting rights with respect to the loaned securities, and (5) the loan will not cause the value of all loaned securities to exceed 33 1/3% of the value of a Fund’s assets.

If the borrower fails to maintain the requisite amount of collateral, the loan automatically terminates and a Fund could use the collateral to replace the securities while holding the borrower liable for any excess of replacement cost over the value of the collateral. As with any extension of credit, there are risks of delay in recovery and in some cases even loss of rights in collateral should the borrower of the securities fail financially.

 

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Borrowing

Each Fund may not borrow money except for (1) short term credits from banks as may be necessary for the clearance of portfolio transactions, and (2) borrowings from banks for temporary or emergency purposes, including the meeting of redemption requests that would otherwise require the untimely disposition of its portfolio securities. Borrowing may not, in the aggregate, exceed 15% of the value of the assets after giving effect to the borrowing and borrowing for purposes other than meeting redemptions may not exceed 5% of the value of each Fund’s assets after giving effect to the borrowing. Each Fund will not make additional investments when borrowings exceed 5% of assets. Each Fund may mortgage, pledge or hypothecate assets to secure such borrowings. The foregoing policies regarding borrowing are not fundamental polices of the Funds and the Board may change them without a vote of a Fund’s shareholders so long as they remain consistent with the Fund’s fundamental investment restrictions. See “Investment Restrictions.”

Hedging Transactions

Futures Contracts. Each Fund may enter into futures contracts only for certain bona fide hedging, yield enhancement and risk management purposes. Each Fund may enter into futures contracts for the purchase or sale of debt securities, debt instruments, or indices of prices thereof, stock index futures, other financial indices, and U.S. government securities.

A “sale” of a futures contract (or a “short” futures position) means the assumption of a contractual obligation to deliver the reference assets underlying the contract at a specified price at a specified future time. A “purchase” of a futures contract (or a “long” futures position) means the assumption of a contractual obligation to acquire the reference assets underlying the contract at a specified price at a specified future time.

Certain futures contracts are settled on a net cash payment basis rather than by the sale and delivery of the reference assets underlying the futures contracts. U.S. futures contracts have been designed by exchanges that have been designated as “contract markets” by the CFTC and must be executed through a futures commission merchant (i.e., a brokerage firm) which is a member of the relevant contract market. Futures contracts trade on these contract markets and the exchange’s affiliated clearing organization guarantees performance of the contracts between the clearing members of the exchange.

Futures contracts entail certain risks, including but not limited to the following: no assurance that futures contracts transactions can be offset at favorable prices, possible reduction of a Fund’s yield due to the use of hedging, possible reduction in value of both the securities hedged and the hedging instrument, possible lack of liquidity due to daily limits on price fluctuation, imperfect correlation between the contracts and the securities being hedged, and potential losses in excess of the amount invested in the futures contracts themselves.

Currency Transactions. Each Fund may enter into various currency transactions, including forward foreign currency contracts, currency swaps, foreign currency or currency index futures contracts and put and call options on such contracts or on currencies. A forward foreign currency contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific currency for a set price at a future date. A currency swap is an arrangement whereby each party exchanges one currency for another on a particular date and agrees to reverse the exchange on a later date at a specific exchange rate. Forward currency contracts and currency swaps generally are established in the interbank market directly between currency traders (usually large commercial banks or other financial institutions) on behalf of their customers. Currency swaps and certain types of forward currency contracts now are regulated as swaps by the CFTC and, although they may still be established in the interbank market by currency traders on behalf of their customers, such instruments now must be executed in accordance with applicable federal regulations. The regulation of such currency swaps and forward currency contracts as swaps is a recent development and there can be no assurance that the additional regulation of these types of options will not have an adverse effect on a Fund that utilizes these instruments. Futures contracts are similar to forward contracts except that they are traded on an organized exchange and the obligations thereunder may be offset by taking an equal but opposite position to the original contract, with profit or loss determined by the relative prices between the opening and offsetting positions.

Each Fund expects to enter into these currency transactions in primarily the following circumstances: to “lock in” the U.S. dollar equivalent price of a security a Fund is contemplating buying or selling which is denominated in a non-U.S. currency or to protect against a decline against the U.S. dollar of the currency of a particular country to which a Fund’s portfolio has exposure. Each Fund anticipates seeking to achieve the same economic result by utilizing from time to time for such hedging a currency different from the one of the given portfolio security as long as, in the view of the Adviser, such currency is essentially correlated to the currency of the relevant portfolio security based on historic and expected exchange rate patterns.

The Adviser may choose to use such instruments on behalf of each Fund depending upon market conditions prevailing and the perceived investment needs of each Fund. Futures contracts, interest rate swaps, and options on securities indices and futures contracts and certain currency contracts sold by each Fund are generally subject to segregation and coverage requirement with the result that, if a Fund does not hold the security or futures contract underlying the instrument, each Fund will be required to segregate on an

 

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ongoing basis with its custodian, cash, U.S. government securities, or other liquid assets in an amount at least equal to each Fund’s obligations with respect to such instruments. Such amounts fluctuate as the obligations increase or decrease in value. The segregation requirement can result in each Fund maintaining securities positions it would otherwise liquidate or segregating assets at a time when it might be disadvantageous to do so. Whenever a Fund is required to establish a segregated account, notations on the books of the Corporation’s custodian or fund accounting agent are sufficient to constitute a segregated account.

Other Swap and Derivative Transactions. Each Fund may enter into total rate of return, credit default, or other types of swaps and related derivatives for various purposes, including to gain economic exposure to an asset or group of assets that may be difficult or impractical to acquire or for hedging and risk management. These transactions generally provide for the transfer from one counterparty to another of certain risks inherent in the ownership of a financial asset such as a common stock or debt instrument. Such risks include, among other things, the risk of default and insolvency of the obligor of such asset, the risk that the credit of the obligor or the underlying collateral will decline, or the risk that the common stock of the underlying issuer will decline in value. The transfer of risk pursuant to a derivative of this type may be complete or partial, and may be for the life of the related asset or for a shorter period. These derivatives may be used as a risk management tool for a pool of financial assets, providing a Fund with the opportunity to gain or reduce exposure to one or more reference securities or other financial assets (each, a “Reference Asset”) without actually owning or selling such assets in order, for example, to increase or reduce a concentration risk or to diversify a portfolio. Conversely, these derivatives may be used by a Fund to reduce exposure to an owned asset without selling it.

Because the Funds may not own certain Reference Assets, a Fund may not have any voting rights with respect to such Reference Assets, and in such cases all decisions related to the obligors or issuers of such Reference Assets, including whether to exercise certain remedies, will be controlled by the swap counterparties.

Total rate of return swaps and similar derivatives are subject to many risks, including the possibility that the market will move in a manner or direction that would have resulted in a gain for a Fund had the swap or other derivative not been utilized (in which case it would have been better had a Fund not engaged in the transaction), nearly unlimited exposure to changes in the value of the Reference Assets, total loss to a Fund of the entire notional amount of the swap, the risk of imperfect correlation between the risk sought to be hedged and the derivative transactions utilized, the possible inability of the counterparty to fulfill its obligations under the swap and potential illiquidity of the instrument utilized, which may make it difficult for a Fund to close out or unwind one or more transactions.

Total rate of return swaps and related derivatives present certain legal, tax and market uncertainties. There is currently little or no case law or litigation characterizing total rate of return swaps or related derivatives, interpreting their provisions, or characterizing their tax treatment. In addition, additional regulations and laws may apply to these types of derivatives that have not previously been applied.

There can be no assurance that future decisions construing similar provisions to those in any swap agreement or other related documents or additional regulations and laws will not have an adverse effect on a Fund if it utilizes these instruments. Each Fund will monitor these risks and seek to utilize these instruments in a manner that does not lead to undue risk regarding the tax or other structural elements of the Fund. The Funds will not invest in these types of instruments if the Reference Assets are commodities except for bona fide hedging or risk management purposes. Each Fund only will enter into swaps that are regulated by the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) if in doing so the Fund will continue to satisfy the restrictions imposed by the CFTC under Rule 4.5.

Dodd-Frank Act Risk. Title VII of the U.S. Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act) (the “Derivatives Title”) imposed a new regulatory structure on derivatives markets, with particular emphasis on swaps and security-based swaps (collectively “swaps”), which are subject to oversight by the CFTC and by the SEC, respectively. The regulatory framework covers a broad range of swap market participants, including banks, non-banks, credit unions, insurance companies, broker-dealers and investment advisers.

The SEC, other U.S. regulators, and to a lesser extent the CFTC (the “Regulators”) still are in the process of adopting regulations, making determinations and providing guidance to implement the Derivatives Title, though certain aspects of the new regulatory structure are substantially complete. Until the Regulators complete their rulemaking efforts, the full extent to which the Derivatives Title and the rules adopted thereunder will impact the Funds is unclear. It is possible that the continued development of this new regulatory structure for swaps may jeopardize certain trades and/or trading strategies that may be employed by the Fund, or at least make them more costly.

Current regulations require the mandatory central clearing and mandatory exchange trading of particular types of interest rate swaps and index credit default swaps (together, “Covered Swaps”). Together, these new regulatory requirements change a fund’s trading of Covered Swaps. With respect to mandatory central clearing, each Fund is now required to clear its Covered Swaps through a clearing broker, which requires, among other things, posting initial margin and variation margin to the Fund’s clearing broker in order to enter into and maintain positions in Covered Swaps. With respect to mandatory exchange trading, the Fund may be required to become a

 

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participant of a type of execution platform called a swap execution facility (“SEF”) or may be required to access the SEF through an intermediary (such as an executing broker) in order to be able to trade Covered Swaps for the Fund. In either scenario, the Fund may incur additional legal and compliance costs and transaction fees. Just as with the other regulatory changes imposed as a result of the implementation of the Derivatives Title, the increased costs and fees associated with trading Covered Swaps may jeopardize certain trades and/or trading strategies that may be employed by the Fund, or at least make them more costly.

Additionally, the Regulators have finalized regulations with a phased implementation that may require swap dealers to collect from, and post to, the Fund variation margin (and initial margin, if the Fund exceeds a specified exposure threshold) for uncleared derivatives transactions in certain circumstances. U.S. federal banking regulators have also finalized regulations that would impose upon swap dealers new capital requirements. The CFTC and SEC have adopted capital requirements for swap dealers, and the SEC has finalized its uncleared margin rules. Such requirements may make certain types of trades and/or trading strategies more costly or impermissible.

There may be market dislocations due to uncertainty during the implementation period of any new regulation and the Fund cannot know how the derivatives market will adjust to new regulations. Until the Regulators complete the rulemaking process for the Derivatives Title, it is unknown the extent to which such risks may materialize. In addition, regulations adopted by global prudential regulators that are now in effect require certain bank-regulated counterparties and certain of their affiliates to include in “qualified financial contracts,” including many derivatives contracts as well as repurchase agreements and securities lending agreements, terms that delay or restrict the rights of counterparties to terminate such contracts, foreclose upon collateral, exercise other default rights or restrict transfers of affiliate credit enhancements (such as guarantees) in the event that the bank-regulated counterparty and/or its affiliates are subject to certain types of resolution or insolvency proceedings.

Limitations on the Purchase and Sale of Futures Contracts and Options and on Futures Contracts. Subject to the guidelines of the Board, each Fund may engage in “commodity interest” transactions (generally, transactions in futures, certain options, certain currency transactions and certain types of swaps) only for bona fide hedging, yield enhancement and risk management purposes, in each case in accordance with the rules and regulations of the CFTC. CFTC Rule 4.5, upon which the Fund relies to avoid having its adviser register with the CFTC as a “commodity pool operator” imposes certain commodity interest trading restrictions on the Fund. These trading restrictions permit each Fund to engage in commodity interest transactions that include (i) “bona fide hedging” transactions, as that term is defined and interpreted by the CFTC and its staff, without regard to the percentage of the Fund’s assets committed to margin and option premiums and (ii) non-bona fide hedging transactions, provided that the Fund not enter into such non-bona fide hedging transactions if, immediately thereafter, either (a) the sum of the amount of initial margin deposits on the Fund’s existing futures or swaps positions and option or swaption premiums would exceed 5% of the market value of the Fund’s liquidating value, after taking into account unrealized profits and unrealized losses on any such transactions, or (b) the aggregate net notional value of the Fund’s commodity interest transactions would not exceed 100% of the market value of the Fund’s liquidating value, after taking into account unrealized profits and unrealized losses on any such transactions.

In addition to meeting one of the foregoing trading limitations, the Fund may not market itself as a commodity pool or otherwise as a vehicle for trading in the futures, options or swaps markets. If the Adviser was required to register as a commodity pool operator with respect to the Fund, compliance with additional registration and regulatory requirements would increase Fund expenses. Other potentially adverse regulatory initiatives could also develop.

1940 Act Limitations. To the extent the terms of derivatives transactions obligate a Fund to make payments, the Fund may earmark or segregate cash or liquid assets in an amount at least equal to the current value of the amount then payable by the Fund under the terms of such transactions or otherwise cover such transactions in accordance with applicable interpretations of the staff of the SEC. If the current value of the amount then payable by the Fund under the terms of such transactions is represented by the notional amounts of such investments, the Fund would segregate or earmark cash or liquid assets having a market value at least equal to such notional amounts, and if the current value of the amount then payable by the Fund under the terms of such transactions is represented by the market value of the Fund’s current obligations, the Fund would segregate or earmark cash or liquid assets having a market value at least equal to such current obligations. To the extent the terms of derivatives transactions obligate a Fund to deliver particular securities to extinguish the Fund’s obligations under such transactions the Fund may “cover” its obligations under such transactions by either (i) owning the securities or collateral underlying such transactions or (ii) having an absolute and immediate right to acquire such securities or collateral without additional cash consideration (or, if additional cash consideration is required, having earmarked or segregated an appropriate amount of cash or liquid assets). Such earmarking, segregation, or cover is intended to provide the Fund with available assets to satisfy its obligations under such transactions. As a result of such earmarking, segregation, or cover, the Fund’s obligations under such transactions will not be considered senior securities representing indebtedness for purposes of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”), or considered borrowings subject to the Fund’s limitations on borrowings, but may create leverage for the Fund. To the extent that a Fund’s obligations under such transactions are not so earmarked, segregated or covered, such obligations may be considered “senior securities representing indebtedness” under the 1940 Act and therefore subject to a 300% asset coverage requirement pursuant to 1940 Act requirements.

 

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These earmarking, segregation, or cover requirements can result in a Fund maintaining securities positions it would otherwise liquidate, segregating or earmarking assets at a time when it might be disadvantageous to do so or otherwise restrict portfolio management.

On October 28, 2020, the SEC adopted new regulations governing the use of derivatives by registered investment companies (Rule 18f-4”). The Fund will be required to implement and comply with Rule 18f-4 by August 19, 2022. Once implemented, Rule 18f-4 will impose limits on the amount of derivatives a fund can enter into, eliminate the asset segregation framework currently used by funds to comply with Section 1 of the 1930 Act, treat derivatives as senior securities so that a failure to comply with the limits would result in a statutory violation and require funds whose use of derivative is more than a limited specified exposure amount to establish and maintain a comprehensive derivatives risk management program and appoint a derivatives risk manager.

Russia Risk

As a result of Russia’s military invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the United States and other countries imposed broad-reaching political and economic sanctions on Russia, certain Russian allies believed to be providing them military or financial support, on private and public companies domiciled in Russia, including public issuers and banking and financial institutions, and on a variety of individuals. These sanctions, combined with equivalent measures taken by foreign businesses ceasing operations in Russia, continue to adversely impact global financial markets, disrupt global supply chains, and impair the value and liquidity of issuers and funds that continue to maintain exposure to Russia and its allies, Russian investments and sectors that can be impacted by restrictions on Russian imports and exports, such as the oil and gas industry.

It is not possible to predict the duration or extent of longer-term consequences of this conflict, which could include further sanctions, retaliatory measures taken by Russia, embargoes, regional instability, geopolitical shifts and adverse effects on macroeconomic conditions, security conditions, currency exchange rates and financial markets around the globe. Any of the foregoing consequences, including those we cannot yet predict, may negatively impact the Fund’s performance and the value of an investment in the Fund, even if the Fund does not have direct exposure to Russian issuers or issuers in other countries affected by the invasion. In general terms, the overall negative impact to the Fund will depend on the extent to which the Fund is prohibited from selling or otherwise transacting in its investments at any given time and whether a fair market valuation can be readily obtained, particularly for any Russia currency-denominated investments and investments in US dollar-denominated American Depositary Receipts representing securities of Russian issuers.

Market Disruption and Geopolitical Risk

The consequences of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, including international sanctions, the potential impact on inflation and increased disruption to supply chains may impact our portfolio companies, result in an economic downturn or recession either globally or locally in the U.S. or other economies, reduce business activity, spawn additional conflicts (whether in the form of traditional military action, reignited “cold” wars or in the form of virtual warfare such as cyberattacks) with similar and perhaps wider ranging impacts and consequences and have an adverse impact on the Fund’s returns and net asset value.

The occurrence of events similar to those in recent years, such as localized wars, instability, new and oncoming pandemics (such as COVID-19), epidemics or outbreaks of infectious diseases in certain parts of the world, natural/environmental disasters, terrorist attacks in the United States and around the world, social and political discord, debt crises sovereign debt downgrades, increasingly strained relations between the United States and a number of foreign countries, new and continued political unrest in various countries, the exit or potential exit of one or more countries from the EU or the EMU, continued changes in the balance of political power among and within the branches of the U.S government, government shutdowns, among others, may result in the market volatility, may have long term effects on the U.S. and worldwide financial markets, and may cause further economic uncertainties in the United States and worldwide. In particular, the escalation of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, including international sanctions, potential impact on inflation and increased disruption to supply chains may impact our portfolio companies. Such unfavorable economic conditions also may also be expected to increase our funding costs, limit our access to the capital markets or result in a decision by lenders not to extend credit to us. The current political climate has intensified concerns about a potential trade war between China and the United States, as each country has recently imposed tariffs on the other country’s products. These actions may trigger a significant reduction in international trade, the oversupply of certain manufactured goods, substantial price reductions of goods and possible failure of individual companies and/or large segments of China’s export industry, which could have a negative impact on our performance. U.S. companies that source material and goods from China and those that make large amounts of sales in China would be particularly vulnerable to an escalation of trade tensions. Uncertainty regarding the outcome of the trade tensions and the potential for a trade war could cause the U.S. dollar to decline against safe haven currencies, such as the Japanese yen and the euro. Events such as these and their consequences are difficult to predict and it is unclear whether further tariffs may be imposed or other escalating actions may be taken in the future. Any of these effects could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

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The current contentious domestic political environment, as well as political and diplomatic events within the United States and abroad, such as the U.S. government’s inability at times to agree on a long-term budget and deficit reduction plan, may in the future result in government shutdowns, which could have a material adverse effect on the Funds’ investments and operations. In addition, the Funds’ ability to raise additional capital in the future through the sale of securities could be materially affected by a government shutdown. Additional and/or prolonged U.S. government shutdowns may affect investor and consumer confidence and may adversely impact financial markets and the broader economy, perhaps suddenly and to a significant degree.

While the extreme volatility and disruption that U.S. and global markets experienced for an extended period of time beginning in 2007 and 2008 had, until the recent coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, generally subsided, uncertainty and periods of volatility still remain, and risks to a robust resumption of growth persist. Federal Reserve policy, including with respect to certain interest rates, may adversely affect the value, volatility and liquidity of dividend and interest paying securities. Market volatility, dramatic changes to interest rates and/or a return to unfavorable economic conditions may lower a Fund’s performance or impair a Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objective.

As previously discussed, Brexit has led to volatility in the financial markets of the United Kingdom and more broadly across Europe and may also lead to weakening in consumer, corporate and financial confidence in such markets. The decision made in the British referendum may also lead to a call for similar referendums in other European jurisdictions which may cause increased economic volatility in the European and global markets. This mid- to long-term uncertainty may have an adverse effect on the economy generally and on the ability of the Funds and their investments to execute their respective strategies and to receive attractive returns. In particular, currency volatility may mean that the returns of the Funds and their investments are adversely affected by market movements and may make it more difficult, or more expensive, for the Funds to execute prudent currency hedging policies. Potential decline in the value of the British Pound and/or the Euro against other currencies, along with the potential downgrading of the United Kingdom’s sovereign credit rating, may also have an impact on the performance of portfolio companies or investments located in the United Kingdom or Europe. In light of the above, no definitive assessment can currently be made regarding the impact that Brexit will have on the Funds, their investments or its organization more generally.

The occurrence of any of the above events could have a significant adverse impact on the value and risk profile of the Fund’s portfolio. The Fund does not know how long the securities markets may be affected by similar events and cannot predict the effects of similar events in the future on the U.S. economy and securities markets. There can be no assurance that similar events and other market disruptions will not have other material and adverse implications.

Economic Events and Market Risk

Periods of market volatility remain, and may continue to occur in the future, in response to various political, social and economic events both within and outside of the United States. These conditions have resulted in, and in many cases continue to result in, greater price volatility, less liquidity, widening credit spreads and a lack of price transparency, with many securities remaining illiquid and of uncertain value. Such market conditions may adversely affect each Fund, including by making valuation of some of the Fund’s securities uncertain and/or result in sudden and significant valuation increases or declines in the Fund’s holdings.

Risks resulting from any future debt or other economic crisis could also have a detrimental impact on the global economic recovery, the financial condition of financial institutions and our business, financial condition, and results of operation. Market and economic disruptions have affected, and may in the future affect, consumer confidence levels and spending, personal bankruptcy rates, levels of incurrence and default on consumer debt and home prices, among other factors. To the extent uncertainty regarding the U.S. or global economy negatively impacts consumer confidence and consumer credit factors, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be significantly and adversely affected. Downgrades to the credit ratings of major banks could result in increased borrowing costs for such banks and negatively affect the broader economy. Moreover, Federal Reserve policy, including with respect to certain interest rates and the decision to end its quantitative easing policy, may also adversely affect the value, volatility and liquidity of dividend- and interest-paying securities. Market volatility, rising interest rates, rising inflation, and/or a return to unfavorable economic conditions could impair each Fund’s ability to achieve its investment objective. An outbreak of infectious respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus known as COVID-19 is currently a global pandemic. This coronavirus has resulted in travel restrictions, closed international borders, enhanced health screenings at ports of entry and elsewhere, disruption of and delays in healthcare service preparation and delivery, prolonged quarantines, cancellations, supply chain disruptions, and lower consumer demand, as well as general concern and uncertainty. The impact of COVID-19 and other infectious illness outbreaks that may arise in the future, have and could further adversely affect the economies of many nations and the entire global economy, individual issuers, and capital markets in ways that cannot necessarily be foreseen. In addition, the impact of infectious illnesses in emerging market countries may be greater due to generally less established healthcare systems. Public health crises caused by the COVID-19 outbreak may exacerbate other pre-existing political, social, and economic risks in certain countries or globally. The duration of the COVID-19 outbreak and its effects cannot be determined with certainty. These events could have, and/or have had, a significant impact on a Fund’s performance, net asset

 

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value, income, operating results and ability to pay distributions, as well as the performance, income, operating results and viability of issuers in which it invests. It is virtually impossible to determine the ultimate impact of COVID-19 at this time. Accordingly, an investment in the Funds is subject to an elevated degree of risk as compared to other market environments.

Regulation and Government Intervention Risk

The global financial crisis led the U.S. government and certain foreign governments to take a number of unprecedented actions designed to support certain financial institutions and segments of the financial markets that experienced extreme volatility, and in some cases a lack of liquidity, including through direct purchases of equity and debt securities. Federal, state, and other governments and certain foreign governments and their regulatory agencies or self-regulatory organizations may take legislative and regulatory actions that affect the regulation of the instruments in which a Fund invests, or the issuers of such instruments, in ways that are unforeseeable. Such legislation or regulation may change the way in which each Fund is regulated and could limit or preclude the Funds’ ability to achieve its investment objective.

The SEC and its staff are also reportedly engaged in various initiatives and reviews that seek to improve and modernize the regulatory structure governing investment companies. These efforts appear to be focused on risk identification and controls in various areas, including embedded leverage through the use of derivatives and other trading practices, cybersecurity, liquidity, valuation, enhanced regulatory and public reporting requirements and the evaluation of systemic risks. Any new rules, guidance or regulatory initiatives resulting from these efforts could increase the Funds’ expenses and impact its returns to shareholders or, in the extreme case, impact or limit its use of various portfolio management strategies or techniques and adversely impact the Funds.

In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, there appears to be a renewed popular, political and judicial focus on finance related consumer protection. Financial institution practices are also subject to greater scrutiny and criticism generally. In the case of transactions between financial institutions and the general public, there may be a greater tendency toward strict interpretation of terms and legal rights in favor of the consuming public, particularly where there is a real or perceived disparity in risk allocation and/or where consumers are perceived as not having had an opportunity to exercise informed consent to the transaction. In the event of conflicting interests between retail investors holding common shares of an open-end investment company such as a Fund and a large financial institution, a court may similarly seek to strictly interpret terms and legal rights in favor of retail investors.

In addition, the U.S. government has proposed and adopted multiple regulations that could have a long-lasting impact on the Funds and on the mutual fund industry in general. The SEC’s final rules and amendments that modernize reporting and disclosure and required the implementation of a liquidity risk management program, along with other potential upcoming regulations, could, among other things, restrict the Funds’ ability to engage in transactions, impact flows into the Funds and/or increase overall expenses of the Funds. The Board designated and approved a liquidity committee (“Liquidity Committee”) to administer the Funds’ liquidity risk management program and related procedures.

Changes enacted by the current presidential administration could significantly impact the regulation of financial markets in the United States. Areas subject to potential change, amendment or repeal include trade and foreign policy, corporate tax rates, energy and infrastructure policies, the environment and sustainability, criminal and social justice initiatives, immigration, healthcare and the oversight of certain federal financial regulatory agencies and the Federal Reserve. Certain of these changes can, and have, been effectuated through executive order. For example, the current administration has taken steps to address the COVID-19 pandemic, rejoin the Paris climate accord of 2015, cancel the Keystone XL pipeline and change immigration enforcement priorities. Other potential changes that could be pursued by the current presidential administration could include an increase in the corporate income tax rate; changes to regulatory enforcement priorities; and spending on clean energy and infrastructure. It is not possible to predict which, if any, of these actions will be taken or, if taken, their effect on the economy, securities markets or the financial stability of the United States. Each Fund may be affected by governmental action in ways that are not foreseeable, and there is a possibility that such actions could have a significant adverse effect on the Fund and its ability to achieve its respective investment objective(s).

Additional risks arising from the differences in expressed policy preferences among the various constituencies in the branches of the U.S. government have led in the past, and may lead in the future, to short term or prolonged policy impasses, which could, and have, resulted in shutdowns of the U.S. federal government. U.S. federal government shutdowns, especially prolonged shutdowns, could have a significant adverse impact on the economy in general and could impair the ability of issuers to raise capital in the securities markets. Any of these effects could have an adverse impact on companies in the Funds’ portfolios and consequently on the value of their securities and the Funds’ net asset values.

 

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Special Risks Related to Cybersecurity

Each Fund and its service providers are susceptible to cybersecurity risks that include, among other things, theft, unauthorized monitoring, release, misuse, loss, destruction or corruption of confidential and highly restricted data; denial of service attacks; unauthorized access to relevant systems, compromises to networks or devices that a Fund and its service providers use to service a Fund’s operations; or operational disruption or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support a Fund and its service providers. Cyberattacks are becoming increasingly common and more sophisticated, and may be perpetrated by computer hackers, cyber-terrorists or others engaged in corporate espionage. Cyberattacks against or security breakdowns of a Fund or its 18 service providers may adversely impact the Fund and its stockholders, potentially resulting in, among other things, financial losses; the inability of Fund stockholders to transact business and the Fund to process transactions; inability to calculate the Fund’s NAV; violations of applicable privacy and other laws; regulatory fines, penalties, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensation costs; and/or additional compliance costs. A Fund may incur additional costs for cybersecurity risk management and remediation purposes. In addition, cybersecurity risks may also impact issuers of securities in which each Fund invests, which may cause a Fund’s investment in such issuers to lose value. There have been a number of recent highly publicized cases of companies reporting the unauthorized disclosure of client or customer information, as well as cyberattacks involving the dissemination, theft and destruction of corporate information or other assets, as a result of failure to follow procedures by employees or contractors or as a result of actions by third parties, including actions by terrorist organizations and hostile foreign governments. Although service providers typically have policies and procedures, business continuity plans and/or risk management systems intended to identify and mitigate cyber incidents, there are inherent limitations in such plans and systems including the possibility that certain risks have not been identified. Furthermore, a Fund cannot control the cybersecurity policies, plans and systems put in place by its service providers or any other third parties whose operations may affect the Fund or its shareholders. There can be no assurance that a Fund or its service providers will not suffer losses relating to cyberattacks or other information security breaches in the future.

Because technology is consistently hanging, new ways to carry out cyberattacks are always developing. Therefore, there is a chance that some risks have not been identified or prepared for, or that an attack may not be detected, which puts limitations on each Fund’s ability to plan for or respond to a cyberattack. In addition to deliberate cyberattacks, unintentional cyber incidents can occur, such as the inadvertent release of confidential information by a Fund or its service providers. Like other funds and business enterprises, each Fund and its service providers are subject to the risk of cyber incidents occurring from time to time.

Smaller Capitalization Companies

Smaller capitalization companies may have limited product lines or markets. They may be less financially secure than larger, more established companies. They may depend on a small number of key personnel. If a product fails or there are other adverse developments, or if management changes, a Fund’s investment in a smaller capitalization company may lose substantial value. In addition, it is more difficult to get information on smaller companies, which tend to be less well known, have shorter operating histories, do not have significant ownership by large investors and are followed by relatively few securities analysts.

The securities of smaller capitalization companies generally trade in lower volumes and are subject to greater and more unpredictable price changes than larger capitalization securities or the market as a whole. In addition, smaller capitalization securities may be particularly sensitive to changes in interest rates, borrowing costs and earnings. Investing in smaller capitalization securities requires a longer term view.

Small and Mid-Cap Stock Risk. The Funds may invest in companies with small or medium capitalizations. Smaller and medium capitalization stocks can be more volatile than, and perform differently from, larger capitalization stocks. There may be less trading in a smaller or medium company’s stock, which means that buy and sell transactions in that stock could have a larger impact on the stock’s price than is the case with larger company stocks. Smaller and medium company stocks may be particularly sensitive to changes in interest rates, borrowing costs and earnings. Smaller and medium companies may have fewer business lines; changes in any one line of business, therefore, may have a greater impact on a smaller and medium company’s stock price than is the case for a larger company.

As a result, the purchase or sale of more than a limited number of shares of a small and medium company may affect its market price. A Fund may need a considerable amount of time to purchase or sell its positions in these securities. In addition, smaller or medium company stocks may not be well known to the investing public.

Investments in Unseasoned Companies Risk. A Fund may invest in the securities of smaller, less seasoned companies. These investments may present greater opportunities for growth but also involve greater risks than customarily are associated with investments in securities of more established companies. Some of the companies in which a Fund may invest will be start-up companies which may have insubstantial operational or earnings history or may have limited products, markets, financial resources or management depth. Some may also be emerging companies at the research and development stage with no products or technologies

 

22


to market or approved for marketing. In addition, it is more difficult to get information on smaller companies, which tend to be less well known, have shorter operating histories, do not have significant ownership by large investors and are followed by relatively few securities analysts. Securities of emerging companies may lack an active secondary market and may be subject to more abrupt or erratic price movements than securities of larger, more established companies or stock market averages in general. Competitors of certain companies, which may or may not be in the same industry, may have substantially greater financial resources than many of the companies in which a Fund may invest.

Securities of Smaller and Emerging Growth Companies. Investment in smaller or emerging growth companies involves greater risk than is customarily associated with investments in more established companies. The securities of smaller or emerging growth companies may be subject to more abrupt or erratic market movements than larger, more established companies or the market average in general. These companies may have limited product lines, markets or financial resources, or they may be dependent on a limited management group.

While smaller or emerging growth company issuers may offer greater opportunities for capital appreciation than large cap issuers, investments in smaller or emerging growth companies may involve greater risks and thus may be considered speculative. The Adviser believes that properly selected companies of this type have the potential to increase their earnings or market valuation at a rate substantially in excess of the general growth of the economy. Full development of these companies and trends frequently takes time.

Small cap and emerging growth securities will often be traded only in the OTC market or on a regional securities exchange and may not be traded every day or in the volume typical of trading on a national securities exchange. As a result, the disposition by a Fund of portfolio securities may require the Fund to make many small sales over a lengthy period of time, or to sell these securities at a discount from market prices or during periods when, in the Adviser’s judgment, such disposition is not desirable.

The process of selection and continuous supervision by the Adviser does not, of course, guarantee successful investment results; however, it does provide access to an asset class not available to the average individual due to the time and cost involved. Careful initial selection is particularly important in this area as many new enterprises have promise but lack certain of the fundamental factors necessary to prosper. Investing in small cap and emerging growth companies requires specialized research and analysis. In addition, many investors cannot invest sufficient assets in such companies to provide wide diversification.

Small companies are generally little known to most individual investors although some may be dominant in their respective industries. The Adviser believes that relatively small companies will continue to have the opportunity to develop into significant business enterprises. A Fund may invest in securities of small issuers in the relatively early stages of business development that have a new technology, a unique or proprietary product or service, or a favorable market position. Such companies may not be counted upon to develop into major industrial companies, but the Adviser believes that eventual recognition of their special value characteristics by the investment community can provide above-average long-term growth to the portfolio.

Equity securities of specific small cap issuers may present different opportunities for long-term capital appreciation during varying portions of economic or securities market cycles, as well as during varying stages of their business development. The market valuation of small cap issuers tends to fluctuate during economic or market cycles, presenting attractive investment opportunities at various points during these cycles.

Smaller companies, due to the size and kinds of markets that they serve, may be less susceptible than large companies to intervention from governments by means of price controls, regulations or litigation.

INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS

Each Fund’s investment objective and the following investment restrictions are fundamental and may not be changed without the approval of a majority of the applicable Fund’s outstanding voting securities, as defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”), as the lesser of (1) 67% of such Fund’s voting securities present at a meeting if the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding voting securities are represented in person or by proxy, or (2) more than 50% of the subject Fund’s outstanding voting securities. All other investment policies or practices are considered not to be fundamental and accordingly may be changed without shareholder approval. If a percentage restriction on investment or use of assets set forth below is adhered to at the time a transaction is effected, later changes in percentage resulting from changing market values or total assets of a Fund will not be considered a deviation from policy. Under such restrictions, each Fund (unless otherwise noted) may not:

 

1.

Issue senior securities, except that each Fund may borrow money, including on margin if margin securities are owned and enter into reverse repurchase agreements in an amount up to 3313% of its total assets (including the amount of such enumerated senior securities issued but excluding any liabilities and indebtedness not constituting senior securities) and except that each Fund may borrow up to an additional 5% of its total assets for temporary purposes; or pledge its assets other than to secure such

 

23


 

issuances or in connection with hedging transactions, short sales, when-issued and forward commitment transactions, and similar investment strategies. Each Fund’s obligations under reverse repurchase agreements and the foregoing investment strategies are not treated as senior securities;

 

2.

Make loans of money or property to any person, except through loans of portfolio securities, the purchase of fixed income securities or the acquisition of securities subject to repurchase agreements;

 

3.

Underwrite the securities of other issuers, except to the extent that in connection with the disposition of portfolio securities or the sale of its own shares the Fund may be deemed to be an underwriter;

 

4.

Invest for the purpose of exercising control over management of any company;

 

5.

Purchase real estate or interests therein, including limited partnerships that invest primarily in real estate equity interests, other than mortgage-backed securities, publicly traded real estate investment trusts, and similar instruments;

 

6.

Purchase or sell commodities or commodity contracts except for certain bona fide hedging, yield enhancement and risk management purposes or invest in any oil, gas, or mineral interests; or

 

7.

Invest 25% or more of the value of its total assets in any one industry (Global Mini Mites Fund only).

The Global Content & Connectivity Fund has a non-fundamental concentration policy that the Fund may not invest more than 25% of the value of its total assets in any particular industry other than the telecommunications-related industry in which the Fund shall so concentrate at least 25% of its total assets (this restriction does not apply to obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government of its agencies or its instrumentalities). This concentration policy may not be changed without stockholder approval in accordance with Section 13 (a)(3) of the 1940 Act. At the next meeting of stockholders of the Global Content & Connectivity Fund, the Board of the Corporation will present a proposal to stockholders of the Global Content & Connectivity Fund seeking stockholder approval of this concentration policy as a fundamental policy of the Global Content & Connectivity Fund, pursuant to an undertaking given by the Corporation to the SEC.

Each of the Global Growth Fund, the International Small Cap Fund, and the GRID Fund has a non-fundamental concentration policy that each such Fund may not invest more than 25% of the value of its total assets in any particular industry. This concentration policy may not be changed without stockholder approval in accordance with Section 13(a)(3) of the 1940 Act. At the next meetings of stockholders of each of the Global Growth Fund, the International Small Cap Fund, and the GRID Fund, the Board of the Corporation will present a proposal to stockholders of the Global Growth Fund, the International Small Cap Fund, and the GRID Fund seeking stockholder approval of an appropriate concentration policy as a fundamental policy of the applicable Fund.

PORTFOLIO HOLDINGS INFORMATION

Employees of the Adviser and its affiliates will often have access to information concerning the portfolio holdings of the Funds. The Funds and the Adviser have adopted policies and procedures that require all employees to safeguard proprietary information of the Funds, which includes information relating to the Funds’ portfolio holdings as well as portfolio trading activity of the Adviser with respect to the Funds (collectively, “Portfolio Holdings Information”). In addition, the Funds and the Adviser have adopted policies and procedures providing that Portfolio Holdings Information may not be disclosed except to the extent that it is (a) made available to the general public by posting on the Funds’ website or filed as part of a required filing on Form N-PORT or N-CSR, or (b) provided to a third party for legitimate business purposes or regulatory purposes that has agreed to keep such information confidential under terms approved by the Adviser’s legal department or outside counsel, as described below. The Adviser will examine each situation under (b) with a view to determine that release of the information is in the best interest of the Fund and its shareholders and, if a potential conflict between the Adviser’s interests and the Fund’s interests arises, to have such conflict resolved by the Chief Compliance Officer or those Directors who are not considered to be “interested persons”, as defined in the 1940 Act (the “Independent Directors”). These policies further provide that no officer of the Funds or employee of the Adviser shall communicate with the media about the Funds without obtaining the advance consent of the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Operating Officer, or the Chief Executive Officer or General Counsel of the Adviser.

Under the foregoing policies, the Funds may disclose Portfolio Holdings Information in the circumstances outlined below. Disclosure generally may be either on a monthly or quarterly basis with no time lag in some cases and with a time lag of up to sixty days in other cases (with the exception of proxy voting services which require a regular download of data):

 

1.

To regulatory authorities in response to requests for such information and with the approval of the Chief Compliance Officer of the Funds;

 

2.

To mutual fund rating and statistical agencies and to persons performing similar functions where there is a legitimate business purpose for such disclosure and such entity has agreed to keep such data confidential at least until it has been made public by the Adviser;

 

24


3.

To service providers of the Funds, as necessary for the performance of their services to the Funds and to the Board, where such entity has agreed to keep such data confidential at least until it has been made public by the Adviser. The Funds’ current service providers that may receive such information are its administrator, sub-administrator, custodian, independent registered public accounting firm, legal counsel, and financial printers;

 

4.

To firms providing proxy voting or other proxy services provided such entity has agreed to keep such data confidential at least until it has been made public by the Adviser;

 

5.

To certain brokers-dealers, investment advisers, and other financial intermediaries for purposes of their performing due diligence on the Funds and not for dissemination of this information to their clients or use of this information to conduct trading for their clients. Disclosure of Portfolio Holdings Information in these circumstances requires the broker-dealer, investment adviser, or financial intermediary to agree to keep such information confidential at least until it has been made public by the Adviser and is further subject to prior approval of the Chief Compliance Officer of the Funds and shall be reported to the Board at the next quarterly meeting; and

 

6.

To consultants for purposes of performing analysis of the Funds, which analysis may be used by the consultant with its clients or disseminated to the public, provided that such entity shall have agreed to keep such information confidential until at least it has been made public by the Adviser.

As of the date of this SAI, the Funds make information about their portfolio securities available to their administrator, sub-administrator, custodian, and proxy voting services on a daily basis, with no time lag, to their typesetter on a semiannual basis with a ten day time lag, to their financial printers on a quarterly basis with a forty-five day time lag, and to their independent registered public accounting firm and legal counsel on an as needed basis with no time lag. The names of the Funds’ administrator, sub-administrator, custodian, independent registered public accounting firm, and legal counsel are set forth in this SAI. Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc. provide the Funds’ proxy voting service. Donnelley Financial Solutions and Appatura provide typesetting services for the Funds, and the Funds select from a number of financial printers who have agreed to keep such information confidential at least until it has been made public by the Adviser.

Other than arrangements with the Funds’ service providers and proxy voting service, the Funds have no ongoing arrangements to make available information about the Funds’ portfolio securities prior to such information being disclosed in a publicly available filing with the SEC that is required to include the information.

Disclosures made pursuant to a confidentiality agreement are subject to periodic confirmation by the Chief Compliance Officer of the Funds that the recipient has utilized such information solely in accordance with the terms of the agreement. Neither the Funds, nor the Adviser, nor any of the Adviser’s affiliates, will accept on behalf of itself, its affiliates, or the Funds any compensation or other consideration in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings of the Funds. The Board will review such arrangements annually with the Funds’ Chief Compliance Officer.

 

25


DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS

Under Maryland law, the Corporation’s Board is responsible for establishing the Corporation’s policies and for overseeing the management of the Corporation. The Board also elects the Corporation’s Officers who conduct the daily business of the Corporation. Information pertaining to the Directors and Officers of the Corporation is set forth on the following page:

 

Name, Position(s),

Address(1) and Age

  

Term of

Office

and

Length of

Time

Served(2)

  

Number of

Funds

in Fund

Complex(3)

Overseen

by

Director

 

Principal Occupation(s)

During Past Five Years

  

Other Directorships

INTERESTED DIRECTORS(4):

              

Mario J. Gabelli

Chairman and

Chief Investment Officer

Age: 79

       Since 1993        31 (8)    Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, and Chief Investment Officer – Value Portfolios of GAMCO Investors, Inc. and Chief Investment Officer – Value Portfolios of Gabelli Funds, LLC and GAMCO Asset Management Inc.; Director/Trustee or Chief Investment Officer of other registered investment companies within the Gabelli Fund Complex; Chief Executive Officer of GGCP, Inc.; Executive Chairman of Associated Capital Group, Inc.    Director of Morgan Group Holding, Co. (holding company) (2001-2019); Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of LICT Corp. (multimedia and communication services company); Director of CIBL, Inc. (broadcasting and wireless communications); Director of ICTC Group Inc. (communications) (2013-2018)

John D. Gabelli

Director

Age: 78

       Since 1993        12   Senior Vice President of G.research, LLC (and its predecessor) (1991-2019)   

INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS(5):

              

E. Val Cerutti

Director

Age: 82

       Since 2001        7   Chief Executive Officer of Cerutti Consultants, Inc.    Director of The LGL Group, Inc. (diversified manufacturing) (1990-2009)

Anthony J. Colavita(6)

Director

Age: 86

       Since 1993        18   President of the law firm of Anthony J. Colavita, P.C.   

Werner J. Roeder

Director

Age: 81

       Since 1993        20   Retired physician; Former Vice President of Medical Affairs (Medical Director) of New York Presbyterian/Lawrence Hospital (1999-2014)   

Anthonie C. van Ekris(6)

Director

Age: 87

       Since 1993        23  

Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of BALMAC International, Inc.

(global import/export company)

  

 

26


Name, Position(s),

Address(1) and Age

  

Term of

Office

and

Length of

Time

Served(2)

    

Number of

Funds

in Fund

Complex(3)

Overseen

by

Director

  

Principal Occupation(s)

During Past Five Years

  

Other Directorships

Salvatore J. Zizza(6)(7)

Director

Age: 76

     Since 2004      33    President, Zizza & Associates Corp. (private holding company); Chairman of Bergen Cove Realty Inc. (residential real estate)    Director and Chairman of Trans-Lux Corporation (business services); Director and Chairman of Harbor Diversified Inc. (pharmaceuticals) (2009-2018); Retired Chairman of BAM (semiconductor and aerospace manufacturing)

 

Name, Position(s),

Address(1) and Age

 

Term of Office and Length of

Time Served(2)

    

Principal Occupation(s)

During Past Five Years

OFFICERS:

    

Bruce N. Alpert

President

Age: 70

    Since 2003      Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Gabelli Funds, LLC since 1988; Officer of registered investment companies within the Gabelli Fund Complex; Senior Vice President of GAMCO Investors, Inc. since 2008; Vice President – Mutual Funds, G.research, LLC

John C. Ball

Treasurer

Age: 46

    Since 2017      Treasurer of registered investment companies within the Gabelli Fund Complex since 2017; Vice President and Assistant Treasurer of AMG Funds, 2014-2017; Chief Executive Officer, G.distributors, LLC since December 2020

Peter Goldstein

Secretary and Vice

President

Age: 69

    Since 2020      General Counsel, GAMCO Investors, Inc. and Chief Legal Officer, Associated Capital Group, Inc. since 2021; General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer, Buckingham Capital Management, Inc. (2012-2020); Chief Legal Officer and Chief Compliance Officer, The Buckingham Research Group, Inc. (2012-2020)

Daniel Plourde

Vice President

Age: 41

    Since 2021      Vice President of registered investment companies within the Gabelli Fund Complex since 2021; Assistant Treasurer of the North American SPDR ETFs and State Street Global Advisors Mutual Funds (2017-2021); Fund Administration at State Street Bank (2009-2017)

Richard J. Walz

Chief Compliance Officer

Age: 63

    Since 2013      Chief Compliance Officer of registered investment companies within the Gabelli Fund Complex since 2013

(1) 

Address: One Corporate Center, Rye, NY 10580, unless otherwise noted.

(2) 

Each Director will hold office for an indefinite term until the earliest of (i) the next meeting of shareholders, if any, called for the purpose of considering the election or re-election of such Director and until the election and qualification of his or her successor, if any, elected at such meeting, or (ii) the date a Director resigns or retires, or a Director is removed by the Board or shareholders, in accordance with the Corporation’s By-Laws and Articles of Incorporation. For officers, includes time served in prior officer positions with the Corporation. Each officer will hold office for an indefinite term or until the date he or she resigns or retires or until his or her successor is elected and qualified.

(3) 

The “Fund Complex” or the “Gabelli Fund Complex” includes all the U.S. registered investment companies that are considered part of the same fund complex as the Funds because they have common or affiliated investment advisers.

(4) 

“Interested person” of the Funds as defined in the 1940 Act. Messrs. Mario J. Gabelli and John D. Gabelli are each considered to be an “interested person” of the Funds because of their affiliation with the Funds’ Adviser. Mario J. Gabelli and John D. Gabelli are brothers.

(5) 

Directors who are not considered to be “interested persons” of the Funds, as defined in the 1940 Act, are considered to be “Independent” Directors.

(6) 

Mr. Colavita’s son, Anthony S. Colavita, serves as a director of other funds in the Gabelli Fund Complex. Mr. van Ekris is an independent director of Gabelli International Ltd., Gabelli Fund, LDC, GAMA Capital Opportunities Master Ltd., and GAMCO International SICAV, and Mr. Zizza is an independent director of Gabelli International Ltd., all of which may be deemed to be controlled by Mario J. Gabelli and/or affiliates and in that event would be deemed to be under common control with the Funds’ Adviser.

 

27


(7) 

On September 9, 2015, Mr. Zizza entered into a settlement with the SEC to resolve an inquiry relating to an alleged violation regarding the making of false statements or omissions to the accountants of a company concerning a related party transaction. The company in question is not an affiliate of, nor has any connection to, the Funds. Under the terms of the settlement, Mr. Zizza, without admitting or denying the SEC’s findings and allegation, paid $150,000 and agreed to cease and desist committing or causing any future violations of Rule 13b2-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The Board has discussed this matter and has determined that it does not disqualify Mr. Zizza from serving as an Independent Director.

(8)

As of December 31, 2021, there are a total of 47 registered investment companies in the Fund Complex. Of the 47 registered investment companies, Mr. Gabelli serves as a director or trustee for 31 funds, sole portfolio manager of 5 funds, and part of the portfolio management team of 15 funds.

The Board believes that each Director’s experience, qualifications, attributes, and skills on an individual basis and in combination with those of other Directors lead to the conclusion that each Director should serve in such capacity. Among the attributes or skills common to all Directors are their ability to review critically and to evaluate, question, and discuss information provided to them, to interact effectively with the other Directors, the Adviser, the sub-administrator, other service providers, counsel, and the Funds’ independent registered public accounting firm, and to exercise effective and independent business judgment in the performance of their duties as Directors. Each Director’s ability to perform his duties effectively has been attained in large part through the Director’s business, consulting, or public service positions, and through experience from service as a member of the Board and one or more of the other funds in the Fund Complex, public companies, non-profit entities, or other organizations as set forth above and below. Each Director’s ability to perform his duties effectively also has been enhanced by education, professional training, and other experience.

Interested Directors

Mario J. Gabelli, CFA Mr. Gabelli is Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Investment Officer of the Corporation. Mr. Gabelli is Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, and Chief Investment Officer – Value Portfolios of GAMCO Investors, Inc. (“GBL”), a New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”)-listed asset manager and financial services company. He is the Chief Investment Officer of Value Portfolios of Gabelli Funds, LLC and GAMCO Asset Management Inc., each of which are asset management subsidiaries of GBL. In addition, Mr. Gabelli is Chief Executive Officer, Chief Investment Officer, a director and the controlling shareholder of GGCP, Inc. (“GGCP”), a private company that holds a majority interest in GBL, and the Chairman of MJG Associates, Inc., which acts as an investment manager of various investment funds and other accounts. He is Executive Chairman of Associated Capital Group, Inc., a public company that provides alternative management and institutional research services, and is a majority-owned subsidiary of GGCP. Mr. Gabelli has served as Chairman of LICT Corporation (“LICT”), a public company engaged in broadband transport and other communications services, since 2004 and has been the CEO of LICT since December 2010. He has also served as a director of CIBL, Inc. (“CIBL”), a public holding company that was spun-off from LICT in 2007, since 2007 and as Executive Chairman since February 2020. He served as the Chairman of Morgan Group Holding Co., a public holding company, from 2001 to October 2019 and as the CEO from 2001 to November 2012. Mr. Gabelli serves as Overseer of the Columbia University Graduate School of Business and as a trustee of Boston College and Roger Williams University. He serves as director of the Winston Churchill Foundation, The E.L. Wiegand Foundation, The American-Italian Cancer Foundation, and The Foundation for Italian Art and Culture. He is Chairman of the Gabelli Foundation, Inc., a Nevada private charitable trust. Mr. Gabelli serves as Co-President of Field Point Park Association, Inc. Mr. Gabelli received his Bachelor’s degree from Fordham University, M.B.A. from Columbia Business School, and honorary Doctorates from Fordham University and Roger Williams University.

John D. Gabelli. Mr. Gabelli was a Senior Vice President of G.research, LLC (“G.research”), an institutional research and brokerage firm which is an affiliate of the Adviser. He has over thirty-five years of experience in the asset management industry. He serves on the boards of other funds in the Gabelli Fund Complex. Mr. Gabelli also sits on the boards of various charitable foundations including the Mount Vernon Police Foundation.

Independent Directors

E. Val Cerutti. Mr. Cerutti is Chief Executive Officer of Cerutti Consultants, Inc. Mr. Cerutti serves on the boards of other funds in the Fund Complex. He formerly served as a director of The LGL Group, Inc., a diversified manufacturing company. Mr. Cerutti was President and Chief Operating Officer of Stella D’oro Biscuit Co. and served on the board of advisers of the Hagan School of Business of Iona College. He has served as a consultant to several venture capital groups. Mr. Cerutti has a Bachelor’s degree from Fordham University and M.B.A. from Iona College.

Anthony J. Colavita, Esq. Mr. Colavita is a practicing attorney with over fifty-five years of experience. He is Chairman of the Corporation’s Audit and Nominating Committees and a member of the Corporation’s ad hoc Proxy Voting Committee. Mr. Colavita serves on comparable or other board committees with respect to other funds in the Fund Complex on whose boards he sits. He served as a Commissioner of the New York State Thruway Authority and as a Commissioner of the New York State Bridge Authority, where his duties included reviewing financial documents of these agencies. He served for eleven years as the elected Supervisor of the Town

 

28


of Eastchester, New York, responsible for ten annual municipal budgets. Mr. Colavita also served as Special Counsel to the New York State Assembly for five years and as a Senior Attorney with the New York State Insurance Department. He is the former Chairman of the New York State Republican Party, the Westchester County Republican Party, and the Eastchester Republican Town Committee. Mr. Colavita received his Bachelor’s degree from Fairfield University and his Juris Doctor from Fordham University School of Law.

Werner J. Roeder, M.D. Dr. Roeder is a retired physician with over forty-five years of experience and former Vice President of Medical Affairs (Medical Director) at New York Presbyterian/Lawrence Hospital in Bronxville, New York. As Vice President of Medical Affairs at New York Presbyterian/Lawrence Hospital, he was actively involved in personnel and financial matters concerning the hospital’s $140 million budget. Dr. Roeder is the Chairman of the Corporation’s ad hoc Proxy Voting Committee, a member of the Corporation’s Nominating and Audit Committees, and a member of both multi-fund ad hoc Compensation Committees. He serves on comparable or other board committees with respect to the boards of other funds in the Gabelli/GAMCO Fund Complex on whose boards he sits. Dr. Roeder is board certified as a surgeon by The American Board of Surgery and previously served in a consulting capacity to Empire Blue Cross/Blue Shield. He obtained his Doctorate in Medicine from New York Medical College.

Anthonie C. van Ekris. Mr. van Ekris has been the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of BALMAC International, Inc., a global import/export company, for over twenty years. He serves on the boards of other funds in the Gabelli/GAMCO Fund Complex and as a director and the Chairman of the GAMCO International SICAV. Mr. van Ekris has over fifty-five years of experience as Chairman and/or Chief Executive Officer of public and private companies involved in international trading or commodity trading, and served in both of these capacities for nearly twenty years for a large public jewelry chain. Mr. van Ekris is a former director of an oil and gas operations company. He served on the boards of a number of public companies and for more than ten years on the Advisory Board of the Salvation Army of Greater New York.

Salvatore J. Zizza. Mr. Zizza serves as Lead Independent Director of the Corporation and is a member of the Corporation’s Audit, Nominating, and ad hoc Proxy Voting Committees, and has been designated as the Audit Committee Financial Expert. He is also a member of both multi-fund ad hoc Compensation Committees. Mr. Zizza serves on comparable or other board committees with respect to other funds in the Fund Complex on whose boards he sits. Mr. Zizza is the President of Zizza & Associates Corp., a private holding company that invests in various industries. He serves or has served as Chairman to other companies involved in manufacturing, recycling, real estate, technology, and pharmaceuticals. In addition to serving on the boards of other funds in the Fund Complex, he is currently and has previously been a director of other public companies. He was also the President, Chief Executive Officer, and Chief Financial Officer of a large NYSE-listed construction company. Mr. Zizza received his Bachelor’s degree and M.B.A. in Finance from St. John’s University, which awarded him an Honorary Doctorate in Commercial Sciences.

Directors — Leadership Structure and Oversight Responsibilities

Overall responsibility for general oversight of the Funds rests with the Board. The Board has appointed Mr. Zizza as the Lead Independent Director. The Lead Independent Director presides over executive sessions of the Directors and also serves between meetings of the Board as a liaison with service providers, officers, counsel and other Directors on a wide variety of matters including scheduling agenda items for Board meetings. Designation as such does not impose on the Lead Independent Director any obligations or standards greater than or different from other Directors.

The Board has established a Nominating Committee and an Audit Committee to assist the Board in the oversight of the management and affairs of the Funds. The Board also has an ad hoc Proxy Voting Committee. Each of the Nominating, Audit, and ad hoc Proxy Voting Committees are entirely comprised of Independent Directors. From time to time the Board establishes additional committees or informal working groups to deal with specific matters or assigns one of its members to work with trustees or directors of other funds in the Fund Complex on special committees or working groups that deal with complex-wide matters, such as the multi-fund ad hoc Compensation Committee relating to the compensation of the Chief Compliance Officer for all the funds in the Fund Complex. The Fund Complex also has a separate ad hoc multi-fund Compensation Committee relating to the compensation of certain officers of the closed end funds in the Fund Complex, and some of the Corporation’s Directors may from time to time also serve on this separate committee.

All of the Directors, other than Messrs. Mario J. Gabelli and John D. Gabelli, are Independent Directors and the Board believes they are able to provide effective oversight of the Funds’ service providers. In addition to providing feedback and direction during Board meetings, the Directors meet regularly in executive session and chair all committees of the Board.

The Funds’ operations entail a variety of risks, including investment, administration, valuation, and a range of compliance matters. Although the Adviser, the sub-administrator, and the officers of the Funds are responsible for managing these risks on a day to day basis within the framework of their established risk management functions, the Board also addresses risk management of the Funds through its meetings and those of the committees and working groups. In particular, as part of its general oversight, the Board reviews

 

29


with the Adviser at Board meetings the levels and types of risks, being undertaken by the Funds, and the Audit Committee discusses the Funds’ risk management and controls with the independent registered public accounting firm engaged by the Funds. The Board reviews valuation policies and procedures and the valuations of specific illiquid securities. The Board also receives periodic reports from the Funds’ Chief Compliance Officer regarding compliance matters relating to the Funds and their major service providers, including results of the implementation and testing of the Funds’ and such providers’ compliance programs. The Board’s oversight function is facilitated by management reporting processes that are designed to provide information to the Board about the identification, assessment, and management of critical risks and the controls and policies and procedures used to mitigate those risks. The Board reviews its role in supervising the Funds’ risk management from time to time and may make changes in its discretion at any time.

The Board has determined that its leadership structure is appropriate for the Funds because it enables the Board to exercise informed and independent judgment over matters under its purview, allocates responsibility among committees in a manner that fosters effective oversight, and allows the Board to devote appropriate resources to specific issues in a flexible manner as they arise. The Board periodically reviews its leadership structure as well as its overall structure, composition, and functioning and may make changes in its discretion at any time.

Board Committees

The Board has established two standing committees in connection with its governance of the Corporation: the Audit and Nominating Committees, and has also established an ad hoc Proxy Voting Committee. The Corporation does not have a standing Compensation Committee (although some of the individuals who are Directors of the Funds participate in the multi-fund ad hoc Compensation Committees described above).

The Corporation’s Audit Committee consists of three members: Messrs. Colavita (Chairman) and Zizza, and Dr. Roeder, who are Independent Directors of the Corporation. The Audit Committee operates pursuant to a Charter that was most recently reviewed and approved by the Board on February 8, 2022. As set forth in the Charter, the function of the Audit Committee is oversight; it is management’s responsibility to maintain appropriate systems for accounting and internal control and it is the independent registered public accounting firm’s responsibility to plan and carry out a proper audit. The Audit Committee is generally responsible for reviewing and evaluating issues related to the accounting and financial reporting policies and practices of a Fund, its internal controls, and as appropriate, the internal controls of certain service providers, overseeing the quality and objectivity of the Funds’ financial statements and the audit thereof, and to act as a liaison between the Board and the Corporation’s independent registered public accounting firm. During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, the Audit Committee met twice.

The Corporation’s Nominating Committee consists of three members: Messrs. Colavita (Chairman) and Zizza, and Dr. Roeder, who are Independent Directors of the Funds. The Nominating Committee is responsible for selecting and recommending qualified candidates to the full Board in the event that a position is vacated or created. The Nominating Committee would consider, under procedures adopted by the Board, recommendations by shareholders if a vacancy were to exist. Such recommendations should be forwarded to the Secretary of the Corporation. The Nominating Committee did not meet during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. The Corporation does not have a standing compensation committee.

The Corporation’s ad hoc Proxy Voting Committee consists of three members: Dr. Roeder (Chairman) and Messrs. Colavita and Zizza, who are Independent Directors of the Funds. Under certain circumstances and pursuant to specific procedures and guidelines, the ad hoc Proxy Voting Committee will, in place of the Funds’ Adviser, exercise complete control and discretion over the exercise of all rights to vote or consent with respect to certain securities owned by the Funds and may also determine to exercise complete control and discretion over the disposition of such securities. The ad hoc Proxy Voting Committee meets periodically on an as needed basis to consider such matters and did not meet during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

Director Ownership of Fund Shares

Set forth in the table below is the dollar range of equity securities in each Fund beneficially owned by each Director and the aggregate dollar range of equity securities in the Fund Complex beneficially owned by each Director as of December 31, 2021.

 

30


Name of Director

 

Fund

  

Dollar Range of

Equity

Securities Held

in each Fund*

  

Aggregate Dollar

Range of Equity

Securities Held in

Fund Complex*

INTERESTED DIRECTORS:

       

Mario J. Gabelli

 

Global Content & Connectivity Fund

Global Growth Fund

International Small Cap Fund

GRID Fund

Global Mini Mites Fund

  

E

E

E

E

E

   E

John D. Gabelli

 

Global Content & Connectivity Fund

Global Growth Fund

International Small Cap Fund

GRID Fund

Global Mini Mites Fund

  

A

A

A

A

A

   E
INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS:        

E. Val Cerutti

 

Global Content & Connectivity Fund

Global Growth Fund

International Small Cap Fund

GRID Fund

Global Mini Mites Fund

  

A

A

A

A

A

   E

Anthony J. Colavita

 

Global Content & Connectivity Fund

Global Growth Fund

International Small Cap Fund

GRID Fund

Global Mini Mites Fund

  

E

E

D

D

A

   E

Werner J. Roeder

 

Global Content & Connectivity Fund

Global Growth Fund

International Small Cap Fund

GRID Fund

Global Mini Mites Fund

  

D

A

A

A

A

   E

Anthonie C. van Ekris

 

Global Content & Connectivity Fund

Global Growth Fund

International Small Cap Fund

GRID Fund

Global Mini Mites Fund

  

B

B

B

B

A

   E

Salvatore J. Zizza

 

Global Content & Connectivity Fund

Global Growth Fund

International Small Cap Fund

GRID Fund

Global Mini Mites Fund

  

A

C

C

C

A

   E

* 

Key to Dollar Ranges – Information as of December 31, 2021

A.

None

B.

$1 – $10,000

C.

$10,001 – $50,000

D.

$50,001 – $100,000

E.

Over $100,000

Set forth in the table below is the amount of interests beneficially owned, as of December 31, 2021, by certain Independent Directors or their immediate family members, as applicable, in a holding that may be deemed to be controlled by Mario J. Gabelli and/or affiliates and in that event would be deemed to be under common control with the Fund’s Adviser.

 

Name of Independent Director

 

Name of Owner and

Relationships to

Director

 

Company

 

Title of Class

  

Value of
Interests

 

Percent of

Class

Anthony J. Colavita

  Same   The LGL Group, Inc.   Common Stock    $26,047       *

Anthony J. Colavita

  Same   The LGL Group, Inc.   Warrants    $1,746       *

Anthony J. Colavita

  Family   Gabelli Associates Fund   Membership Interests    $1,224,642       *

 

31


Name of Independent Director

 

Name of Owner and

Relationships to

Director

 

Company

 

Title of Class

  

Value of

Interests

 

Percent of

Class

Werner J. Roeder

  Same   Gabelli Associates Fund II   Membership Interests    $734,725       *

Anthonie C. van Ekris

  Same   LICT Corp.   Common Stock    $619,224       *

Anthonie C. van Ekris

  Same   The LGL Group, Inc.   Common Stock    $24,552       *

Anthonie C. van Ekris

  Same   The LGL Group, Inc.   Warrants    $1,645       *

Anthonie C. van Ekris

  Same   CIBL, Inc.   Common Stock    $43,200       *

Salvatore J. Zizza

  Same   Gabelli Associates Fund   Membership Interests    $2,933,681       *

Salvatore J. Zizza

  Same   Gabelli Performance
Partnership L.P.
  Limited Partner
Interests
   $360,853       *

* 

An asterisk indicates that the ownership amount constitutes less than 1% of the total interests outstanding.

Director and Officer Compensation

The Corporation pays each Director who is not considered to be an affiliated person an annual retainer of $6,000 plus $1,000 for each Board meeting attended and they are reimbursed for any out of pocket expenses incurred in attending meetings. All Board committee members receive $1,000 per meeting attended. The Chairman of the Audit Committee receives an annual fee of $3,000, and the Lead Independent Director receives an annual fee of $2,000. A Director may receive a single meeting fee, allocated among the participating funds in the Fund Complex, for attending certain meetings held on behalf of multiple funds. Directors who are directors or employees of the Adviser, or an affiliated company receive no compensation or expense reimbursement from the Corporation.

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the compensation of the Corporation’s Directors. No Officer or person affiliated with the Corporation received compensation in excess of $60,000 from the Funds for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

Compensation Table

Aggregate Compensation from the Funds (Fiscal Year)

 

Name of Person
and Position

  

Aggregate Compensation

From the Funds*

    

Total Compensation From the

Funds and Fund Complex**

 

INTERESTED DIRECTORS:

     

Mario J. Gabelli

Chairman of the Board

   $ 0      $ 0   (0

John D. Gabelli

Director

   $ 0      $ 0   (0

INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS:

     

E. Val Cerutti

Director

   $                     10,000      $ 33,500   (7

Anthony J. Colavita

Director

   $ 15,000      $                     194,500  (20

Werner J. Roeder

Director

   $ 12,000      $ 155,500  (20

Anthonie C. van Ekris

Director

   $ 10,000      $ 213,500  (23

Salvatore J. Zizza

Director

   $ 14,000      $ 332,750  (33

* 

Represents the total compensation paid to such persons during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

** 

Represents the total compensation paid to such persons for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, by investment companies (including each Fund) or portfolios that are considered part of the same Fund Complex as the Funds because they have common or affiliated investment advisers. The parenthetical number represents the number of such investment companies and portfolios.

Code of Ethics

The Corporation, its Adviser, and the Distributor have adopted a code of ethics (the “Code of Ethics”) under Rule 17j-1 of the 1940 Act. The Code of Ethics permits personnel, subject to the Code of Ethics and its restrictive provisions, to invest in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Funds.

 

32


Proxy Voting Policies

The Corporation, on behalf of the Funds, has delegated the voting of portfolio securities to the Adviser. The Adviser has adopted proxy voting policies and procedures (the “Proxy Voting Policy”) for the voting of proxies on behalf of client accounts for which the Adviser has voting discretion, including the Funds. Under the Proxy Voting Policy, portfolio securities held by a Fund are to be voted in the best interests of that Fund.

Normally, the Adviser exercises proxy voting discretion on particular types of proposals in accordance with guidelines (the “Proxy Voting Guidelines”) set forth in the Proxy Voting Policy. The Proxy Voting Guidelines address, for example, proposals to elect the board of directors, to classify the board of directors, to select the independent registered public accounting firm, to issue blank check preferred stock, to use confidential ballots, to eliminate cumulative voting, to require shareholder ratification of poison pills, to support fair price provisions, to require a supermajority shareholder vote for charter or bylaw amendments, to provide for director and officer indemnification and liability protection, to increase the number of authorized shares of common stock, to allow greenmail, to limit shareholders’ rights to call special meetings, to consider the non-financial effects of a merger, to limit shareholders’ rights to act by written consent, to approve executive and director compensation plans (including golden parachutes), to limit executive and director pay, to approve stock option plans, to opt in or out of state takeover statutes, and to approve mergers, acquisitions, corporate restructuring, spin-offs, buyouts, asset sales, or liquidations.

A Proxy Voting Committee (“Committee”) comprised of senior representatives of the Adviser and its affiliated investment advisers has the responsibility for the content, interpretation, and application of the Proxy Voting Guidelines. In general, the Director of Proxy Voting Services, using the Proxy Guidelines, and the analysts of GAMCO Investors, Inc. (“GBL”), will determine how to vote on each issue. For non-controversial matters, the Director of Proxy Voting Services may vote the proxy if the vote is: (1) consistent with the recommendations of the issuer’s Board of Directors and not contrary to the Proxy Guidelines; (2) consistent with the recommendations of the issuer’s Board of Directors and is a non-controversial issue not covered by the Proxy Guidelines; or (3) the vote is contrary to the recommendations of the Board of Directors but is consistent with the Proxy Guidelines. In those instances, the Director of Proxy Voting Services or the Chairman of the Committee may sign and date the proxy statement indicating how each issue will be voted. The Advisers subscribe to Institutional Shareholders Services (“ISS”) and Glass Lewis & Co. LLC (“Glass Lewis”), which supplies current information on companies, matters being voted on, regulations, trends in proxy voting and information on corporate governance issues. The information provided by ISS and Glass Lewis is for informational purposes only.

All matters identified by the Chairman of the Committee, the Director of Proxy Voting Services or the Legal Department as controversial, taking into account the recommendations of the analysts of GBL, will be presented to the Committee. If the Chairman of the Committee, the Director of Proxy Voting Services or the Legal Department has identified the matter as one that (1) is controversial; (2) would benefit from deliberation by the Committee; or (3) may give rise to a conflict of interest between the Advisers and their clients, the Chairman of the Committee will initially determine what vote to recommend that the Advisers should cast and the matter will go before the Committee.

For matters submitted to the Committee, each member of the Committee will receive, prior to the meeting, a copy of the proxy statement, a summary of any views provided by the Chief Investment Officer and any recommendations by GBL analysts. The Chief Investment Officer or the GBL analyst may be invited to present their viewpoints. If the Director of Proxy Voting Services or the Legal Department believe that the matter before the Committee is one with respect to which a conflict of interest may exist between the Adviser and their clients, counsel may provide an opinion to the Committee concerning the conflict. If the matter is one in which the interests of the clients of one or more Advisers may diverge, counsel may so advise and the Committee may make different recommendations as to different clients. For any matters where the recommendation may trigger appraisal rights, counsel may provide an opinion concerning the likely risks and merits of such an appraisal action.

Where a proxy proposal raises a material conflict between the interests of the Funds’ shareholders on the one hand, and those of the Funds’ Adviser and/or the principal underwriters, on the other hand, the conflict will be brought to the ad hoc Proxy Voting Committee of the Corporation to determine a resolution.

Each matter submitted to the Committee will be determined by the vote of a majority of the members present at the meeting. Should the vote concerning one or more recommendations be tied in a vote of the Committee, the Chairman of the Committee will cast the deciding vote. The Committee will notify the proxy department of its decisions and the proxies will be voted accordingly.

The Corporation files Form N-PX with its complete proxy voting record for the twelve months ended June 30 no later than August 31 of each year. This filing is available without charge, upon request, by calling toll-free (800) 422-3554 and on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

 

33


CONTROL PERSONS AND PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS

As of March 31, 2022, the following persons were known to own of record or beneficially 5% or more of the outstanding voting securities of any class of a Fund:

 

NAME AND ADDRESS    % OF CLASS    NATURE OF OWNERSHIP

GLOBAL CONTENT & CONNECTIVITY FUND:

         

Class AAA

         

Charles Schwab & Co. Inc.

Special Custody Account FBO

Exclusive Benefit of Customers

Attn: Mutual Funds

San Francisco, CA 94105-1901

       12.55 %        Record *

National Financial Services LLC

For Exclusive Benefit of Our Customers

Attn: Mutual Funds Dept 4th Fl.

Jersey City, NJ 07310-1995

       10.75 %        Record *

Class A

         

Wells Fargo Clearing Services LLC

Special Custody Account FBO

Exclusive Benefit of Customers

St. Louis, MO 63103-2523

       24.50 %        Record *

Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, Inc.

For the Sole Benefit of Its Customers

Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484

       23.95 %        Record *

UBS WM USA

Special Custody Account EBOC UBSFSI

Attn: Department Manager

Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761

       14.37 %        Record *

Pershing, LLC

Jersey City, NJ 07399-0001

       10.28 %        Record *

Charles Schwab & Co. Inc.

Special Custody Account FBO

Exclusive Benefit of Customers

Attn: Mutual Funds

San Francisco, CA 94105-1901

       8.46 %        Record *

Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC

For the Exclusive Benefit of Its Customers

Baltimore, MD 21231-3496

       7.43 %        Record *

Class C

         

Charles Schwab & Co. Inc.

Special Custody Account FBO

Exclusive Benefit of Customers

Attn: Mutual Funds

San Francisco, CA 94105-1901

       99.98 %        Record *

Class I

         

John G Gallo Sr

Muriel D Gallo Jt Ten

Factoryville, PA 18419-9691

       5.33 %        Beneficial

 

34


NAME AND ADDRESS    % OF CLASS    NATURE OF OWNERSHIP

Bonnie Marsha Cohen

New York, NY 10075-0815

       5.28 %        Beneficial

GLOBAL GROWTH FUND:

         

Class AAA

         

Charles Schwab & Co. Inc.

Special Custody Account FBO

Exclusive Benefit of Customers

Attn: Mutual Funds

San Francisco, CA 94105-1901

       14.72 %        Record *

National Financial Services LLC

For Exclusive Benefit of Our Customers

Attn: Mutual Funds Dept 4th Fl.

Jersey City, NJ 07310-1995

       12.57 %        Record *

Class A

         

Wells Fargo Clearing Services LLC

Special Custody Account FBO

Exclusive Benefit of Customers

St. Louis, MO 63103-2523

       16.84 %        Record *

National Financial Services LLC

For Exclusive Benefit of Our Customers

Attn: Mutual Funds Dept 4th Fl.

Jersey City, NJ 07310-1995

       13.94 %        Record *

Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC

For The Exclusive Benefit of Its Customers

New York, NY 10004-1932

       11.22 %        Record *

Pershing, LLC

Jersey City, NJ 07399-0001

       8.37 %        Record *

Charles Schwab & Co. Inc.

Special Custody Account FBO

Exclusive Benefit of Customers

Attn: Mutual Funds

San Francisco, CA 94105-1901

       7.66 %        Record *

Edward D. Jones & Co.

For the Benefit of Customers

Saint Louis, MO 63131-3710

       7.06 %        Record *

UBS WM USA

Special Custody Account EBOC UBSFSI

Attn: Department Manager

Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761

       6.97 %        Record *

RBC Capital Markets LLC

Mutual Fund Omnibus Processing

Attn: Mutual Fund OPS Manager

Minneapolis, MN 55402-4413

       6.90 %        Record *

 

35


NAME AND ADDRESS    % OF CLASS    NATURE OF OWNERSHIP

LPL Financial

San Diego, CA 92121-3091

       6.57 %        Record *

Raymond James

Omnibus for Mutual Funds

Attn: Courtney Waller

St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1100

       5.98 %        Record *

Class C

         

Wells Fargo Clearing Services LLC

Special Custody Account FBO

Exclusive Benefit of Customers

St. Louis, MO 63103-2523

       50.57 %        Record *

UBS WM USA

Special Custody Account EBOC UBSFSI

Attn: Department Manager

Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761

       20.24 %        Record *

Raymond James

Omnibus for Mutual Funds

Attn: Courtney Waller

St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1100

       16.79 %        Record *

LPL Financial

San Diego, CA 92121-3091

       5.69 %        Record *

Class I

         

Raymond James

Omnibus for Mutual Funds

Attn: Courtney Waller

St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1100

       15.91 %        Record *

Wells Fargo Clearing Services LLC

Special Custody Account FBO

Exclusive Benefit of Customers

St. Louis, MO 63103-2523

       14.79 %        Record *

UBS WM USA

Special Custody Account EBOC UBSFSI

Attn: Department Manager

Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761

       12.17 %        Record *

Mario J. Gabelli

Greenwich, CT 06830

       11.63 %        Beneficial (a) 
     

LPL Financial

San Diego, CA 92121-3091

       8.97 %        Record *

Charles Schwab & Co. Inc.

Special Custody Account FBO

Exclusive Benefit of Customers

Attn: Mutual Funds

San Francisco, CA 94104-4151

       8.54 %        Record *

JP Morgan Securities LLC

Omnibus Account for the Exclusive Benefit

Of Our Customers

Jersey City, NJ 07310-1616

       8.18 %        Record *

 

36


NAME AND ADDRESS    % OF CLASS    NATURE OF OWNERSHIP

Pershing, LLC

Jersey City, NJ 07399-0001

       6.86 %        Record *

National Financial Services LLC

For Exclusive Benefit of Our Customers

Attn: Mutual Funds Dept 4th Fl.

Jersey City, NJ 07310-1995

       6.42 %        Record *

American Enterprise Investment Svcs.

Minneapolis, MN 55402-2405

       5.40 %        Record *

INTERNATIONAL SMALL CAP FUND:

         

Class AAA

         

National Financial Services LLC

For Exclusive Benefit of Our Customers

Attn: Mutual Funds Dept 4th Fl.

Jersey City, NJ 07310-1995

       13.91 %        Record *

Charles Schwab & Co. Inc.

Reinvest Account

Attn: Mutual Funds

San Francisco, CA 94105-1901

       8.16 %        Record *

Wells Fargo Clearing Services LLC

Special Custody Account FBO

Exclusive Benefit of Customers

St. Louis, MO 63103-2523

       5.89 %        Record *

Class A

         

Pershing, LLC

Jersey City, NJ 07399-0001

       41.76 %        Record *

Raymond James

Omnibus for Mutual Funds

Attn: Courtney Waller

St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1100

       15.40 %        Record *

UMB Bank NA

Jannet O’Connor

Warwick, NY 10990-1630

       8.82 %        Record *

David Steiner Cust.

FBO Jaimie S Diamond UTMA-NJ

Berkeley Heights, NJ 07922-2133

       8.78 %        Beneficial

Stifel Nicolaus & Co. Inc.

Saint Louis, MO 63102-2137

       7.73 %        Record *

LPL Financial

San Diego, CA 92121-3091

       6.01 %        Record *

UMB Bank NA

Cust Roth IRA FBO DCD Linda Ann Mathers

Ronald S Mathers

Wayne, MI 48184-0315

       5.27 %        Record *

 

37


NAME AND ADDRESS    % OF CLASS    NATURE OF OWNERSHIP

Class C

         

RBC Capital Markets LLC

Mutual Fund Omnibus Processing

Attn: Mutual Fund OPS Manager

Minneapolis, MN 55402-4413

       97.53 %        Record *

Class I

         

Pershing, LLC

Jersey City, NJ 07399-0001

       18.03 %        Record *

Mario J. Gabelli

Greenwich, CT 06830

       15.31 %        Beneficial (b) 
     

Charles Schwab & Co. Inc.

Special Custody Account FBO

Exclusive Benefit of Customers

Attn: Mutual Funds

San Francisco, CA 94105-1901

       15.08 %        Record *

Stuart W. Sinclair

London, W139SY

       14.40 %        Beneficial

Wells Fargo Clearing Services LLC

Special Custody Account FBO

Exclusive Benefit of Customers

St. Louis, MO 63103-2523

       14.20 %        Record *

C. W. Owen

Bethesda, MD 20817-1304

       11.63 %        Beneficial

GGCP Inc.

Greenwich, CT 06830-6608

       9.61 %        Beneficial

Ascensus Trust Company FBO

Gabelli Funds 401(k) Profit Sharing

Ascensus Trust Company

Fargo, ND 58106-0577

       6.35 %        Record *

GRID FUND:

         

Class AAA

         

Wells Fargo Clearing Services LLC

Special Custody Account FBO

Exclusive Benefit of Customers

St. Louis, MO 63103-2523

       35.20 %        Record *

Class A

         

Wells Fargo Clearing Services LLC

Special Custody Account FBO

Exclusive Benefit of Customers

St. Louis, MO 63103-2523

       41.98 %        Record *

Pershing, LLC

Jersey City, NJ 07399-0001

       23.02 %        Record *

 

38


NAME AND ADDRESS    % OF CLASS    NATURE OF OWNERSHIP

LPL Financial

San Diego, CA 92121-3091

       8.73 %        Record *

UBS WM USA

Special Custody Account EBOC UBSFSI

Attn: Department Manager

Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761

       6.31 %        Record *

Irene M Reilly TOD

East Lyme, CT 06333-1612

       5.13 %        Record *

Class C

         

Wells Fargo Clearing Services LLC

St. Louis, MO 63103-2523

       59.10 %        Record *

Pershing, LLC

Jersey City, NJ 07399-0001

       28.04 %        Record *

Raymond James

Omnibus for Mutual Funds

Attn: Courtney Waller

St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1100

       8.64 %        Record *

Class I

         

Mario J. Gabelli

Greenwich, CT 06830

       95.34 %        Beneficial (c)+ 
     

MJG 1999 Descendants Trust

Attn: Mario J. Gabelli

Rye, NY 10580-1422

       34.28 %        Beneficial + 
     

Attn Mutual Funds Admin

c/o Mellon Bank ID 225

SEI Private Trust Company

Oaks, PA 19456-9989

       20.25 %        Record *

MJG Associates, Inc.

Greenwich, CT 06830-6608

       11.80 %        Beneficial

GLOBAL MINI MITES FUND:

         

Class AAA

         

Wells Fargo Clearing Services LLC

Special Custody Account FBO

Exclusive Benefit of Customers

St. Louis, MO 63103-2523

       78.80 %        Record *

Gabelli Funds LLC

Rye, NY 10580-1422

       16.79 %        Beneficial

Class A

         

Gabelli Funds LLC

Rye, NY 10580-1422

       100 %        Beneficial+

 

39


NAME AND ADDRESS    % OF CLASS    NATURE OF OWNERSHIP

Class C

         

Gabelli Funds LLC

Rye, NY 10580-1422

       100 %        Beneficial+

Class I

         

Mario J. Gabelli

Greenwich, CT 06830

       69.48 %        Beneficial (d)+ 
     

Wells Fargo Clearing Services LLC

Special Custody Account FBO

Exclusive Benefit of Customers

St. Louis, MO 63103-2523

       23.05 %        Record*

The Gabelli Foundation Inc.

Rye, NY 10580-1422

       15.19 %        Beneficial

MJG 1999 Descendants Trust

Rye, NY 10580-1422

       11.33 %        Beneficial

GGCP Inc.

Greenwich, CT 06830-6608

       8.22 %        Beneficial

Gabelli & Company Inc.

Rye, NY 10580-1422

       8.14 %        Beneficial

*

Beneficial ownership is disclaimed.

+

Beneficial ownership of shares representing 25% or more of the outstanding shares of the Fund may be deemed to represent control, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act.

 

(a)

Includes shares directly or indirectly owned by Mr. Gabelli as a result of his position as a controlling person of certain other shareholders of the Global Growth Fund.

(b)

Includes shares directly or indirectly owned by Mr. Gabelli as a result of his position as a controlling person of certain other shareholders of the International Small Cap Fund, including shares held by GGCP, Inc.

(c)

Includes shares indirectly owned by Mr. Gabelli as a result of his position as a controlling person of certain other shareholders of the GRID Fund, including shares held by MJG 1999 Descendants Trust, MJG Associates, Inc., and Gabelli Funds, LLC.

(d)

Includes shares indirectly owned by Mr. Gabelli as a result of his position as a controlling person of certain other shareholders of the Global Mini Mites Fund, including The Gabelli Foundation Inc., MJG 1999 Descendants Trust, GGCP Inc., and Gabelli & Company Inc.

As of March 31, 2022, Mario J. Gabelli directly or indirectly owned (aggregating all share classes of the respective Funds) 4.62% of the outstanding shares of the Global Growth Fund, 6.09% of the outstanding shares of the International Small Cap Fund, and 4.18% of the outstanding shares of the Global Mini Mites Fund, and 82.30% of the GRID Fund. For as long as these investments in the GRID Fund and Global Mini Mites Fund represent greater than 25% interest in each, Mr. Gabelli may be deemed to be a “control person” of such Fund, as that term is defined in the 1940 Act.

As of March 31, 2022, as a group, excluding Mario J. Gabelli and affiliates, the Directors and Officers of the Corporation owned less than 1% of the outstanding shares (aggregating all share classes of the respective Funds) of the Global Growth Fund, the Global Content & Connectivity Fund, the GRID Fund, the International Small Cap Fund, and 3.37% of the outstanding shares of the Global Mini Mites Fund.

INVESTMENT ADVISORY AND OTHER SERVICES

Investment Adviser

The Adviser is a New York limited liability company which serves as an investment adviser to registered investment companies as well as two funds that trade on the London Stock Exchange and Luxembourg SICAV, with combined aggregate net assets of approximately $21.4 billion as of December 31, 2021. The Adviser is a registered adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940,

 

40


as amended, and is a wholly owned subsidiary of GBL. Mr. Mario J. Gabelli may be deemed a “controlling person” of the Adviser on the basis of his controlling interest in GBL. Mr. Gabelli owns a majority of the stock of GGCP, which holds a majority of the capital stock and voting power of GBL. The Adviser has several affiliates that provide investment advisory services: GAMCO Asset Management Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of GBL, acts as investment adviser for individuals, pension trusts, profit sharing trusts, and endowments, and as a sub-adviser to certain third party investment funds, which include registered investment companies having assets under management of approximately $13.5 billion as of December 31, 2021; Teton Advisors, LLC (previously Teton Advisors, Inc., with assets under management of approximately $2.0 billion as of December 31, 2021) and its affiliated investment adviser, Keeley-Teton Advisers, LLC, act as investment adviser to The TETON Westwood Funds, the KEELEY Funds, and separately managed accounts; and Gabelli & Company Investment Advisers, Inc. (formerly, Gabelli Securities, Inc.), a wholly owned subsidiary of Associated Capital, acts as investment adviser for certain alternative investment products, consisting primarily of risk arbitrage and merchant banking limited partnerships and offshore companies, with assets under management of approximately $1.8 billion as of December 31, 2021. Teton Advisors, Inc. was spun off by GBL in March 2009 and is an affiliate of GBL by virtue of Mr. Gabelli’s ownership of GGCP, the principal shareholder of Teton Advisors, Inc. the parent of Teton Advisors, LLC, as of December 31, 2021. Effective December 31, 2021, Teton Advisors, Inc. completed a reorganization by transferring its entire business, operations, and personnel to a new wholly-owned subsidiary, Teton Advisors, LLC. Associated Capital was spun off from GBL on November 30, 2015, and is an affiliate of GBL by virtue of Mr. Gabelli’s ownership of GGCP, the principal shareholder of Associated Capital.

Affiliates of the Adviser may, in the ordinary course of their business, acquire for their own account or for the accounts of their advisory clients, significant (and possibly controlling) positions in the securities of companies that may also be suitable for investment by the Funds. The securities in which the Funds might invest may thereby be limited to some extent. For instance, many companies in the past several years have adopted so-called “poison pill” or other defensive measures designed to discourage or prevent the completion of non-negotiated offers for control of the company. Such defensive measures may have the effect of limiting the shares of the company that might otherwise be acquired by the Funds if the affiliates of the Adviser or their advisory accounts have or acquire a significant position in the same securities. However, the Adviser does not believe that the investment activities of its affiliates will have a material adverse effect upon the Funds in seeking to achieve their investment objectives. Securities purchased or sold pursuant to contemporaneous orders entered on behalf of the investment company accounts of the Adviser or the advisory accounts managed by its affiliates for their unaffiliated clients are allocated pursuant to principles believed to be fair and not disadvantageous to any such accounts. In addition, all such orders are accorded priority of execution over orders entered on behalf of accounts in which the Adviser or its affiliates have a substantial pecuniary interest. The Adviser may on occasion give advice or take action with respect to other clients that differs from the actions taken with respect to the Funds. The Funds may invest in the securities of companies which are investment management clients of GAMCO. In addition, portfolio companies or their officers or directors may be minority shareholders of the Adviser or its affiliates.

The Adviser currently serves as an investment adviser to the Funds pursuant to Investment Advisory Agreements (the “Agreements”) which were initially approved by the Fund’s sole shareholder on September 23, 1993 for the Global Content & Connectivity Fund, January 18, 1994 for the International Small Cap Fund and the GRID Fund, and September 24, 2018 for the Global Mini Mites Fund. Pursuant to the Agreements, the Adviser furnishes a continuous investment program for each Fund’s portfolio, makes the day to day investment decisions for the Funds, arranges the portfolio transactions for each Fund and generally manages each Fund’s investments in accordance with the stated policies of each Fund, subject to the general supervision of the Board. Under the Agreements, the Adviser also: (i) provides the Funds with the services of persons competent to perform such supervisory, administrative, and clerical functions as are necessary to provide effective administration of the Funds, including maintaining certain books and records and overseeing the activities of the Funds’ Custodian and Transfer Agent; (ii) oversees the performance of administrative and professional services to the Funds by others, including The Bank of New York Mellon, the Funds’ Sub-Administrator (the “Sub-Administrator” or “BNY Mellon”), the Funds’ Custodian, Transfer Agent, and Dividend Disbursing Agent, as well as accounting, auditing, and other services performed for the Funds; (iii) provides the Funds with adequate office space and facilities; (iv) supervises the preparation of, but does not pay for, the periodic updating of the Funds’ registration statement, prospectus and SAI, including the printing of such documents for the purpose of filings with the SEC and state securities administrators, the Funds’ tax returns, and reports to each Fund’s shareholders and the SEC; (v) supervises, but does not pay for, the calculation of the NAV of each class of shares of each Fund; (vi) supervises the preparation of, but does not pay for, all filings under the securities or “Blue Sky” laws of such states or countries as are designated by the Distributor, which may be required to register or qualify, or continue the registration or qualification, of the Funds and/or its shares under such laws; and (vii) prepares notices and agendas for meetings of the Funds’ Board and minutes of such meetings in all matters required by applicable law to be acted upon by the Board.

The cost of calculating each Fund’s NAV is an expense payable by each Fund pursuant to the Agreements. To the extent that a portion of the sub-administration fee is used to pay for personnel and equipment related to calculating the NAV, each Fund will reimburse the Adviser for such expense up to $45,000. During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, the Funds reimbursed the Adviser $45,000, $45,000, $0, $45,000, and $0 for the Global Content & Connectivity Fund, the Global Growth Fund, the International Small Cap Fund, the GRID Fund, and the Global Mini Mites Fund, respectively, in connection with the cost of computing each Fund’s NAV.

 

41


Each Agreement provides that absent willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of its duty, the Adviser and its employees, officers, directors, and controlling persons are not liable to the Funds or any of its investors for any act or omission by the Adviser or for any error of judgment or for losses sustained by the Funds. However, the Agreements provide that the Funds are not waiving any rights they may have with respect to any violation of law which cannot be waived. The Agreements also provide indemnification for the Adviser and each of these persons for any conduct for which they are not liable to the Funds. The Agreements in no way restrict the Adviser from acting as adviser to others. The Funds have agreed by the terms of the Agreements that the word “Gabelli” in its name, as applicable, is derived from the name of the Adviser which in turn is derived from the name of Mario J. Gabelli; that such name is the property of the Adviser for copyright and/or other purposes; and that, therefore, such name may freely be used by the Adviser for other investment companies, entities, or products. Each Fund has further agreed that in the event, for any reason, the Adviser ceases to be its investment adviser, the relevant Fund will, unless the Adviser otherwise consents in writing, promptly take all steps necessary to change its name to one which does not include “Gabelli.”

By its terms, each Agreement will remain in effect from year to year, provided each such annual continuance is specifically approved by the Corporation’s Board or by a “majority” (as defined in the 1940 Act) vote of its shareholders and, in either case, by a majority vote of the Independent Directors cast in person at a meeting called specifically for the purpose of voting on the continuance of the Agreements. The Agreements are terminable without penalty by the Corporation on behalf of each Fund on sixty days written notice when authorized either by majority vote of its outstanding voting shares or by a vote of a majority of its Board, or by the Adviser on sixty days written notice, and will automatically terminate in the event of its “assignment” as defined by the 1940 Act. As compensation for the Adviser’s services and related expenses borne by the Adviser, the Funds pay the Adviser a fee, computed daily and payable monthly, at the annual rate of 1.00% of each Fund’s average daily net assets, payable out of each Fund’s net assets and allocable to each class on the basis of the assets attributable to such class. For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2019, December 31, 2020, and December 31, 2021, each Fund paid investment advisory fees to the Adviser amounting to:

Advisory Fees Earned and Advisory Fees Waived and Expenses

Reimbursed to the Funds for the Year Ended December 31

 

    

2019

    

2020

    

2021

 
    

Earned

    

Fees Waived
and
Expenses
Reimbursed

    

Earned

    

Fees Waived
and
Expenses
Reimbursed

    

Earned

    

Fees Waived
and
Expenses
Reimbursed

 

Global Content &
Connectivity Fund*

   $ 791,987      $ 91,150      $ 718,431      $ 591,218      $ 844,654      $ 589,925  

Global Growth Fund**

   $         1,023,156      $     412,641      $     1,419,282      $     876,253      $   2,151,221      $     1,048,506  

International Small Cap
Fund***

   $ 78,209      $ 184,323      $ 78,510      $ 210,061      $ 116,138      $ 216,306  

GRID Fund****

   $ 505,729      $ 196,584      $ 472,167      $ 295,855      $ 612,351      $ 311,048  

Global Mini Mites Fund*****

   $ 13,238      $ 126,588      $ 19,866      $ 163,109      $ 63,351      $ 147,312  

 

* 

During the period from January 1, 2019 through November 30, 2019, the Adviser contractually agreed to waive its management fee and/or reimburse expenses of the Global Content & Connectivity Fund to the extent necessary to maintain total annual operating expenses (excluding brokerage, acquired fund fees and expenses, interest, taxes, and extraordinary expenses) at no more than 1.00% on an annualized basis for Class I shares. During the period from December 1, 2019 through December 31, 2021, the Adviser contractually agreed to waive its management fee and/or reimburse expenses of the Global Content & Connectivity Fund to the extent necessary to maintain total annual operating expenses (excluding brokerage, acquired fund fees and expenses, interest, taxes, and extraordinary expenses) at no more than 0.90% on an annualized basis for Class AAA, Class A, Class C, and Class I shares.

** 

During the period from January 1, 2019 through November 30, 2019, the Adviser contractually agreed to waive its management fee and/or reimburse expenses of the Global Growth Fund to the extent necessary to maintain total annual operating expenses (excluding brokerage, acquired fund fees and expenses, interest, taxes, and extraordinary expenses) at no more than 1.25%, 1.25%, and 2.00% on an annualized basis for Class AAA, Class A, and Class C shares, respectively. During the period from December 1, 2019 through December 31, 2021, the Adviser contractually agreed to waive its management fee and/or reimburse expenses of the Global Growth Fund to the extent necessary to maintain total annual operating expenses (excluding brokerage, acquired fund fees and expenses, interest, taxes, and extraordinary expenses) at no more than 0.90% on an annualized basis for Class AAA, Class A, Class C, and Class I shares.

 

42


*** 

During the period from January 1, 2019 through November 30, 2019, the Adviser contractually agreed to waive its management fee and/or reimburse expenses of the International Small Cap Fund to the extent necessary to maintain total annual operating expenses (excluding brokerage, acquired fund fees and expenses, interest, taxes, and extraordinary expenses) at no more than 1.00%, 2.00%, 2.75%, and 1.00% on an annualized basis for Class AAA, Class A, Class C, and Class I shares, respectively. During the period from December 1, 2019 through December 31, 2021, the Adviser contractually agreed to waive its management fee and/or reimburse expenses of the International Small Cap Fund to the extent necessary to maintain total annual operating expenses (excluding brokerage, acquired fund fees and expenses, interest, taxes, and extraordinary expenses) at no more than 0.90% on an annualized basis for Class AAA, Class A, Class C, and Class I shares.

**** 

During the period from January 1, 2019 through November 30, 2019, the Adviser contractually agreed to waive its investment advisory fees and/or reimburse expenses of the GRID Fund to the extent necessary to maintain total annual operating expenses (excluding brokerage, acquired fund fees and expenses, interest, taxes, and extraordinary expenses) at no more than 2.00%, 2.00%, and 2.75% on an annualized basis for Class AAA, Class A, and Class C shares, respectively. During the period from January 1, 2019 through November 30, 2019, the Adviser contractually agreed to waive its management fee and/or reimburse expenses of the GRID Fund to the extent necessary to maintain total annual operating expenses (excluding brokerage, acquired fund fees and expenses, interest, taxes, and extraordinary expenses) at no more than 1.00% on an annualized basis for Class I shares. During the period from December 1, 2019 through December 31, 2021, the Adviser contractually agreed to waive its management fee and/or reimburse expenses of the GRID Fund to the extent necessary to maintain total annual operating expenses (excluding brokerage, acquired fund fees and expenses, interest, taxes, and extraordinary expenses) at no more than 0.90% on an annualized basis for Class AAA, Class A, Class C, and Class I shares.

*****

During the period from January 1, 2019 through November 30, 2019, the Adviser contractually agreed to waive its management fee and/or reimburse expenses of the Global Mini Mites Fund to the extent necessary to maintain total annual operating expenses (excluding brokerage, acquired fund fees and expenses, interest, taxes, and extraordinary expenses) at no more than 1.25%, 1.25%, 2.00%, and 1.00% on an annualized basis for Class AAA, Class A, Class C, and Class I shares, respectively. During the period from December 1, 2019 through December 31, 2021, the Adviser contractually agreed to waive its management fee and/or reimburse expenses of the Global Mini Mites Fund to the extent necessary to maintain total annual operating expenses (excluding brokerage, acquired fund fees and expenses, interest, taxes, and extraordinary expenses) at no more than 0.90% on an annualized basis for Class AAA, Class A, Class C, and Class I shares.

Effective December 1, 2019, the Adviser has contractually agreed to waive its investment advisory fees and/or reimburse expenses to the extent necessary to maintain each Fund’s Total Annual Fund Operating Expenses (excluding brokerage costs, acquired fund fees and expenses, interest, taxes, and extraordinary expenses) at no more than an annual rate of 0.90% for each class of shares. These fee waiver and expense reimbursement arrangements are in effect through April 30, 2023 and may be terminated only by the Board of Directors of the Corporation before such time. In addition, each of the GRID Fund, the International Small Cap Fund, the Global Growth Fund, the Global Content & Connectivity Fund, and the Global Mini Mites Fund has agreed, during the two year period following any waiver or reimbursement by the Adviser, to repay such amount to the extent, that after giving the effect to the repayment, the adjusted annual total operating expenses would not exceed an annual rate of 0.90% of its average daily net assets for the applicable class of shares of each Fund or, in all cases, any such lower amount that was applicable at the time the reimbursed expenses were waived by the Adviser.

The Adviser reimbursed the Funds the following amounts:

For the years ended December 31,

 

Fund

  

2019

    

2020

    

2021

 

Global Content & Connectivity Fund

   $ 91,150      $ 591,218      $ 589,925  

Global Growth Fund

   $                 412,641      $                 876,253      $                 1,048,506  

International Small Cap Fund

   $ 184,323      $ 210,061      $ 216,306  

GRID Fund

   $ 196,584      $ 295,855      $ 311,048  

Global Mini Mites Fund

   $ 126,588      $ 163,109      $ 147,312  

 

43


Portfolio Manager Information

Other Accounts Managed

The table below provides summary information regarding other accounts for which the portfolio managers were primarily responsible for the day to day management during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

Gabelli Global Content & Connectivity Fund

Name of Portfolio Manager

 

Type of Accounts

  

Total Number of

Accounts

Managed

  

Total Assets

    

Number of

Accounts

where

Advisory Fee

is Based on

Performance

  

Total Assets
in Accounts
where
Advisory Fee
is Based on
Performance

 

Sergey Dlzuhevskiy

  Registered Investment Companies:    0    $ 0      0    $ 0  
  Other Pooled Investment Vehicles:    0    $ 0      0    $ 0  
 

Other Accounts:

   9    $         1.8 million      0    $                     0  

Evan D. Miller

  Registered Investment Companies:    0    $ 0      0    $ 0  
  Other Pooled Investment Vehicles:    0    $ 0      0    $ 0  
 

Other Accounts:

   2    $ 60,000      0    $ 0  
Gabelli Global Growth Fund

 

Name of Portfolio Manager

 

Type of Accounts

  

Total Number

of Accounts

Managed

  

Total Assets

    

Number of
Accounts
where
Advisory Fee
is Based on
Performance

  

Total Assets

in Accounts where

Advisory Fee

is Based on

Performance

 

Caesar M.P. Bryan

  Registered Investment Companies:    5    $ 1.2 billion      0    $ 0  
  Other Pooled Investment Vehicles:    0    $ 0      0    $ 0  
  Other Accounts:    22    $ 176.2 million      0    $ 0  

Howard F. Ward

  Registered Investment Companies:    3    $ 4.3 billion      1    $         3.1 billion  
  Other Pooled Investment Vehicles:    0    $ 0      0    $ 0  
  Other Accounts:    53    $         391.6 million      0    $ 0  

Christopher D. Ward

  Registered Investment Companies:    2    $ 1.2 billion      0    $ 0  
  Other Pooled Investment Vehicles:    0    $ 0      0    $ 0  
  Other Accounts:    52    $ 313.6 million      0    $ 0  
             
Gabelli International Small Cap Fund

 

Name of Portfolio Manager

 

Type of Accounts

  

Total Number of

Accounts

Managed

  

Total Assets

    

Number of
Accounts
where
Advisory Fee
is Based on
Performance

  

Total Assets
in Accounts
where
Advisory Fee
is Based on
Performance

 

Caesar M.P. Bryan

  Registered Investment Companies:    5    $ 1.5 billion      0    $ 0  
  Other Pooled Investment Vehicles:    0    $ 0      0    $ 0  
  Other Accounts:    22    $         176.2 million      0    $                     0  

 

44


Name of Portfolio Manager

 

Type of Accounts

  

Total Number of

Accounts

Managed

  

Total Assets

    

Number of
Accounts
where
Advisory Fee
is Based on
Performance

  

Total Assets
in Accounts
where
Advisory Fee
is Based on
Performance

 

Gustavo Pifano

  Registered Investment Companies:    1    $         2.4 billion      1    $ 2.4 billion  
  Other Pooled Investment Vehicles:    0    $ 0      0    $ 0  
  Other Accounts:    1    $ 0      0    $ 0  

Ashish Sinha

  Registered Investment Companies:    2    $ 2.4 billion      1    $         2.4 billion  
  Other Pooled Investment Vehicles:    0    $ 0      0    $ 0  
  Other Accounts:    2    $ 0.6 million      0    $ 0  
Gabelli Global Rising Income and Dividend Fund

 

Name of Portfolio Manager

 

Type of Accounts

  

Total Number of

Accounts

Managed

  

Total Assets

    

Number of
Accounts
where
Advisory Fee
is Based on
Performance

  

Total Assets
in Accounts
where
Advisory Fee
is Based on
Performance

 

Mario J. Gabelli

  Registered Investment Companies:    19    $         16.1 billion      5    $ 6.4 billion  
  Other Pooled Investment Vehicles:    9    $ 1.0 billion      7    $       934.9 million  
  Other Accounts:    897    $ 7.9 billion      0    $ 0  
Gabelli Global Mini Mites Fund

 

Name of Portfolio Manager

 

Type of Accounts

  

Total Number of

Accounts

Managed

  

Total Assets

    

Number of
Accounts
where
Advisory Fee
is Based on
Performance

  

Total Assets
in Accounts
where
Advisory Fee
is Based on
Performance

 

Mario J. Gabelli

  Registered Investment Companies:    19    $ 16.2 billion      5    $ 6.4 billion  
  Other Pooled Investment Vehicles:    9    $ 1.0 billion      7    $ 934.9 million  
  Other Accounts:    897    $ 7.9 billion      0    $ 0  

Sarah Donnelly

  Registered Investment Companies:    4    $ 6.1 billion      1    $ 3.1 billion  
  Other Pooled Investment Vehicles:    0    $ 0      0    $ 0  
  Other Accounts:    12    $ 14.0 million      0    $ 0  

Ashish Sinha

  Registered Investment Companies:    2    $ 2.4 billion      1    $ 2.4 billion  
  Other Pooled Investment Vehicles:    0    $ 0      0    $ 0  
  Other Accounts:    2    $ 0.6 million      0    $ 0  

Hendi Susanto

  Registered Investment Companies:    4    $ 6.4 billion      2    $ 5.5 billion  
  Other Pooled Investment Vehicles:    0    $ 0      0    $ 0  
  Other Accounts:    18    $ 4.5 million      0    $ 0  

Chong-Min Kang

  Registered Investment Companies:    0    $ 0      0    $ 0  
  Other Pooled Investment Vehicles:    0    $ 0      0    $ 0  
  Other Accounts:    3    $ 0.5 million      0    $ 0  

 

45


*

As of December 31, 2021, there are a total of 47 registered investment companies in the Fund Complex. Of the 47 registered investment companies, Mr. Gabelli serves as sole portfolio manager of 5 and part of the portfolio management team of 15.

Potential Conflicts of Interest

Actual or apparent conflicts of interest may arise when the portfolio managers also have day to day management responsibilities with respect to one or more other accounts. This information is as of March 31, 2021. These potential conflicts include:

Allocation of Limited Time and Attention. Because the portfolio managers manage more than one account, they may not be able to formulate as complete a strategy or identify equally attractive investment opportunities for each of those accounts as if they were to devote substantially more attention to the management of only the Global Content & Connectivity Fund and Global Mini Mites Fund.

Allocation of Limited Investment Opportunities. If the portfolio managers identify an investment opportunity that may be suitable for multiple accounts, the Global Content & Connectivity Fund and Global Mini Mites Fund may not be able to take full advantage of that opportunity because the opportunity may need to be allocated among these accounts or other accounts managed primarily by other portfolio managers of the Adviser and its affiliates.

Pursuit of Differing Strategies. At times, the portfolio managers may determine that an investment opportunity may be appropriate for only some of the accounts for which they exercise investment responsibility, or may decide that certain of these accounts should take differing positions with respect to a particular security. In these cases, the portfolio managers may execute differing or opposite transactions for one or more accounts which may affect the market price of the security or the execution of the transactions, or both, to the detriment of one or more of their other accounts.

Selection of Broker-Dealers. A portfolio manager may be able to select or influence the selection of the brokers and dealers that are used to execute securities transactions for the funds or accounts that he or she supervises. In addition to providing execution of trades, some brokers and dealers provide the Adviser with brokerage and research services which may result in the payment of higher brokerage fees than might otherwise be available. These services may be more beneficial to certain funds or accounts of the Adviser and its affiliates than to others. Although the payment of brokerage commissions is subject to the requirement that the Adviser determines in good faith that the commissions are reasonable in relation to the value of the brokerage and research services provided to the Fund, a portfolio manager’s decision as to the selection of brokers and dealers could yield disproportionate costs and benefits among the funds or other accounts that the Adviser and its affiliates manage. In addition, with respect to certain types of accounts (such as pooled investment vehicles and other accounts managed for organizations and individuals) the Adviser may be limited by the client concerning the selection of brokers or may be instructed to direct trades to particular brokers. In these cases, the Adviser or its affiliates may place separate, non-simultaneous transactions in the same security for a Fund and another account that may temporarily affect the market price of the security or the execution of the transaction, or both, to the detriment of a Fund or the other account. Because of Mr. Gabelli’s position with G.research and his indirect majority ownership interest in G.research, he may have an incentive to use G.research to execute portfolio transactions for the Global Content & Connectivity Fund and the Global Mini Mites Fund.

Variation in Compensation. A conflict of interest may arise where the financial or other benefits available to a portfolio manager differ among the accounts that they manage. If the structure of the Adviser’s management fee or a portfolio manager’s compensation differs among accounts (such as where certain accounts pay higher management fees or performance based management fees), a portfolio manager may be motivated to favor certain accounts over others. A portfolio manager also may be motivated to favor accounts in which they have an investment interest, or in which the Adviser or its affiliates have investment interests. Similarly, the desire to maintain assets under management or to enhance a portfolio manager’s performance record or to derive other rewards, financial or otherwise, could influence a portfolio manager in affording preferential treatment to those accounts that could most significantly benefit the portfolio manager.

The Adviser and the Funds have adopted compliance policies and procedures that are reasonably designed to address the various conflicts of interest that may arise for the Adviser and its staff members. However, there is no guarantee that such policies and procedures will be able to detect and address every situation in which an actual or potential conflict may arise.

Compensation Structure for Portfolio Managers other than Mario J. Gabelli

The compensation of the portfolio managers for each of the Global Content & Connectivity Fund, the Global Growth Fund, the International Small Cap Fund, and the Global Mini Mites Fund other than Mr. Gabelli is structured to enable the Adviser to attract and retain highly qualified professionals in a competitive environment. The portfolio managers receive a compensation package that includes a minimum draw or base salary, equity based incentive compensation via awards of stock options, and incentive-based

 

46


variable compensation based on a percentage of net revenues received by the Adviser for managing a Fund to the extent that the amount exceeds a minimum level of compensation, and discretionary bonuses. Net revenues are determined by deducting from gross investment management fees certain of the firm’s expenses (other than the respective portfolio manager’s compensation) allocable to the respective Fund. Compensation for managing accounts that have a performance based fee will have two components. One component is based on a percentage of net revenues received by the adviser for managing the account. The second component is based on absolute performance of the account, with respect to which a percentage of the performance fee is paid to the portfolio manager(s). These methods of compensation are based on the premise that superior long term performance in managing a portfolio should be rewarded with higher compensation as a result of growth of assets through appreciation and net investment activity. The level of equity based incentive and incentive-based variable compensation is based on an evaluation by the Adviser’s parent, GBL, of quantitative and qualitative performance evaluation criteria.

Compensation Structure for Mario J. Gabelli

Mr. Gabelli receives incentive-based variable compensation based on a percentage of net revenues received by the Adviser for managing the GRID Fund and the Global Mini Mites Fund. Net revenues are determined by deducting from gross investment management fees the firm’s expenses (other than Mr. Gabelli’s compensation) allocable to the GRID Fund and the Global Mini Mites Fund. Additionally, he receives similar incentive-based variable compensation for managing other accounts within GBL and its affiliates. This method of compensation is based on the premise that superior long term performance in managing a portfolio should be rewarded with higher compensation as a result of growth of assets through appreciation and net investment activity. The level of compensation is not determined with specific reference to the performance of any account against any specific benchmark. One of the other registered investment companies managed by Mr. Gabelli has a performance (fulcrum) fee arrangement for which his compensation is adjusted up or down based on the performance of the investment company relative to an index. Four closed-end registered investment companies managed by Mr. Gabelli have arrangements whereby the Adviser will only receive its investment advisory fee attributable to the liquidation value of outstanding preferred stock (and Mr. Gabelli would only receive his percentage of such advisory fee) if certain performance levels are met. Mr. Gabelli manages other accounts with performance fees. Compensation for managing these accounts has two components. One component of his compensation is based on a percentage of net revenues received by the Adviser for managing the account. The second component is based on absolute performance of the account, with respect to which a percentage of such performance fee is paid to Mr. Gabelli. As an executive officer of the Adviser’s parent company, GBL, Mr. Gabelli also receives ten percent of the net operating profits of the parent company. Additionally, Mr. Gabelli receives a percentage of net management fees as a relationship manager of accounts managed by affiliates. Mr. Gabelli receives no base salary, no annual bonus, and no stock options. Mr. Gabelli may enter into and has arrangements to defer or waive his compensation.

Ownership of Shares in the Funds

Set forth in the table below is the dollar range of equity securities in the Funds beneficially owned by each of the portfolio managers:

 

Name

  

Fund

  

Dollar Range
of Equity
Securities Held
in each Fund*

Mario J. Gabelli

  

GRID Fund

   G
  

Global Mini Mites Fund

   G

Caesar M.P. Bryan

  

Global Growth Fund

International Small Cap Fund

  

A

C

Sergey Dluzhevskiy

  

Global Content & Connectivity Fund

   A

Sarah Donnelly

  

Global Mini Mites Fund

   A

Chong-Min Kang

  

Global Mini Mites Fund

   A

Evan Miller

  

Global Content & Connectivity Fund

   A

Gustavo Pifano

  

International Small Cap Fund

   A

Ashish Sinha

  

Global Mini Mites Fund

   A
  

International Small Cap Fund

   A

Hendi Susanto

  

Global Mini Mites Fund

   A

Christopher D. Ward

  

Global Growth Fund

   A

Howard F. Ward

  

Global Growth Fund

   E

* 

Key to Dollar Ranges – Information as of December 31, 2021

A.

None

B.

$1 – $10,000

C.

$10,001 – $50,000

 

47


D.

$50,001 – $100,000

E.

$100,001 – $500,000

F.

$500,001 – $1,000,000

G.

Over $1,000,000

Sub-Administrator

The Adviser has entered into an agreement (the “Sub-Administration Agreement”) with BNY Mellon, which is located at 301 Bellevue Parkway, Wilmington, Delaware 19809. Under the Sub-Administration Agreement, the Sub-Administrator: (a) assists in supervising all aspects of the Corporation’s operations except those performed by the Adviser under its advisory agreements with the Funds; (b) supplies the Corporation with office facilities (which may be in the Sub-Administrator’s own offices), statistical and research data, data processing services, clerical, accounting, and bookkeeping services, including, but not limited to, the calculation of the NAV of each class of each Fund’s shares, internal auditing and regulatory administration services, internal executive and administrative services, and stationery and office supplies; (c) prepares and distributes materials for all Corporation Board meetings, including the mailing of all Board materials and collates the same materials into the Board books, and assists in the drafting of minutes of the Board meetings; (d) prepares reports to Fund shareholders, tax returns, and reports to and filings with the SEC and state “Blue Sky” authorities; (e) provides any equipment or services necessary for the purpose of pricing shares or valuing each Fund’s investment portfolio; (f) provides compliance testing of all Fund activities against applicable requirements of the 1940 Act and the rules thereunder, the Code, and the Funds’ investment restrictions; (g) furnishes to the Adviser such statistical and other factual information and information regarding economic factors and trends as the Adviser from time to time may require; and (h) generally provides all administrative services that may be required for the ongoing operation of the Corporation in a manner consistent with the requirements of the 1940 Act.

For the services it provides, the Adviser pays the Sub-Administrator an annual fee based on the value of the aggregate average daily net assets of all funds under its administration managed by the Adviser as follows: up to $10 billion – 0.0275%; $10 billion to $15 billion – 0.0125%; $15 billion to $20 billion – 0.01%; and over $20 billion – 0.008%. The Sub-Administrator’s fee is paid by the Adviser and will result in no additional expense to the Funds.

Counsel

Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP, 500 Boylston Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02116, serves as the Corporation’s legal counsel.

Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Ernst & Young LLP, 2005 Market Street, Suite 700, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19103, independent registered public accounting firm, has been selected to audit the Funds’ annual financial statements.

Custodian, Transfer Agent, and Dividend Disbursing Agent

State Street Bank and Trust Company (“State Street”), 225 Franklin Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02110, is the Custodian for each Fund’s cash and securities. DST Asset Manager Solutions, Inc. (“DST” or the “Transfer Agent”), located at 430 W 7th Street STE 219204, Kansas City, Missouri 64105-1407 performs the shareholder services and acts as each Fund’s transfer agent and dividend disbursing agent. Neither DST nor State Street assists in or is responsible for investment decisions involving assets of the Funds.

Distributor

To implement the Funds’ Rule 12b-1 Plans, each Fund has entered into an Amended and Restated Distribution Agreement with G.distributors, a Delaware limited liability company which is a wholly owned subsidiary of GBL, having principal offices located at One Corporate Center, Rye, New York 10580-1422. The Distributor acts as agent of the Funds for the continuous offering of their shares on a best efforts basis.

 

 

48


Set forth in the tables below are the amounts of sales commissions and underwriting fees of Class A shares and contingent deferred sales charges (“CDSCs”) for Class A and Class C shares received and retained by the Distributor for the past three fiscal years:

 

Sales Commissions for the Years Ended December 31,

 

Global Content & Connectivity Fund

  

2019

    

2020

    

2021

 

Share Class

  

Commissions

    

Retained by
Distributor

    

Commissions

    

Retained by
Distributor

    

Commissions

    

Retained by
Distributor

 

Class A Sales Commissions

   $ 830      $ 110      $ 577      $ 77      $ 0      $ 0  

Class A CDSCs

   $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0  

Class C CDSCs

   $ 3693      $ 369      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0  
Sales Commissions for the Years Ended December 31,

 

Global Growth Fund

  

2019

    

2020

    

2021

 

Share Class

  

Commissions

    

Retained by
Distributor

    

Commissions

    

Retained by
Distributor

    

Commissions

    

Retained by
Distributor

 

Class A Sales Commissions

   $ 35,148      $ 5,375      $ 4,582      $ 647      $ 4,034      $ 660  

Class A CDSCs

   $ 1,650      $ 1,650      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0  

Class C CDSCs

   $ 301      $ 301      $ 537      $ 537      $ 0      $ 0  
Sales Commissions for the Years Ended December 31,

 

International Small Cap Fund

  

2019

    

2020

    

2021

 

Share Class

  

Commissions

    

Retained by
Distributor

    

Commissions

    

Retained by
Distributor

    

Commissions

    

Retained by
Distributor

 

Class A Sales Commissions

   $ 1,149      $ 24      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0  

Class A CDSCs

   $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0  

Class C CDSCs

   $ 15      $ 15      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0  
Sales Commissions for the Years Ended December 31,

 

GRID Fund

  

2019

    

2020

    

2021

 

Share Class

  

Commissions

    

Retained by
Distributor

    

Commissions

    

Retained by
Distributor

    

Commissions

    

Retained by
Distributor

 

Class A Sales Commissions

   $ 6,668      $ 1,030      $ 190      $ 25      $ 504      $ 74  

Class A CDSCs

   $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0  

Class C CDSCs

   $ 1,725      $ 1,725      $ 392      $ 392      $ 0      $ 0  
Sales Commissions for the Period Ended December 31,

 

Global Mini Mites Fund

  

2019

    

2020

    

2021

 

Share Class

  

Commissions

    

Retained by
Distributor

    

Commissions

    

Retained by
Distributor

    

Commissions

    

Retained by
Distributor

 

Class A Sales Commissions

   $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0  

Class A CDSCs

   $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0  

Class C CDSCs

   $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0  

Set forth in the table below are the amounts of brokerage commissions and other compensation received by the Distributor or an affiliate during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021:

 

49


    

Net
Underwriting
Discounts and
Commissions

    

Compensation
on
Redemptions
and
Repurchases

    

Brokerage
Commissions*

    

Other
Compensation

 

Global Content & Connectivity Fund

   $ 0      $ 0      $ 564      $ 0  

Global Growth Fund

   $             660      $             0      $ 0      $ 0  

International Small Cap Fund

   $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0  

GRID Fund

   $ 74      $ 0      $ 1,146      $ 0  

Global Mini Mites Fund

   $ 0      $ 0      $             12,031      $                 0  

 

* 

Amounts of brokerage commissions were received and retained by G.research, an affiliate of the Adviser and Distributor, which received no other compensation from the Fund.

DISTRIBUTION PLANS

Each Fund has adopted a separate distribution and service plan (each, a “Plan” and collectively the “Plans”) pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the 1940 Act on behalf of each Fund’s Class AAA, Class A, and Class C, shares. Payments may be made by each Fund under each Plan for the purpose of financing any activity primarily intended to result in the sales of shares of the class to which such Plan relates as determined by the Board. Such activities typically include advertising, compensation for sales and marketing activities of the Distributor and other banks, broker-dealers, and service providers; shareholder account servicing; production and dissemination of prospectuses and sales and marketing materials; and capital or other expenses of associated equipment, rent, salaries, bonuses, interest, and other overhead. To the extent any activity is one which a Fund may finance without a distribution plan, a Fund may also make payments to finance such activity outside of the Plans and not be subject to their limitations. Payments under the Plans are not dependent on distribution expenses actually incurred by the Distributor. The Plans compensate the Distributor regardless of expense, and accordingly, a portion of the payments by each Fund may be used indirectly to finance distribution activities on behalf of other funds in the Fund Complex, and a portion of the payments by such other funds may be used to finance distribution activities on behalf of each Fund. The Plans are intended to benefit the Funds, among other things, by increasing its assets and thereby reducing the Funds’ expense ratio.

Under its terms, each Plan remains in effect so long as its continuance is specifically approved at least annually by vote of the Corporation’s Board, including a majority of the Independent Directors. No Plan may be amended to increase materially the amount to be spent for services provided by the Distributor thereunder without shareholder approval, and all material amendments of any Plan must also be approved by the Directors in the manner described above. Each Plan may be terminated at any time, without penalty, by vote of a majority of the Independent Directors, or by a vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of a Fund (as defined in the 1940 Act). Under each Plan, the Distributor will provide the Directors with periodic reports of amounts expended under each Plan and the purpose for which such expenditures were made.

Pursuant to the Plans, each Fund pays the Distributor 0.25% of its average daily net assets of Class AAA and Class A shares, and 1.00% of its average daily net assets of Class C shares. Due to the possible continuing nature of Rule 12b-1 payments, long term investors may pay more than the economic equivalent of the maximum front end sales charge permitted by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”). Pursuant to the Amended and Restated Distribution Agreements, each Fund appoints the Distributor as its general distributor and exclusive agent for the sale of a Fund’s shares. Each Fund has agreed to indemnify the Distributor to the extent permitted by applicable law against certain liabilities under federal securities laws. The Distribution Agreement shall remain in effect from year to year provided that continuance of such agreement shall be approved at least annually by the Corporation’s Board, including a vote of a majority of the Independent Directors cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval. The Distribution Agreement may be terminated by either party thereto upon sixty days written notice.

Pursuant to each Plan, the Board will review at least quarterly a written report of the distribution expenses incurred on behalf of each class of shares of the Funds by the Distributor. The report includes an itemization of the distribution expenses and the purposes of such expenditures. In addition, as long as the Plans remain in effect, the selection and nomination of Independent Directors shall be limited to the Independent Directors.

 

50


Set forth in the table below are the distribution expenses incurred by category by the Distributor during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021:

 

    

Globa

lContent & Connectivity

Fund

    

Global Growth

Fund

    

International Small

Cap Fund

    

GRID Fund

    

Global Mini Mites

Fund

 

Advertising and Promotion

   $ 3,700      $ 4,200      $ 500      $ 900      $ 130  

Printing, Postage and Stationery

   $ 1,900      $ 2,200      $ 300      $ 500      $ 60  

Overhead Support Expenses

   $ 9,800      $ 11,000      $ 1,400      $ 2,300      $ 330  

Advanced Commissions

   $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0      $ 0  

Salaries of Personnel of Distributor

   $ 64,900      $ 84,900      $ 9,200      $ 15,900      $ 2,120  

Third Party Servicing Fees

   $                 65,500      $             150,000      $             9,400      $         19,700      $                 160  

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, the Global Content & Connectivity Fund, the Global Growth Fund, the International Small Cap Fund, the GRID Fund, and the Global Mini Mites Fund made payments of $174,662, $331,858, $16,846, $23,620, and $403, respectively, to the Distributor. The Plan compensates the Distributor regardless of its expense and may contain a profit element.

Distribution Costs and Expenses

Incurred for the Year Ended December 31, 2021

 

    

Class AAA

    

Class A

    

Class C

 

Global Content & Connectivity Fund

   $ 173,425      $ 1,119      $ 118  

Global Growth Fund

   $         295,925      $         12,494      $         23,439  

International Small Cap Fund

   $ 16,394      $ 274      $ 178  

GRID Fund

   $ 12,543      $ 2,441      $ 8,636  

Global Mini Mites Fund

   $ 237      $ 33      $ 133  

The amounts included in the previous paragraph as third party servicing fees include amounts paid to the providers of various programs that make shares available to their customers. Subject to tax limitations and approvals by the Board, each Fund also makes payments to the providers of these programs, out of its assets other than Rule 12b-1 payments, in amounts not greater than savings of expenses each Fund would incur in maintaining shareholder accounts for those who invest in the respective Fund directly rather than through these programs. The Adviser and its affiliates may also pay for all or a portion of these program’s charges out of their financial resources other than Rule 12b-1 fees.

The following table provides the dates that each Fund’s class of shares were first offered to the public:

 

    

Class AAA

  

Class A

  

Class C

  

Class I

Global Content & Connectivity Fund

   11/1/1993    3/12/2000    6/2/2000    1/11/2008

Global Growth Fund

   2/7/1994    3/2/2000    3/12/2000    1/11/2008

International Small Cap Fund

   5/11/1998    3/12/2000    11/23/2001    1/11/2008

GRID Fund

   2/3/1994    5/2/2001    11/26/2001    1/11/2008

Global Mini Mites Fund

   10/1/2018    10/1/2018    10/1/2018    10/1/2018

Shares of each Fund may also be purchased through shareholder agents that are not affiliated with the Funds or the Distributor. There is no sales or service charge imposed by the Funds other than as described in the Funds’ prospectus under the “Classes of Shares” section, but agents who do not receive distribution payments or sales charges may impose a charge to the investor for their services. Such fees may vary among agents, and such agents may impose higher initial or subsequent investment requirements than those established by each Fund. Services provided by broker-dealers may include allowing the investor to establish a margin account and to borrow on the value of each Fund’s shares in that account. It is the responsibility of the shareholder’s agent to establish procedures which would assure that upon receipt of an order to purchase such shares of each Fund the order will be transmitted so that it will be received by the Distributor before the time when the price applicable to the buy order expires.

No Independent Director of the Corporation had a direct or indirect financial interest in the operation of any Plan or related agreements. Those interested persons who beneficially own stock in affiliates of the Adviser or the Distributor or are employed by one of the Gabelli companies may be deemed to have an indirect financial interest.

 

51


PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS AND BROKERAGE

The Adviser and its affiliates currently serve as investment adviser to a number of investment companies and private account clients and may in the future act as adviser to others. It is the policy of the Adviser and its affiliates to allocate investments suitable and appropriate for each such client in a manner believed by the Adviser to be equitable to each client. In making such allocations among any of these Funds and other client accounts, the main factors considered are the respective investment objectives, the relative size of portfolio holdings of the same or comparable securities, the availability of cash for investment, the size of investment commitments generally held, and the opinions of the persons responsible for managing the portfolios of each Fund and other client accounts.

Under the Agreements, the Adviser is authorized on behalf of each Fund to employ brokers to effect the purchase or sale of portfolio securities with the objective of obtaining prompt, efficient, and reliable execution and clearance of such transactions at the most favorable price obtainable (“best execution”) at a reasonable expense. The Adviser is permitted to (1) direct Fund portfolio brokerage to G.distributors, a broker-dealer member of FINRA and an affiliate of the Adviser; and (2) pay commissions to brokers other than G.distributors, which are higher than what might be charged by another qualified broker to obtain brokerage and/or research services considered by the Adviser to be useful or desirable for its investment management of the Funds and/or other advisory accounts under the management of the Adviser and any investment adviser affiliated with it. The Adviser does not consider the sales of shares of the Funds or other investment funds managed by the Adviser and its affiliates by brokers, including G.distributors, as a factor in its selection of brokers or dealers for each Fund’s portfolio transactions and has adopted compliance policies and procedures for itself and its affiliates to prevent any such transactions on that basis.

Transactions on U.S. stock exchanges involve the payment of negotiated brokerage commissions, which may vary among brokers. Transactions in securities other than those for which a securities exchange is the principal market are generally executed through the principal market maker. However, such transactions may be effected through a brokerage firm and a commission paid whenever it appears that the broker can obtain a price that is at least as favorable taking into account its commissions. In general, there may be no stated commission on principal transactions in OTC securities, but the prices of those securities may include undisclosed commissions or markups. Option transactions will usually be effected through a broker and a commission will be charged. Each Fund also expects that securities will be purchased at times in underwritten offerings where the price includes a fixed amount of compensation generally referred to as a concession or discount.

The policy of each Fund regarding purchases and sales of securities and options for its portfolio is that primary consideration will be given to obtaining the most favorable prices and efficient execution of transactions. In seeking to implement each Fund’s policies, the Adviser effects transactions with those brokers and dealers who the Adviser believes can obtain the most favorable prices and are capable of providing efficient executions. If the Adviser believes such price and execution are obtainable from more than one broker or dealer, it may give consideration to placing portfolio transactions with those brokers or dealers who also furnish research and other services to the Funds or the Adviser of the type described in Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. In doing so, the Funds may also pay higher commission rates than the lowest available when the Adviser believes it is reasonable to do so in light of the value of the brokerage and research services provided by the broker effecting the transaction. Such services may include, but are not limited to, any one or more of the following: (i) information as to the availability of securities for purchase or sale; (ii) statistical or factual information or opinions pertaining to investments; (iii) wire services; and (iv) appraisals or evaluations of potential and existing investments.

Research services furnished by brokers or dealers through which the Funds effect securities transactions are used by the Adviser and its advisory affiliates in carrying out their responsibilities with respect to all of their accounts over which they exercise investment discretion. Such investment information may be useful only to one or more of such other accounts. The purpose of this sharing of research information is to avoid duplicative charges for research provided by brokers and dealers. Neither the Funds nor the Adviser has any agreement or legally binding understanding with any broker or dealer regarding any specific amount of brokerage commissions which will be paid in recognition of such services. However, in determining the amount of portfolio commissions directed to such brokers or dealers, the Adviser considers the level of services provided, and based on such determinations the Adviser allocated brokerage commissions of $0 for Global Content & Connectivity Fund, $150,286 for Global Growth Fund, $5,730 for International Small Cap Fund, $250 for GRID Fund, and $0 for Global Mini Mites, respectively, on portfolio transactions in the principal amount of $0 for Global Content & Connectivity Fund, $208,857,642 for Global Growth Fund, $2,996,327 for International Small Cap Fund, $74,606 for GRID Fund, and $0 for Global Mini Mites Fund, respectively, during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. The average commission on these transactions was $0.00000, $0.06044, $0.01106, $0.05000, and $0.00000 per share for Global Content & Connectivity Fund, Global Growth Fund, International Small Cap Fund, GRID Fund, and Global Mini Mites Fund respectively. In determining the broker or dealer to be used to execute a particular portfolio transaction, the Funds do not take into account whether such broker or dealer sells shares of the Funds or other Gabelli funds or the amount of such sales.

Investment research obtained by allocations of Fund brokerage is used to augment the scope and supplement the internal research and investment strategy capabilities of the Adviser but does not reduce the overall expenses of the Adviser to any material extent. Such

 

52


investment research may be in written form or through direct contact with individuals and includes information on particular companies and industries as well as market, economic, or institutional activity areas. Research services furnished by brokers through which a Fund effects securities transactions are used by the Adviser and its advisory affiliates in carrying out their responsibilities with respect to all of their accounts over which they exercise investment discretion. Such investment information may be useful only to one or more of the other accounts of the Adviser and its advisory affiliates, and research information received for the commissions of those particular accounts may be useful both to a Fund and one or more of such other accounts.

The Adviser may also place orders for the purchase or sale of portfolio securities with G.research, when it appears that, as an introducing broker or otherwise, G.research can obtain a price, execution, and commission which is at least as favorable as that obtainable by other qualified brokers and at a commission rate at least as favorable as it provides to its best customers for similar transactions. As required by Rule 17e-1 under the 1940 Act, the Board has adopted policies which provide that the commissions paid to G.research on brokerage transactions must not exceed those which would have been charged by another qualified broker or member firm able to effect the same or a comparable transaction at an equally favorable price or those commissions G.research charges its most favored customers on similar transactions. Rule 17e-1 and the policies contain requirements that the Board, including the Independent Directors, conduct periodic compliance reviews of such brokerage allocations and review such schedules at least quarterly for continuing compliance with the foregoing standard. The Adviser and G.research are also required to furnish reports and maintain records in connection with such reviews.

To obtain the best execution of portfolio trades on the NYSE, G.research controls and monitors the execution of such transactions on the floor of the NYSE through independent “floor brokers” or through the Designated Order Turnaround (“DOT”) System of the NYSE. Such transactions are then cleared, confirmed to each Fund for the account of G.research, and settled directly with the Custodian of the Funds by a clearing house member firm which remits the commission less its clearing charges to G.research. G.research may also effect each Fund’s portfolio transactions in the same manner and pursuant to the same arrangements on other national securities exchanges which adopt direct access rules similar to those of the NYSE. In addition, G.research may directly execute transactions for the Funds on the floor of any exchange, provided: (i) the Funds’ Board has expressly authorized G.research to effect such transactions; and (ii) G.research annually advises the Funds of the aggregate compensation it earned on such transactions.

The following table sets forth certain information regarding each Fund’s payment of brokerage commissions for the past three fiscal years ended December 31 as indicated:

 

    

Fiscal Year Ended
December 31, 2019

   

Fiscal Year Ended
December 31, 2020

   

Fiscal Year Ended
December 31, 2021

 

Global Content & Connectivity Fund

      

Total brokerage commissions paid by the Fund

   $ 27,316     $ 74,792     $ 29,728  

Total brokerage commissions paid by the Fund to G.research

   $ 13,236     $ 9,376     $ 564  

% of total brokerage commissions paid to G.research

     48.46     12.54     1.90

% of principal amount of transactions involving commissions effected through G.research

     42.14     13.84     5.08

Global Growth Fund

      

Total brokerage commissions paid by the Fund

   $             114,175     $                 119,841     $                 154,567  

Total brokerage commissions paid by the Fund to G.research

   $ 0     $ 0     $ 0  

% of total brokerage commissions paid to G.research

     0.00     0.00     0.00

% of principal amount of transactions involving commissions effected through G.research

     0.00     0.00     0.00

International Small Cap Fund

      

Total brokerage commissions paid by the Fund

   $ 5,356     $ 8,122     $ 8,175  

Total brokerage commissions paid by the Fund to G.research

   $ 45     $ 0     $ 0  

% of total brokerage commissions paid to G.research

     0.84     0.00     0.00

% of principal amount of transactions involving commissions effected through G.research

     0.90     0.00     0.00

GRID Fund

      

Total brokerage commissions paid by the Fund

   $ 7,309     $ 10,011     $ 12,175  

Total brokerage commissions paid by the Fund to G.research

   $ 3,394     $ 3,427     $ 1,146  

% of total brokerage commissions paid to G.research

     46.44     34.24     9.41

% of principal amount of transactions involving commissions effected through G.research

     50.89     27.33     15.89

 

53


    

Fiscal Year Ended
December 31, 2019

   

Fiscal Year Ended
December 31, 2020

   

Fiscal Year Ended
December 31, 2021

 

Global Mini Mites Fund

      

Total brokerage commissions paid by the Fund

   $ 7,753     $ 7,721     $ 17,291  

Total brokerage commissions paid by the Fund to G.research

   $ 5,553     $ 5,565     $ 12,030  

% of total brokerage commissions paid to G.research

     71.63     72.07     69.58

% of principal amount of transactions involving commissions effected through G.research

     49.95     54.45     55.90

 

The Global Content & Connectivity Fund’s total commissions varied over the past three years primarily due to changes in the Fund’s net assets and portfolio turnover. The Global Growth Fund’s total commissions varied over the past three years primarily due to fluctuations in the Fund’s net assets and increases in portfolio turnover. The International Small Cap Fund’s total commissions varied over the past three years primarily due to fluctuations in net assets and increases in portfolio turnover. The GRID Fund’s total commissions varied over the past three years primarily due to fluctuations in the Fund’s net assets and increases in portfolio turnover.

 

* 

The difference between the percentage of total commissions paid to G.research versus the percentage of the principal amount of commissionable trades done through G.research can be attributable to the lower commissions per share paid on NASDAQ securities executed on Electronic Trading Networks and foreign securities transactions versus the commission rates on exchange-traded securities. G.research only executed transactions on exchange-listed securities, and the rates per share on such securities are often determined without regard to the principal amount of the transaction, which led to the differences noted.

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, the following Funds purchased securities of their regular brokers or dealers and the holdings at the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 are:

 

Fund

  

Name of Regular Broker or

Dealer or Parent (Issuer)

    

Shares

    

Aggregate
Market Value

 

GRID Fund

     Morgan Stanley & Co. Inc.        5,000      $         342,650  

During their fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, the Gabelli Global Content & Connectivity Fund, Gabelli International Small Cap Fund, and Global Mini Mites Fund did not acquire securities of their regular broker-dealers or their parents.

REDEMPTION OF SHARES

Payment of the redemption price for shares redeemed may be made either in cash or in portfolio securities (selected at the discretion of the Board and taken at their value used in determining each Fund’s NAV as described under “Determination of Net Asset Value”), or partly in cash and partly in portfolio securities. However, payments will be made wholly in cash unless the shareholder has redeemed more than $250,000 over the preceding three months and the Adviser believes that economic conditions exist which would make payments in cash detrimental to the best interests of a Fund. If payment for shares redeemed is made wholly or partly in portfolio securities, brokerage costs may be incurred by the investor in converting the securities to cash. No Fund will distribute in-kind portfolio securities that are not readily marketable.

Cancellation of purchase orders for shares of any Fund (as, for example, when checks submitted to purchase shares are returned unpaid) causes a loss to be incurred when the NAV of that Fund’s shares on the date of cancellation is less than on the original date of purchase. The investor is responsible for such loss, and that Fund may reimburse itself or the Distributor for such loss by automatically redeeming shares from any account registered at any time in that shareholder’s name, or by seeking other redress. If that Fund is unable to recover any loss to itself, it is the position of the SEC that the Distributor will be immediately obligated to make that Fund whole.

The Funds impose a redemption fee of 2.00% of the total redemption amount if you sell or exchange any of your shares within seven days after the date of a purchase. The fee, its manner of calculation and exceptions to its applicability are discussed in the Funds’ prospectus. The fee is not a sales charge (load) and is paid directly to the Fund and not the Adviser or Distributor.

DETERMINATION OF NET ASSET VALUE

NAV is calculated separately for each class of each Fund. The NAV of Class C shares of each Fund, as applicable, will generally be lower than the NAV of Class A, Class I, or Class AAA shares, as applicable, as a result of the higher service and distribution-related fees to which Class C shares are subject. It is expected, however, that the NAV of each class will tend to converge immediately after the recording of dividends, if any, which will differ by approximately the amount of the distribution and/or service fee expense accrual differential among the classes.

 

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For purposes of determining each of the Fund’s NAV, equity securities listed or traded on a nationally recognized securities exchange or traded in the U.S OTC market where trades are reported contemporaneously and for which market quotations are readily available are valued at the last quoted sale price or a market’s official closing price at the close of the exchange’s or other market’s regular trading hours, as of or prior to the time and day as of which such value is being determined. Portfolio securities traded on more than one national securities exchange or market are valued according to the broadest and most representative market as determined by the Adviser. If there has been no sale on the day the valuation is made, the securities are valued at the mean of the closing bid and ask prices on the principal market for such security on such day. If no ask prices are quoted on such day, then the security is valued at the closing bid price on the principal market for such security on such day. If no bid or ask prices are quoted on such day, a Fund’s accounting agent will notify the Adviser and the security will be valued based on written or standing instructions from the Adviser and/or Pricing Committee.

Equity securities which are primarily traded on foreign markets, except for those that trade primarily in Latin America or South America, are generally valued at the preceding closing values of such securities on their respective exchanges. Equity securities which are primarily traded in Latin American or South American markets are valued each day approximately at the time of the close of regular trading on the NYSE as though such time were the close of trading on such Latin American or South American market and such Latin American or South American market were a U.S. market. When the NYSE is open, but the foreign market on which an equity security primarily trades is closed, such as for a foreign national holiday, the security will generally be valued at the last available closing value (subject to the Fair Value Procedures adopted by the Board) using the prevailing exchange rate as described below. If some event occurs affecting or likely to affect the price of an equity security or group of equity securities to a significant extent including but not limited to material market movement, changes in market conditions after a foreign market closes, but prior to 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time, or a company development, such as a material business development, dividend declaration, stock split or rights offering, and if adequate and timely information relating to the event is not available or is not taken into account by the pricing service, the Adviser should review the pricing furnished by the pricing service to determine whether it is appropriate in the circumstances. In such case, the Adviser will obtain market quotations from another source or will make a fair value determination of such securities using other appropriate value measurements and such information will be presented to the Board for ratification at its next scheduled meeting. If the primary market for such an equity security suspends or limits trading or price movements, whether for the market as a whole or the particular security, and trading also occurs on a secondary market which has not suspended or limited trading or price movement, valuation will be based on information from the secondary market provided by the Adviser. If all markets on which such an equity security have suspended trading, the Adviser will fair value such security as provided above. Information that becomes known after the close of the NYSE, normally 4:00 p.m. Eastern time, on any business day may be assessed in determining net asset value per share after the time of receipt of the information, but will not be used to retroactively adjust the price of the security determined earlier or on a prior day.

Initial public offering securities are initially valued at cost. Upon commencement of trading, these securities are valued like any other equity security.

Debt obligations (including convertible debt) for which market quotations are readily available are valued at the average of the latest bid and ask prices. If there were no ask prices quoted on such day, the security is valued using the closing bid price. Such debt obligations are valued through prices provided by a pricing service approved by the Board. Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies will be translated into U.S. dollars at the prevailing exchange rates as provided by an appropriate pricing service. Forward currency exchange contracts will be valued using interpolated forward exchange rates. Prevailing foreign exchange rates and forward currency foreign exchange rates may generally be obtained on a consistent basis at approximately 11:00 a.m. Eastern time, which approximates the close of the London Exchange. As available and as provided by an appropriate pricing service, translation of foreign security and currency market values will also occur with the use of foreign exchange rates obtained at the close of the NYSE, normally 4:00 p.m. Eastern time.

Certain securities are valued principally using dealer quotations. Futures contracts are valued at the closing settlement price of the exchange or board of trade on which the applicable contract is traded. OTC futures and options on futures for which market quotations are readily available will be valued by quotations received from a pricing service or, if no quotations are available from a pricing service, by quotations obtained from one or more dealers in the instrument in question by the Adviser.

Securities and assets for which market quotations are not readily available are valued at their fair value as determined in good faith under procedures established by and under the general supervision of the Board. Fair valuation methodologies and procedures may include, but are not limited to: (i) analysis and review of available financial and non-financial information about the company, (ii) comparisons with the valuation and changes in valuation of similar securities, including a comparison of foreign securities to the equivalent U.S. dollar value of American Depositary Receipts, securities at the close of the U.S. exchanges; and (iii) evaluation of any other information that could be indicative of the value of the security.

A Fund may obtain valuations on the basis of prices provided by a pricing service approved by the Board. All other investment assets, including restricted and not readily marketable securities, are valued in good faith at fair value under procedures established by and

 

55


under the general supervision and responsibility of the Corporation’s Board. Additional information on fair valuation is provided in the Funds’ prospectus under “Pricing of Fund Shares.”

In addition, whenever developments in one or more securities markets after the close of the principal markets for one or more portfolio securities and before the time as of which a Fund determines its NAV would, if such developments had been reflected in such principal markets, likely have more than a minimal effect on any of the Fund’s NAV, the Fund may fair value such portfolio securities based on available market information as of the time the Fund determines its NAV.

NYSE Closings

The holidays (as observed) on which the NYSE is closed, and therefore days upon which shareholders cannot redeem shares, currently are: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Presidents’ Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Juneteenth, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day and on the preceding Friday or subsequent Monday when a holiday falls on a Saturday or Sunday, respectively.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONCERNING TAXES

General

Set forth below is a discussion of certain U.S. federal income tax issues concerning the Funds and the purchase, ownership, and disposition of shares of the Funds by U.S. persons who hold their shares as capital assets (generally, assets held as investments). This discussion is based upon present provisions of the Code, the regulations promulgated thereunder, and judicial and administrative ruling authorities, all of which are subject to change, which change may be retroactive. This discussion does not purport to be complete or to deal with all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to investors in light of their particular circumstances. No ruling has been or will be sought from the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) regarding any matter discussed herein. No assurance can be given that the IRS would not assert, or that a court would not sustain, a position different from any of the tax aspects set forth below. Prospective investors should consult their own tax advisers with regard to the U.S. federal tax consequences of the purchase, ownership, or disposition of shares of the Funds, as well as the tax consequences arising under the laws of any state, foreign country, or other taxing jurisdiction.

Taxation of the Funds

Each Fund has qualified and intends to continue to qualify as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Code. Accordingly, a Fund must, among other things, (a) derive in each taxable year at least 90% of its gross income from dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities loans, and gains from the sale or other disposition of stock, securities, or foreign currencies, or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures, or forward contracts) derived with respect to its business of investing in such stock, securities, or currencies; and (b) diversify its holdings so that, at the end of each quarter of the taxable year (i) at least 50% of the value of a Fund’s total assets is represented by cash and cash items, U.S. government securities, the securities of other regulated investment companies and other securities, with such other securities limited, in respect of any one issuer, to an amount not greater than 5% of the value of a Fund’s total assets and 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, and (ii) not more than 25% of the value of its total assets is invested in the securities of (I) any one issuer (other than U.S. government securities and the securities of other regulated investment companies), (II) any two or more issuers (other than regulated investment companies) that it controls and that are determined to be engaged in the same or similar trades or businesses or related trades or businesses or (III) any one or more qualified publicly traded partnerships. As a regulated investment company, each Fund will generally not be subject to Federal income tax on its investment company taxable income (including net short term capital gains) and net long term capital gains that it distributes to its shareholders, provided that at least 90% of the Fund’s investment company taxable income for the taxable year is distributed (or deemed distributed) in that taxable year. Any income or gains retained by a Fund will be subject to regular corporate- level income taxes. If a Fund were to fail to meet its annual distribution requirement or otherwise fail to qualify as a regulated investment company in any given year, that Fund would be subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate rates on all of its taxable income and gains in that year.

Each Fund will determine either to distribute or to retain for reinvestment all or part of any net long term capital gains. If any such gains are retained by any Fund, that Fund will be subject to tax on such retained amount. In that event, each Fund expects that it will designate the retained amount as undistributed capital gains in a notice to its shareholders, each of whom (1) will be required to include in income for tax purposes as net long term capital gains, its share of the undistributed amount, (2) will be entitled to credit its proportionate share of the tax paid by that Fund against its Federal income tax liability and to claim refunds to the extent the credit exceeds such liability, and (3) will increase its basis in its shares of that Fund by an amount equal to the amount of undistributed capital gains included in such shareholder’s gross income net of such tax.

 

56


A distribution will be treated as paid during the calendar year if it is paid during the calendar year or declared by a Fund in October, November, or December of that year, payable to shareholders of record on a date during such month and paid by that Fund during January of the following year. Any such distributions paid during January of the following year will be deemed to be received on December 31 of the year the distributions are declared, rather than when the distributions are received.

Under the Code, amounts not distributed on a timely basis in accordance with a calendar year distribution requirement are subject to a nondeductible 4% excise tax at the Fund level. To avoid the tax, each Fund must distribute during each calendar year, an amount equal to at least the sum of (1) 98% of its ordinary income (not taking into account any capital gains or losses) for the calendar year, (2) 98.2% of its capital gains in excess of its capital losses for the one year period generally ending on October 31 of the calendar year, (unless an election is made by a Fund with a November or December year end to use the Fund’s fiscal year) and (3) all ordinary income and net capital gains for previous years that were not previously distributed. To avoid application of the excise tax, the Funds intend to make distributions in accordance with calendar year distribution requirements.

Gains or losses on the sale of securities by each Fund will be long term capital gains or losses if the securities have been held by the Fund for more than twelve months. Gains or losses on the sale of securities held for twelve months or less will be short term capital gains or losses.

Certain options, futures contracts and options on futures contracts are “section 1256 contracts”. Any gains or losses on section 1256 contracts are generally considered 60% long term and 40% short term capital gains or losses (“60/40”). Also, section 1256 contracts held by each Fund at the end of each taxable year are “marked-to-market” with the result that unrealized gains or losses are treated as though they were realized and the resulting gain or loss is treated as 60/40 gain or loss.

Hedging transactions undertaken by each Fund may result in “straddles” for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The straddle rules may affect the character of gains (or losses) realized by each Fund. In addition, losses realized by each Fund on positions that are part of a straddle may be deferred under the straddle rules, rather than being taken into account in calculating the taxable income for the taxable year in which such losses are realized. Further, each Fund may be required to capitalize, rather than deduct currently, any interest expense on indebtedness incurred or continued to purchase or carry any positions that are part of a straddle. Each Fund may make one or more of the elections available under the Code which are applicable to straddles. If a Fund makes any of the elections, the amount, character and timing of the recognition of gains or losses from the affected straddle positions will be determined under rules that vary according to the election(s) made. The rules applicable under certain of the elections accelerate the recognition of gains or losses from the affected straddle positions. Because application of the straddle rules may affect the character of gains or losses, defer losses and/or accelerate the recognition of gains or losses from the affected straddle positions, and require the capitalization of interest expense, the amount which must be distributed to shareholders, and which will be taxed to shareholders as ordinary income or long term capital gain, may be increased or decreased substantially as compared to a fund that did not engage in such hedging transactions.

Each Fund’s investment practices are subject to special and complex federal income tax provisions that may, among other things, (i) disallow, suspend, or otherwise limit the allowance of certain losses or deductions, (ii) convert lower taxed long term capital gain or qualified dividend income into higher taxed short term capital gain or ordinary income, (iii) convert an ordinary loss or a deduction into a capital loss (the deductibility of which is limited), (iv) cause the Funds to recognize income or gain without a corresponding receipt of cash, (v) adversely affect the time as to when a purchase or sale of stock or securities is deemed to occur, (vi) adversely alter the characterization of certain complex financial transactions, and (vii) produce income that is not qualifying for purposes of the gross income test described above. Each Fund will monitor its transactions and may, but is not required to, make certain tax elections in order to mitigate the effect of these provisions.

The diversification requirements applicable to each Fund’s assets may limit the extent to which a Fund will be able to engage in transactions in options, futures contracts, and options on futures contracts.

Distributions

Distributions of investment company taxable income, whether paid in cash or reinvested in Fund shares, are taxable to U.S. shareholders as ordinary income. Properly reported distributions attributable to qualified dividends received by a Fund from certain U.S. and non-U.S. corporations are taxable to U.S. shareholders who are individuals at a reduced maximum rate, provided that certain holding period requirements are met. Properly reported dividends paid by a Fund may, subject to limitations, qualify for the deduction for dividends received by corporations to the extent a Fund’s income consists of certain dividends received from U.S. corporations. Properly reported distributions of net capital gain (which consist of the excess of net long term capital gains over net short term capital losses), if any, are taxable as long term capital gain, whether paid in cash or in shares and regardless of how long a shareholder has held its shares and are not eligible for the dividends received deduction. If a Fund’s distributions exceed the Fund’s current and accumulated earnings and profits, the excess will be treated as a tax-free return of capital to the extent of the shareholder’s basis in its

 

57


shares (reducing the basis accordingly). Amounts exceeding the shareholder’s basis will be treated as gain from the sale or exchange of the shares (capital gain, if the shareholder holds his shares as capital assets). Shareholders receiving distributions in the form of newly issued shares will have a basis in such shares of a Fund equal to the fair market value of such shares on the distribution date. The price of shares purchased at any time may reflect the amount of a forthcoming distribution. Those shareholders purchasing shares just prior to a distribution will receive a distribution which will be taxable to them, even though the distribution represents in part a return of invested capital.

Sales of Shares

Upon a redemption sale or exchange of shares, a shareholder generally will realize a taxable gain or loss depending upon the basis in the shares. Such gain or loss will be long term, if the shareholder’s holding period for the shares is more than twelve months. Any loss realized on a redemption, sale or exchange will be disallowed to the extent the shares disposed of are replaced (including through reinvestment of dividends) within a sixty-one day period beginning thirty days before and ending thirty days after the date the shares are disposed of. In such case, the basis of the shares acquired will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed loss.

Any loss realized by a shareholder on the sale of Fund shares held by the shareholder for six months or less will be treated for tax purposes as a long term capital loss to the extent of any distributions of net capital gains received by the shareholder with respect to such shares.

An exchange from one share class within a Fund to another share class within the same Fund is not a taxable transaction, provided that such classes have identical rights with respect to the Fund assets.

If a shareholder (i) incurs a sales load charge in acquiring shares in a Fund and, by reason of incurring such charge or acquiring the shares, acquires the right to acquire shares of one or more regulated investment companies without the payment of a load charge or with the payment of a reduced load charge (a “reinvestment right”), (ii) disposes such shares before the 91st day after the date on which the shares were acquired and (iii) before January 31 of the calendar year following such disposition, subsequently acquires shares in a Fund or in another regulated investment company whereby the otherwise applicable load charge is reduced by reason of the reinvestment right, then the original load charge will not be taken into account for the purposes of determining the shareholder’s gain or loss on the disposition (to the extent the original load charge does not exceed the reduction in the subsequent load charge). To the extent such charge is not taken into account in determining the amount of gain or loss, the charge will be treated as incurred in connection with the subsequently acquired shares and will have a corresponding effect on the shareholder’s basis in such shares.

Medicare Tax

Certain non-corporate U.S. shareholders whose income exceeds certain thresholds will be required to pay a 3.8% Medicare tax on dividend and other investment income, including dividends received from a Fund and capital gains from the sale or other disposition of a Fund’s stock.

Backup Withholding

Each Fund generally will be required to withhold U.S. Federal income tax on all taxable distributions and redemption proceeds payable to shareholders who fail to provide their correct taxpayer identification number or Social Security number or to make required certifications, or who have been notified by the Internal Revenue Service that they are subject to backup withholding. Backup withholding is not an additional tax and any amounts withheld may be credited against the shareholder’s U.S. Federal income tax liability, if proper documentation is provided.

Foreign Withholding Taxes

Income received by the Funds from sources within foreign countries may be subject to withholding and other taxes imposed by such countries. Tax treaties between certain countries and the United States may reduce or eliminate such taxes. It is impossible to determine the rate of foreign tax in advance since the amount of the Funds’ assets to be invested in various countries is not known. A Fund having more than 50% of its total assets invested in securities of foreign governments or corporations can pass through to shareholders the amount of foreign taxes it pays.

Certain Reportable Transactions

If a shareholder recognizes, in any taxable year, a loss with respect to a Fund’s shares of $2 million or more for an individual shareholder or $10 million or more for a corporate shareholder (or certain greater amounts for combinations of years), the shareholder must file with the IRS a disclosure statement on Form 8886. Direct shareholders of portfolio securities are in many cases exempted

 

58


from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance, shareholders of a regulated investment company are not exempted. The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper. Shareholders should consult their tax advisers to determine the applicability of these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.

Other Taxation

Distributions may be subject to additional state, local, and foreign taxes, depending on each shareholder’s particular situation. Non-U.S. shareholders may be subject to U.S. tax rules that differ significantly from those summarized above, including the likelihood that ordinary income dividends distributed to them will be subject to withholding of U.S. tax at a rate of 30% (or a lower treaty rate, if applicable). Withholding at a rate of 30% is required on dividends in respect of Fund shares held by “foreign financial institutions” (including foreign investment funds), unless such institution enters into an agreement with the Secretary of the Treasury to report, on an annual basis, information about equity and debt interests in, and accounts maintained by, the institution to the extent such interests or accounts are held by certain United States persons or by certain non-U.S. entities that are wholly or partially owned by United States persons and to withhold on certain payments. Similarly, dividends in respect of Fund shares held by an investor that is a non-financial foreign entity is subject to withholding at a rate of 30%, unless such entity either (i) certifies to the Fund that such entity does not have any “substantial United States owners” or (ii) provides certain information regarding the entity’s “substantial United States owners,” which the Fund will in turn provide to the Secretary of the Treasury. An intergovernmental agreement between the United States and an applicable foreign country, or future Treasury regulations or other guidance, may modify these requirements. Non-U.S. shareholders are encouraged to consult with their tax advisers regarding the possible implications of this legislation on their investment in the Funds.

Properly reported ordinary income dividends are generally exempt from U.S. federal withholding tax where they (i) are paid in respect of a Fund’s “qualified net interest income” (generally, the Fund’s U.S. source interest income, other than certain contingent interest and interest on obligations of a corporation or partnership in which a Fund is at least a 10% shareholder, reduced by expenses that are allocable to such income) or (ii) are paid in respect of a Fund’s “qualified short term capital gains” (generally, the excess of a Fund’s net short term capital gain over a Fund’s long term capital loss for such taxable year). Depending on its circumstances, a Fund may report all, some, or none of their potentially eligible dividends, in whole or in part, as ineligible for this exemption from withholding. In order to qualify for this exemption from withholding, a foreign investor needs to comply with applicable certification requirements relating to its non-U.S. status (including, in general, furnishing an IRS Form W-8BEN, W-8BEN-E, or substitute or successor Form).

Investors should consult their own tax advisers regarding U.S. Federal, state, local, and foreign tax considerations.

INVESTMENT PERFORMANCE INFORMATION

From time to time, the Funds may quote their performance in advertisements or in reports and other communications to shareholders, computed according to formulas prescribed by the SEC.

Each Fund’s performance will vary from time to time depending upon market conditions, the composition of its portfolio, and its operating expenses. Consequently, any given performance quotation should not be considered representative of the Funds’ performance for any specified period in the future. In addition, when considering “average” total return figures for periods longer than one year, it is important to note that the Funds’ annual total returns for any one year in the period might have been greater or less than the average for the entire period. In addition, because the performance will fluctuate, it may not provide a basis for comparing an investment in any of these Funds with certain bank deposits or other investments that pay a fixed yield for a stated period of time. Investors comparing each Fund’s performance with that of other mutual funds should give consideration to the quality and maturity of the respective investment companies’ portfolio securities.

In reports or other communications to shareholders or in advertising material, the Funds may compare their performance with that of other mutual funds as listed in the rankings prepared by Lipper, Inc., Morningstar, Inc., or similar independent services that monitor the performance of mutual funds or other industry or financial publications. It is important to note that the total return figures are based on historical results and are not intended to indicate future performance. Shareholders may make inquiries regarding each Fund’s total return figures to the Distributor.

In its reports, investor communications, or advertisements, each Fund may also include: (i) descriptions and updates concerning its strategies and portfolio investments; (ii) its goals, risk factors and expenses compared with other mutual funds; (iii) analysis of its investments by industry, country, credit quality, and other characteristics; (iv) a discussion of the risk/return continuum relating to different investments; (v) the potential impact of adding foreign stocks to a domestic portfolio; (vi) the general biography or work

 

59


experience of a portfolio manager of a Fund; (vii) portfolio manager commentary or market updates; (viii) discussion of macroeconomic factors affecting a Fund and its investments; and (ix) other information of interest to investors.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FUNDS’ SHARES

The Corporation was organized as a Maryland corporation on July 16, 1993. Its authorized capital stock consists of one billion three hundred fifty million shares of stock having a par value of one tenth of one cent ($.001) per share. The Corporation is not required, and does not intend, to hold regular annual shareholder meetings, but may hold special meetings for the consideration of proposals requiring shareholder approval, such as changing fundamental policies or upon the written request of 10% of the Funds’ shares, to replace its Directors. The Corporation’s Board is authorized to divide the unissued shares into separate series of stock, each series representing a separate, additional portfolio. The Board currently has authorized the division of the unissued shares into five series each having a separate portfolio. Each Fund offers Class AAA, Class A, Class C, and Class I Shares. Shares of all series will have identical voting rights, except where by law, certain matters must be approved by the requisite proportion of the shares of the affected series. Each share of any class of each series of shares when issued has equal dividend, liquidation (see “Redemption of Shares”), and voting rights within the class for which it was issued and each fractional share has those rights in proportion to the percentage that the fractional share represents of a whole share. Shares will be voted in the aggregate except where otherwise required by law and except that each class of each series will vote separately on certain matters pertaining to its distribution and shareholder servicing arrangements.

There are no conversion or preemptive rights in connection with any shares of the Funds. All shares, when issued in accordance with the terms of the offering, will be fully paid and nonassessable. Shares will be redeemed at NAV, at the option of the shareholder.

The Corporation reserves the right to create and issue an unlimited number of series of shares and multiple classes within each series. The shares of each series would participate solely in the assets, earnings, and expenses attributable to that series and the shares of each class would participate equally in the dividends, in respect of the particular class. The shares of each series would vote separately to approve management agreements or changes in investment policies, but shares of all series would vote together in the election or selection of Directors, principal underwriters and auditors and on any proposed material amendment to the Corporation’s Certificate of Incorporation.

Upon liquidation of the Corporation or any series, shareholders of the affected series would be entitled to share pro rata in the net assets of their respective series available for distribution to such shareholders, less any expenses attributable to the class of such shares.

The Corporation sends semiannual and annual reports to all shareholders which include lists of portfolio securities and each Fund’s financial statements. Unless a shareholder otherwise specifically requests in writing, a Fund may send a single copy of prospectuses and reports to shareholders to all accounts at the same address. The shares of each Fund have noncumulative voting rights which means that the holders of more than 50% of the shares can elect 100% of the Directors if the holders choose to do so, and, in that event, the holders of the remaining shares will not be able to elect any person or persons to the Board. Unless specifically requested by an investor who is a shareholder of record, the Funds do not issue certificates evidencing shares.

Information for Shareholders

All shareholder inquiries regarding administrative procedures including the purchase and redemption of shares should be directed to G.distributors, One Corporate Center, Rye, New York 10580-1422. For assistance, call 800-GABELLI (800-422-3554) or through the Internet at www.gabelli.com.

The Corporation will send unaudited reports at least semiannually, and annual reports containing audited financial statements, to all of its shareholders.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Each Fund’s Financial Statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, including the Report of Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, are incorporated herein by reference to each Fund’s 2021 Annual Report to Shareholders. Each Fund’s Annual Report is available upon request and without charge by calling 800-GABELLI (800-422-3554) or through the Internet at www.gabelli.com. Ernst & Young LLP provides audit services, tax return preparation and assistance and other assurance services in connection with certain SEC filings.

 

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APPENDIX A

DESCRIPTION OF CORPORATE DEBT RATINGS

MOODY’S INVESTORS SERVICE, INC. (“Moody’s”)

 

Aaa:

Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, subject to the lowest level of credit risk.

 

Aa:

Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.

 

A:

Obligations rated A are judged to be upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.

 

Baa:

Obligations rated Baa are judged to be medium-grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.

 

Ba:

Obligations rated Ba are judged to be speculative and are subject to substantial credit risk.

 

B:

Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to very high credit risk.

 

Caa:

Obligations rated Caa are judged to be speculative of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.

 

Ca:

Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.

 

C:

Obligations rated C are the lowest rated class of bonds and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.

 

NR:

NR is assigned to an unrated issuer, obligation and/or program.

Should no rating be assigned, the reason may be one of the following:

 

1.

An application for rating was not received or accepted.

 

2.

The issue or issuer belongs to a group of securities that are not rated as a matter of policy.

 

3.

There is a lack of essential data pertaining to the issue or issuer.

 

4.

The issue was privately placed, in which case the rating is not published in Moody’s publications.

Suspension or withdrawal may occur if new and material circumstances arise, the effects of which preclude satisfactory analysis; if there is no longer available reasonable up-to-date data to permit a judgment to be formed; if a bond is called for redemption; or for other reasons.

 

Note:

Moody’s appends numerical modifiers, 1, 2, and 3 in each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the security ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of its generic rating category. Additionally, a “(hyb)” indicator is appended to all ratings of hybrid securities issued by banks, insurers, finance companies, and securities firms.

 

A-1


STANDARD & POOR’S RATINGS SERVICES (“S&P”)

Investment Grade

 

AAA:

An obligation rated ‘AAA’ has the highest rating assigned by S&P. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is extremely strong.

 

AA:

An obligation rated ‘AA’ differs from the highest rated obligations only in small degree. The obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is very strong.

 

A:

An obligation rated ‘A’ is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rated categories. However, the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is still strong.

 

BBB:

An obligation rated ‘BBB’ exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

Speculative Grade

Obligations rated ‘BB’, ‘B’, ‘CCC’, ‘CC’, and ‘C’ are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. ‘BB’ indicates the least degree of speculation and ‘C’ the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposures to adverse conditions.

 

BB:

An obligation rated ‘BB’ is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions which could lead to the obligor’s inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

 

B:

An obligation rated ‘B’ is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated ‘BB’, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligor’s capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

 

CCC:

An obligation rated ‘CCC’ is currently vulnerable to nonpayment, and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.

 

CC:

An obligation rated ‘CC’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment. The ‘CC’ rating is used when a default has not yet occurred, but Standard & Poor’s expects default to be a virtual certainty, regardless of the anticipated time to default.

 

C:

An obligation rated ‘C’ is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, and the obligation is expected to have lower relative seniority or lower ultimate recovery compared to obligations that are rated higher.

 

D:

An obligation rated ‘D’ is in default or in breach of an imputed promise. For non-hybrid capital instruments, the ‘D’ rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due unless Standard & Poor’s believes that such payments will be made within five business days in the absence of a stated grace period or within the earlier of the stated grace period or 30 calendar days. The ‘D’ rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of similar action and where default on an obligation is a virtual certainty, for example due to automatic stay provisions. An obligation’s rating is lowered to ‘D’ if it is subject to a distressed exchange offer.

 

N

This indicates that no rating has been requested, or that there is insufficient information on which to base a rating, or that Standard & Poor’s does not rate a particular obligation as a matter of policy.

 

* 

The ratings from ‘AA’ to ‘CCC’ may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the major rating categories.

 

A-2


Description of S&P and Moody’s commercial paper ratings:

The designation A-1 by S&P indicates that the degree of safety regarding timely payment is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligor’s capacity to meet its financial commitment on these obligations is extremely strong. Capacity for timely payment on issues with an A-2 designation is satisfactory. However, the relative degree of safety is not as high as for issues designated A-1.

The rating Prime-1 (P-1) is the highest commercial paper rating assigned by Moody’s. Issuers of P-1 paper must have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations, and ordinarily will be evidenced by leading market positions in well-established industries, high rates of return of funds employed, conservative capitalization structures with moderate reliance on debt and ample asset protection, broad margins in earnings coverage of fixed financial charges and high internal cash generation, and well established access to a range of financial markets and assured sources of alternate liquidity.

 

A-3