SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION 
 
Washington, D.C. 20549 
 
FORM 6-K 
 
REPORT OF FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER 
 
Pursuant to Rule 13a-16 or 15d-16 of

the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 
 
For the month of August, 2020
 
PRUDENTIAL PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY 
 
(Translation of registrant's name into English) 
 
1 Angel Court, London,

England, EC2R 7AG
(Address of principal executive offices)


 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports
under cover Form 20-F or Form 40-F.



Form 20-F X           Form 40-F




Indicate by check mark whether the registrant by furnishing the information
contained in this Form is also thereby furnishing the information to the
Commission pursuant to Rule 12g3-2(b) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

 
Yes              No X


 
If "Yes" is marked, indicate below the file number assigned to the registrant
in connection with Rule 12g3-2(b): 82-
 
 
European Embedded Value (EEV) Basis Results
 
SUMMARISED CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENT
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Half year 2020 $m
 
2019 $m
 
 
 
 
 
 
Half year*
Full year
 
Note
Asia
US
Group total
 
Group total
Group total
Continuing operations:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
New business
3
912
248
1,160
 
2,125
4,405
Business in force
4
998
440
1,438
 
1,652
3,240
Long-term business
 
1,910
688
2,598
 
3,777
7,645
Asset management
 
126
8
134
 
131
275
Operating profit from long-term and asset management businesses
 
2,036
696
2,732
 
3,908
7,920
Other income and expenditurenote (i)
 
 
 
(415)
 
(467)
(923)
Restructuring and IFRS 17 implementation costs
 
 
 
(102)
 
(26)
(92)
Operating profit for the period
 
 
 
2,215
 
3,415
6,905
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns
5
 
 
415
 
2,884
3,254
Effect of changes in economic assumptions
6
 
 
(7,026)
 
(1,774)
(1,868)
Impact of NAIC reform, hedge modelling and other related changes in the USnote (ii)
 
 
 
-
 
-
(3,457)
Mark-to-market value movements on core structural borrowings
7
 
 
17
 
(636)
(466)
Loss attaching to corporate transactions
8
 
 
(423)
 
(31)
(207)
Non-operating (loss) profit
 
 
 
(7,017)
 
443
(2,744)
(Loss) profit for the period from continuing operations
 
 
 
(4,802)
 
3,858
4,161
Profit (loss) for the period from discontinued operations
 
 
 
-
 
1,657
(4,797)
(Loss) profit for the period
 
 
 
(4,802)
 
5,515
(636)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Attributable to:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity holders of the Company:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    From continuing operations
 
 
 
(4,824)
 
3,852
4,152
    From discontinued operations
 
 
 
-
 
1,657
(4,797)
Non-controlling interests from continuing operations
 
 
 
22
 
6
9
 
 
 
 
(4,802)
 
5,515
(636)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
EEV basis basic earnings per share
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2020
 
2019
 
 
 
 
Half year
 
Half year
Full year
Based on operating profit from continuing operations, after non-controlling interests (in cents)
 
 
 
84.5¢
 
132.0¢
266.6¢
Based on (loss) profit for the period attributable to equity holders of the Company (in cents)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
From continuing operations
 
 
 
(185.8)¢
 
149.1¢
160.5¢
From discontinued operations
 
 
 
-
 
64.2¢
(185.4)¢
 
 
 
 
(185.8)¢
 
213.3¢
(24.9)¢
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted average number of shares in the period (millions)
 
 
 
2,596
 
2,583
2,587
* The half year 2019 comparative results have been re-presented from those previously published to reflect the change in the Group's presentation currency from pounds sterling to US dollars at 31 December 2019.
 
Notes
(i)    EEV basis other income and expenditure represents the post-tax IFRS basis results for other operations (including interest costs on core structural borrowings, corporate expenditure for head office functions in London and Hong Kong, the Group's treasury function and Africa operations) less the unwind of expected margins on the internal management of the assets of the covered business (as explained in note 12(i)(g)).
(ii)   The $(3,457) million impact of NAIC reform, hedge modelling and other related changes in the US in full year 2019 related to the implementation of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners' (NAIC) changes to the US statutory reserve and capital framework for variable annuities, early-adopted by Jackson at 31 December 2019. As part of the implementation of these changes, enhancements were made to the model used to allow for hedging within US statutory reporting, which were subsequently utilised within EEV to update the allowance for the long-term cost of hedging under EEV economic assumptions, alongside a number of other changes following the NAIC reform with the objective of bringing the EEV free surplus more in line with the US statutory basis of reporting. No subsequent changes were made to the approach to the long-term cost of hedging allowance for EEV reporting in half year 2020.
 
MOVEMENT IN EEV BASIS SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
 
 
Half year 2020 $m
 
2019 $m
 
Asia
US
Other
Group total
 
Half year*
Group total
Full year
Group total
Continuing operations:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Operating profit from long-term and asset management businesses
2,036
696
-
2,732
 
3,908
7,920
Other income and expenditure
-
-
(415)
(415)
 
(467)
(923)
Restructuring and IFRS 17 implementation costs
(29)
(9)
(64)
(102)
 
(26)
(92)
Operating profit (loss) for the period
2,007
687
(479)
2,215
 
3,415
6,905
Non-operating (loss) profit
(3,161)
(3,927)
71
(7,017)
 
443
(2,744)
(Loss) profit for the period from continuing operations
(1,154)
(3,240)
(408)
(4,802)
 
3,858
4,161
(Loss) profit for the period from discontinued operationsnote (iv)
 
 
 
 
 
1,657
(4,797)
(Loss) profit for the period
(1,154)
(3,240)
(408)
(4,802)
 
5,515
(636)
Non-controlling interests
(22)
-
-
(22)
 
(6)
(9)
Foreign exchange movements on operations
(540)
-
27
(513)
 
154
666
Intra-group dividends and investment inoperationsnote (i)
(356)
-
356
-
 
-
-
External dividends
-
-
(674)
(674)
 
(1,108)
(1,634)
Mark-to-market value movements on Jackson assets backing surplus and required capital
-
317
-
317
 
177
206
Other movementsnote (ii)
89
124
(288)
(75)
 
(151)
95
Demerger dividend in specie of M&G plcnote (iv)
-
-
-
-
 
-
(7,379)
Net (decrease) increase in shareholders' equity
(1,983)
(2,799)
(987)
(5,769)
 
4,581
(8,691)
Shareholders' equity at beginning of period
39,235
16,342
(866)
54,711
 
63,402
63,402
Shareholders' equity at end of period
37,252
13,543
(1,853)
48,942
 
67,983
54,711
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Representing:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Long-term business
35,940
13,531
-
49,471
 
68,927
54,179
Asset management and other
538
12
(1,879)
(1,329)
 
(3,061)
(290)
Goodwill attributable to shareholders
774
-
26
800
 
2,117
822
Shareholders' equity at end of period
37,252
13,543
(1,853)
48,942
 
67,983
54,711
Shareholders' equity per share at end of periodnote (iii)
1,428¢
519¢
(71)¢
1,876¢
 
2,615¢
2,103¢
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Long-term business
37,843
16,336
-
54,179
 
64,174
64,174
Asset management and other
596
6
(892)
(290)
 
(2,874)
(2,874)
Goodwill attributable to shareholders
796
-
26
822
 
2,102
2,102
Shareholders' equity at beginning of period
39,235
16,342
(866)
54,711
 
63,402
63,402
Shareholders' equity per share at beginning of periodnote (iii)
1,508¢
628¢
(33)¢
2,103¢
 
2,445¢
2,445¢
* The half year 2019 comparative results have been re-presented from those previously published to reflect the change in the Group's presentation currency from pounds sterling to US dollars at 31 December 2019.
 
Notes
(i)    Intra-group dividends represent dividends that have been declared in the period. Investment in operations reflects movements in share capital. The amounts included for these items in the analysis of movement in free surplus (note 10) for Asia are as per the holding company cash flow at transaction rates. The difference primarily relates to intra-group loans, foreign exchange and other non-cash items.
(ii)   Other movements include reserve movements in respect of share capital subscribed, share-based payments, treasury shares and intra-group transfers between operations that have no overall effect on the Group's shareholders' equity.
(iii)  Based on the number of issued shares at 30 June 2020 of 2,609 million shares (30 June 2019: 2,600 million shares; 31 December 2019: 2,601 million shares).
(iv)  Discontinued operations for half year and full year 2019 related to the UK and Europe operations (M&G plc) that were demerged from the Group in October 2019. The demerger dividend in specie of M&G plc was recorded at the fair value of M&G plc at the date of the demerger on 18 October 2019. The difference between the fair value and its carrying value, together with profit earned up to the date of the demerger were recorded as loss for the period from the discontinued UK and Europe operations in full year 2019.
 
SUMMARY STATEMENT OF EEV BASIS FINANCIAL POSITION
 
 
 
2020 $m
 
2019 $m
 
 
30 Jun
 
30 Jun*
31 Dec
Assets less liabilities before deduction of insurance funds
 
371,825
 
599,294
396,241
Less insurance fundsnote
 
 
 
 
 
   Policyholder liabilities (net of reinsurers' share) and unallocated surplus of with-profits funds
 
(352,518)
 
(574,228)
(376,572)
   Shareholders' accrued interest in the long-term business
 
29,832
 
42,946
35,234
 
 
(322,686)
 
(531,282)
(341,338)
Less non-controlling interests
 
(197)
 
(29)
(192)
Total net assets attributable to equity holders of the Company
 
48,942
 
67,983
54,711
 
 
 
 
 
 
Share capital
 
172
 
165
172
Share premium
 
2,635
 
2,512
2,625
IFRS basis shareholders' reserves
 
16,303
 
22,360
16,680
IFRS basis shareholders' equity
 
19,110
 
25,037
19,477
Shareholders' accrued interest in the long-term business
 
29,832
 
42,946
35,234
EEV basis shareholders' equity
 
48,942
 
67,983
54,711
 
 
 
 
 
 
Representing:
 
 
 
 
 
Continuing operations
 
48,942
 
50,472
54,711
Discontinued UK and Europe operations
 
-
 
17,511
-
 
 
48,942
 
67,983
54,711
* The half year 2019 comparative results have been re-presented from those previously published to reflect the change in the Group's presentation currency from pounds sterling to US dollars at 31 December 2019.
 
Note
Including liabilities in respect of insurance products classified as investment contracts under IFRS 4.
 
NOTES ON THE EEV BASIS RESULTS
 
1    Basis of preparation
 
The EEV basis results have been prepared in accordance with the EEV Principles issued by the European Insurance CFO Forum in 2016. The EEV Principles provide consistent definitions, a framework for setting actuarial assumptions and an approach to the underlying methodology and disclosures. Where appropriate, the EEV basis results include the effects of adoption of EU-endorsed IFRS. The Directors are responsible for the preparation of the supplementary information in accordance with the EEV Principles.
 
Overview
Results prepared under the EEV Principles represent the present value of the shareholders' interest in the post-tax future profits (on a local statutory basis) expected to arise from the current book of long-term business, after sufficient allowance has been made for the aggregate risks in that business. The shareholders' interest in the Group's long-term business comprises:
 
-      The present value of expected future shareholder cash flows from the in-force covered business (value of in-force business), less explicit allowance for the cost of locked-in required capital and the time value of financial options and guarantees across a range of economic scenarios;
-      Locked-in required capital, based on the applicable local statutory regulations, including any amounts considered to be required above the local statutory minimum requirements to satisfy regulatory constraints (the application of this principle to each business unit is set out below); and
-      The shareholders' total net worth in excess of required capital (free surplus). Free surplus is defined in note 10.
 
Required capital
For shareholder-backed business, the following capital requirements apply for long-term business:
 
-      Asia: the level of required capital has been set to an amount at least equal to local statutory notification requirements. For Singapore life operations, from 31 March 2020 the level of net worth and required capital is based on the Tier 1 Capital position under the new risk-based capital framework (RBC2), which removes certain negative reserves permitted to be recognised in the full RBC2 regulatory position applicable to the Group's Local Capital Summation Method (LCSM), in order to better reflect free surplus and its generation. For China JV life operations, the level of required capital follows the approach for embedded value reporting issued by the China Association of Actuaries (CAA) reflecting the China Risk Oriented Solvency System (C-ROSS) regime; and
-      US: the level of required capital has been set at 250 per cent of the risk-based capital (RBC) required by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) at the Company Action Level (CAL).
 
Key assumptions
The value of in-force business is determined by projecting post-tax future profits (on a local statutory basis) by product, using best estimate assumptions for operating factors such as persistency, mortality, morbidity and expenses. Explicit allowances are made for the cost of holding required capital under the applicable local statutory regimes and the time value of financial options and guarantees (TVOG). The TVOG is determined by weighting the probability of outcomes across a large number of different economic scenarios, and is less applicable to health and protection business that generally contains more limited financial options or guarantees.
 
As well as best estimate assumptions for operating factors, the projected cash flows assume a level of future investment return and are discounted using a risk discount rate. Both the risk discount rate and investment return are updated at each valuation date to reflect current market risk-free rates, with the effect that changes in the risk-free rates impact all projected future cash flows. During the first half of 2020, this has had an overall negative effect on new business and in-force profitability. Different products will be sensitive to different assumptions, for example, spread-based products or products with guarantees are likely to benefit from higher assumed investment returns.
 
Risk discount rates are set equal to the risk-free rate at the valuation date plus a product-specific allowance for market and non-market risks, excluding risks explicitly captured elsewhere such as via the TVOG. Products such as participating and unit-linked business will typically have a higher allowance for market risk as compared to health and protection products due to a higher proportion of equity-type assets within the investment portfolio. Other product design and business features also affect the risks attached to the emergence of shareholder cash flows, for example the construct of with-profits funds in some business units can reduce the sensitivity of both policyholder and shareholder cash flows for participating products. Risk discount rates in any one business unit will reflect a blend of the risks attaching to the products written in that business.
 
The value of future new business is excluded from the embedded value. For the purposes of preparing EEV basis results, insurance JVs and associates are included at the Group's proportionate share of the embedded value. Non-insurance subsidiaries, JVs and associates are included at the Group's proportionate share of IFRS net assets, which may differ from a fair value approach.
 
A description of the EEV methodology and accounting presentation is provided in note 12, including an explanation of the delineation of profit between operating and non-operating items. Further details of best estimate assumptions are provided in note 13.
 
2    Results analysis by business area
 
The half year 2019 comparative results are shown below on both actual exchange rates (AER) and constant exchange rates (CER) bases. The half year 2019 CER comparative results are translated at half year 2020 average exchange rates for US dollars following the change in the Group's presentation currency.
 
Annual premium equivalents and new business profit from continuing operationsnote 14
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Actual exchange rate
 
Constant exchange rate
 
Half year 2020 $m
 
Half year 2019 $m
Change %
 
Half year 2019 $m
Change %
 
Annual
premium
equivalent
New
business
profit
 
Annual
premium
equivalent
New
business
profit
Annual
premium
equivalent
New
business
profit
 
Annual
premium
equivalent
New
business
profit
Annual
premium
equivalent
New
business
profit
Asia
1,665
912
 
2,560
1,675
(35)%
(46)%
 
2,540
1,673
(34)%
(45)%
US
979
248
 
1,075
450
(9)%
(45)%
 
1,075
450
(9)%
(45)%
Group total
2,644
1,160
 
3,635
2,125
(27)%
(45)%
 
3,615
2,123
(27)%
(45)%
 
Profit for the period
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Actual exchange rate
 
Constant exchange rate
 
Half year 2020 $m
 
Half year 2019 $m
Change %
 
Half year 2019 $m
Change %
Continuing operations:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Asia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Long-term business
1,910
 
2,751
(31)%
 
2,738
(30)%
Asset management
126
 
117
8%
 
115
10%
Total
2,036
 
2,868
(29)%
 
2,853
(29)%
US
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Long-term business (Jackson)
688
 
1,026
(33)%
 
1,026
(33)%
Asset management
8
 
14
(43)%
 
14
(43)%
Total
696
 
1,040
(33)%
 
1,040
(33)%
Operating profit from long-term and asset management businesses
2,732
 
3,908
(30)%
 
3,893
(30)%
Other income and expenditure
(415)
 
(467)
11%
 
(458)
9%
Restructuring and IFRS 17 implementation costs
(102)
 
(26)
(292)%
 
(25)
(308)%
Operating profit for the period
2,215
 
3,415
(35)%
 
3,410
(35)%
Short-term fluctuations in investment returns
415
 
2,884
 
 
2,894
 
Effect of changes in economic assumptions
(7,026)
 
(1,774)
 
 
(1,782)
 
Mark-to-market value movements on core structural borrowings
17
 
(636)
 
 
(619)
 
Loss attaching to corporate transactions
(423)
 
(31)
 
 
(30)
 
Total non-operating (loss) profit from continuing operations
(7,017)
 
443
 
 
463
 
(Loss) profit for the period from continuing operations
(4,802)
 
3,858
(224)%
 
3,873
(224)%
Profit for the period from discontinued operations
-
 
1,657
n/a
 
1,613
n/a
(Loss) profit for the period
(4,802)
 
5,515
(187)%
 
5,486
(188)%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
EEV basis basic earnings per share
 
 
 
 
 
Actual exchange rate
 
Constant exchange rate
 
 
Half year 2020
 
Half year 2019
Change %
 
Half year 2019
Change %
Based on operating profit from continuing operations after non-controlling interests (in cents)
84.5¢
 
132.0¢
(36)%
 
132.0¢
(36)%
Based on (loss) profit for the period attributable to equity holders of the Company (in cents):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
From continuing operations
(185.8)¢
 
149.1¢
(225)%
 
149.9¢
(224)%
 
From discontinued operations
-
 
64.2¢
n/a
 
62.4¢
n/a
 
 
(185.8)¢
 
213.3¢
(187)%
 
212.3¢
(188)%
 
3    Analysis of new business profit
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Half year 2020
 
Annual premium
Present value
 of new business
New business
 
New business margin
 
equivalents (APE)
 premiums (PVNBP)
profit
 
APE
PVNBP
 
$m
$m
$m
 
%
%
 
note 14
note 14
note (i)
 
 
 
Asianote (ii)
 1,665
 9,173
 912
 
55%
9.9%
US
 979
 9,789
 248
 
25%
2.5%
Group total
 2,644
 18,962
 1,160
 
44%
6.1%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Half year 2019
 
Annual premium
Present value
 of new business
New business
 
New business margin
 
equivalents (APE)
 premiums (PVNBP)
profit
 
APE
PVNBP
 
$m
$m
$m
 
%
%
 
note 14
note 14
note (i)
 
 
 
Asianote (ii)
 2,560
 14,218
 1,675
 
65%
11.8%
US
 1,075
 10,752
 450
 
42%
4.2%
Group total
 3,635
 24,970
 2,125
 
58%
8.5%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Full year 2019
 
Annual premium
Present value
 of new business
New business
 
New business margin
 
equivalents (APE)
 premiums (PVNBP)
profit
 
APE
PVNBP
 
$m
$m
$m
 
%
%
 
note 14
note 14
 
 
 
 
Asianote (ii)
 5,161
 29,244
 3,522
 
68%
12.0%
US
 2,223
 22,231
 883
 
40%
4.0%
Group total
 7,384
 51,475
 4,405
 
60%
8.6%
 
Notes
(i)    The movement in new business profit from $2,125 million for half year 2019 to $1,160 million for half year 2020 is analysed as follows:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Asia $m
US $m
Group total $m
 
Half year 2019 new business profit
1,675
450
2,125
 
Foreign exchange movement
(2)
-
(2)
 
Effect of changes in interest rates and other economic assumptions
(78)
(119)
(197)
 
Impact of US EEV hedge modelling enhancements in full year 2019
-
(47)
(47)
 
Sales volume, business and product mix and other items
(683)
(36)
(719)
 
Half year 2020 new business profit
912
248
1,160
 
(ii)   Asia new business profit is analysed as follows:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2020 $m
 
2019 $m
 
 
Half year
 
AER
Half year
CER
Half year
 
AER
Full year
 
China JV
127
 
126
122
 
262
 
Hong Kong
353
 
1,070
1,081
 
2,042
 
Indonesia
68
 
85
82
 
227
 
Taiwan
35
 
28
30
 
75
 
Other
329
 
366
358
 
916
 
Total Asia insurance
912
 
1,675
1,673
 
3,522
 
 
4    Operating profit from long-term business in force
 
 
 
Half year 2020 $m
 
Half year 2019 $m
 
Full year 2019 $m
 
Asia
US
Group
 total
 
Asia
US
Group
 total
 
Asia
US
Group
 total
Unwind of discount and other expected returnsnote (i)
753
299
1,052
 
805
459
1,264
 
1,542
728
2,270
Effect of changes in operating assumptionsnote (ii)
118
-
118
 
169
-
169
 
539
1
540
Experience variances and other itemsnote (iii)
127
141
268
 
102
117
219
 
285
145
430
Total operating profit from long-term business in force
998
440
1,438
 
1,076
576
1,652
 
2,366
874
3,240
 
Notes
(i)    The movement in unwind of discount and other expected returns from $1,264 million for half year 2019 to $1,052 million for half year 2020 is analysed as follows:
 
 
 
 
Asia $m
US $m
Group total $m
 
Half year 2019 unwind of discount and other expected returns
805
459
1,264
 
Foreign exchange movement
(11)
-
(11)
 
Effect of changes in interest rates and other economic assumptions
(165)
(76)
(241)
 
Impact of US EEV hedge modelling enhancements in full year 2019
-
(86)
(86)
 
Growth in opening value of in-force business and other items
124
2
126
 
Half year 2020 unwind of discount and other expected returns
753
299
1,052
 
(ii)   The half year 2020 effect of changes in operating assumptions of $118 million in Asia principally reflects the beneficial effect on the effective tax rate for Indonesia from changes to local tax legislation in the first half of 2020.
(iii)  In Asia, the half year 2020 effect of experience variances and other items of $127 million is driven overall by positive mortality and morbidity experience in a number of local business units, together with overall positive persistency experience.
 
In the US, the effect of experience variances and other items is analysed as shown below. Other items for half year 2020 mainly includes the effect of positive persistency experience.
 
 
 
 
2020 $m
 
2019 $m
 
 
 
Half year
 
Half year
Full year
 
Spread experience variance
(12)
 
16
38
 
Amortisation of interest-related realised gains and losses
53
 
47
102
 
Other items
100
 
54
5
 
Total US experience variances and other items
141
 
117
145
 
5    Short-term fluctuations in investment returns
 
 
 
 
2020 $m
 
2019 $m
 
 
Half year
 
Half year
Full year
Asia
 
 
 
 
 
Hong Kong
966
 
1,161
1,526
 
Indonesia
(157)
 
6
(14)
 
Malaysia
(30)
 
10
(20)
 
Singapore
(18)
 
198
338
 
Taiwan
72
 
120
147
 
Thailand
(75)
 
117
319
 
Other
7
 
44
155
Total Asianote (i)
765
 
1,656
2,451
US
 
 
 
 
 
Investment return related experience on fixed income securitiesnote (ii)
(123)
 
(21)
(243)
 
Investment return related impact due to changed expectation of profits on in-force variable annuity business in future periods based on current period separate account return, net of related hedging activity and other itemsnote (iii)
(257)
 
1,275
1,119
Total US
(380)
 
1,254
876
Other operations
30
 
(26)
(73)
Group total
415
 
2,884
3,254
 
Notes
(i)    In half year 2020, the credit of $765 million includes higher than expected bond returns following generally lower interest rates across the region, partially offset by lower than expected equity returns.
(ii)   The net result relating to fixed income securities reflects a number of offsetting items as follows:
-      The impact on portfolio yields of changes in the asset portfolio in the period;
-      Credit experience versus the longer-term assumption (which was positive for all periods); and
-      The difference between actual realised gains and losses and the amortisation of interest-related realised gains and losses that is recorded within operating profit.
(iii)  This item reflects the net impact of:
-      Changes in projected future fees and future benefit costs arising from the difference between the actual return on separate account asset values in the period of negative 3.5 per cent and that assumed (geometric) of positive 1.7 per cent (half year 2019: actual growth of 15.2 per cent compared to assumed growth of 2.3 per cent; full year 2019: actual growth of 24.1 per cent compared to assumed growth of 4.8 per cent); and
-      Related hedging activity arising from realised and unrealised gains and losses on equity and interest rate derivatives compared to the expected long-term allowance for hedging costs recorded in operating profit, and other items.
 
6    Effect of changes in economic assumptions
 
 
 
2020 $m
 
2019 $m
 
 
Half year
 
Half year
Full year
Asia
 
 
 
 
 
Hong Kong
(3,470)
 
(618)
(853)
 
Indonesia
(42)
 
43
141
 
Malaysia
10
 
44
127
 
Singapore
(179)
 
(131)
18
 
Taiwan
(172)
 
(85)
(142)
 
Thailand
(2)
 
(80)
(220)
 
Other
(71)
 
106
262
Total Asianote (i)
(3,926)
 
(721)
(667)
US
 
 
 
 
 
Variable annuity businessnote (ii)
(3,491)
 
(1,461)
(1,556)
 
General account businessnote (iii)
391
 
408
355
Total US
(3,100)
 
(1,053)
(1,201)
Group total
(7,026)
 
(1,774)
(1,868)
 
Notes
(i)    In half year 2020, the negative effect of $(3,926) million primarily arises from movements in long-term interest rates, resulting in lower assumed fund earned rates in Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan that impact all projected future cash flows, partially offset by lower risk discount rates. This impact includes a benefit of $170 million from a change to the calculation of the valuation interest rate used to value long term insurance liabilities in Hong Kong, as discussed in note I(i) of the additional financial information.
(ii)   In half year 2020, the charge of $(3,491) million mainly reflects the effect of a decrease in the assumed separate account return following the 120 basis points decrease in the US 10-year treasury yield over the period, resulting in lower projected fee income and an increase in projected benefit costs for variable annuity business, partially offset by lower risk discount rates.
(iii)  For general account business, the credit of $391 million mainly reflects the increase in the present value of future projected spread income from the combined effect of the decrease in interest rates and increase in credit spreads in the period, partially offset by the effect of an increase in the additional credit risk allowance as described in note 12(i)(h).
 
7    Net core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed businesses
 
 
 
2020 $m
 
2019 $m
 
 
 
30 Jun
 
 
30 Jun
 
31 Dec
 
 
IFRS
basis
Mark-to
-market
value
adjustment
EEV
basis at
market
value
 
IFRS
basis
Mark-to
-market
value
adjustment
EEV
basis at
market
value
 
IFRS
basis
Mark-to
-market
value
adjustment
EEV
basis at
 market
value
Holding company cash and short-term investmentsnote (i)
(1,907)
-
(1,907)
 
(3,010)
-
(3,010)
 
(2,207)
-
(2,207)
Central borrowings:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Subordinated and other debt not substituted to M&G plc in 2019:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Subordinated debt
4,271
196
4,467
 
4,279
207
4,486
 
4,304
327
4,631
 
Senior debtnote (ii)
1,628
283
1,911
 
660
226
886
 
690
221
911
 
Bank loan
350
-
350
 
350
-
350
 
350
-
350
 
6,249
479
6,728
 
5,289
433
5,722
 
5,344
548
5,892
Subordinated debt substituted to M&G plc in 2019note (ii)
-
-
-
 
3,931
266
4,197
 
-
-
-
Total central borrowings
6,249
479
6,728
 
9,220
699
9,919
 
5,344
548
5,892
Total net central funds
4,342
479
4,821
 
6,210
699
6,909
 
3,137
548
3,685
Jackson Surplus Notes
250
109
359
 
250
79
329
 
250
85
335
Net core structural borrowings of shareholder-financed businessesnote (iii)
4,592
588
5,180
 
6,460
778
7,238
 
3,387
633
4,020
 
Notes
(i)    Holding company includes central finance subsidiaries.
(ii)   In April 2020, the Company issued $1,000 million 3.125 per cent senior debt maturing on 14 April 2030.
(iii)  The movement in the value of core structural borrowings includes foreign exchange effects for pounds sterling denominated debts, which are included in 'Exchange movements on foreign operations'. The movement in the mark-to-market value adjustment can be analysed as follows:
 
 
 
2020 $m
 
2019 $m
 
 
Half year
 
Half year
Full year
 
Mark-to-market value adjustment at beginning of period
633
 
233
233
 
Mark-to-market value adjustment on subordinated debt substituted to M&G plc at fair value in October 2019 at beginning of period
-
 
-
(82)
 
Change in fair value of debt under IFRS as a result of consent process in preparation for the demerger
-
 
(219)
-
 
(Credit) charge in the period included in the income statement*
(17)
 
766
466
 
Effect of foreign exchange movements
(28)
 
(2)
16
 
Mark-to-market value adjustment at end of period
588
 
778
633
* The total income statement charge of $766 million in half year 2019 related to $636 million from continuing operations and $130 million from discontinued operations.
 
8    Loss attaching to corporate transactions
 
 
2020 $m
 
2019 $m
 
Half year
 
Half year
Full year
Loss on reinsurance of Jackson's in-force fixed and fixed indexed annuity portfolionote (i)
(423)
 
-
-
Gain on disposalsnote (ii)
-
 
181
178
Other transactionsnote (iii)
-
 
(212)
(385)
Total
(423)
 
(31)
(207)
 
 
 
 
 
Notes
(i)    In June 2020, the Group announced the reinsurance of substantially all of Jackson's in-force portfolio of fixed and fixed indexed annuity business to Athene Life Re Ltd. Further details are included in note D1 of the IFRS basis results. The effect on the EEV position largely reflects the loss of future profits recorded in the value of in-force business as a result of the reinsurance and the loss of unrealised gains on assets passed to Athene, partly offset by the reinsurance commission received after deducting tax.
(ii)   In 2019, the gain on disposals principally related to profits arising from a 4 per cent reduction in the Group's stake in its associate in India, ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company, and the disposal of Prudential Vietnam Finance Company Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary that provides consumer finance.
(iii)  In 2019, other transactions primarily reflected costs related to the demerger of the Group's UK and Europe operations (M&G plc).
 
9    Analysis of movement in total net worth and value of in-force for long-term business
 
 
 
Half year 2020 $m
 
 
Free
surplus
Required
capital
Total
net worth
Value of
in-force
business
Total
embedded
value
Groupnote (i)
 
 
 
 
 
Shareholders' equity at beginning of period
5,395
6,891
12,286
41,893
54,179
New business contributionnote 3
(517)
369
(148)
1,308
1,160
Existing business - transfer to net worth
1,665
(459)
1,206
(1,206)
-
Expected return on existing businessnote 4
70
103
173
879
1,052
Changes in operating assumptions and experience variancesnote 4
130
121
251
135
386
Restructuring and IFRS 17 implementation costs
(17)
-
(17)
-
(17)
Operating profit
1,331
134
1,465
1,116
2,581
Non-operating (loss) profit
186
1,586
1,772
(8,860)
(7,088)
(Loss) profit for the period
1,517
1,720
3,237
(7,744)
(4,507)
Foreign exchange movements
(72)
(55)
(127)
(378)
(505)
Intra-group dividends and investment in operations
(235)
-
(235)
-
(235)
Other movements
539
-
539
-
539
Shareholders' equity at end of periodnote (ii)
7,144
8,556
15,700
33,771
49,471
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Asia
 
 
 
 
 
Shareholders' equity at beginning of period
3,624
3,182
6,806
31,037
37,843
New business contributionnote 3
(298)
104
(194)
1,106
912
Existing business - transfer to net worth
1,009
(205)
804
(804)
-
Expected return on existing businessnote 4
52
35
87
666
753
Changes in operating assumptions and experience variancesnote 4
99
101
200
45
245
Restructuring and IFRS 17 implementation costs
(10)
-
(10)
-
(10)
Operating profit
852
35
887
1,013
1,900
Non-operating (loss) profit
(508)
83
(425)
(2,736)
(3,161)
(Loss) profit for the period
344
118
462
(1,723)
(1,261)
Foreign exchange movements
(72)
(55)
(127)
(378)
(505)
Intra-group dividends and investment in operations
(235)
-
(235)
-
(235)
Other movements
98
-
98
-
98
Shareholders' equity at end of period
3,759
3,245
7,004
28,936
35,940
 
 
 
 
 
 
US
 
 
 
 
 
Shareholders' equity at beginning of period
1,771
3,709
5,480
10,856
16,336
New business contributionnote 3
(219)
265
46
202
248
Existing business - transfer to net worth
656
(254)
402
(402)
-
Expected return on existing businessnote 4
18
68
86
213
299
Changes in operating assumptions and experience variancesnote 4
31
20
51
90
141
Restructuring and IFRS 17 implementation costs
(7)
-
(7)
-
(7)
Operating profit
479
99
578
103
681
Loss (gain) on reinsurance of in-force fixed and fixed indexed annuity portfolionote 8
851
(627)
224
(647)
(423)
Other non-operating (loss) profit
(157)
2,130
1,973
(5,477)
(3,504)
(Loss) profit for the period
1,173
1,602
2,775
(6,021)
(3,246)
Intra-group dividends and investment in operations
-
-
-
-
-
Other movements
441
-
441
-
441
Shareholders' equity at end of period
3,385
5,311
8,696
4,835
13,531
 
Notes
(i)    Long-term business only.
(ii)   The net value of in-force business comprises the value of future margins from current in-force business less the cost of holding required capital for long-term business as shown below:
 
 
 
30 Jun 2020 $m
31 Dec 2019 $m
 
 
Asia
US
Group
totalnote (i)
 
Asia
US
Group
totalnote (i)
Value of in-force business before deduction of cost of
   capital and time value of options and guarantees
30,383
6,674
37,057
 
32,396
11,417
43,813
Cost of capital
(998)
(481)
(1,479)
 
(866)
(370)
(1,236)
Time value of options and guaranteesnote (iii)
(449)
(1,358)
(1,807)
 
(493)
(191)
(684)
Net value of in-force business
28,936
4,835
33,771
 
31,037
10,856
41,893
Total net worth
7,004
8,696
15,700
 
6,806
5,480
12,286
Total embedded value
35,940
13,531
49,471
 
37,843
16,336
54,179
 
(iii)  The time value of options and guarantees (TVOG) arises from the variability of economic outcomes in the future and is, where appropriate, calculated as the difference between an average outcome across a range of economic scenarios, calibrated around a central scenario, and the outcome from one central economic scenario, as described in note 12(i)(d). The TVOG and the outcome from the central economic scenario are linked; as the central economic scenario is updated for market conditions and the outcome reflects more or less of the guaranteed benefit payouts and associated product charges, there will be consequential changes to the TVOG.
 
10   Analysis of movement in free surplus
 
For EEV covered business, free surplus is the excess of the regulatory basis net assets for EEV reporting purposes (total net worth) over the capital required to support the covered business. Where appropriate, adjustments are made to total net worth so that backing assets are included at fair value, rather than at cost, to comply with the EEV Principles. In the Group's Asia and US operations, assets deemed to be inadmissible on a local regulatory basis are included in net worth where considered recognisable on an EEV basis, with the exception of deferred tax assets in the US that are inadmissible under the local regulatory basis, which have been included in the value of in-force business (VIF) within the Group's EEV results. Free surplus for asset management and other operations (including assets and liabilities of the Group's central operations, the Group's treasury function and Africa operations) is taken to be IFRS basis post-tax earnings and shareholders' equity, net of goodwill attributable to shareholders, with subordinated debt recorded as free surplus to the extent that it is classified as available capital under the Group's capital regime. A reconciliation of EEV free surplus to the Group's LCSM surplus over Group minimum capital requirements is set out in note I(i) of the additional financial information.
 
 
 
Half year 2020 $m
 
Asia
US
Total
insurance
and asset
management
Other
 
Group
total
 
 
note (a)
note (b)
 
 
 
 
Operating free surplus generated before impact of US EEV hedge modelling enhancements and restructuring and IFRS 17 implementation costsnote (d)
988
1,029
2,017
(415)
 
1,602
Impact of US EEV hedge modelling enhancements in full year 2019note (d)
-
(535)
(535)
-
 
(535)
Operating free surplus generated before restructuring and IFRS 17 implementation costs
988
494
1,482
(415)
 
1,067
Restructuring and IFRS 17 implementation costs
(29)
(9)
(38)
(64)
 
(102)
Operating free surplus generated
959
485
1,444
(479)
 
965
Gain on reinsurance of Jackson's in-force fixed and fixed indexed annuity portfolionote 8(i)
-
851
851
-
 
851
Other non-operating lossnote (e)
(508)
(157)
(665)
(47)
 
(712)
Free surplus generated
451
1,179
1,630
(526)
 
1,104
Net cash flows paid to parent companynote (f)
(400)
-
(400)
400
 
-
External dividends
-
-
-
(674)
 
(674)
Foreign exchange movements on foreign operations, timing differences and other itemsnote (g)
26
441
467
(351)
 
116
Net movement in free surplus
77
1,620
1,697
(1,151)
 
546
Balance at beginning of period
4,220
1,777
5,997
3,739
 
9,736
Balance at end of periodnote (h)
4,297
3,397
7,694
2,588
 
10,282
Representing:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Free surplus excluding distribution rights and other intangibles
3,426
3,377
6,803
(424)
 
6,379
Distribution rights and other intangibles
871
20
891
3,012
 
3,903
 
4,297
3,397
7,694
2,588
 
10,282
 
 
 
Half year 2019 $m
 
 
 
 
Continuing operations
 
Discontinued
UK and
Europe
operations
 
Group
total
 
Asia
US
Total insurance
and asset
management
Other
 
 
 
 
 
 
note (a)
note (b)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Operating free surplus generated before restructuring and IFRS 17 implementation costsnote (d)
886
1,075
1,961
(467)
 
-
 
1,494
Restructuring and IFRS 17 implementation costs
(17)
(1)
(18)
(8)
 
-
 
(26)
Operating free surplus generated
869
1,074
1,943
(475)
 
-
 
1,468
Non-operating profit (loss) from continuing operationsnote (e)
872
(525)
347
(239)
 
-
 
108
Free surplus generated from discontinued operations
-
-
-
-
 
1,260
 
1,260
Free surplus generated in the period
1,741
549
2,290
(714)
 
1,260
 
2,836
Net cash flows to parent companynote (f)
(578)
(525)
(1,103)
1,562
 
(459)
 
-
External dividends
-
-
-
(1,108)
 
-
 
(1,108)
Foreign exchange movements, timing differences and other itemsnote (g)
(45)
163
118
377
 
(972)
 
(477)
Net movement in free surplus
1,118
187
1,305
117
 
(171)
 
1,251
Balance at beginning of period
2,591
2,760
5,351
3,831
 
5,977
 
15,159
Balance at end of periodnote (h)
3,709
2,947
6,656
3,948
 
5,806
 
16,410
Representing:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Free surplus excluding distribution rights and
   other intangibles
3,151
2,921
6,072
1,710
 
5,781
 
13,563
Distribution rights and other intangibles
558
26
584
2,238
 
25
 
2,847
 
 
3,709
2,947
6,656
3,948
 
5,806
 
16,410
 
 
 
Full year 2019 $m
 
 
Continuing operations
 
Discontinued
UK and Europe
operations
 
Group
total
 
Asia
US
Total insurance
and asset
management
Other
 
 
 
 
 
 
note (a)
note (b)
 
 
 
 
 
 
Operating free surplus generated before impact of US EEV hedge modelling enhancements and restructuring costsnote (d)
1,772
2,028
3,800
(923)
 
-
 
2,877
Impact of US EEV hedge modelling enhancements
-
(903)
(903)
-
 
-
 
(903)
Operating free surplus generated before restructuring and IFRS 17 implementation costs
1,772
1,125
2,897
(923)
 
-
 
1,974
Restructuring and IFRS 17 implementation costs
(31)
(5)
(36)
(56)
 
-
 
(92)
Operating free surplus generated
1,741
1,120
2,861
(979)
 
-
 
1,882
Non-operating (loss) profit from continuing operationsnote (e)
1,195
(1,763)
(568)
(448)
 
-
 
(1,016)
Free surplus generated from discontinued operations
-
-
-
-
 
2,512
 
2,512
Free surplus generated
2,936
(643)
2,293
(1,427)
 
2,512
 
3,378
Net cash flows paid to parent companynote (f)
(950)
(525)
(1,475)
2,159
 
(684)
 
-
Demerger dividend in specie of M&G plc
-
-
-
-
 
(7,379)
 
(7,379)
External dividends
-
-
-
(1,634)
 
-
 
(1,634)
Foreign exchange movements on foreign operations, timing differences and other itemsnote (g)
(357)
185
(172)
810
 
(426)
 
212
Net movement in free surplus
1,629
(983)
646
(92)
 
(5,977)
 
(5,423)
Balance at beginning of year
2,591
2,760
5,351
3,831
 
5,977
 
15,159
Balance at end of yearnote (h)
4,220
1,777
5,997
3,739
 
-
 
9,736
Representing:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Free surplus excluding distribution rights and
   other intangibles
3,624
1,753
5,377
1,227
 
-
 
6,604
Distribution rights and other intangibles
596
24
620
2,512
 
-
 
3,132
 
4,220
1,777
5,997
3,739
 
-
 
9,736
 
Notes
(a)   Operating free surplus generated by Asia insurance and asset management operations before restructuring and IFRS 17 implementation costs can be analysed as follows:
 
 
 
 
Half year 2020 $m
 
Half year 2019 $m
 
% change
 
 
 
 
AER
CER
 
AER
CER
 
Operating free surplus generated from in-force life business
1,160
 
1,092
1,075
 
6%
8%
 
Investment in new businessnote (c)
(298)
 
(323)
(319)
 
8%
7%
 
Long-term business
862
 
769
756
 
12%
14%
 
Asset management
126
 
117
115
 
8%
10%
 
Total Asia
988
 
886
871
 
12%
13%
 
(b)   Operating free surplus generated by US insurance and asset management operations before restructuring and IFRS 17 implementation costs can be analysed as follows:
 
 
 
 
Half year 2020 $m
 
Half year 2019 $m
 
% change
 
Operating free surplus generated from in-force life business before EEV hedge modelling enhancementsnote (d)
1,240
 
1,405
 
(12)%
 
Impact of EEV hedge modelling enhancements in full year 2019note (d)
(535)
 
-
 
n/a
 
Operating free surplus generated from    in-force life business
705
 
1,405
 
(50)%
 
Investment in new businessnote (c)
(219)
 
(344)
 
36%
 
Long-term business
486
 
1,061
 
(54)%
 
Asset management
8
 
14
 
(43)%
 
Total US
494
 
1,075
 
(54)%
 
(c)   Free surplus invested in new business primarily represents acquisition costs and amounts set aside for required capital.
(d)   US in-force free surplus generation before EEV hedge modelling enhancements in 2019 included a $355 million benefit from the release of incremental reserves in the first half of 2019 following the integration of the John Hancock business. The EEV hedge modelling enhancements in full year 2019 reduced the value of in-force business at 31 December 2019, and the subsequent unwind of those cash flows over half year 2020 reduces the expected transfer to net worth and hence operating free surplus generation by $(535) million.
(e)   Other non-operating items include short-term fluctuations in investment returns, the effect of changes in economic assumptions for long-term business and the effect of other corporate transactions. For half year 2020 these amounts include the benefit of a change to the valuation interest rate used to value long term insurance liabilities in Hong Kong, as discussed in note I(i) of the additional financial information. In addition, for full year 2019 these amounts included the impact of the NAIC reform, hedge modelling and other related changes in the US.
(f)    Net cash flows to parent company for Asia operations reflect the flows as included in the holding company cash flow.
(g)   Foreign exchange movements, timing differences and other items represent:
 
 
 
 
Half year 2020 $m
 
 
Asia
US
Total insurance
and asset
management
Other
Group
total
 
Foreign exchange movements
(107)
-
(107)
(19)
(126)
 
Mark-to-market value movements on Jackson assets backing surplus and required capital
-
317
317
-
317
 
Other items (including intra-group loans and other intra-group transfers between operations and other non-cash items)
133
124
257
(332)
(75)
 
 
 
26
441
467
(351)
116
 
 
 
 
Half year 2019 $m
 
 
 
Continuing operations
Discontinued UK and Europe operations
Group
total
 
 
Asia
US
Total insurance
and asset
management
Other
 
 
 
Foreign exchange movements
44
-
44
(26)
(7)
11
 
Mark-to-market value movements on Jackson assets backing surplus and required capital
-
177
177
-
-
177
 
Other items (including intra-group loans and other intra-group transfers between operations and other non-cash items)
(89)
(14)
(103)
403
(965)
(665)
 
 
 
(45)
163
118
377
(972)
(477)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Full year 2019 $m
 
 
 
Continuing operations
Discontinued UK and Europe operations
Group
total
 
 
Asia
US
Total insurance
and asset
management
Other
 
 
 
Foreign exchange movements
99
-
99
91
77
267
 
Mark-to-market value movements on Jackson assets backing surplus and required capital
-
206
206
-
-
206
 
Other items (including intra-group loans and other intra-group transfers between operations and other non-cash items)*
(456)
(21)
(477)
719
(503)
(261)
 
 
 
(357)
185
(172)
810
(426)
212
 *  The Group total for other items in full year 2019 included the effect of the redemption of $0.5 billion of subordinated debt.
 
(h)   Free surplus from continuing operations can be analysed as:
 
 
 
 
30 Jun 2020 $m
 
 
Asia
US
Total insurance
and asset
management
Other
Group total
 
Long-term business
3,759
3,385
7,144
-
7,144
 
Asset management and other
538
12
550
2,588
3,138
 
Total
4,297
3,397
7,694
2,588
10,282
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
30 Jun 2019 $m
 
 
Asia
US
Total insurance
and asset
management
Other
Group total
 
Long-term business
3,315
2,883
6,198
-
6,198
 
Asset management and other
394
64
458
3,948
4,406
 
Total
3,709
2,947
6,656
3,948
10,604
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
31 Dec 2019 $m
 
 
Asia
US
Total insurance
and asset
management
Other
Group total
 
Long-term business
3,624
1,771
5,395
-
5,395
 
Asset management and other
596
6
602
3,739
4,341
 
Total
4,220
1,777
5,997
3,739
9,736
 
11   Sensitivity of results to alternative economic assumptions
 
The tables below show the sensitivity of the embedded value as at 30 June 2020 and 31 December 2019 and the new business profit for half year 2020 and full year 2019 to:
 
-      1 per cent increase in interest rates, including consequential changes in assumed investment returns for all asset classes, market values of fixed interest assets and risk discount rates (but excluding changes in the allowance for market risk);
-      0.5 per cent decrease in interest rates, including consequential changes in assumed investment returns for all asset classes, market values of fixed interest assets and risk discount rates (but excluding changes in the allowance for market risk);
-      1 per cent rise in equity and property yields;
-      20 per cent fall (10 per cent fall for 2019) in the market value of equity and property assets (embedded value only);
-      1 per cent increase in the risk discount rates. The main driver for changes in the risk discount rates from period to period is changes in the risk-free rates, the impact of which is generally expected to be offset by a corresponding change in assumed investment returns. Both of these effects are factored into the interest rate sensitivities described above; and
-      The Group minimum capital requirements under the LCSM in contrast to EEV basis required capital (embedded value only).
 
The sensitivities shown below are for the impact of instantaneous (and permanent) changes on the embedded value of long-term business operations and include the combined effect on the value of in-force business and net assets (including derivatives) held at the valuation dates indicated. The sensitivities reflect the consequential impacts from market movements at the valuation date. In particular, where relevant the 30 June 2020 sensitivities reflect potential tax benefits that would arise under the relief provided by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act in the US for 2020. The results only allow for limited management actions such as changes to future policyholder bonuses where applicable. If such economic conditions persisted, the financial impacts may differ to the instantaneous impacts shown below. In this case management could also take additional actions to help mitigate the impact of these stresses. No change in the assets held at the valuation date is assumed when calculating sensitivities.
 
If the changes in assumptions shown in the sensitivities were to occur, the effects shown below would be recorded within two components of the profit analysis for the following period, namely the effect of changes in economic assumptions and short-term fluctuations in investment returns. In addition, for changes in interest rates, the effect shown below for the US (Jackson) would also be recorded within mark-to-market value movements on Jackson assets backing surplus and required capital, which are taken directly to shareholders' equity. In addition to the sensitivity effects shown below, the other components of the profit for the following period would be calculated by reference to the altered assumptions, for example new business profit and unwind of discount and other expected returns, together with the effect of other changes such as altered corporate bond spreads.
 
New business profit from long-term business
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Half year 2020 $m
 
Full year 2019 $m
 
Asia
US
Group
total
 
Asia
US
Group
total
New business profitnote 3
912
248
1,160
 
3,522
883
4,405
Interest rates and consequential effects - 1% increase
64
143
207
 
(46)
207
161
Interest rates and consequential effects - 0.5% decrease
(68)
(85)
(153)
 
(121)
(123)
(244)
Equity/property yields - 1% rise
62
34
96
 
210
70
280
Risk discount rates - 1% increase
(176)
(3)
(179)
 
(715)
(22)
(737)
 
Embedded value of long-term business
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
30 Jun 2020 $m
 
31 Dec 2019 $m
 
Asia
US
Group
total
 
Asia
US
Group
total
Shareholders' equitynote 9
35,940
13,531
49,471
 
37,843
16,336
54,179
Interest rates and consequential effects - 1% increase
 (510)
1,362
852
 
 (1,408)
798
 (610)
Interest rates and consequential effects - 0.5% decrease
 (730)
92
 (638)
 
 (28)
 (686)
 (714)
Equity/property yields - 1% rise
1,413
542
1,955
 
1,758
556
2,314
Equity/property market values - 10% fall
n/a
n/a
n/a
 
 (810)
 (1,205)
 (2,015)
Equity/property market values - 20% fall
 (1,577)
 (764)
 (2,341)
 
n/a
n/a
n/a
Risk discount rates - 1% increase
 (4,621)
 (417)
 (5,038)
 
 (5,263)
 (509)
 (5,772)
Group minimum capital requirements
246
287
533
 
175
221
396
 
Overall, the directional movements in the sensitivities from 31 December 2019 to 30 June 2020 reflect the generally lower government bond yields and lower equity markets at 30 June 2020, and, in the case of the US, the actual hedging portfolio in place at both valuation dates, which varies from period to period due to the nature of Jackson's dynamic hedging programme.
 
Asia insurance operations
Interest rate sensitivities for the Asia long-term business embedded value have been impacted by the generally lower risk-free rates at 30 June 2020 as compared to 31 December 2019, and have become more sensitive to changes in assumed investment returns. For a 1 per cent increase in interest rates the effect of increasing the risk discount rates exceeds the benefit of higher assumed investment returns, but to a lesser extent than at 31 December 2019. For a 0.5 per cent decrease in interest rates the negative impact of lower assumed investment returns outweighs the benefit of lower risk discount rates to a great extent than at 31 December 2019.
 
US insurance operations
The interest rate and equity/property market values sensitivity movements provided in the table above are at a point in time and reflect the hedging programme in place on the valuation date, while the actual impact on financial results would vary contingent upon a number of factors.
 
The sensitivity of the US long-term business embedded value to interest rates is driven by the change in assumed investment returns, and the consequential impact on projected future fee income and benefit costs, offset by the impact of market value movements on derivatives and other assets. At the lower interest rates at 30 June 2020, the positive impact from higher assumed investment returns from a 1 per cent increase in risk-free rates is higher than at 31 December 2019. For a 0.5 per cent decrease in interest rates the increase in expected benefit costs has been more than offset by the hedging protection held to manage such a risk.
 
The equity/property market values sensitivity is driven by a negative effect from lower future fee income and increased projected benefit costs on variable annuity business, partially offset by market value movements on equity derivatives held at the valuation date. Following the substantial fall in interest rates over the first half of 2020, the larger impact from lower future fee income and increased projected benefit costs is more than offset by the additional equity protection in place at 30 June 2020.
 
12   Methodology and accounting presentation
 
(i)    Methodology
 
(a)   Covered business
The EEV basis results for the Group are prepared for 'covered business' as defined by the EEV Principles. Covered business represents the Group's long-term insurance business (including the Group's investments in joint venture and associate insurance operations), for which the value of new and in-force contracts is attributable to shareholders.
 
The EEV basis results for the Group's covered business are then combined with the post-tax IFRS basis results of the Group's asset management and other operations (including interest costs on core structural borrowings, corporate expenditure for head office functions in London and Hong Kong, the Group's treasury function and Africa operations). Under the EEV Principles, the results for covered business incorporate the projected margins of attaching internal asset management, as described in note (g) below.
 
The definition of long-term insurance business comprises those contracts falling under the definition for regulatory purposes together with, for US operations, contracts that are in substance the same as guaranteed investment contracts (GICs) but do not fall under the technical definition.
 
(b)   Valuation of in-force and new business
The EEV basis results are prepared incorporating best estimate assumptions about all relevant factors including levels of future investment returns, persistency, mortality, morbidity and expenses, as described in note 13(iii)(a). These assumptions are used to project future cash flows. The present value of the projected future cash flows is then calculated using a discount rate, as shown in note 13(i), which reflects both the time value of money and all other non-diversifiable risks associated with the cash flows that are not otherwise allowed for.
 
The total profit that emerges over the lifetime of an individual contract as calculated under the EEV basis is the same as that calculated under the IFRS basis. Since the EEV basis reflects discounted future cash flows, under the EEV methodology the profit emergence is advanced, thus more closely aligning the timing of the recognition of profit with the efforts and risks of current management actions, particularly with regard to business sold during the period.
 
New business
In determining the EEV basis value of new business, premiums are included in projected cash flows on the same basis of distinguishing regular and single premium business as set out in the Group's new business sales reporting.
 
New business premiums reflect those premiums attaching to the covered business, including premiums for contracts classified as investment contracts under IFRS. New business premiums for regular premium products are shown on an annualised basis.
 
New business profit represents profit determined by applying operating and economic assumptions as at the end of the period. New business profitability is a key metric for the Group's management of the development of the business. In addition, new business margins are shown by reference to annual premium equivalents (APE) and the present value of new business premiums (PVNBP). These margins are calculated as the percentage of the value of new business profit to APE and PVNBP. APE is calculated as the aggregate of regular premiums on new business written in the period and one-tenth of single premiums. PVNBP is calculated as the aggregate of single premiums and the present value of expected future premiums from regular premium new business, allowing for lapses and the other assumptions made in determining the EEV new business profit.
 
Valuation movements on investments
With the exception of debt securities held by Jackson, investment gains and losses during the period (to the extent that changes in capital values do not directly match changes in liabilities) are included directly in the profit for the period and shareholders' equity as they arise.
 
The results for the covered business conceptually reflect the aggregate of the post-tax IFRS basis results and the movements in the additional shareholders' interest recognised on an EEV basis. Therefore, the start point for the calculation of the EEV basis results for Jackson, as for other businesses, reflects the market value movements recognised on an IFRS basis.
 
In determining the movements in the additional shareholders' interest, for Jackson's debt securities backing liabilities, the aggregate EEV basis results reflect the fact that the value of in-force business incorporates the discounted value of expected future spread earnings. This value is generally not affected by short-term market movements in debt securities that, broadly speaking, are held for the longer term. Consequently, within EEV total net worth, Jackson's debt securities backing liabilities are held on a statutory basis (largely at book value), while those backing surplus and required capital are accounted for at fair value. Consistent with the treatment applied under IFRS, for Jackson's debt securities classified as available-for-sale, movements in unrealised appreciation and depreciation on these securities are accounted for directly in equity rather than in the income statement, as shown in 'Mark-to-market value movements on Jackson assets backing surplus and required capital' in the statement of movement in shareholders' equity.
 
(c)   Cost of capital
A charge is deducted from the embedded value for the cost of locked-in required capital supporting the Group's long-term business. The cost is the difference between the nominal value of the capital held and the discounted value of the projected releases of this capital, allowing for post-tax investment earnings on the capital.
 
The EEV results are affected by the movement in this cost from period to period, which comprises a charge against new business profit and generally a release in respect of the reduction in capital requirements for business in force as this runs off.
 
Where required capital is held within a with-profits long-term fund, the value placed on surplus assets within the fund is already adjusted to reflect its expected release over time and so no further adjustment to the shareholder position is necessary.
 
(d)   Financial options and guarantees
 
Nature of financial options and guarantees in Prudential's long-term business
 
Asia
Participating products in Asia, principally written in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia, have both guaranteed and non-guaranteed elements. These products provide returns to policyholders through bonuses that are smoothed. There are two types of bonuses: regular and final. Regular bonuses are declared once a year and, once credited, are guaranteed in accordance with the terms of the particular products. Final bonuses are guaranteed only until the next bonus declaration.
 
There are also various non-participating long-term products with guarantees. The principal guarantees are those for whole-of-life contracts with floor levels of policyholder benefits that typically accrue at rates set at inception and do not vary subsequently with market conditions.
 
US (Jackson)
Jackson issues variable annuity contracts for which it contractually guarantees to the contract holder, subject to specific conditions, either: a) a return of no less than total deposits made to the contract, adjusted for any partial withdrawals; b) total deposits made to the contract, adjusted for any partial withdrawals plus a minimum return; or c) the highest contract value on a specified anniversary date, adjusted for any withdrawals following the specified contract anniversary. These guarantees include benefits that are payable upon depletion of funds (Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefits (GMWB)) or as death benefits (Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefits (GMDB)). These guarantees generally protect the policyholder's contract value in the event of poor equity market performance. Jackson hedges the GMWB and GMDB guarantees through the use of equity options and futures contracts, with an expected long-term future hedging cost allowed for within the EEV value of in-force business to reflect the equity options and futures expected to be held based on the Group's current dynamic hedging programme and consideration of past practice. This allowance was re-estimated in 2019 following the NAIC reform for variable annuity business. Jackson also historically issued a small amount of income benefits (Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefits (GMIB)), which are now materially fully reinsured.
 
In June 2020 the Group announced the reinsurance of substantially all of Jackson's in-force portfolio of fixed and fixed indexed annuity business to Athene Life Re Ltd. These contracts included some financial options and guarantees (as described in the Group's 2019 Annual Report), and, as at 30 June 2020, are materially fully reinsured.
 
Time value
The value of financial options and guarantees comprises the intrinsic value (arising from a deterministic valuation on best estimate assumptions) and the time value (arising from the variability of economic outcomes in the future).
 
Where appropriate, a full stochastic valuation has been undertaken to determine the time value of financial options and guarantees. The economic assumptions used for the stochastic calculations are consistent with those used for the deterministic calculations. Assumptions specific to the stochastic calculations reflect local market conditions and are based on a combination of actual market data, historic market data and an assessment of long-term economic conditions. Common principles have been adopted across the Group for the stochastic asset models, such as separate modelling of individual asset classes with an allowance for correlations between various asset classes. Details of the key characteristics of each model are given in note 13(ii).
 
In deriving the time value of financial options and guarantees, management actions in response to emerging investment and fund solvency conditions have been modelled. Management actions encompass, but are not confined to, investment allocation decisions, levels of regular and final bonuses and credited rates. Bonus rates are projected from current levels and varied in accordance with assumed management actions applying in the emerging investment and fund solvency conditions. In all instances, the modelled actions are in accordance with approved local practice and therefore reflect the options available to management.
 
The time value of financial options and guarantees reflects how the market value of the assets (including derivatives) held to manage the liability portfolios are expected to vary across the range of economic scenarios considered. In some economic scenarios the derivative portfolio may project gains in excess of the cost of the underlying guarantees on an EEV basis.
 
If the calculation of the time value of options and guarantees results in a positive outcome for a particular product then the figure is capped at zero, reflecting the strong interaction between the outcome of the central economic scenario and the time value of financial options and guarantees in these circumstances, and the reported value of in-force business before deduction of cost of capital and time value of options and guarantees will reflect the outcome from the full stochastic valuation.
 
(e)   Level of required capital
In adopting the EEV Principles, Prudential has based required capital on the applicable local statutory regulations, including any amounts considered to be required above the local statutory minimum requirements to satisfy regulatory constraints.
 
For shareholder-backed businesses, the following capital requirements for long-term business apply:
 
-        Asia: the level of required capital has been set to an amount at least equal to local statutory notification requirements. For Singapore life operations, from 31 March 2020 the level of net worth and required capital is based on the Tier 1 Capital position under the new risk-based capital framework (RBC2), which removes certain negative reserves permitted to be recognised in the full RBC2 regulatory position applicable to the Group's LCSM position, in order to better reflect free surplus and its generation. For China JV life operations, the level of required capital follows the approach for embedded value reporting issued by the China Association of Actuaries (CAA) reflecting the C-ROSS regime; and
-        US: the level of required capital has been set at 250 per cent of the risk-based capital (RBC) required by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) at the Company Action Level (CAL).
 
(f)    With-profits business and the treatment of the estate
For the Group's relevant Asia operations, the proportion of surplus allocated to shareholders from the with-profits funds has been based on the applicable profit distribution between shareholders and policyholders. The EEV methodology includes the value attributed to the shareholders' interest in the residual estate of the in-force with-profits business. In any scenarios where the total assets of the life fund are insufficient to meet policyholder claims in full, the excess cost is fully attributed to shareholders. As required, adjustments are also made to reflect any capital requirements for with-profits business in Asia in excess of the available capital of the with-profits funds.
 
(g)   Internal asset management
The in-force and new business results from long-term business include the projected future profit or loss from asset management and service companies that support the Group's covered insurance businesses. The results of the Group's asset management operations include the current period profit from the management of both internal and external funds. EEV basis shareholders' other income and expenditure is adjusted to deduct the unwind of the expected margins on the internal management of the assets of the life funds for the period as included in 'Other' operations. The deduction is on a basis consistent with that used for projecting the results for covered insurance business. Accordingly, Group operating profit includes the variance between the actual and expected profit margin in respect of the management of the assets for the covered business.
 
(h)   Allowance for risk and risk discount rates
 
Overview
Under the EEV Principles, discount rates used to determine the present value of expected future cash flows are set by reference to risk-free rates plus a risk margin.
 
The risk-free rates are largely based on local government bond yields at the valuation date and are generally assumed to remain constant throughout the projection.
 
The risk margin reflects any non-diversifiable risk associated with the emergence of distributable earnings that is not allowed for elsewhere in the valuation. In order to better reflect differences in relative market risk volatility inherent in each product group, Prudential sets the risk discount rates to reflect the expected volatility associated with the expected future cash flows for each product group in the embedded value model, rather than at a Group level.
 
Since financial options and guarantees are explicitly valued under the EEV methodology, risk discount rates exclude the effect of these product features.
 
The risk margin represents the aggregate of the allowance for market risk, additional allowance for credit risk where appropriate, and allowance for non-diversifiable non-market risk. No allowance is required for non-market risks where these are assumed to be fully diversifiable.
 
Market risk allowance
The allowance for market risk represents the beta multiplied by an equity risk premium.
 
The beta of a portfolio or product measures its relative market risk. The risk discount rates reflect the market risk inherent in each product group and hence the volatility of product-specific cash flows. These are determined by considering how the profit from each product is affected by changes in expected returns on various asset classes. By converting this into a relative rate of return, it is possible to derive a product-specific beta.
 
Product level betas reflect the product mix at the valuation date to produce appropriate betas and risk discount rates for each major product group.
 
Additional credit risk allowance
The Group's methodology allows for credit risk. The total allowance for credit risk covers expected long-term defaults, a credit risk premium (to reflect the volatility in downgrade and default levels) and short-term downgrades and defaults.
 
These allowances are initially reflected in determining best estimate returns and through the market risk allowance described above. However, for those businesses largely backed by holdings of debt securities, the allowances in the projected returns and market risk allowances may not be sufficient and an additional allowance may be appropriate.
 
The practical application of the allowance for credit risk varies depending on the type of business as described below:
 
Asia
For Asia, the allowance for credit risk incorporated in the projected rates of return and the market risk allowance is considered to be sufficient. Accordingly, no additional allowance for credit risk is required.
 
The projected rates of return for holdings of corporate bonds comprise the risk-free rate plus an assessment of the long-term spread over the risk-free rate.
 
US (Jackson)
For Jackson, the allowance for long-term defaults of 0.19 per cent at 30 June 2020 (30 June 2019: 0.17 per cent, 31 December 2019: 0.17 per cent) is reflected in the risk margin reserve charge that is deducted in determining the projected spread margin between the earned rate on the investments and the policyholder crediting rate.
 
The risk discount rate incorporates an additional allowance for the credit risk premium and short-term downgrades and defaults, as shown in note 13(i)(b). In determining this allowance, a number of factors have been considered, in particular including:
 
-      How much of the credit spread on debt securities represents an increased short-term credit risk not reflected in the risk margin reserve long-term default assumptions and how much is liquidity premium (which is the premium required by investors to compensate for the risk of longer-term investments that cannot be easily converted into cash at the fair market value). In assessing this effect, consideration has been given to a number of approaches to estimate the liquidity premium by considering recent statistical data; and
-      Policyholder benefits for certain lines of business are not fixed. It is possible, in adverse economic scenarios, to pass on a component of credit losses to policyholders (subject to guarantee features), through lower investment returns credited to policyholders. Consequently, it is only necessary to allow for the balance of the credit risk in the risk discount rate.
 
The level of the additional allowance is assessed at each reporting period to take account of prevailing credit conditions and as the business in force alters over time. In the first half of 2020 the additional allowance for non-variable annuity business was increased by 50 basis points, primarily to reflect additional short-term credit risk arising from the Covid-19 crisis. The additional allowance for variable annuity business has been set at one-fifth of the additional allowance for non-variable annuity business to reflect the long-term proportion of variable annuity business invested in general account debt securities.
 
Allowance for non-diversifiable non-market risks
The majority of non-market and non-credit risks are considered to be diversifiable. An allowance for non-diversifiable non-market risks is estimated as set out below.
 
A base level allowance of 50 basis points is applied to cover the non-diversifiable non-market risks associated with the Group's covered business. For the Group's businesses in less mature markets (such as the Philippines and Thailand), additional allowances are applied for emerging market risk ranging from 100 to 250 basis points. The level and application of these allowances are reviewed and updated based on an assessment of the Group's exposure and experience in the markets. For the Group's business in more mature markets, no additional allowance is necessary.
 
(i)   Foreign currency translation
Foreign currency profits and losses have been translated at average exchange rates for the period. Foreign currency transactions are translated at the spot rate prevailing at the date of the transactions. This includes external dividends paid to shareholders in 2019. All subsequent dividends are declared in US dollars and no foreign currency translation is required. Foreign currency assets and liabilities have been translated at closing exchange rates. The principal exchange rates are shown in note A1 of the Group IFRS financial statements.
 
(j)  Taxation
In determining the post-tax profit for the period for covered business, the overall tax rate includes the impact of tax effects determined on a local regulatory basis. Tax payments and receipts included in the projected future cash flows to determine the value of in-force business are calculated using tax rates that have been announced and substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.
 
(ii)  Accounting presentation
 
(a) Analysis of post-tax profit
To the extent applicable, the presentation of the EEV basis profit or loss for the period is consistent with the classification between operating and non-operating results that the Group applies for the analysis of IFRS basis results. Operating results are determined as described in note (b) below and incorporate the following:
 
-      New business profit, as defined in note (i)(b) above;
-      Unwind of discount on the value of in-force business and other expected returns, as described in note (c) below;
-      The impact of routine changes of estimates relating to operating assumptions, as described in note (d) below; and
-      Operating experience variances, as described in note (e) below.
 
In addition, operating results include the effect of changes in tax legislation, unless these changes are one-off and structural in nature, such as a small impact from the corporate tax changes in the US as part of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act in half year 2020, or primarily affect the level of projected investment returns, in which case they are reflected as a non-operating result.
 
Non-operating results comprise:
 
-      Short-term fluctuations in investment returns;
-      Mark-to-market value movements on core structural borrowings;
-      Effect of changes in economic assumptions;
-      Impact of NAIC reform, hedge modelling and other related changes in the US in full year 2019; and
-      The impact of corporate transactions undertaken in the period, such as the effect of Jackson's reinsurance arrangement with Athene Life Re Ltd in half year 2020, disposals undertaken and costs related to the demerger of M&G plc from Prudential plc in 2019.
 
Total profit or loss in the period attributable to shareholders and basic earnings per share include these items, together with actual investment returns. The Group believes that operating profit, as adjusted for these items, better reflects underlying performance.
 
(b) Investment returns included in operating profit
For the investment element of the assets covering the total net worth of long-term insurance business, investment returns are recognised in operating results at the expected long-term rates of return. These expected returns are calculated by reference to the asset mix of the portfolio.
 
For the purpose of determining the long-term returns for debt securities of Jackson for general account business, a risk margin reserve charge is included, which reflects the expected long-term rate of default based on the credit quality of the portfolio. For Jackson, interest-related realised gains and losses are amortised to the operating results over the maturity period of the sold bonds; for equity-related investments, a long-term rate of return is assumed (as disclosed in note 13(i)(b)), which reflects the aggregation of risk-free rates and the equity risk premium at the end of the reporting period. For variable annuity separate account business, operating profit includes the unwind of discount on the opening value of in-force business adjusted to reflect projected rates of return at the end of the reporting period, with the excess or deficit of the actual return recognised within non-operating results, together with related hedging activity variances.
 
(c) Unwind of discount and other expected returns
The Group's methodology in determining the unwind of discount and other expected returns is by reference to the value of in-force business at the beginning of the period (adjusted for the effect of changes in economic and operating assumptions in the current period) and required capital and surplus assets.
 
(d) Effect of changes in operating assumptions
Operating profit includes the effect of changes to operating assumptions on the value of in-force business at the end of the reporting period. For presentational purposes the effect of changes is delineated to show the effect on the opening value of in-force business as operating assumption changes, with the experience variances subsequently being determined by reference to the assumptions at the end of the reporting period, as discussed below.
 
(e) Operating experience variances
Operating profit includes the effect of experience variances on operating assumptions, such as persistency, mortality, morbidity, expenses and other factors, which are calculated with reference to the assumptions at the end of the reporting period.
 
(f)  Effect of changes in economic assumptions
Movements in the value of in-force business at the beginning of the year caused by changes in economic assumptions, net of the related changes in the time value of financial options and guarantees, are recorded in non-operating results.
 
13   Assumptions
 
(i)    Principal economic assumptions
The EEV basis results for the Group's covered business have been determined using economic assumptions where both the long-term expected rates of return on investments and risk discount rates are set by reference to risk-free rates of return at the end of the reporting period. The risk-free rates of return are largely based on local government bond yields, which are generally assumed to remain constant throughout the projection, and are shown below for each of the Group's insurance operations. Expected returns on equity and property asset classes and corporate bonds are derived by adding a risk premium to the risk-free rate based on the Group's long-term view. Both the risk discount rate and expected rates of return are updated at each valuation date to reflect current market risk-free rates, with the effect that changes in the risk-free rates impact all projected future cash flows.
 
As described in note 12(i)(h), risk discount rates are set equal to the risk-free rate at the valuation date plus allowances for market risk, additional credit risk and non-diversifiable non-market risks appropriate to the features and risks of the underlying products and markets. Risks that are explicitly allowed for elsewhere in the EEV basis, such as via the cost of capital and the time value of the cost of options and guarantees, are not included in the risk discount rates.
 
Given the linkage to current risk-free rates, which are at historically low levels, risk discount rates at 30 June 2020 are generally lower than has historically been the case. Under our EEV methodology there is a corresponding reduction in assumed future investment returns, which will also be lower than historical norms, countering the impact of the lower risk discount rates.
 
 
(a)   Asianotes (2)(3)
 
 
Risk discount rate %
 
New business
 
In-force business
 
2020
 
2019
 
2020
 
2019
 
30 Jun
 
30 Jun
31 Dec
 
30 Jun
 
30 Jun
31 Dec
China JV
7.9
 
8.0
8.2
 
7.9
 
8.0
8.2
Hong Kongnotes (2)(4)
1.8
 
3.8
3.7
 
2.7
 
3.8
3.7
Indonesia
10.6
 
11.8
10.8
 
10.6
 
11.8
10.8
Malaysianote (4)
5.5
 
6.2
5.8
 
5.6
 
6.2
5.9
Philippines
10.7
 
12.5
12.3
 
10.7
 
12.5
12.3
Singaporenote (4)
2.5
 
3.5
3.3
 
3.0
 
4.3
3.9
Taiwan
2.8
 
4.3
3.4
 
2.4
 
4.2
3.0
Thailand
9.1
 
9.6
9.2
 
9.1
 
9.6
9.2
Vietnam
4.7
 
9.1
5.3
 
5.0
 
9.0
5.5
Total weighted averagenote (1)
4.4
 
5.0
4.9
 
4.1
 
5.2
4.9
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10-year government bond yield %
 
Expected long-term inflation %
 
2020
 
2019
 
2020
 
2019
 
30 Jun
 
30 Jun
31 Dec
 
30 Jun
 
30 Jun
31 Dec
China JV
2.9
 
3.3
3.2
 
3.0
 
3.0
3.0
Hong Kongnotes (2)(4)
0.7
 
2.0
1.9
 
2.5
 
2.5
2.5
Indonesia
7.8
 
7.5
7.2
 
4.5
 
4.5
4.5
Malaysianote (4)
3.0
 
3.7
3.3
 
2.5
 
2.5
2.5
Philippines
2.9
 
5.0
4.6
 
4.0
 
4.0
4.0
Singaporenote (4)
1.0
 
2.0
1.7
 
2.0
 
2.0
2.0
Taiwan
0.5
 
0.7
0.7
 
1.5
 
1.5
1.5
Thailand
1.4
 
2.1
1.5
 
3.0
 
3.0
3.0
Vietnam
3.0
 
4.7
3.4
 
5.5
 
5.5
5.5
 
Notes
(1)   Total weighted average risk discount rates for Asia shown above have been determined by weighting each business's risk discount rates by reference to the EEV basis new business profit and the net closing value of in-force business. The changes in the risk discount rates for individual Asia businesses reflect the movements in the local government bond yields, changes in the allowance for risk and changes in product mix.
(2)   For Hong Kong, the assumptions shown are for US dollar denominated business. For other businesses, the assumptions shown are for local currency denominated business.
(3)   Equity risk premiums (geometric) in Asia range from 2.9 per cent to 4.8 per cent (30 June 2019: 2.6 per cent to 4.5 per cent; 31 December 2019: 2.9 per cent to 4.8 per cent).
(4)   The geometric equity return assumptions for the most significant equity holdings of the Asia businesses are:
 
 
 
2020 %
 
2019 %
 
 
30 Jun
 
30 Jun
31 Dec
 
Hong Kong (US dollar denominated business)
3.6
 
4.6
4.8
 
Malaysia
7.0
 
7.4
7.3
 
Singapore
5.0
 
5.8
5.7
 
(b)   US
 
 
 
 
2020 %
 
2019 %
 
 
 
30 Jun
 
30 Jun
31 Dec
Risk discount rate:
 
 
 
 
 
Variable annuity:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Risk discount rate
5.3
 
6.4
6.5
 
 
Additional allowance for credit risk included in risk discount ratenote 12(i)(h)
0.3
 
0.2
0.2
 
Non-variable annuity:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Risk discount rate
2.9
 
3.7
3.7
 
 
Additional allowance for credit risk included in risk discount ratenote 12(i)(h)
1.5
 
1.0
1.0
 
Total weighted average:
 
 
 
 
 
 
New business
4.8
 
6.1
6.1
 
 
In-force business
4.9
 
6.1
6.2
Allowance for long-term defaults included in projected spreadnote 12(i)(h)
0.19
 
0.17
0.17
US 10-year treasury bond yield
0.7
 
2.0
1.9
Equity risk premium (geometric)
2.9
 
2.6
2.9
Pre-tax expected long-term nominal rate of return for US equities (geometric)
3.6
 
4.6
4.8
Expected long-term rate of inflation
2.7
 
2.8
2.9
S&P 500 equity return volatilitynote (ii)(b)
17.5
 
17.5
17.5
 
Note
Assumed new business spread margins are as follows:
 
 
2020 %
 
2019 %
 
Jan to Jun issues
 
Jan to Jun issues
Jul to Dec issues
Fixed annuity business*
0.85
 
1.50
0.85
Fixed indexed annuity business†
0.50
 
0.50
0.50
Institutional business
1.00
 
0.50
0.50
* Including the proportion of variable annuity business invested in the general account. The assumed spread margin grades up linearly by 25 basis points to a long-term assumption over five years.
†  The assumed spread margin grades up linearly by 25 basis points over five years, increasing by a further 125 basis points to a long-term assumption at the end of the index option period (2019 issues: grades up linearly by 100 basis points over five years, increasing by a further 50 basis points to a long-term assumption at the end of the index option period).
 
(ii)   Stochastic assumptions
Details are given below of the key characteristics of the models used to determine the time value of financial options and guarantees as referred to in note 12(i)(d).
 
(a)   Asia
-      The stochastic cost of guarantees is primarily of significance for the Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and Vietnam businesses;
-      The principal asset classes are government bonds, corporate bonds and equity;
-      Interest rates are projected using a stochastic interest rate model calibrated to the current market yields;
-      Equity returns are assumed to follow a log-normal distribution;
-      The corporate bond return is calculated based on a risk-free return plus a mean-reverting spread;
-      The volatility of equity returns ranges from 18 per cent to 35 per cent for all periods; and
-      The volatility of government bond yields ranges from 1.1 per cent to 2.0 per cent for all periods.
 
(b)   US (Jackson)
-      Interest rates and equity returns are projected using a log-normal generator reflecting historical market data;
-      Corporate bond returns are based on treasury yields plus a spread that reflects current market conditions;
-      The volatility of equity returns ranges from 17 per cent to 26 per cent for all periods; and
-      The standard deviation of interest rates ranges from 2.7 per cent to 2.9 per cent (30 June 2019: 3.3 per cent to 3.5 per cent; 31 December 2019: from 3.1 per cent to 3.3 per cent).
 
(iii)  Operating assumptions
Best estimate assumptions are used for projecting future cash flows, where best estimate is defined as the mean of the distribution of future possible outcomes. The assumptions are reviewed actively and changes are made when evidence exists that material changes in future experience are reasonably certain.
 
Assumptions required in the calculation of the time value of financial options and guarantees, for example relating to volatilities and correlations, or dynamic algorithms linking liabilities to assets, have been set equal to the best estimates and, wherever material and practical, reflect any dynamic relationships between the assumptions and the stochastic variables.
 
Demographic assumptions
Persistency, mortality and morbidity assumptions are based on an analysis of recent experience, and reflect expected future experience. Where relevant, when calculating the time value of financial options and guarantees, policyholder withdrawal rates vary in line with the emerging investment conditions according to management's expectations. When projecting future cash flows for medical reimbursement business that is repriced annually, explicit allowance is made for expected future premium inflation and separately for future medical claims inflation.
 
Expense assumptions
Expense levels, including those of the service companies that support the Group's long-term business, are based on internal expense analysis and are appropriately allocated to acquisition of new business and renewal of in-force business. For mature business, it is Prudential's policy not to take credit for future cost reduction programmes until the actions to achieve the savings have been delivered. An allowance is made for short-term required expenses that are not representative of the longer-term expense loadings of the relevant businesses. At 30 June 2020 the allowance held for these costs across the Group was $222 million, arising in Asia. Expense overruns are reported where these are expected to be short-lived, including businesses that are growing rapidly or are sub-scale.
 
For Asia, expenses comprise costs borne directly and costs recharged from the Group head office function in Hong Kong that are attributable to the covered business. The assumed future expenses for these businesses also include projections of these future recharges. Development expenses are allocated to Asia covered business and are charged as incurred.
 
Corporate expenditure, which is included in other income and expenditure, comprises expenditure of the Group head office function in Hong Kong that is not allocated to the covered business or asset management, primarily for corporate related activities that are charged as incurred, and expenditure of the Group head office function in London, together with restructuring and IFRS 17 implementation costs incurred across the Group.
 
Tax rates
The assumed long-term effective tax rates for operations reflect the expected incidence of taxable profit and loss in the projected future cash flows as explained in note 12(i)(j). Except for a reduction in the Indonesia corporate tax rate from 25 per cent to 22 per cent for 2020 and 2021, with a further reduction to 20 per cent from 2022, there has been no material change in the effective tax rates applied for projecting future cash flows.
 
14         Insurance new businessnote (a)
 
 
 
Single premiums
 
Regular premiums
 
Annual premium equivalents (APE)
 
 Present value of new business premiums (PVNBP)
 
 
2020 $m
 
2019 $m
 
2020 $m
 
2019 $m
 
2020 $m
 
2019 $m
 
2020 $m
 
2019 $m
 
 
Half
year
 
Half
year
Full
year
 
Half
year
 
Half
year
Full
year
 
Half
year
 
Half
year
Full
year
 
Half
year
 
Half
year
Full
year
Asia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cambodia
-
 
-
-
 
4
 
14
24
 
4
 
15
24
 
20
 
66
111
China JVnote (b)
592
 
468
710
 
260
 
303
518
 
319
 
350
590
 
1,479
 
1,534
2,586
Hong Kong
78
 
213
387
 
380
 
1,052
1,977
 
388
 
1,075
2,016
 
2,671
 
6,701
12,815
Indianote (c)
102
 
78
155
 
73
 
129
245
 
83
 
137
260
 
298
 
618
1,179
Indonesia
112
 
121
292
 
112
 
144
361
 
123
 
156
390
 
494
 
666
1,668
Malaysia
45
 
90
209
 
118
 
149
333
 
123
 
158
355
 
688
 
881
2,090
Philippines
15
 
14
51
 
54
 
70
153
 
56
 
71
158
 
205
 
239
561
Singapore
420
 
500
1,217
 
187
 
249
539
 
229
 
299
660
 
1,695
 
2,100
4,711
Taiwan
112
 
253
544
 
144
 
125
278
 
155
 
149
332
 
623
 
625
1,418
Thailand
65
 
95
192
 
84
 
53
140
 
90
 
62
159
 
389
 
318
763
Vietnam
9
 
13
22
 
94
 
87
215
 
95
 
88
217
 
611
 
470
1,342
Total Asia
1,550
 
1,845
3,779
 
1,510
 
2,375
4,783
 
1,665
 
2,560
5,161
 
9,173
 
14,218
29,244
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
US
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Variable annuities
6,417
 
6,283
12,692
 
-
 
-
-
 
643
 
628
1,270
 
6,417
 
6,283
12,692
Elite Access
    (variable annuities)
882
 
961
2,002
 
-
 
-
-
 
88
 
96
200
 
882
 
961
2,002
Fixed annuities
314
 
229
1,194
 
-
 
-
-
 
31
 
23
119
 
314
 
229
1,194
Fixed indexed annuities
892
 
1,201
3,821
 
-
 
-
-
 
89
 
120
382
 
892
 
1,201
3,821
Institutional
1,284
 
2,078
2,522
 
-
 
-
-
 
128
 
208
252
 
1,284
 
2,078
2,522
Total US
9,789
 
10,752
22,231
 
-
 
-
-
 
979
 
1,075
2,223
 
9,789
 
10,752
22,231
Group totalnote (d)
11,339
 
12,597
26,010
 
1,510
 
2,375
4,783
 
2,644
 
3,635
7,384
 
18,962
 
24,970
51,475
 
Notes
(a)   The tables shown above are provided as an indicative volume measure of transactions undertaken in the reporting period that have the potential to generate profit for shareholders. The amounts shown are not, and not intended to be, reflective of premium income recorded in the Group IFRS income statement. 
(b)   New business in China JV is included at Prudential's 50 per cent interest in the joint venture.
(c)   New business in India is included at Prudential's 22 per cent interest in the associate.
(d)   In half year 2020, the Africa business sold new business APE of $54 million (half year 2019: $38 million on an actual exchange rate basis, $34 million on a constant exchange rate basis; full year 2019: $82 million on an actual exchange rate basis, $75 million on a constant exchange rate basis). Given the relative immaturity of the Africa business, it is incorporated into the Group's EEV basis results on an IFRS basis and is excluded from new business sales and profit metrics.
 
15         Post balance sheet event
 
Completion of the equity investment by Athene into US business
On 17 July 2020, the Group completed the equity investment by Athene into the US business, which was announced in June 2020. Under the transaction, Athene Life Re Ltd invested $500 million in Prudential's US business in return for an 11.1 per cent economic interest, for which the voting interest is 9.9 per cent. If the transaction had completed at 30 June 2020, the effect on EEV shareholders' equity would have been a reduction of around $1.1 billion. There would have been no impact on profit for the period. Further details are included in note D1 of the IFRS basis results.
 
Additional EEV financial information*
 
A    New business schedules
 
Basis of preparation
 
The format of the schedules is consistent with the distinction between insurance and investment products as applied for previous reporting periods. With the exception of some US institutional business, products categorised as 'insurance' refer to those classified as contracts of long-term insurance business for local regulatory reporting purposes.
 
The details shown for insurance products include contributions for contracts that are classified under IFRS 4, 'Insurance Contracts', as not containing significant insurance risk. These products are described as investment contracts or other financial instruments under IFRS. Contracts included in this category are primarily Guaranteed Investment Contracts and similar funding agreements written in Jackson and certain unit-linked and similar contracts written in Asia insurance operations.
 
New business premiums reflect those premiums attaching to covered business, including premiums for contracts designed as investment products for IFRS reporting and for regular premium products are shown on an annualised basis.
 
Investment products referred to in the tables for funds under management are unit trusts, mutual funds and similar types of retail fund management arrangements. These are unrelated to insurance products that are classified as investment contracts under IFRS 4, as described in the preceding paragraph, although similar IFRS recognition and measurement principles apply to the acquisition costs and fees attaching to this type of business.
 
Post-tax new business profit has been determined using the European Embedded Value (EEV) methodology set out in our EEV basis results supplement.
 
In determining the EEV basis value of new business written in the period when policies incept, premiums are included in projected cash flows on the same basis of distinguishing annual and single premium business as set out for local statutory basis reporting.
 
Annual premium equivalent (APE) sales are subject to rounding.
 
*    The additional financial information is not covered by the KPMG LLP independent review opinion.
 
Notes to Schedules A(i) to A(iv)
 
(1)   Prudential plc reports its results using both actual exchange rates (AER) and constant exchange rates (CER) to eliminate the impact of exchange translation. The rates below are for US dollars against local currency.
 
 
 
Average rate
 
Closing rate
 
$ : local currency
Half year 2020
Half year 2019
% appreciation
(depreciation) of USD
against local currency
 
30 Jun
2020
30 Jun
2019
% appreciation
(depreciation) of USD
against local currency
 
China
7.03
6.78
4%
 
7.07
6.87
3%
 
Hong Kong
7.76
7.84
(1)%
 
7.75
7.81
(1)%
 
Indonesia
14,574.24
14,192.79
3%
 
14,285.00
14,127.50
1%
 
Malaysia
4.25
4.12
3%
 
4.29
4.13
4%
 
Singapore
1.40
1.36
3%
 
1.4
1.35
4%
 
Thailand
31.62
31.61
0%
 
30.87
30.69
1%
 
UK
0.79
0.77
3%
 
0.81
0.79
2%
 
Vietnam
23,303.21
23,253.04
0%
 
23,206.00
23,305.00
0%
 
 
 
Average rate
 
Closing rate
 
$ : local currency
Half year 2020
Full year 2019
% appreciation (depreciation) of USD against local currency
 
30 Jun
2020
31 Dec
2019
% appreciation (depreciation) of USD against local currency
 
China
7.03
6.91
2%
 
7.07
6.97
1%
 
Hong Kong
7.76
7.84
(1)%
 
7.75
7.79
(1)%
 
Indonesia
14,574.24
14,140.84
3%
 
14,285.00
13,882.50
3%
 
Malaysia
4.25
4.14
3%
 
4.29
4.09
5%
 
Singapore
1.40
1.36
3%
 
1.4
1.34
4%
 
Thailand
31.62
31.05
2%
 
30.87
29.75
4%
 
UK
0.79
0.78
1%
 
0.81
0.75
7%
 
Vietnam
23,303.21
23,227.64
0%
 
23,206.00
23,172.50
0%
 
(2)   Annual premium equivalents (APE) are calculated as the aggregate of regular premiums on business written in the period and one-tenth of single premiums. Present value of new business premiums (PVNBP) are calculated as the aggregate of single premiums and the present value of expected future premiums from regular premium new business, allowing for lapses and the other assumptions applied in determining the EEV new business profit.
(3)   New business in China JV is included at Prudential's 50 per cent interest in the joint venture.
(4)   New business in India is included at Prudential's 22 per cent interest in the associate.
(5)   Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) product flows in Hong Kong are included at Prudential's 36 per cent interest in the Hong Kong MPF business.
(6)   Investment flows for the period exclude Eastspring Money Market Funds (MMF) gross inflow of $48,234 million (half year 2019: gross inflow of $133,709 million; full year 2019: gross inflow of $236,603 million) and net inflow of $29 million (half year 2019: net outflow of $(1,264) million; full year 2019: net outflow of $(1,856) million). The flows exclude any amounts managed by M&G plc, which was demerged from the Group in October 2019.
(7)   Balance sheet figures have been calculated at the closing exchange rates.
 
Schedule A(i) Insurance operations (actual and constant exchange rates)
 
AER
 
Single premiums
Regular premiums
APEnote (2)
PVNBPnote (2)
 
 
2020
Half
year
2019
Half
year
+/(-)
2020
Half
year
2019
Half
year
+/(-)
2020
Half
year
2019
Half
year
+/(-)
2020
Half
year
2019
Half
year
+/(-)
 
 
$m
$m
%
$m
$m
%
$m
$m
%
$m
$m
%
Asia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cambodia
-
-
-
4
14
(71)%
4
15
(73)%
20
66
(70)%
China JVnote (3)
592
468
26%
260
303
(14)%
319
350
(9)%
1,479
1,534
(4)%
Hong Kong
78
213
(63)%
380
1,052
(64)%
388
1,075
(64)%
2,671
6,701
(60)%
Indianote (4)
102
78
31%
73
129
(43)%
83
137
(39)%
298
618
(52)%
Indonesia
112
121
(7)%
112
144
(22)%
123
156
(21)%
494
666
(26)%
Malaysia
45
90
(50)%
118
149
(21)%
123
158
(22)%
688
881
(22)%
Philippines
15
14
7%
54
70
(23)%
56
71
(21)%
205
239
(14)%
Singapore
420
500
(16)%
187
249
(25)%
229
299
(23)%
1,695
2,100
(19)%
Taiwan
112
253
(56)%
144
125
15%
155
149
4%
623
625
(0)%
Thailand
65
95
(32)%
84
53
58%
90
62
45%
389
318
22%
Vietnam
9
13
(31)%
94
87
8%
95
88
8%
611
470
30%
Total Asia
1,550
1,845
(16)%
1,510
2,375
(36)%
1,665
2,560
(35)%
9,173
14,218
(35)%
US
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Variable annuities
6,417
6,283
2%
-
-
-
643
628
2%
6,417
6,283
2%
Elite Access (variable
annuity)
882
961
(8)%
-
-
-
88
96
(8)%
882
961
(8)%
Fixed annuities
314
229
37%
-
-
-
31
23
35%
314
229
37%
Fixed indexed annuities
892
1,201
(26)%
-
-
-
89
120
(26)%
892
1,201
(26)%
Wholesale
1,284
2,078
(38)%
-
-
-
128
208
(38)%
1,284
2,078
(38)%
Total US
9,789
10,752
(9)%
-
-
-
979
1,075
(9)%
9,789
10,752
(9)%
Group total
11,339
12,597
(10)%
1,510
2,375
(36)%
2,644
3,635
(27)%
18,962
24,970
(24)%
* In half year 2020, the Africa business operations sold APE new business of $54 million (half year 2019: $38 million on an actual exchange rate basis). Given the relative immaturity of the Africa business, it is incorporated into the Group's EEV basis results on an IFRS basis and is excluded from new business sales and profit metrics.
 
CER
 
Single premiums
Regular premiums
APEnote (2)
PVNBPnote (2)
 
 
2020
Half
year
2019
Half
year
+/(-)
2020
Half
year
2019
Half
year
+/(-)
2020
Half
year
2019
Half
year
+/(-)
2020
Half
year
2019
Half
year
+/(-)
 
 
$m
$m
%
$m
$m
%
$m
$m
%
$m
$m
%
Asia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cambodia
-
-
-
4
14
(71)%
4
14
(71)%
20
66
(70)%
China JVnote (3)
592
449
32%
260
292
(11)%
319
337
(5)%
1,479
1,479
-
Hong Kong
78
215
(64)%
380
1,063
(64)%
388
1,086
(64)%
2,671
6,771
(61)%
Indianote (4)
102
74
38%
73
123
(41)%
83
130
(36)%
298
584
(49)%
Indonesia
112
119
(6)%
112
140
(20)%
123
152
(19)%
494
648
(24)%
Malaysia
45
88
(49)%
118
145
(19)%
123
153
(20)%
688
854
(19)%
Philippines
15
15
-
54
71
(24)%
56
73
(23)%
205
246
(17)%
Singapore
420
485
(13)%
187
241
(22)%
229
290
(21)%
1,695
2,041
(17)%
Taiwan
112
262
(57)%
144
129
12%
155
155
-
623
645
(3)%
Thailand
65
96
(32)%
84
53
58%
90
62
45%
389
318
22%
Vietnam
9
12
(25)%
94
87
8%
95
88
8%
611
469
30%
Total Asia
1,550
1,815
(15)%
1,510
2,358
(36)%
1,665
2,540
(34)%
9,173
14,121
(35)%
US
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Variable annuities
6,417
6,283
2%
-
-
-
643
628
2%
6,417
6,283
2%
Elite Access (variable
annuity)
882
961
(8)%
-
-
-
88
96
(8)%
882
961
(8)%
Fixed annuities
314
229
37%
-
-
-
31
23
35%
314
229
37%
Fixed indexed annuities
892
1,201
(26)%
-
-
-
89
120
(26)%
892
1,201
(26)%
Wholesale
1,284
2,078
(38)%
-
-
-
128
208
(38)%
1,284
2,078
(38)%
Total US
9,789
10,752
(9)%
-
-
-
979
1,075
(9)%
9,789
10,752
(9)%
Group total
11,339
12,567
(10)%
1,510
2,358
(36)%
2,644
3,615
(27)%
18,962
24,873
(24)%
* In half year 2020, the Africa business operations sold APE new business of $54 million (half year 2019: $34 million on a constant exchange rate basis). Given the relative immaturity of the Africa business, it is incorporated into the Group's EEV basis results on an IFRS basis and is excluded from new business sales and profit metrics.
 
Schedule A(ii) Insurance new business APE (actual and constant exchange rates)
 
 
 
2019 $m
2020 $m
 
 
AER
CER
AER
 
 
H1
H2
H1
H2
H1
Asia
 
 
 
 
 
Cambodia
15
9
14
10
4
China JVnote (3)
350
240
337
242
319
Hong Kong
1,075
941
1,086
950
388
Indianote (4)
137
123
130
117
83
Indonesia
156
234
152
226
123
Malaysia
158
197
153
192
123
Philippines
71
87
73
89
56
Singapore
299
361
290
355
229
Taiwan
149
183
155
187
155
Thailand
62
97
62
94
90
Vietnam
88
129
88
128
95
Total Asia
2,560
2,601
2,540
2,590
1,665
US
 
 
 
 
 
Variable annuities
628
642
628
642
643
Elite Access (variable
annuity)
96
104
96
104
88
Fixed annuities
23
96
23
96
31
Fixed indexed annuities
120
262
120
262
89
Wholesale
208
44
208
44
128
Total US
1,075
1,148
1,075
1,148
979
Group total
3,635
3,749
3,615
3,738
2,644
 
Note
Comparative results for the first half (H1) and second half (H2) of 2019 are presented on both actual exchange rates (AER) and constant exchange rates (CER). The H2 amounts are presented on year-to-date average exchange rates (including the effect of retranslating H1 results for movements in average exchange rates between H1 and the year to date).
 
Schedule A(iii) Insurance new business profit (actual and constant exchange rates)
 
 
2019
2020
 
AER
CER
AER
 
HY
FY
HY
FY
HY
New business profit ($m)
 
 
 
 
 
Asia
1,675
3,522
1,673
3,515
912
US
450
883
450
883
248
Group total
2,125
4,405
2,123
4,398
1,160
 
 
 
 
 
 
APE ($m)note (2)
 
 
 
 
 
Asia
2,560
5,161
2,540
5,130
1,665
US
1,075
2,223
1,075
2,223
979
Group total
3,635
7,384
3,615
7,353
2,644
 
 
 
 
 
 
New business margin (NBP as a % of APE)
 
 
 
 
 
Asia
65%
68%
66%
69%
55%
US
42%
40%
42%
40%
25%
Group total
58%
60%
59%
60%
44%
 
 
 
 
 
 
PVNBP ($m)note (2)
 
 
 
 
 
Asia
14,218
29,244
14,121
29,081
9,173
US
10,752
22,231
10,752
22,231
9,789
Group total
24,970
51,475
24,873
51,312
18,962
 
 
 
 
 
 
New business margin (NBP as a % of PVNBP)
 
 
 
 
 
Asia
11.8%
12.0%
11.8%
12.1%
9.9%
US
4.2%
4.0%
4.2%
4.0%
2.5%
Group total
8.5%
8.6%
8.5%
8.6%
6.1%
 
Schedule A(iv) Investment operations (actual exchange rates)
 
 
 
2019 $m
 
 
2020 $m
 
Eastspring investment operations (excluding those managed on behalf of M&G plc):
 
H1
H2
 
 
H1
 
Third-party retail:note (5)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Opening FUM
 
55,198
62,441
 
 
73,644
 
Net Flows:note (6)
 
2,682
3,313
 
 
(8,026)
 
- Gross Inflows
 
19,628
23,005
 
 
19,983
 
- Redemptions
 
(16,946)
(19,692)
 
 
(28,009)
 
Other Movements*
 
4,561
7,890
 
 
(6,272)
 
Closing FUMnote (7)
 
62,441
73,644
 
 
59,346
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Third-party institutional:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Opening FUM
 
7,788
9,431
 
 
11,024
 
Net Flows:
 
1,274
1,071
 
 
(336)
 
- Gross Inflows
 
1,661
1,802
 
 
1,621
 
- Redemptions
 
(387)
(731)
 
 
(1,957)
 
Other Movements
 
369
522
 
 
(731)
 
Closing FUMnote (7)
 
9,431
11,024
 
 
9,957
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total third-party (excluding MMF)
 
71,872
84,668
 
 
69,303
 
* Other movements in H2 2019 included an inflow of $7.0 billion funds under management (excluding MMF) from the acquisition of Thanachart Fund Management Co., Ltd. ('TFUND') in Thailand.
 
B    Calculation of return on embedded value
 
Operating return on embedded value is calculated as the annualised post-tax EEV operating profit for the period as a percentage of average EEV basis shareholders' equity.
 
 
Half year 2020*
 
Asia
US
 
Other
Group
EEV basis operating profit for the period from continuing operations, net of tax ($ million)
2,036
696
 
(517)
2,215
Average EEV basis shareholders' equity ($ million)
38,244
14,943
 
(1,360)
51,827
Operating return on average shareholders' equity (%)
11%
9%
 
n/a
9%
* Half year profits are annualised by multiplying by two.
 
 
Half year 2019*†
Full year 2019†
 
Asia
US
Asia
US
EEV basis operating profit for the period from continuing operations, net of tax ($ million)
2,868
1,040
6,138
1,782
Average EEV basis shareholders' equity ($ million)
33,758
19,141
35,622
17,526
Operating return on average shareholders' equity (%)
17%
11%
17%
10%
* Half year profits are annualised by multiplying by two.
†   Given the significant changes in Group shareholders' equity as a result of the demerger of the UK and Europe operations in October 2019, the 2019 comparatives excluded the presentation of a Group return on shareholders' funds. Additionally, the half year and full year 2019 comparatives for Asia and US operations have been re-presented from those previously published to reflect the use of average rather than opening or closing shareholders' equity to be on a comparable basis with the half year 2020 calculation.
 
New business profit over embedded value is calculated as the annualised post-tax EEV new business profit for the period as a percentage of average EEV basis shareholders' equity.
 
 
Half year 2020*
 
Half year 2019*†
 
Full year 2019†
 
Asia
US
 
Asia
US
 
Asia
US
New business profit ($ million)
912
248
 
1,675
450
 
3,522
883
Average EEV basis shareholders' equity ($ million)
38,244
14,943
 
33,758
19,141
 
35,622
17,526
New business profit over embedded value (%)
5%
3%
 
10%
5%
 
10%
5%
* Half year new business profits are annualised by multiplying by two.
†  The half year and full year 2019 comparatives for Asia and US operations have been re-presented from those previously published to reflect the use of average rather than opening or closing shareholders' equity to be on a comparable basis with the half year 2020 calculation.
 
 
Average EEV basis shareholders' equity has been based on opening and closing balances as follows:
 
 
Half year 2020 $m
 
Half year 2019 $m
 
Full year 2019 $m
 
Asia
US
Other
Group
 
Asia
US
 
Asia
US
Balance at beginning of period
39,235
16,342
(866)
54,711
 
32,008
18,709
 
32,008
18,709
Balance at end of period
37,252
13,543
(1,853)
48,942
 
35,507
19,573
 
39,235
16,342
Average EEV basis shareholders' equity
38,244
14,943
(1,360)
51,827
 
33,758
19,141
 
35,622
17,526
 
C    Calculation of EEV shareholders' funds per share
 
EEV shareholders' funds per share is calculated as closing EEV shareholders' equity divided by the number of issued shares at 30 June 2020 of 2,609 million (30 June 2019: 2,600 million; 31 December 2019: 2,601 million). EEV shareholders' funds per share excluding goodwill attributable to shareholders is calculated in the same manner, except goodwill attributable to shareholders is deducted from closing EEV shareholders' equity.
 
 
30 Jun 2020
 
Asia
US
Other
Group
total
Closing EEV shareholders' equity ($ million)
37,252
13,543
(1,853)
48,942
Less: Goodwill attributable to shareholders ($ million)
(774)
-
(26)
(800)
Closing EEV shareholders' equity excluding goodwill attributable to shareholders ($ million)
36,478
13,543
(1,879)
48,142
Shareholders' funds per share (in cents)
1,428¢
519¢
(71)¢
1,876¢
Shareholders' funds per share excluding goodwill attributable to shareholders (in cents)
1,398¢
519¢
(72)¢
1,845¢
 
 
 
 
 
 
30 Jun 2019
 
Asia
US
Other
Group
total
Closing EEV shareholders' equity ($ million)
35,507
19,573
(4,608)
50,472
Less: Goodwill attributable to shareholders ($ million)
(649)
-
-
(649)
Closing EEV shareholders' equity excluding goodwill attributable to shareholders ($ million)
34,858
19,573
(4,608)
49,823
Shareholders' funds per share (in cents)
1,366¢
753¢
(177)¢
1,941¢
Shareholders' funds per share excluding goodwill attributable to shareholders (in cents)
1,341¢
753¢
(177)¢
1,916¢
 
 
 
 
 
 
31 Dec 2019
 
Asia
US
Other
Group
total
Closing EEV shareholders' equity ($ million)
39,235
16,342
(866)
54,711
Less: Goodwill attributable to shareholders ($ million)
(796)
-
(26)
(822)
Closing EEV shareholders' equity excluding goodwill attributable to shareholders ($ million)
38,439
16,342
(892)
53,889
Shareholders' funds per share (in cents)
1,508¢
628¢
(33)¢
2,103¢
Shareholders' funds per share excluding goodwill attributable to shareholders (in cents)
1,478¢
628¢
(34)¢
2,072¢
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SIGNATURES
 
 
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 
 
 
 
 
Date: 11 August 2020
 
 
 
PRUDENTIAL PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY
 
 
 
By: /s/ Mark FitzPatrick
 
 
 
Mark FitzPatrick
 
Group Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Office