CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS

For the year ended 31 December 2018

	Note	2018	2017
		€	€
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Loss before tax and non-controlling interests-continued operations		(1.733.548)	(36.934.371)
Loss before tax and non-controlling interests-discontinued operations	9b	(1.309.332)	(1.001.740)
Loss before tax and non-controlling interests		(3.042.880)	(37.936.111)
Adjustments for:
(Gains) on revaluation of investment property	13	1.218.297	(326.961)
Net loss/(gain) on disposal of investment property	14b	893.406	(4.366)
Other non-cash movements		113	411
Write offs of prepayments	16	-	44.040
Impairment charge on receivables	16	415.289	-
Accounts payable written off	16	(85)	(21.860)
Depreciation/ Amortization charge	12	27.384	44.128
Interest income	17	(696.162)	(13.376)
Interest expense	17	1.836.590	1.929.583
Share of losses/(profit) from associates	22	(364.920)	(390.217)
Gain on acquisition of subsidiaries	21a	-	(23.921)
Reversal of provision	15	-	(150.000)
Gain on disposal of subsidiaries	21b	-	(1.483.737)
Effect of foreign exchange differences	18a	81.623	2.030.561
Forex transfer on disposal of foreign operation	18b	-	37.349.385
Cash flows from/(used in) operations before working capital changes		368.655	1.047.559
Change in inventory	26	208.506	215.706
Change in prepayments and other current assets	27	15.564	(497.198)
Change in trade and other payables	34	708.591	(585.447)
Change in VAT and other taxes receivable	27	240.255	103.009
Change in provisions	36	14.998	408.331
Change in other taxes payables	36	(543.861)	(423.658)
Increase in deposits from tenants	35	55.345	(108.196)
Cash generated from operations		1.068.053	160.106
Income tax paid		(368.156)	(152.416)
Net cash flows provided in operating activities		699.897	7.690
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Sales proceeds from disposal of investment property	14b	8.016.573	363.985
Dividend received from associates	22	143.263	231.363
Interest received		405	1.543
Increase in long term receivables		45.667	(65.606)
Cash inflow on disposal of subsidiaries	21b	-	2.844.494
Loan granted for property acquisition	27	(350.000)	(3.345.000)
Net cash flows from / (used in) investing activities		7.855.908	30.779
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from issue of share capital	29	-	135.748
Bonds issue	33	-	1.033.842
Proceeds from bank and non-bank loans	32	1.044.408	1.455.336
Repayment of bank and non-bank loans	32	(7.558.655)	(1.437.587)
Interest and financial charges paid		(1.528.913)	(1.774.925)
Decrease in financial lease liabilities	37	(356.231)	(320.766)
Net cash flows from / (used in) financing activities		(8.399.391)	(908.352)
Net increase/(decrease) in cash at banks		156.414	(869.883)
Cash:
At beginning of the year		831.124	1.701.007
At end of the year	28	987.538	831.124

 

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the year ended 31 December 2018

 

1. General Information

 

Country of incorporation

 

SECURE PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT & INVESTMENT PLC (the ''Company'') was incorporated in Cyprus on 23 June 2005 and is a public limited liability company, listed on the London Stock Exchange (AIM): ISIN CY0102102213. Its registered office is at Kyriakou Matsi 16, Eagle House, 10th floor, Agioi Omologites, 1082 Nicosia, Cyprus while its principal place of business is in Cyprus at 11 Bouboulinas Avenue, 4th floor, office No. 48, 1060 Nicosia, Cyprus.

 

Principal activities

 

The principal activities of the Group are to invest directly or indirectly in and/or manage real estate properties, as well as real estate development projects in South East Europe (the "Region"). These include the acquisition, development, commercializing, operating and selling of property assets in the Region.

 

The Group maintains offices in Nicosia, Cyprus, in Kiev, Ukraine, in Bucharest, Romania and in Athens, Greece.

 

As at 31 December 2018, the companies of the Group employed and/or used the services of 15 full time equivalent people, (2017 à 19 full time equivalent people).

 

2. Basis of preparation

 

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) as adopted by the European Union (EU) and the requirements of the Cyprus Companies Law, Cap.113. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost as modified by the revaluation of investment property and investment property under construction.

 

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRSs requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates and requires Management to exercise its judgment in the process of applying the Company's accounting policies. It also requires the use of assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Although these estimates are based on Management's best knowledge of current events and actions, actual results may ultimately differ from those estimates.

Following certain conditional agreement signed in December 2018 with Arcona Property Fund N.V for the sale of Company's non-Greek portfolio of assets, as well as plans and discussions regarding the Greek asset, the Company has classified its assets in 2018 as discontinued operations (Note 4.3) and has restated accordingly 2017 figures for comparative purposes.

Going concern basis

 

The financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis which assumes the Company will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business for the foreseeable future.

 

In particular, the Company is in a process of disposing of its non-Greek portfolio of assets in an all share transaction with Arcona Property Fund N.V., meaning that as soon as this transaction consummates the Company will be left with its Greek asset, as well as its corporate receivables and liabilities.

 

These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern within the next twelve months from the date these financial statements are available to be issued. The ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon positive future cash flows.

 

Management believes that the Company will be able to finance its needs given the fact that the Greek asset may contribute considerable free cash flow in case it is sold. In such case, when coupled with the additional corporate receivables, then all corporate liabilities can be effectively discharged. At the same time, the transaction with Arcona Property Fund N.V., which is a cash flow generating entity, will result in the Company being for at least the initial period a ~45% shareholder, entitled to dividends according to the dividend policy of Arcona Property Fund N.V.

 

3. Adoption of new and revised Standards and Interpretations

 

During the current year, the Company adopted all the new and revised International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) that are relevant to its operations and are effective for accounting periods beginning on 1 January 2018. This adoption had a material effect on the accounting policies of the Company as follows:

•              IFRS 9 ''Financial Instruments''

 

As explained below, in accordance with the transition provisions of IFRS 9 and IFRS 15, the Company has elected the simplified approach for adoption of the standards. Accordingly, IFRS 9 and IFRS 15 were adopted without restating the comparative information. The comparative information is prepared in accordance with IAS 39, IAS 18 and IAS 11, and the impact of adoption has been recognised in the opening accumulated losses reserve.

 

 

3. Adoption of new and revised Standards and Interpretations (continued)

 

The following table summarizes the impact of adoption of the new standard on each individual line item of the statement of financial position. Line items that were not affected by the changes have not been included. As a result, the sub totals and totals disclosed cannot be recalculated from the numbers provided. The adjustments are explained in more detail by standard below.

 

a.        Impact on the statement of financial position

	Balance at 31 December 2017 as previously presented	Re-classifications	31 December 2017 under IAS 18 and IAS 39	Effect of adoption of IFRS 15	Effect of adoption of IFRS 9	1 January 2018 under IFRS 15 and IFRS
	€	€	€	€	€	€
Trade and other Receivables	715.406	-	-	-	(15.009)	700.397
Loan Receivables	4.618.476	-	-	-	(316.926)	4.301.550
Cash and cash equivalents	831.124	-	-	-	(7.560)	823.564
Accumulated Losses	96.888.569	-	-	-	339.495	97.228.064

 

The Company has voluntarily changed the presentation of certain amounts in the comparative statement of financial position as disclosed in the table above to reflect the terminology of IFRS 15 and IFRS 9.

 

(i) IFRS 9 ''Financial instruments''

 

IFRS 9 ''Financial instruments'' replaces the provisions of IAS 39 that relate to recognition and derecognition of financial instruments and classification and measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities. IFRS 9 further introduces new principles for hedge accounting and a new forward looking impairment model for financial assets.

 

The new standard requires debt financial assets to be classified into two measurement categories: those to be measured subsequently at fair value (either through other comprehensive income (FVOCI) or through profit or loss (either FVTPL or FVPL) and those to be measured at amortized cost). The determination is made at initial recognition. For debt financial assets the classification depends on the entity's business model for managing its financial instruments and the contractual cash flows characteristics of the instruments. For equity financial assets it depends on the entity's intentions and designation.

 

In particular, assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows where those cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest are measured at amortised cost. Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows and for selling the financial assets, where the assets' cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest, are measured at fair value through other comprehensive income. Lastly, assets that do not meet the criteria for amortised cost or fair value through other comprehensive income are measured at fair value through profit or loss.

 

For investments in equity instruments that are not held for trading, the classification depends on whether the entity has made an irrevocable election at the time of initial recognition to account for the equity investment at fair value through other comprehensive income. If no such election has been made or the investments in equity instruments are held for trading, they are required to be classified at fair value through profit or loss.

 

IFRS 9 also introduces a single impairment model applicable for debt instruments at amortised cost and fair value through other comprehensive income and removes the need for a triggering event to be necessary for recognition of impairment losses. The new impairment model under IFRS 9 requires the recognition of allowances for doubtful debts based on expected credit losses (ECL), rather than incurred credit losses as under IAS 39. The standard further introduces a simplified approach for calculating impairment on trade receivables, as well as for calculating impairment on contract assets and lease receivables; which also fall within the scope of the impairment requirements of IFRS 9.

 

For financial liabilities, the standard retains most of the requirements of IAS 39. The main change is that, in case where the fair value option is taken for financial liabilities, the part of a fair value change due to the entity's own credit risk is recorded in other comprehensive income rather than in profit or loss, unless this creates an accounting mismatch.

 

With the introduction of IFRS 9 ''Financial Instruments'', the IASB confirmed that gains or losses that result from modification of financial liabilities that do not result in derecognition shall be recognized in profit or loss.

 

IFRS 9 relaxes the requirements for hedge effectiveness by replacing the bright line hedge effectiveness tests. It requires an economic relationship between the hedged item and hedging instrument and for the ''hedge ratio'' to be the same as the one management actually use for risk management purposes. Contemporaneous documentation is still required but is different to that previously prepared under IAS 39.

 

The Company has adopted IFRS 9 with a date of transition of 1 January 2018, which resulted in changes in accounting policies for recognition, classification and measurement of financial assets and liabilities and impairment of financial assets.

 

 

3. Adoption of new and revised Standards and Interpretations (continued)

 

(i) IFRS 9 ''Financial instruments'' (continued)

 

The Company's new accounting policies following adoption of IFRS 9 at 1 January 2018 are set out in note.

 

Impact of adoption

 

In accordance with the transition provisions in IFRS 9, the Company has elected the simplified transition method for adopting the new standard. Accordingly, the effect of transition to IFRS 9 was recognised as at 1 January 2018 as an adjustment to the opening accumulated losses (or other components of equity, as appropriate). In accordance with the transition method elected by the Company for implementation of IFRS 9 the comparatives have not been restated, but are stated based on the previous policies which comply with IAS 39. Consequently, the revised requirements of IFRS 7 ''Financial Instruments: Disclosures'' have only been applied to the current period. The comparative period disclosures repeat those disclosures made in the prior year.

 

On 1 January 2018 for debt instruments held by the Company, management has assessed which business models apply to the financial assets and whether the contractual cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest (SPPI test). In addition, separate assessment for equity instruments held by the Company was performed, in respect of whether they are held for trading or not. As a result of both assessments, Management has classified its debt and equity instruments into the appropriate IFRS 9 categories.

 

As a result of the adoption of IFRS 9, the Company revised its impairment methodology for each class of assets subject to the new impairment requirements. From 1 January 2018, the Company assesses on a forward looking basis the expected credit losses associated with its debt instruments carried at amortised cost and FVOCI, cash and cash equivalents and bank deposits with original maturity over 3 months and loan commitments and financial guarantees. The impairment methodology applied depends on whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk and whether the debt instruments qualify as low credit risk.

 

The Company has the following types of assets that are subject to IFRS 9's new expected credit loss model: trade receivables, contract assets, financial assets at amortised cost, cash and cash equivalents, bank deposits with original maturity over 3 months, debt financial assets at FVOCI, loans commitments and financial guarantees.

 

The Company has adopted the simplified expected credit loss model for its trade receivables, trade receivables with significant financing component, lease receivables and contract assets, as required by IFRS 9, paragraph 5.5.15, and the general expected credit loss model for financial assets at amortised cost, cash and cash equivalents, bank deposits with original maturity over 3 months, and loan commitments and financial guarantees.

 

The following table reconciles the carrying amounts of financial instruments, from their previous measurement categories in accordance with IAS 39 into their new measurement categories upon transition to IFRS 9 on 1 January 2018:

 

Measurement category		Carrying value per IAS 39 (closing at 31 December 2017)	Effect of IFRS 9				Carrying value per IFRs 9 (opening balance at 1 January 2018)
IAS 39	IFRS9		Re-measurement ECL	Re-measurement Other	Re- classification Mandatory	Re- classification Voluntary
		€	€	€	€	€	€
Trade and other Receivables	Amortised Cost	715.406	(15.009)	-	-	-	700.397
Loans and Receivables	Amortised Cost	4.618.476	(316.926)	-	-	-	4.301.550
Cash and cash equivalents	Amortised Cost	831.124	(7.560)	-	-	-	823.564
Total		6.165.006	(339.495)	-	-	-	5.825.511

 

·              Borrowings:

 

Under IFRS 9, all gains or losses resulting from the modifications of borrowings that did not result in derecognition should be recognised in profit or loss. Previously, under IAS 39, the Company has amortised modification impact via adjusting the effective interest rate. The Company has assessed the above and concluded that there was no impact on the borrowings balances existing on the date of adoption of IFRS 9.

 

•              Other financial instruments:

 

For all other financial assets Management assessed that the Company's business model for managing the assets is ''hold to collect'' and these assets meet SPPI tests. As a result, all other financial assets were classified as financial assets at amortised cost and reclassified from the category ''loans and receivables'' under IAS 39, which was ''retired''. Previously, under IAS 39, these financial assets were also measured at amortised cost. Thus there were no impact of adoption of IFRS 9 as of 1 January 2018.

 

 

3. Adoption of new and revised Standards and Interpretations (continued)

b.     Impact on the statement of comprehensive income (continued)

 

(i) IFRS 9 ''Financial instruments'' (continued)

 

At 31 December 2017, all of the Company's financial liabilities were carried at amortised cost. Starting from 1 January 2018 the Company's financial liabilities continued to be classified at amortised cost.

 

The assessment of the impact of adoption of IFRS 9 on the Company's accounting policies required management to make certain critical judgments in the process of applying the principles of the new standard.

 

Reconciliation of provision for impairment at 31 December 2017 and credit loss allowance at 1 January 2018.

The following table reconciles the prior period's closing provision for impairment measured in accordance with incurred loss model under IAS 39 to the new credit loss allowance measured in accordance with expected loss model under IFRS 9 at 1 January 2018:

	Provision under IAS 39 or IAS 37 at 31 December 2017	Effect			Effect of adoption of IFRS 9 1 January 2018
		Reclassification to FVTPL	Reclassification to FVOCI	Remeasurement from incurred to expected loss
	€	€	€	€	€
Trade and other Receivables	(26.285)	-	-	(15.009)	(41.294)
Loan Receivables	-	-	-	(316.926)	(316.926)
Cash and Cash equivalents	-	-	-	(7.560)	(7.560)
Total	(26.285)	-	-	(339.495)	(365.780)

 

The impact of these changes on the Group's equity is as follows:

 

	Effect on accumulated losses	Total
	€	€
Trade and other Receivables	(15.009)	(15.009)
Loan Receivables	(316.926)	(316.926)
Cash and Cash equivalents	(7.560)	(7.560)
Total	(339.495)	(339.495)

 

(ii) IFRS 15 ''Revenue from Contracts with Customers''

 

IFRS 15 ''Revenue from contracts with customers'' and related amendments superseded IAS 18 ''Revenue'', IAS 11 ''Construction Contracts'' and related interpretations. The new standard replaces the separate models for recognition of revenue for the sale of goods, services and construction contracts under previous IFRS and establishes uniform requirements regarding the nature, amount and timing of revenue recognition. IFRS 15 introduces the core principle that revenue must be recognised in such a way to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers and reflect the consideration that the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for transferring those goods or services to the customer; the transaction price.

 

The new standard provides a principle based five step model that must be applied to all categories of contracts with customers. Any bundled goods or services must be assessed as to whether they contain one or more performance obligations (that is, distinct promises to provide a good or service). Individual performance obligations must be recognised and accounted for separately and any discounts or rebates in the contract price must generally be allocated to each of them.

 

The amendments to IFRS 15 clarify how to identify a performance obligation in a contract, how to determine whether a Company is a principal (that is, the provider of a good or service) or an agent (responsible for arranging for the good or service to be provided) and how to determine whether the revenue from granting a license should be recognised at a point in time or over time. In addition to the clarifications, the amendments include two additional reliefs to reduce cost and complexity for a Company when it first applies the new standard.

 

The Company's new accounting policies following adoption of IFRS 15 at 1 January 2018 are set out below in note 5.

 

Impact of adoption

 

In accordance with the transition provisions of IFRS 15, the Company has elected the simplified transition method for adopting the new standard. Accordingly, there is no impact on the Group results by the adoption of this standard.

 

4. Significant accounting policies

 

The principal accounting policies adopted in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements are set out below. Apart from the accounting policy changes resulting from the adoption of IFRS 9 and IFRS 15 effective from 1 January 2018, these policies have been consistently applied to all years presented in these consolidated financial statements unless otherwise stated.

 

4. Significant accounting policies (continued)

 

Local statutory accounting principles and procedures differ from those generally accepted under IFRS. Accordingly, the consolidated financial information, which has been prepared from the local statutory accounting records for the entities of the Group domiciled in Cyprus, Romania, Ukraine, Greece and Bulgaria, reflects adjustments necessary for such consolidated financial information to be presented in accordance with IFRS.

 

4.1 Basis of consolidation

 

The consolidated financial statements incorporate the financial statements of the Company and entities (including special purpose entities) controlled by the Company (its subsidiaries).

 

Subsidiaries are all entities (including structured entities) over which the Group has control. The Group controls an entity when the Group is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the entity.

 

The Group applies the acquisition method to account for business combinations. The consideration transferred for the acquisition of a subsidiary is the fair values of the assets transferred, the liabilities incurred to the former owners of the acquiree and the equity interests issued by the Group. The consideration transferred includes the fair value of any asset or liability resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement. Identifiable assets acquired, liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date. The Group recognizes any non-controlling interest in the acquiree on an acquisition-by-acquisition basis, either at fair value or at the non-controlling interest's proportionate share of the recognized amounts of acquiree's identifiable net assets.

 

If the business combination is achieved in stages, the acquisition date carrying value of the acquirer's previously held equity interest in the acquiree is re-measured to fair value at the acquisition date; any gains or losses arising from such re-measurement are recognized in profit or loss.

 

Any contingent consideration to be transferred by the Group is recognized at fair value at the acquisition date. Subsequent changes to the fair value of the contingent consideration that is deemed to be an asset or liability is recognized in accordance with IAS 39, either in profit or loss or as a change to other comprehensive income. Contingent consideration that is classified as equity is not re-measured and its subsequent settlement is accounted for within equity.

 

If the initial accounting for a business combination is incomplete by the end of the reporting period in which the combination occurs, the Group reports provisional amounts for the items for which the accounting is incomplete. Those provisional amounts are adjusted during the measurement period (see above), or additional assets or liabilities are recognized, to reflect new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed at the acquisition date that, if known, would have affected the amounts recognized at that date.

 

Business combinations that took place prior to 1 January 2010 were accounted for in accordance with the previous version of IFRS 3.

 

Inter-company transactions, balances and unrealized gains on transactions between group companies are eliminated. Unrealized losses are also eliminated. When necessary, amounts reported by subsidiaries have been adjusted to conform with the Group's accounting policies.

 

Changes in ownership interests in subsidiaries without change of control and Disposal of Subsidiaries

 

Transactions with non-controlling interests that do not result in loss of control are accounted for as equity transactions - that is, as transactions with the owners in their capacity as owners. The difference between fair value of any consideration paid and the relevant share acquired of the carrying value of net assets of the subsidiary is recorded in equity. Gains or losses on disposals of non-controlling interests are also recorded in equity.

 

When the Group ceases to have control, any retained interest in the entity is re-measured to its fair value at the date when control is lost, with the change in carrying amount recognized in profit or loss. The fair value is the initial carrying amount for the purposes of subsequently accounting for the retained interest as an associate, joint venture or financial asset. In addition, any amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income in respect of that entity are accounted for as if the Group had directly disposed of the related assets or liabilities. This may mean that amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss.

 

4.2 Functional and presentation currency

 

Items included in the Group's financial statements are measured applying the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entities operate (''the functional currency''). The national currency of Ukraine, the Ukrainian Hryvnia, is the functional currency for all the Group's entities located in Ukraine, the Romanian leu is the functional currency for all Group's entities located in Romania, the Bulgarian lev is the functional currency for all Group's entities in Bulgaria and the Euro is the functional currency for all the Greek and Cypriot subsidiaries.

 

The consolidated financial statements are presented in Euro, which is the Group's presentation currency.

 

As Management records the consolidated financial information of the entities domiciled in Cyprus, Romania, Ukraine, Greece and Bulgaria in their functional currencies, in translating financial information of the entities domiciled in these countries into Euro for inclusion in the consolidated financial statements, the Group follows a translation policy in accordance with IAS 21, "The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates", and the following procedures are performed:

 

 

4. Significant accounting policies (continued)

 

4.2 Functional and presentation currency (continued)

 

·             All assets and liabilities are translated at closing rate;

·             Equity of the Group has been translated using the historical rates;

·             Income and expense items are translated using exchange rates at the dates of the transactions, or where this is not practicable the average rate has been used;

·             All resulting exchange differences are recognized as a separate component of equity;

·             When a foreign operation is disposed of through sale, liquidation, repayment of share capital or abandonment of all, or part of that entity, the exchange differences deferred in equity are reclassified to the consolidated statement of comprehensive income as part of the gain or loss on sale;

·             Monetary items receivable from foreign operations for which settlement is neither planned nor likely to occur in the foreseeable future and in substance are part of the Group's net investment in those foreign operations are recongised initially in other comprehensive income and reclassified from equity to profit or loss on disposal of the foreign operation.

 

The relevant exchange rates of the European and local central banks used in translating the financial information of the entities from the functional currencies into Euro are as follows:

 

	Average		31 December
Currency	2018	2017	2018	2017	2016
USD	1,1810	1,1293	1,1450	1,1993	1,0541
UAH	32,1341	30,0129	31,7141	33,4954	28,4226
RON	4,6535	4,5681	4,6639	4,6597	4,5411
BGN	1,9558	1,9558	1,9558	1,9558	1,9558

 

 

4.3 Discontinued operations

 

A discontinued operation is a component of the Group's business, the operations and cash flows of which can be clearly distinguished from the rest of the Group and which:

 

·      represents a separate major line of business or geographic area of operations;

·      is part of a single coordinated plan to dispose of a separate major line of business or geographic area of operations; or

·      is a subsidiary acquired exclusively with a view to resale.

 

Classification as a discontinued operation occurs at the earlier of disposal or when the operation meets the criteria to be classified as held-for-sale.

 

When an operation is classified as a discontinued operation, the comparative statement of profit or loss and OCI is re-presented as if the operation had been discontinued from the start of the comparative year.

 

4.4 Investment Property at fair value

 

Investment property, comprising freehold and leasehold land, investment properties held for future development, warehouse and office properties, as well as the residential property units, is held for long term rental yields and/or for capital appreciation and is not occupied by the Group. Investment property and investment property under construction are carried at fair value, representing open market value determined annually by external valuers. Changes in fair values are recorded in the statement of comprehensive income and are included in other operating income.

 

A number of the land leases (all in Ukraine) are held for relatively short terms and place an obligation upon the lessee to complete development by a prescribed date. It is important to note that the rights to complete a development may be lost or at least delayed if the lessee fails to complete a permitted development within the timescale set out by the ground lease.

 

In addition, in the event that a development has not commenced upon the expiry of a lease then the City Authorities are entitled to decline the granting of a new lease on the basis that the land is not used in accordance with the designation. Furthermore, where all necessary permissions and consents for the development are not in place, this may provide the City Authorities with grounds for rescinding or non-renewal of the ground lease. However Management believes that the possibility of such action is remote and was made only under limited circumstances in the past.

 

Management believes that rescinding or non-renewal of the ground lease is remote if a project is on the final stage of development or on the operating cycle. In undertaking the valuations reported herein, the valuer of Ukrainian properties CBRE has made the assumption that no such circumstances will arise to permit the City Authorities to rescind the land lease or not to grant a renewal.

 

Land held under operating lease is classified and accounted for as investment property when the rest of the definition is met. The operating lease is accounted for as if it were a finance lease.

 

Investment property under development or construction initially is measured at cost, including related transaction costs.

 

4. Significant accounting policies (continued)

 

4.4 Investment Property at fair value (continued)

 

The property is classified in accordance with the intention of the management for its future use. Intention to use is determined by the Board of Directors after reviewing market conditions, profitability of the projects, ability to finance the project and obtaining required construction permits.

 

The time point, when the intention of the management is finalized is the date of start of construction. At the moment of start of construction, freehold land, leasehold land and investment properties held for a future redevelopment are reclassified into investment property under development or inventory in accordance to the final decision of management.

 

Initial measurement and recognition

Investment property is measured initially at cost, including related transaction costs. Investment properties are derecognized when either they have been disposed of or when the investment property is permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefit is expected from its disposal. Any gains or losses on the retirement or disposal of an investment property are recognized in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income in the period of retirement or disposal.

 

Transfers are made to investment property when, and only when, there is a change in use, evidenced by the end of owner occupation, or the commencement of an operating lease to third party. Transfers are made from investment property when, and only when, there is a change in use, evidenced by commencement of owner occupation or commencement of development with a view to sale.

 

If an investment property becomes owner occupied, it is reclassified as property, plant and equipment, and its fair value at the date of reclassification becomes its cost for accounting purposes. Property that is being constructed or developed for future use as investment property is classified as investment property under construction until construction or development is complete. At that time, it is reclassified and subsequently accounted for as investment property.

 

Subsequent measurement

 

Subsequent to initial recognition, investment property is stated at fair value. Gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of investment property are included in the statement of comprehensive income in the period in which they arise.

 

If a valuation obtained for an investment property held under a lease is net of all payments expected to be made, any related liabilities/assets recognized separately in the statement of financial position are added back/reduced to arrive at the carrying value of the investment property for accounting purposes.

 

Subsequent expenditure is charged to the asset's carrying amount only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Group and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. All other repairs and maintenance costs are charged to the statement of comprehensive income during the financial period in which they are incurred.

 

Basis of valuation

 

The fair values reflect market conditions at the financial position date. These valuations are prepared annually by chartered surveyors (hereafter "appraisers"). The Group appointed valuers in 2014, which remain the same in 2018:

·      CBRE Ukraine, for all its Ukrainian properties,

·      Real Act for all its Romanian, Greek and Bulgarian properties.

 

The valuations have been carried out by the appraisers on the basis of Market Value in accordance with the appropriate sections of the current Practice Statements contained within the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors ("RICS") Valuation - Global Standards (2018) (the "Red Book") and is also compliant with the International Valuation Standards (IVS).

 

"Market Value" is defined as: "The estimated amount for which a property should be exchanged on the date of valuation between a willing buyer and a willing seller in an arm's-length transaction after proper marketing wherein the parties had each acted knowledgeably, prudently and without compulsion".

 

In expressing opinions on Market Value, in certain cases the appraisers have estimated net annual rentals/income from sale. These are assessed on the assumption that they are the best rent/sale prices at which a new letting/sale of an interest in property would have been completed at the date of valuation assuming: a willing landlord/buyer; that prior to the date of valuation there had been a reasonable period (having regard to the nature of the property and the state of the market) for the proper marketing of the interest, for the agreement of the price and terms and for the completion of the letting/sale; that the state of the market, levels of value and other circumstances were, on any earlier assumed date of entering into an agreement for lease/sale, the same as on the valuation date; that no account is taken of any additional bid by a prospective tenant/buyer with a special interest; that the principal deal conditions assumed to apply are the same as in the market at the time of valuation; that both parties to the transaction had acted knowledgeably, prudently and without compulsion.

 

A number of properties are held by way of ground leasehold interests granted by the City Authorities. The ground rental payments of such interests may be reviewed on an annual basis, in either an upwards or downwards direction, by reference to an established formula. Within the terms of the lease, there is a right to extend the term of the lease upon expiry in line with the existing terms and conditions thereof. In arriving at opinions of Market Value, the appraisers assumed that the respective ground leases are capable of extension in accordance with the terms of each lease. In addition, given that such interests are not assignable, it was assumed that each leasehold interest is held by way of a special purpose vehicle ("SPV"), and that the shares in the respective SPVs are transferable.

 

4. Significant accounting policies (continued)

 

4.4 Investment Property at fair value (continued)

 

With regard to each of the properties considered, in those instances where project documentation has been agreed with the respective local authorities, opinions of the appraisers of value have been based on such agreements.

 

In those instances where the properties are held in part ownership, the valuations assume that these interests are saleable in the open market without any restriction from the co-owner and that there are no encumbrances within the share agreements which would impact the sale ability of the properties concerned.

 

The valuation is exclusive of VAT and no allowances have been made for any expenses of realization or for taxation which might arise in the event of a disposal of any property.

 

In some instances the appraisers constructed a Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) model. DCF analysis is a financial modeling technique based on explicit assumptions regarding the prospective income and expenses of a property or business. The analysis is a forecast of receipts and disbursements during the period concerned. The forecast is based on the assessment of market prices for comparable premises, build rates, cost levels etc. from the point of view of a probable developer.

 

To these projected cash flows, an appropriate, market-derived discount rate is applied to establish an indication of the present value of the income stream associated with the property. In this case, it is a development property and thus estimates of capital outlays, development costs, and anticipated sales income are used to produce net cash flows that are then discounted over the projected development and marketing periods. The Net Present Value (NPV) of such cash flows could represent what someone might be willing to pay for the site and is therefore an indicator of market value. All the payments are projected in nominal US Dollar/Euro amounts and thus incorporate relevant inflation measures.

 

Valuation Approach

In addition to the above general valuation methodology, the appraisers have taken into account in arriving at Market Value the following:

 

Pre Development

In those instances where the nature of the 'Project' has been defined, it was assumed that the subject property will be developed in accordance with this blueprint. The final outcome of the development of the property is determined by the Board of Directors decision, which is based on existing market conditions, profitability of the project, ability to finance the project and obtaining required construction permits.

 

Development

In terms of construction costs, the budgeted costs have been taken into account in considering opinions of value. However, the appraisers have also had regard to current construction rates prevailing in the market which a prospective purchaser may deem appropriate to adopt in constructing each individual scheme. Although in some instances the appraisers have adopted the budgeted costs provided, in some cases the appraisers' own opinions of costs were used.

 

Post Development

Rental values have been assessed as at the date of valuation but having regard to the existing occupational markets taking into account the likely supply and demand dynamics during the anticipated development period. The standard letting fees were assumed within the valuations. In arriving at their estimates of gross development value ("GDV"), the appraisers have capitalized their opinion of net operating income, having deducted any anticipated non-recoverable expenses, such as land payments, and permanent void allowance, which has then been capitalized into perpetuity.

 

The capitalization rates adopted in arriving at the opinions of GDV reflect the appraisers' opinions of the rates at which the properties could be sold as at the date of valuation.

 

In terms of residential developments, the sales prices per sq. m. again reflect current market conditions and represent those levels the appraisers consider to be achievable at present. It was assumed that there are no irrecoverable operating expenses and that all costs will be recovered from the occupiers/owners by way of a service charge.

 

The valuations take into account the requirement to pay ground rental payments and these are assumed not to be recoverable from the occupiers. In terms of ground rent payments, the appraisers have assessed these on the basis of information available, and if not available they have calculated these payments based on current legislation defining the basis of these assessments. Property tax is not presently payable in Ukraine.

 

4.5 Investment Property under development

 

Property that is currently being constructed or developed, for future use as investment property is classified as investment property under development carried at cost until construction or development is complete, or its fair value can be reliably determined. This applies even if the works have temporarily being stopped.

 

4. Significant accounting policies (continued)

 

4.6 Goodwill

 

Goodwill arising on an acquisition of a business is carried at cost as established at the date of acquisition of the business less accumulated impairment losses, if any.

 

For the purposes of impairment testing, goodwill is allocated to each of the Group's cash-generating units (or Groups of cash-generating units) that is expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination.

 

A cash-generating unit to which goodwill has been allocated is tested for impairment annually, or more frequently when there is indication that the unit may be impaired. If the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit is less than its carrying amount, the impairment loss is allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the unit and then to the other assets of the unit pro rata based on the carrying amount of each asset in the unit. Any impairment loss for goodwill is recognized directly in profit or loss in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income. An impairment loss recognized for goodwill is not reversed in subsequent periods.

 

On disposal of the relevant cash-generating unit, the attributable amount of goodwill is included in the determination of the profit or loss on disposal.

 

4.7 Property, Plant and equipment and intangible assets

 

Property, plant and equipment and intangible non-current assets are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization and any accumulated impairment losses.

 

Properties in the course of construction for production, rental or administrative purposes, or for purposes not yet determined and intangibles not inputted into exploitation, are carried at cost, less any recognized impairment loss. Cost includes professional fees and, for qualifying assets, borrowing costs capitalized in accordance with the Group's accounting policy. Depreciation of these assets, on the same basis as other property assets, commences when the assets are ready for their intended use.

 

Depreciation and amortization are calculated on the straight‑line basis so as to write off the cost of each asset to its residual value over its estimated useful life. The annual depreciation rates are as follows:

 

Type	%
Leasehold	20
IT hardware	33
Motor vehicles	25
Furniture, fixtures and office equipment	20
Machinery and equipment	15
Software and Licenses	33

 

No depreciation is charged on land.

 

Assets held under finance leases are depreciated over their expected useful lives on the same basis as owned assets or, where shorter, the term of the relevant lease.

 

The assets residual values and useful lives are reviewed, and adjusted, if appropriate, at each reporting date.

 

Where the carrying amount of an asset is greater than its estimated recoverable amount, the asset is written down immediately to its recoverable amount.

 

Expenditure for repairs and maintenance of tangible and intangible assets is charged to the statement of comprehensive income of the year in which it is incurred. The cost of major renovations and other subsequent expenditure are included in the carrying amount of the asset when it is probable that future economic benefits in excess of the originally assessed standard of performance of the existing asset will flow to the Group. Major renovations are depreciated over the remaining useful life of the related asset.

 

An item of tangible and intangible assets is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss arising on the disposal or retirement of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognized in the statement of comprehensive income.

 

4.8 Inventory

 

Inventory principally comprises of residential property. Inventory is recognized initially at cost, including transaction costs, which represent its fair value at the time of acquisition. Costs related to the development of land are capitalised and recognized as inventory. Inventory is carried at the lower of cost and net realizable value.

 

4.9 Cash and Cash equivalents

 

Cash and cash equivalents include cash balances and call deposits. Bank overdrafts that are repayable on demand and form an integral part of the Group's cash management are included as a component of cash and cash equivalents for the purpose of the statement of cash flows.

 

4. Significant accounting policies (continued)

 

4.10 Assets held for sale

 

Non-current assets, or disposal groups comprising assets and liabilities, are classified as held-for-sale if it is highly probable that they will be recovered primarily through sale rather than through continuing use.

Such assets, or disposal groups, are generally measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell. Any impairment loss on a disposal group is allocated first to goodwill, and then to the remaining assets and liabilities on a pro rata basis, except that no loss is allocated to inventories, financial assets, deferred tax assets, employee benefit assets, investment property or biological assets, which continue to be measured in accordance with the Group's other accounting policies. Impairment losses on initial classification as held-for-sale or held-for-distribution and subsequent gains and losses on remeasurement are recognised in profit or loss.

Once classified as held-for-sale, intangible assets and property, plant and equipment are no longer amortised or depreciated, and any equity-accounted investee is no longer equity accounted.

4.11 Financial Instruments

 

4.11.1 Recognition and initial measurement

 

Trade receivables and debt securities issued are initially recognised when they are originated. All other financial assets and financial liabilities are initially recognised when the Group becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

A financial asset (unless it is a trade receivable without a significant financing component) or financial liability is initially measured at fair value plus, for an item not at FVTPL, transaction costs that are directly attributable to its acquisition or issue. A trade receivable without a significant financing component is initially measured at the transaction price.

 

4.11.2 Classification and subsequent measurement

 

Financial assets - Policy applicable from 1 January 2018

On initial recognition, a financial asset is classified as measured at: amortised cost; FVOCI - debt investment; FVOCI - equity investment; or FVTPL.

Financial assets are not reclassified subsequent to their initial recognition unless the Group changes its business model for managing financial assets, in which case all affected financial assets are reclassified on the first day of the first reporting period following the change in the business model.

A financial asset is measured at amortised cost if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:

-           it is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows; and

-           its contractual terms give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

 

A debt investment is measured at FVOCI if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL:

-           it is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets; and

-       its contractual terms give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

On initial recognition of an equity investment that is not held for trading, the Group may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in the investment's fair value in OCI. This election is made on an investment-by-investment basis.

 

Financial assets - Business model assessment: Policy applicable from 1 January 2018

The Group makes an assessment of the objective of the business model in which a financial asset is held at a portfolio level because this best reflects the way the business is managed and information is provided to management. The information considered includes:

-           the stated policies and objectives for the portfolio and the operation of those policies in practice. These include whether management's strategy focuses on earning contractual interest income, maintaining a particular interest rate profile, matching the duration of the financial assets to the duration of any related liabilities or expected cash outflows or realising cash flows through the sale of the assets;

-           how the performance of the portfolio is evaluated and reported to the Group's management;

-           the risks that affect the performance of the business model (and the financial assets held within that business model) and how those risks are managed;

-           how managers of the business are compensated - e.g. whether compensation is based on the fair value of the assets managed or the contractual cash flows collected; and

the frequency, volume and timing of sales of financial assets in prior periods, the reasons for such sales and expectations about future sales activity.

 

Transfers of financial assets to third parties in transactions that do not qualify for derecognition are not considered sales for this purpose, consistent with the Group's continuing recognition of the assets.

 

4. Significant accounting policies (continued)

 

4.11 Financial Instruments (continued)

 

4.11.2 Classification and subsequent measurement (continued)

 

Financial assets that are held for trading or are managed and whose performance is evaluated on a fair value basis are measured at FVTPL.

 

Financial assets - Assessment whether contractual cash flows are solely payments of principal and interest: Policy applicable from 1 January 2018

For the purposes of this assessment, 'principal' is defined as the fair value of the financial asset on initial recognition. 'Interest' is defined as consideration for the time value of money and for the credit risk associated with the principal amount outstanding during a particular period of time and for other basic lending risks and costs (e.g. liquidity risk and administrative costs), as well as a profit margin.

In assessing whether the contractual cash flows are solely payments of principal and interest, the Group considers the contractual terms of the instrument. This includes assessing whether the financial asset contains a contractual term that could change the timing or amount of contractual cash flows such that it would not meet this condition. In making this assessment, the Group considers:

-           contingent events that would change the amount or timing of cash flows;

-           terms that may adjust the contractual coupon rate, including variable-rate features;

-           prepayment and extension features; and

-           terms that limit the Group's claim to cash flows from specified assets (e.g. non-recourse features).

 

A prepayment feature is consistent with the solely payments of principal and interest criterion if the prepayment amount substantially represents unpaid amounts of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding, which may include reasonable additional compensation for early termination of the contract. Additionally, for a financial asset acquired at a discount or premium to its contractual par amount, a feature that permits or requires prepayment at an amount that substantially represents the contractual par amount plus accrued (but unpaid) contractual interest (which may also include reasonable additional compensation for early termination) is treated as consistent with this criterion if the fair value of the prepayment feature is insignificant at initial recognition.

 

Financial assets - Subsequent measurement and gains and losses: Policy applicable from 1 January 2018

 

Financial assets at FVTPL

These assets are subsequently measured at fair value. Net gains and losses, including any interest or dividend income, are recognised in profit or loss. However for derivatives designated as hedging instruments.

Financial assets at amortised cost

These assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. The amortised cost is reduced by impairment losses. Interest income, foreign exchange gains and losses and impairment are recognised in profit or loss. Any gain or loss on derecognition is recognised in profit or loss.

 

Debt investments at FVOCI

These assets are subsequently measured at fair value. Interest income calculated using the effective interest method, foreign exchange gains and losses and impairment are recognised in profit or loss. Other net gains and losses are recognised in OCI. On derecognition, gains and losses accumulated in OCI are reclassified to profit or loss.

Equity investments at FVOCI                                                                                         

These assets are subsequently measured at fair value. Dividends are recognised as income in profit or loss unless the dividend clearly represents a recovery of part of the cost of the investment. Other net gains and losses are recognised in OCI and are never reclassified to profit or loss.

Financial assets - Policy applicable before 1 January 2018

The Group classified its financial assets into one of the following categories:

-           loans and receivables;

-           held to maturity;

-           available for sale; and

-           at FVTPL, and within this category as:

o  held for trading;

o  derivative hedging instruments; or

o  designated as at FVTPL.

 

Financial assets - Subsequent measurement and gains and losses: Policy applicable before 1 January 2018

Financial assets at FVTPL

Measured at fair value and changes therein, including any interest or dividend income, were recognised in profit or loss. However for derivatives designated as hedging instruments.

 

4. Significant accounting policies (continued)

 

4.11 Financial Instruments (continued)

 

4.11.2 Classification and subsequent measurement (continued)

 

Held-to-maturity financial assets

Measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

Loans and receivables

Measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

Available-for-sale financial assets

Measured at fair value and changes therein, other than impairment losses, interest income and foreign currency differences on debt instruments, were recognised in OCI and accumulated in the fair value reserve. When these assets were derecognised, the gain or loss accumulated in equity was reclassified to profit or loss.

Financial liabilities - Classification, subsequent measurement and gains and losses

Financial liabilities are classified as measured at amortised cost or FVTPL. A financial liability is classified as at FVTPL if it is classified as held-for-trading, it is a derivative or it is designated as such on initial recognition. Financial liabilities at FVTPL are measured at fair value and net gains and losses, including any interest expense, are recognised in profit or loss. Other financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Interest expense and foreign exchange gains and losses are recognised in profit or loss. Any gain or loss on derecognition is also recognised in profit or loss.

 

4.11.3 Derecognition

 

Financial assets

The Group derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows in a transaction in which substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred or in which the Group neither transfers nor retains substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership and it does not retain control of the financial asset.

The Group enters into transactions whereby it transfers assets recognised in its statement of financial position, but retains either all or substantially all of the risks and rewards of the transferred assets. In these cases, the transferred assets are not derecognised.

Financial liabilities

The Group derecognises a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled, or expire. The Group also derecognises a financial liability when its terms are modified and the cash flows of the modified liability are substantially different, in which case a new financial liability based on the modified terms is recognised at fair value.

On derecognition of a financial liability, the difference between the carrying amount extinguished and the consideration paid (including any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed) is recognised in profit or loss.

 

4.11.4 Offsetting

 

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount presented in the statement of financial position when, and only when, the Group currently has a legally enforceable right to set off the amounts and it intends either to settle them on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

 

4.11.5 Derivative financial instruments and hedge accounting

 

Derivative financial instruments and hedge accounting - Policy applicable from 1 January 2018

The Group holds derivative financial instruments to hedge its foreign currency and interest rate risk exposures. Embedded derivatives are separated from the host contract and accounted for separately if the host contract is not a financial asset and certain criteria are met.

Derivatives are initially measured at fair value. Subsequent to initial recognition, derivatives are measured at fair value, and changes therein are generally recognised in profit or loss.

The Group designates certain derivatives as hedging instruments to hedge the variability in cash flows associated with highly probable forecast transactions arising from changes in foreign exchange rates and interest rates and certain derivatives and non-derivative financial liabilities as hedges of foreign exchange risk on a net investment in a foreign operation.

At inception of designated hedging relationships, the Group documents the risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge. The Group also documents the economic relationship between the hedged item and the hedging instrument, including whether the changes in cash flows of the hedged item and hedging instrument are expected to offset each other.

 

4. Significant accounting policies (continued)

 

4.11 Financial Instruments (continued)

 

4.11.5 Derivative financial instruments and hedge accounting (continued)

Cash flow hedges

When a derivative is designated as a cash flow hedging instrument, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognised in OCI and accumulated in the hedging reserve. The effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative that is recognised in OCI is limited to the cumulative change in fair value of the hedged item, determined on a present value basis, from inception of the hedge. Any ineffective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognised immediately in profit or loss.

The Group designates only the change in fair value of the spot element of forward exchange contracts as the hedging instrument in cash flow hedging relationships. The change in fair value of the forward element of forward exchange contracts ('forward points') is separately accounted for as a cost of hedging and recognised in a costs of hedging reserve within equity.

When the hedged forecast transaction subsequently results in the recognition of a non-financial item such as inventory, the amount accumulated in the hedging reserve and the cost of hedging reserve is included directly in the initial cost of the non-financial item when it is recognised.

For all other hedged forecast transactions, the amount accumulated in the hedging reserve and the cost of hedging reserve is reclassified to profit or loss in the same period or periods during which the hedged expected future cash flows affect profit or loss.

If the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting or the hedging instrument is sold, expires, is terminated or is exercised, then hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively. When hedge accounting for cash flow hedges is discontinued, the amount that has been accumulated in the hedging reserve remains in equity until, for a hedge of a transaction resulting in the recognition of a non-financial item, it is included in the non-financial item's cost on its initial recognition or, for other cash flow hedges, it is reclassified to profit or loss in the same period or periods as the hedged expected future cash flows affect profit or loss.

If the hedged future cash flows are no longer expected to occur, then the amounts that have been accumulated in the hedging reserve and the cost of hedging reserve are immediately reclassified to profit or loss.

Net investment hedges

When a derivative instrument or a non-derivative financial liability is designated as the hedging instrument in a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation, the effective portion of, for a derivative, changes in the fair value of the hedging instrument or, for a non-derivative, foreign exchange gains and losses is recognised in OCI and presented in the translation reserve within equity. Any ineffective portion of the changes in the fair value of the derivative or foreign exchange gains and losses on the non-derivative is recognised immediately in profit or loss. The amount recognised in OCI is reclassified to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment on disposal of the foreign operation.

Derivative financial instruments and hedge accounting - Policy applicable before 1 January 2018

The policy applied in the comparative information presented for 2017 is similar to that applied for 2018. However, for all cash flow hedges, including hedges of transactions resulting in the recognition of non-financial items, the amounts accumulated in the cash flow hedge reserve were reclassified to profit or loss in the same period or periods during which the hedged expected future cash flows affected profit or loss. Furthermore, for cash flow hedges that were terminated before 2017, forward points were recognised immediately in profit or loss.

 

4.12 Borrowings

 

Borrowings are recognised initially at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Borrowings are subsequently stated at amortised cost. Any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption value is recognized in profit or loss over the period of the borrowings, using the effective interest method, unless they are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset, in which case they are capitalized as part of the cost of that asset.

 

Fees paid on the establishment of loan facilities are recognized as transaction costs of the loan to the extent that it is probable that some or all of the facility will be drawn down. In this case, the fee is deferred until the draw-down occurs. To the extend there is no evidence that it is probable that some or all of the facility will be drawn down, the fee is capitalized as a prepayment and amortised over the period of the facility to which it relates.

 

Borrowing costs are interest and other costs that the Group incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds, including interest on borrowings, amortization of discounts or premium relating to borrowings, amortization of ancillary costs incurred in connection with the arrangement of borrowings, finance lease charges and exchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowings to the extent that they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs.

 

Borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset, being an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale, are capitalised as part of the cost of that asset, when it is probable that they will result in future economic benefits to the Group and the costs can be measured reliably.

 

Borrowings are classified as current liabilities, unless the Group has an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting date.

 

4. Significant accounting policies (continued)

 

4.13 Tenant security deposits

 

Tenant security deposits represent financial advances made by lessees as guarantees during the lease and are repayable by the Group upon termination of the contracts. Tenant security deposits are recognized at nominal value.

 

4.14 Impairment of tangible and intangible assets other than goodwill

 

At the end of each reporting period, the Group reviews the carrying amounts of its tangible and intangible assets to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any). Where it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the Group estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs. Where a reasonable and consistent basis of allocation can be identified, corporate assets are also allocated to individual cash-generating units, or otherwise they are allocated to the smallest group of cash-generating units for which a reasonable and consistent allocation basis can be identified.

 

Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives and intangible assets not yet available for use are tested for impairment loss annually, and whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired.

 

Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre‑tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset.

 

If the recoverable amount of an asset (or cash‑generating unit) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (cash‑generating unit) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognized immediately in profit or loss, unless the relevant asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case the impairment loss is treated as a revaluation decrease.

 

Where an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (cash‑generating unit) is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset (cash‑generating unit) in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognized immediately in profit or loss, unless the relevant asset is carried at a revalued amount, in which case the reversal of the impairment loss is treated as a revaluation increase.

 

4.15 Share Capital

 

Ordinary shares are classified as equity.

 

4.16 Share premium

 

The difference between the fair value of the consideration received by the shareholders and the nominal value of the share capital being issued is taken to the share premium account.

 

4.17 Share-based compensation

 

The Group had in the past and intends in the future to operate a number of equity-settled, share-based compensation plans, under which the Group receives services from Directors and/or employees as consideration for equity instruments (options) of the Group. The fair value of the Director and employee cost related to services received in exchange for the grant of the options is recognized as an expense. The total amount to be expensed is determined by reference to the fair value of the options granted, excluding the impact of any non-market service and performance vesting conditions. The total amount expensed is recognized over the vesting period, which is the period over which all of the specified vesting conditions are to be satisfied. At each financial position date, the Group revises its estimates on the number of options that are expected to vest based on the non-marketing vesting conditions. It recognizes the impact of the revision to original estimates, if any, in the statement of comprehensive income, with a corresponding adjustment to equity. The proceeds received net of any directly attributable transaction costs are credited to share capital and share premium when the options are exercised.

 

4.18 Provisions

 

Provisions are recognized when the Group has a present obligation (legal, tax or constructive) as a result of a past event, it is probable that the Group will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. As at the reporting date the Group has settled all its construction liabilities.

 

The amount recognized as a provision is the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period, taking into account the risks and uncertainties surrounding the obligation. When a provision is measured using the cash flows estimated to settle the present obligation, its carrying amount is the present value of those cash flows (where the effect of the time value of money is material).

 

When some or all of the economic benefits required to settle a provision are expected to be recovered from a third party, a receivable is recognized as an asset if it is virtually certain that reimbursement will be received and the amount of the receivable can be measured reliably.

 

 

4. Significant accounting policies (continued)

 

4.19 Leased assets

 

Leases are classified as finance leases whenever the terms of the lease transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee. All other leases are classified as operating leases.

 

Assets held under finance leases are recognized as assets of the Group at their fair value at the inception of the lease or, if lower, at the present value of the minimum lease payments. The corresponding liability to the lessor is included in the consolidated statement of financial position as a finance lease obligation. Lease payments are apportioned between finance charges and reduction of the lease obligation so as to achieve a constant rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Finance charges are charged to profit or loss, unless they are directly attributable to qualifying assets, in which case they are capitalized in accordance with the Group's general policy on borrowing costs (see above).

 

Lease payments are analyzed between capital and interest components so that the interest element of the payment is charged to the statement of comprehensive income over the period of the lease and represents a constant proportion of the balance of capital repayments outstanding. The capital part reduces the amount payable to the lessor.

 

4.20 Non‑current liabilities

 

Non‑current liabilities represent amounts that are due in more than twelve months from the reporting date.

 

4.21 Revenue recognition

 

Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable. Revenue is reduced for estimated customer returns, rebates and other similar allowances. It is recognized to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Group and the revenue can be measured reliably. Revenue earned by the Group is recognized on the following bases:

 

4.21.1 Income from investing activities

 

Income from investing activities includes profit received from disposal of investments in the Company's subsidiaries and associates and income accrued on advances for investments outstanding as at the year end.

 

4.21.2 Dividend income

 

Dividend income from investments is recognized when the shareholders' right to receive payment has been established (provided that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Group and the amount of income can be measured reliably).

 

4.21.3 Interest income

 

Interest income is recognized on a time-proportion (accrual) basis, using the effective interest rate method.

 

4.21.4 Rental income

 

Rental income arising from operating leases on investment property is recognized on an accrual basis in accordance with the substance of the relevant agreements.

 

4.22 Service charges and expenses recoverable from tenants

 

Income arising from expenses recharged to tenants is recognized on an accrual basis.

 

4.23 Other property expenses

 

Irrecoverable running costs directly attributable to specific properties within the Group's portfolio are charged to the statement of comprehensive income. Costs incurred in the improvement of the assets which, in the opinion of the directors, are not of a capital nature are written off to the statement of comprehensive income as incurred.

 

4.24 Borrowing costs

 

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets, which are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale, are added to the cost of those assets, until such time as the assets are substantially ready for their intended use or sale.

 

Investment income earned on the temporary investment of specific borrowings pending their expenditure on qualifying assets is deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for capitalization.

 

All other borrowing costs are recognized in the statement of comprehensive income in the period in which they are incurred as interest costs which are calculated using the effective interest rate method, net result from transactions with securities, foreign exchange gains and losses, and bank charges and commission.

 

 

4. Significant accounting policies (continued)

 

4.25 Asset Acquisition Related Transaction Expenses

 

Expenses incurred by the Group for acquiring a subsidiary or associate company as part of an Investment Property and are directly attributable to such acquisition are recognized within the cost of the Investment Property and are subsequently accounted as per the Group's accounting Policy for Investment Property subsequent measurement.

 

4.26 Taxation

 

Income tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax.

 

4.26.1 Current tax

 

The tax currently payable is based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from profit as reported in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income because of items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and items that are never taxable or deductible. The Group's liability for current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

 

4.26.2 Deferred tax

 

Deferred tax is provided in full, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements. Currently enacted tax rates are used in the determination of deferred tax.

 

Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized.

 

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and when the deferred taxes relate to the same fiscal authority.

 

4.26.3 Current and deferred tax for the year

 

Current and deferred tax are recognized in the statement of comprehensive income, except when they relate to items that are recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case, the current and deferred tax are also recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity respectively. Where current tax or deferred tax arises from the initial accounting for a business combination, the tax effect is included in the accounting for the business combination.

 

The operational subsidiaries of the Group are incorporated in Ukraine, Greece, Bulgaria and Romania, while the Parent and some holding companies are incorporated in Cyprus. The Group's management and control is exercised in Cyprus.

 

The Group's Management does not intend to dispose of any asset, unless a significant opportunity arises. In the event that a decision is taken in the future to dispose of any asset it is the Group's intention to dispose of shares in subsidiaries rather than assets. The corporate income tax exposure on disposal of subsidiaries is mitigated by the fact that the sale would represent a disposal of the securities by a non‑resident shareholder and therefore would be exempt from tax. The Group is therefore in a position to control the reversal of any temporary differences and as such, no deferred tax liability has been provided for in the financial statements.

 

4.26.4 Withholding Tax

 

The Group follows the applicable legislation as defined in all double taxation treaties (DTA) between Cyprus and any of the countries of Operations (Romania, Ukraine, Greece, Bulgaria). In the case of Romania, as the latter is part of the European Union, through the relevant directives the withholding tax is reduced to NIL subject to various conditions.

 

4.26.5 Dividend distribution

 

Dividend distribution to the Company's shareholders is recognized as a liability in the Group's financial statements in the period in which the dividends are approved by the Company's shareholders.

 

4.27 Value added tax

 

VAT levied at various jurisdictions were the Group is active, was at the following rates, as at the end of the reporting period:

 

·      20% on Ukrainian domestic sales and imports of goods, works and services and 0% on export of goods and provision of works or services to be used outside Ukraine.

·      19% on Cyprus domestic sales and imports of goods, works and services and 0% on export of goods and provision of works or services to be used outside Cyprus.

·      19% on Romanian domestic sales and imports of goods, works and services (decreased from 20% from 1 January 2017) and 0% on export of goods and provision of works or services to be used outside Romania.

·      20% on Bulgarian domestic sales and imports of goods, works and services and 0% on export of goods and provision of services to taxable persons outside Bulgaria.

·      24% on Greek domestic sales and imports of goods, works and services (increased from 23% from 1 June 2016) and 0% on export of goods and provision of works or services to be used outside Romania.

 

 

 4. Significant accounting policies (continued)

 

4.28 Operating segments analysis

 

Segment reporting is presented on the basis of Management's perspective and relates to the parts of the Group that are defined as operating segments. Operating segments are identified on the basis of their economic nature and through internal reports provided to the Group's Management who oversee operations and make decisions on allocating resources serve. These internal reports are prepared to a great extent on the same basis as these consolidated financial statements.

 

For the reporting period the Group has identified the following material reportable segments, where the Group is active in acquiring, holding, managing and disposing:

 

Commercial-Industrial	Residential	Land Assets
·      Warehouse segment ·      Office segment ·      Retail segment	·      Residential segment	·      Land assets - the Group owns a number of land assets which are either available for sale or for potential development

 

The Group also monitors investment property assets on a Geographical Segmentation, namely the country where its property is located.

 

4.29 Earnings and Net Assets value per share

 

The Group presents basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS) and net asset value per share (NAV) for its ordinary shares.

 

Basic EPS amounts are calculated by dividing net profit/loss for the year, attributable to ordinary equity holders of the Company by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year. Basic NAV amounts are calculated by dividing net asset value as at year end, attributable to ordinary equity holders of the Company by the number of ordinary shares outstanding at the end of the year.

 

Diluted EPS is calculated by dividing net profit/loss for the year, attributable to ordinary equity holders of the parent, by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year plus the weighted average number of ordinary shares that would be issued on conversion of all the potentially dilutive ordinary shares into ordinary shares.

 

Diluted NAV is calculated by dividing net asset value as at year end, attributable to ordinary equity holders of the parent with the number of ordinary shares outstanding at year end plus the number of ordinary shares that would be issued on conversion of all the potentially dilutive ordinary shares into ordinary shares.

 

4.30 Comparative Period

 

Where necessary, comparative figures have been adjusted to conform to changes in presentation in the current year.

 

5. New accounting pronouncement

 

Standards issued but not yet effective

 

Up to the date of approval of the financial statements, certain new standards, interpretations and amendments to existing standards have been published that are not yet effective for the current reporting period and which the Company has not early adopted, as follows:

 

(i) Issued by the IASB and adopted by the European Union

•              IFRS 16 ''Leases'' (effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019).

•              Amendments to IFRS 9: Prepayment Features with Negative Compensation (issued on 12 October 2017) (effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019).

•              IAS 28: Long-term Interests in Associates and Joint Ventures (amendments)

•              IFRIC Interpretation 23: Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments

•              IFRS 3: Business Combinations (amendments)

•              IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements and IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors: Definition of 'material' (amendments)

•              Conceptual Framework in IFRS standards

 

(ii) Issued by the IASB but not yet adopted by the European Union

 

New standards

•              IFRS 17 ''Insurance Contracts'' (effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2021).

 

5. New accounting pronouncement (continued)

 

(ii) Issued by the IASB but not yet adopted by the European Union (continued)

 

Amendments

•              Amendments to IAS 28: Long term Interests in Associates and Joint Ventures (issued on 12 October 2017) (effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019).

•              Amendments to IAS 19: Plan Amendment, Curtailment or Settlement (issued on 7 February 2018) (effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019).

•              Annual Improvements to IFRSs 2015 2017 Cycle (issued on 12 December 2017) (effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019)

•              Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards (effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2020)

•              IFRS 10 (Amendments) and IAS 28 (Amendments) ''Sale or Contribution of Assets between an Investor and its Associate or Joint Venture(effective date postponed indefinitely).

 

New IFRICs

•              IFRIC Interpretation 23 ''Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments'' (effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019).

 

The above are expected to have no significant impact on the Company's financial statements when they become effective.

 

Amendments

·      Amendments to IAS 28: Long term Interests in Associates and Joint Ventures (issued on 12 October 2017) (effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019).

·      Amendments to IAS 19: Plan Amendment, Curtailment or Settlement (issued on 7 February 2018) (effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019).

·      Annual Improvements to IFRSs 2015 2017 Cycle (issued on 12 December 2017) (effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019)

·      Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards (effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2020)

·      IFRS 10 (Amendments) and IAS 28 (Amendments) ''Sale or Contribution of Assets between an Investor and its Associate or Joint Venture(effective date postponed indefinitely).

 

New IFRICs

 

IFRIC Interpretation 23 ''Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments'' (effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019).

The above are expected to have no significant impact on the Company's financial statements when they become effective.

 

6. Critical accounting estimates and judgments

 

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRSs requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates and requires Management to exercise its judgment in the process of applying the Group's accounting policies. It also requires the use of assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. These estimates are based on Management's best knowledge of current events and actions and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results though may ultimately differ from those estimates.

 

As the Group makes estimates and assumptions concerning the future, the resulting accounting estimates will, by definition, seldom equal the related actual results. The estimates and assumptions that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year are discussed below:

 

·        Provision for impairment of receivables

The Group reviews its trade and other receivables for evidence of their recoverability. Such evidence includes the counter party's payment record, and overall financial position, as well as the state's ability to pay its dues (VAT receivable). If indications of non-recoverability exist, the recoverable amount is estimated and a respective provision for impairment of receivables is made. The amount of the provision is charged through profit or loss. The review of credit risk is continuous and the methodology and assumptions used for estimating the provision are reviewed regularly and adjusted accordingly. As at the reporting date Management did not consider necessary to make a provision for impairment of receivables.

 

·             Fair value of investment property

The fair value of investment property is determined by using various valuation techniques. The Group selects accredited professional valuers with local presence to perform such valuations. Such valuers use their judgment to select a variety of methods and make assumptions that are mainly based on market conditions existing at each financial reporting date. The fair value has been estimated as at 31 December 2018 (Note 20.2).

 

·             Income taxes

Significant judgment is required in determining the provision for income taxes. There are transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain during the ordinary course of business. The Group recognizes liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues based on estimates of whether additional taxes will be due. Where the final tax outcome of these matters is different from the amounts that were initially recorded, such differences will impact the income tax and deferred tax provisions in the period in which such determination is made.

 

6. Critical accounting estimates and judgments (continued)

 

·              Impairment of tangible assets

Assets that are subject to depreciation are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the asset's carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's fair value less costs to sell and value in use. For the purposes of assessing impairment, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are separately identifiable cash flows (cash-generating units).

 

·              Provision for deferred taxes

Deferred tax is not provided in respect of the revaluation of the investment property and investment property under development as the Group is able to control the timing of the reversal of this temporary difference and the Management has intention not to reverse the temporary difference in the foreseeable future. The properties are held by subsidiary companies in Ukraine, Greece and Romania. Management estimates that the assets will be realized through a share deal rather than through an asset deal. Should any subsidiary be disposed of, the gains generated from the disposal will be exempt from any tax.

 

·              Application of IFRS 10

The Group has considered the application of IFRS 10 and concluded that the Company is not an Investment Entity as defined by IFRS 10 and it should continue to consolidate all of its investments, as in 2016. The reasons for such conclusion are among others that the Company continues:

a)   not to be an Investment Management Service provider to Investors,

b)   to actively manages its own portfolio (leasing, development, allocation of capital expenditure for its properties, marketing etc.) in order to provide benefits other than capital appreciation and/or investment income,

c)   to have investments that are not bound by time in relation to the exit strategy nor to the way that are being exploited,

d)   to provide asset management services to its subsidiaries, as well as loans and guarantees (directly or indirectly),

e)  even though is using Fair Value metrics in evaluating its investments, this is being done primarily for presentation purposes rather that evaluating income generating capability and making investment decisions. The latter is being based on metrics like IRR, ROE and others.

7. Risk Management 

 

7.1 Financial risk factors

 

The Group is exposed to operating country risk, real estate property holding and development associated risks, property market price risk, interest rate risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, currency risk, other market price risk, operational risk, compliance risk, litigation risk, reputation risk, capital risk and other risks arising from the financial instruments it holds. The risk management policies employed by the Group to manage these risks are discussed below.

 

7.1.1 Operating Country Risks

 

The Group is exposed to risks stemming from the political and economic environment of countries in which it operates. Notably:

 

7.1.1.1 Ukraine

 

In 2018, the Ukrainian economy proceeded recovery from the economic and political crisis of previous years and demonstrated sound real GDP growth of around 3.4% (2017: 2.5%), modest annual inflation of 9.8% (2017: 13.7%), and slight devaluation of national currency by around 2.4% to USD and 8.2% to EUR comparing to previous year averages. Also Ukraine continued to limit its political and economic ties with Russia, given annexation of Crimea, an autonomous republic of Ukraine, and a frozen armed conflict with separatists in certain parts of Luhanska and Donetska regions. Amid such events, the Ukrainian economy demonstrated further refocusing on the European Union ("EU") market realizing all potentials of established Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area with EU, in such a way effectively reacting to mutual trading restrictions imposed between Ukraine and Russia. As a result, the weight of the Russian's export and import substantially fell from 18.2% and 23.3% in 2014 to around 7.7% and 14.2% in 2018, respectively. In terms of currency regulations, the new currency law was adopted in 2018 and came into force on 7 February 2019. It purports to enable the NBU to promulgate more liberal currency regulation and soften a number of currency restrictions, such as: requirement to register loans obtained from non-residents with the NBU, 180-day term for making payments in foreign economic transactions, required 50% share of mandatory sale of foreign currency proceeds, etc. Further economic growth depends, to a large extent, upon success of the Ukrainian government in realization of planned reforms, cooperation with the International Monetary Fund ("IMF"), and smooth transition through presidential and parliamentary elections, due in March and October 2019, respectively.

 

7.1.1.2 Greece

 

Greek economy experienced growth for the second consecutive year coupled with lower unemployment rate, rise in domestic demand and over 4% primary surplus.

 

Following the agreement with the credit institutions (EU/ECB/IMF/ESM), Greek economy exited relevant support program in August 2018, with Greek Government Bonds falling to their lowest yields since 2006.

 

However, public debt remains at high levels, and further reduction requires sustainable pro-growth reforms, high future primary surpluses and additional debt restructuring. Moreover, banking sector continues to face difficulties, with non-performing loans standing at 45% of outstanding bank loan portfolio, and as a result foreclosures and e-auctions of collaterals in default have become common, while at the same time bank financing is tight putting constraints in business and investments.

  

7. Risk Management (continued)

 

7.1 Financial risk factors (continued)

 

7.1.1 Operating Country Risks (continued)

 

7.1.1.2 Greece (continued)

 

Officially in a pre-election period, Greece will benefit from a continuous reform program and tight economic policies that will be adopted by any new government, which will allow Greece to do to the markets and strengthen its recovery signs. On the other hand, any political instability will have negative impact on the economy, and consequently the results and financial position of Group's Greek operations could be negatively affected to some extent, in a manner not currently determinable.

 

7.1.1.3 Romania

 

Romanian economy continued its growth in 2018, gaining one place to rank 15th by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) values according to Eurostat. The strong growth has been fueled by domestic private consumption, with investment and net exports both having a negative influence.

 

The economy maintains balanced economic variables with a widen current deficit at around 4% of GDP, public debt less than 35% of GDP and rising inflation rate. Unemployment rate of 3,6% is the lowest it has been for the past 20 years, driving wages up, but still labor cost is one of the lowest in European Union attracting continuously foreign investment in production and services sectors. The labor market is expected to remain tight but inflation is expected to ease from its 2018 high. Finally, budget deficit is forecast to continue increasing, driven by increase on public wages and pensions.

 

Possible overheating of the economy in the future may emerge risks, as economic activity will slow down, prices will drop, and the local activities of the Group could be negatively affected. The Group monitors closely the performance of the Romanian economy, and the local political and fiscal developments, in order to detect negative signs and being able to adjust effectively its local strategy and its operations in the country.

 

7.1.2 Risks associated with property holding and development associated risks

 

Several factors may affect the economic performance and value of the Group's properties, including: 

·      risks associated with construction activity at the properties, including delays, the imposition of liens and defects in workmanship;

·      the ability to collect rent from tenants, on a timely basis or at all, taking also into account the UAH rapid devaluation;

·      the amount of rent and the terms on which lease renewals and new leases are agreed being less favorable than current leases;

·      cyclical fluctuations in the property market generally;

·      local conditions such as an oversupply of similar properties or a reduction in demand for the properties;

·      the attractiveness of the property to tenants or residential purchasers;

·      decreases in capital valuations of property;

·      changes in availability and costs of financing, which may affect the sale or refinancing of properties;

·      covenants, conditions, restrictions and easements relating to the properties;

·      changes in governmental legislation and regulations, including but not limited to designated use, allocation, environmental usage, taxation and insurance;

·      the risk of bad or unmarketable title due to failure to register or perfect our interests or the existence of prior claims, encumbrances or charges of which we may be unaware at the time of purchase;

·      the possibility of occupants in the properties, whether squatters or those with legitimate claims to take possession;

·      the ability to pay for adequate maintenance, insurance and other operating costs, including taxes, which could increase over time; and

·      political uncertainty, acts of terrorism and acts of nature, such as earthquakes and floods that may damage the properties.

 

7.1.3 Property Market price risk

 

Market price risk is the risk that the value of the Group's portfolio investments will fluctuate as a result of changes in market prices. The Group's assets are susceptible to market price risk arising from uncertainties about future prices of the investments. The Group's market price risk is managed through diversification of the investment portfolio, continuous elaboration of the market conditions and active asset management. To quantify the value of its assets and/or indicate the possibility of impairment losses, the Group commissioned internationally acclaimed valuers.

 

7.1.4 Interest rate risk

 

Interest rate risk is the risk that the value of financial instruments will fluctuate due to changes in market interest rates.

 

The Group's income and operating cash flows are substantially independent of changes in market interest rates as the Group has no significant interest‑bearing assets apart from its cash balances that are mainly kept for liquidity purposes.

 

The Group is exposed to interest rate risk in relation to its borrowings. Borrowings issued at variable rates expose the Group to cash flow interest rate risk. Borrowings issued at fixed rates expose the Group to fair value interest rate risk. All of the Group's borrowings are issued at a variable interest rate. Management monitors the interest rate fluctuations on a continuous basis and acts accordingly.

 

7. Risk Management (continued)

 

7.1 Financial risk factors (continued)

 

7.1.5 Credit risk

 

Credit risk arises when a failure by counter parties to discharge their obligations could reduce the amount of future cash inflows from financial assets at hand at the end of the reporting period. Cash balances are held with high credit quality financial institutions and the Group has policies to limit the amount of credit exposure to any financial institution.

 

7.1.6 Currency risk

 

Currency risk is the risk that the value of financial instruments will fluctuate due to changes in foreign exchange rates.

 

Currency risk arises when future commercial transactions and recognized assets and liabilities are denominated in a currency that is not the Group's functional currency. Excluding the transactions in Ukraine all of the Group's transactions, including the rental proceeds are denominated or pegged to EUR. In Ukraine, even though there is no steady income stream, the fluctuations of UAH against EUR entails significant FX risk for the Group in terms of its local assets valuation. Management monitors the exchange rate fluctuations on a continuous basis and acts accordingly. It should be noted that the current political uncertainty in Ukraine, and any currency devaluation may affect the Group's financial position.

 

Management is monitoring foreign exchange fluctuations closely and acts accordingly.

 

7.1.7 Capital risk management

 

The Group manages its capital to ensure that it will be able to continue as a going concern while maximizing the return to shareholders through the optimization of the debt and equity balance. The Group's core strategy is described in Note 44.1 of the consolidated financial statements.

 

7.1.8 Compliance risk

 

Compliance risk is the risk of financial loss, including fines and other penalties, which arises from non‑compliance with laws and regulations of each country the Group is present, as well as from the stock exchange where the Company is listed. Although the Group is trying to limit such risk, the uncertain environment in which it operates in various countries increases the complexities handled by Management.

 

7.1.9 Litigation risk

 

Litigation risk is the risk of financial loss, interruption of the Group's operations or any other undesirable situation that arises from the possibility of non‑execution or violation of legal contracts and consequentially of lawsuits. The risk is restricted through the contracts used by the Group to execute its operations.

 

7.1.10 Insolvency risk

 

Insolvency arises from situations where a company may not meet its financial obligations towards a lender as debts become due. Addressing and resolving any insolvency issues is usually a slow moving process in the Region. Management is closely involved in discussions with creditors when/if such cases arise in any subsidiary of the Group aiming to effect alternate repayment plans including debt repayment so as to minimize the effects of such situations on the Group's asset base.

 

7.2. Operational risk

 

Operational risk is the risk that derives from the deficiencies relating to the Group's information technology and control systems, as well as the risk of human error and natural disasters. The Group's systems are evaluated, maintained and upgraded continuously.

 

7.3. Fair value estimation

 

The fair values of the Group's financial assets and liabilities approximate their carrying amounts at the end of the reporting period.

 

 

8. Investment in subsidiaries

 

The Company has direct and indirect holdings in other companies, collectively called the Group, that were included in the consolidated financial statements, and are detailed below.

 

			Holding %
Name	Country of incorporation	Related Asset	as at  31 Dec 2018	as at 31 Dec 2017
SC Secure Capital Limited	Cyprus		100	100
LLC Aisi Ukraine	Ukraine	Kiyanovskiy Residence	100	100
LLC Trade Center	Ukraine		100	100
LLC Almaz‑Pres‑Ukraine	Ukraine	Tsymlyanskiy Residence	55	55
LLC Aisi Bela	Ukraine	Bela Logistic Park Balabino Project	100	100
LLC Retail Development Balabino	Ukraine		100	100
LLC Interterminal	Ukraine		100	100
LLC Aisi Ilvo	Ukraine		100	100
Myrnes Innovations Park Limited	Cyprus	Innovations Logistics Park	100	100
Best Day Real Estate Srl	Romania		100	100
Yamano Holdings Limited	Cyprus	EOS Business Park	100	100
Secure Property Development and Investment Srl	Romania		-	100
N-E Real Estate Park First Phase Srl	Romania		100	100
Victini Holdings Limited	Cyprus	Victini Logistics	100	100
Victini Logistics Park S.A. (ex SPDI Logistics S.A.)	Greece		100	100
Zirimon Properties Limited	Cyprus	Delea Nuova (Delenco)	100	100
Bluehouse Accession Project IX Limited	Cyprus		100	100
Bluehouse Accession Project IV Limited	Cyprus		100	100
BlueBigBox 3 Srl	Romania		100	100
SPDI Real Estate Srl	Romania	Kindergarten	50	50
SEC South East Continent Unique Real Estate Investments II Limited	Cyprus		100	100
SEC South East Continent Unique Real Estate (Secured) Investments Limited	Cyprus		100	100
Diforio Holdings Limited	Cyprus	Residential and Land portfolio	100	100
Demetiva Holdings Limited	Cyprus		100	100
Ketiza Holdings Limited	Cyprus		90	90
Frizomo Holdings Limited	Cyprus		100	100
SecMon Real Estate Srl	Romania		-	100
SecVista Real Estate Srl	Romania		-	100
SecRom Real Estate Srl	Romania		-	100
Ketiza Real Estate Srl	Romania		90	90
Edetrio Holdings Limited	Cyprus		100	100
Emakei Holdings Limited	Cyprus		100	100
RAM Real Estate Management Limited	Cyprus		50	50
Iuliu Maniu Limited	Cyprus		45	45
Moselin Investments Srl	Romania		45	45
Rimasol Enterprises Limited	Cyprus		44,24	44,24
Rimasol Real Estate Srl	Romania		44,24	44,24
Ashor Ventures Limited	Cyprus		44,24	44,24
Ashor Development Srl	Romania		44,24	44,24
Jenby Ventures Limited	Cyprus		44,30	44,30
Jenby Investments Srl	Romania		44,30	44,30
Ebenem Limited	Cyprus		44,30	44,30
Ebenem Investments Srl	Romania		44,30	44,30
Sertland Properties Limited	Cyprus		100	100
Boyana Residence ood	Bulgaria		100	100
Mofben Investments Limited	Cyprus		100	100
SPDI Management Srl	Romania		100	100

 

During the reporting period the Group did not proceed with any acquisitions or disposals, however BlueBigBox 3 Srl sold its property, Praktiker Craiova to a 3^rd party.

 

8. Investment in subsidiaries (continued)

 

The Group has resolved to streamline its structure in Cyprus and Romania for cost cutting and tax optimization purposes. Towards this goal, during the reporting period the following mergers have been finalized:

 

Α. merger by absorption of SecVista Real Estate Srl acting as Absorbed Company, with Best Day Real Estate Srl acting as Absorbing Company,

 

Β. merger by absorption of SecRom Real Estate Srl and Secure Property Development and Investment Srl acting as Absorbed Companies, with N-E Real Estate Park First Phase Srl acting as Absorbing Company.

 

A restructuring in 2017 was implemented at GreenLake project and the Kindergarten together with one villa were passed to another SPV, namely SPDI Real Estate Srl (Note 21a). As far as disposals is concerned during 2017 the Company concluded successfully the sale of its Terminal Brovary in Ukraine, as well as the sale of Delia land plot in Bucharest, Romania (Note 21b).

 

Following extended but unsuccessful negotiations for more than 2 years with Tonescu Finance Srl, the company which has acquired Monaco Towers property's loan, SecMon Real Estate Srl entered voluntarily in January 2018 into insolvency process, in order to protect its interests against its creditor, given that the value of the assets is higher than the value of the relevant loan. The entering of SecMon Real Estate Srl in the insolvency process means loss of control as per the definition of IFRS 10. As such SecMon Real Estate Srl is not consolidated in the present consolidated financial statements.

 

9. Discontinued operations

 

9.(a) Description

 

The Company announced at 18 December 2018 that it has entered into a conditional implementation agreement for the sale of its property portfolio, excluding its Greek logistics properties ('the Non-Greek Portfolio'), in an all-share transaction to Arcona Property Fund N.V.. The transaction is subject to, among other things, asset and tax due diligence (including third party asset valuations) and regulatory approvals (including the approval of a prospectus required in connection with the issuance and admission to listing of the new Arcona Property Fund N.V. shares), as well as successful negotiating and signature of transaction documents. If successful, the Company and Arcona expect to close the transaction during H2 2019.

 

Additionally, the Company is entertaining strong interest to sell also the Greek Logistic property during 2019 and it is in discussions with various possible buyers.

 

The companies that are classified under discontinued operations are the followings:

·      Bulgaria: Boyana Residence ood

·      Cyprus: Ashor Ventures Limited, Ebenem Limited, Jenby Ventures Limited, Edetrio Holdings Limited, Rimasol Enterprises Limited, Emakei Holdings Limited, Iuliu Maniu Limited, Ram Real Estate Management Limited, Frizomo Holdings Limited, Ketiza Holdings Limited

·      Greece: Victini Logistics Park S.A.

·      Romania: Ashor Development Srl, Ebenem Investments Srl, Jenby Investments Srl, Rimasol Real Estate Srl, Moselin Investments Srl, Best Day Real Estate Srl, N-E Real Estate Park First Phase Srl, Ketiza Real Estate Srl, SPDI Real Estate Srl

·      Ukraine: LLC Aisi Bela, LLC Aisi Ukraine, LLC Almaz‑Pres‑Ukraine, LLC Trade Center, LLC Retail Development Balabino

 

As a result, the Company has reclassified all assets and liabilities related to these properties as held for sale according to IFRS 5 (Note 4.3 & 4.10).

 

9. Discontinued operations (continued)

 

9.(b) Results of discontinued operations

 

 

	Note	2018	2017
		€	€
Income	10	2.378.875	2.445.466
Asset operating expenses	11	(606.069)	(629.842)
Net Operating Income		1.772.806	1.815.624
Administration expenses	12	(260.714)	(353.532)
Share of profits/(losses) from associates	22	364.920	390.217
Valuation gains/(losses) from Investment Property	13	(1.218.297)	145.859
Net loss on disposal of inventory	14a	(13.553)	(43.871)
Net gain/(loss) on disposal of investment property	14b	(48.225)	4.366
Gain realized on acquisition of assets	21a	-	23.921
Other operating income/(expenses), net	16	(363.435)	2.668
Operating profit / (loss)		233.502	1.985.252
Finance income	17	9.979	9.813
Finance costs	17	(1.542.580)	(1.661.288)
Profit / (loss) before tax and foreign exchange differences		(1.299.099)	333.777
Foreign exchange (loss), net	18a	(10.233)	(1.335.517)
Loss before tax		(1.309.332)	(1.001.740)
Income tax expense	19	(96.567)	(71.910)
Loss for the year		(1.405.899)	(1.073.650)
Loss attributable to:
Owners of the parent		(699.271)	(1.985.925)
Non-controlling interests		(706.628)	912.275
		(1.405.899)	(1.073.650)

 

9.(c) Cash flows from(used in) discontinued operation

 

	31 Dec 2018	31 Dec 2017
	€	€
Net cash flows provided in operating activities	2.930.026	338.194
Net cash flows from / (used in) financing activities	(3.910.958)	589.605
Net cash flows from / (used in) investing activities	1.287.742	(2.112.036)
Net increase/(decrease) from discontinued operations	306.810	(1.184.237)

 

9.(d) Assets and liabilities of disposal group classified as held for sale

 

The following assets and liabilities were reclassified as held for sale in relation to the discontinued operation as at 31 December 2018:

 

	Note	31 Dec 2018	31 Dec 2017
		€	€
Assets classified as held for sale
Investment properties	20.4a	63.345.537	67.232.502
Investment properties under development	20.4b	4.716.157	4.586.009
Tangible and intangible assets	24	42.534	61.711
Long-term receivables and prepayments	25	270.271	270.301
Investments in associates	22	5.313.235	5.115.587
Financial asset at fair value through OCI	23	1	-
Inventory	26	4.604.044	4.812.550
Prepayments and other current assets	27	682.134	1.008.456
Cash and cash equivalents	28	704.825	477.809
Total assets of group held for sale		79.678.738	83.564.925
Liabilities directly related with assets classified as held for sale
Borrowings	32	22.605.474	25.577.585
Finance lease liabilities	37	10.470.012	10.826.243
Trade and other payables	34	1.500.603	1.389.189
Taxes payables	36	432.528	474.253
Provision on taxes	36	66.002	-
Deposits from tenants	35	219.274	187.976
Total liabilities of group held for sale		35.293.893	38.455.246

 

10. Income

 

Income from continued operations for the year ended 31 December 2018 represents:

 

a)   rental income, as well as service charges and utilities income collected from tenants as a result of the rental agreements concluded with tenants of Innovations Logistics Park (Romania) and Praktiker Craiova (Romania). It is noted that part of the rental and service charges/ utilities income related to Innovations Logistics Park (Romania) is currently invoiced by the Company as part of a relevant lease agreement with the Innovations SPV and the lender, however the asset, through the SPV, is planned to be transferred as part of the transaction with Arcona Property Fund N.V. Upon a final agreement for such transfer, the Company will negotiate with the lender its release from the aforementioned lease agreement, and if succeeds, upon completion such income will be also transferred.

b)   income from third parties and /or partners for consulting and managing real estate properties (sale of property Praktiker Craiova, GreenLake etc., Terminal Brovary for 2017).

 

Continued operations	31 Dec 2018	31 Dec 2017
	€	€
Rental income	631.636	986.748
Service charges and utilities income	9.534	30.206
Service and property management income	128.293	1.163.548
Total income	769.463	2.180.502

 

Income from discontinued operations for the year ended 31 December 2018 represents:

 

a)   rental income, as well as service charges and utilities income collected from tenants as a result of the rental agreements concluded with tenants of Innovations Logistics Park (Romania), EOS Business Park (Romania), and Victini Logistics (Greece),

b)   income from the sale of electricity by Victini Logistics to the Greek grid,

c)   rental income and service charges by tenants of the Residential Portfolio, and;

d)   income from third parties and /or partners for consulting and managing real estate properties

 

Discontinued operations (Note 9)	31 Dec 2018	31 Dec 2017
	€	€
Rental income	1.963.724	1.985.059
Sale of electricity	294.773	321.365
Service charges and utilities income	118.211	135.936
Service and property management income	2.167	3.106
Total income	2.378.875	2.445.466

 

Occupancy rates in the various income producing assets of the Group as at 31 December 2018 were as follows:

 

Income producing assets
%		31 Dec 2018	31 Dec 2017
EOS Business Park	Romania	100	100
Innovations Logistics Park	Romania	37	60
Victini Logistics	Greece	100	100
Praktiker Craiova	Romania	-	100
Kindergarten	Romania	100	100

 

11. Asset operating expenses

 

The Group incurs expenses related to the proper operation and maintenance of all properties in Kiev, Bucharest, Athens, Sofia and Craiova. A part of these expenses is recovered from the tenants through the service charges and utilities recharge (Note 10).

 

Under continued operations are all the expenses related to Praktiker Craiova.

 

Continued operations	31 Dec 2018	31 Dec 2017
	€	€
Property related taxes	(77.723)	(57.638)
Property management fees	-	(26.923)
Repairs and technical maintenance	(4.150)	(3.465)
Utilities	-	(25.234)
Property security	-	(1.742)
Property insurance	(36.446)	(6.072)
Leasing expenses	-	(2.187)
Total	(118.319)	(123.261)

 

11. Asset operating expenses (continued)

 

Under discontinued operations are all the expenses related to Innovations Logistics Park (Romania), EOS Business Park (Romania), Victini Logistics (Greece), Residential Portfolio (Romania), GreenLake (Romania), Boyana Residence (Bulgaria) and all Ukrainian properties.

 

Discontinued operations (Note 9)	31 Dec 2018	31 Dec 2017
	€	€
Property related taxes	(227.819)	(194.024)
Property management fees	(120.630)	(124.629)
Repairs and technical maintenance	(69.377)	(121.605)
Utilities	(73.715)	(73.500)
Property security	(37.301)	(46.515)
Property insurance	(32.638)	(36.101)
Leasing expenses	(44.258)	(32.142)
Other operating expenses	(331)	(1.326)
Total	(606.069)	(629.842)

 

Property related taxes reflect local taxes related to land and building properties (in the form of land taxes, building taxes, garbage fees, etc.).

 

Property Management fees relate to Property Management Agreements for Innovations Logistics Park, Victini Logistics and Praktiker Craiova with third party managers outsourcing the related services.

 

Leasing expenses reflect expenses related to long term land leasing.

 

12. Administration Expenses

 

Continued operations	31 Dec 2018	31 Dec 2017
	€	€
Salaries and Wages	(556.580)	(770.545)
Advisory fees	(438.423)	(349.344)
Public group expenses	(210.097)	(228.373)
Corporate registration and maintenance fees	(65.234)	(170.815)
Audit and accounting fees	(100.141)	(76.523)
Legal fees	(193.644)	(70.121)
Depreciation/Amortization charge	(5.502)	(35.407)
Corporate operating expenses	(199.226)	(293.353)
Total Administration Expenses	(1.768.847)	(1.994.481)

 

Discontinued operations (Note 9)	31 Dec 2018	31 Dec 2017
	€	€
Salaries and Wages	(43.073)	(54.803)
Advisory fees	(26.666)	(65.697)
Corporate registration and maintenance fees	(54.903)	(43.936)
Audit and accounting fees	(65.690)	(83.017)
Legal fees	(20.650)	(40.227)
Depreciation/Amortization charge	(21.882)	(8.722)
Corporate operating expenses	(27.850)	(57.130)
Total Administration Expenses	(260.714)	(353.532)

 

Salaries and wages include the remuneration of the CEO, the CFO, the Group Commercial Director, the Group Investment Director (until his departure in April 2017) and the Country Managers of Ukraine and Romania who have accepted a temporary reduction in their remuneration, as well as the salary cost of personnel employed in the various Company's offices in the region which has been reduced following the completion of Terminal Brovary sale in Ukraine.

 

Advisory fees are mainly related to advisors, brokers and other professionals engaged in relevant transactions and capital raising campaigns, as well as outsourced human resources support on the basis of relevant  contracts. In particular, the total amount in 2018 includes one-off elements related to the disposal of Praktiker asset (EUR 180k) and due diligence expenses (EUR 90k) for non-consummated transactions, in relation to the acquisitions of logistic asset portfolios in Greece and Romania.

 

Audit and accounting expenses include the audit fees and accounting fees for the Company and all the subsidiaries.

 

Public group expenses include among others fees paid to the AIM:LSE stock exchange and the Nominated Adviser of the Company, as well as other expenses related to the listing of the Company.

 

Corporate registration and maintenance fees represent fees charged for the annual maintenance of the Company and its subsidiaries, as well as fees and expenses related to the normal operation of the companies including charges by the relevant local authorities.

 

Legal fees represent legal expenses incurred by the Group in relation to asset operations (rentals, sales, etc.), ongoing legal cases in Ukraine and compliance with AIM listing, as well as one-off fees associated with legal services and advise in relation to due diligence process and capital raising campaigns (EUR 80k) and legal support for the disposal of the Praktiker Craiova asset (EUR 60k).

12. Administration Expenses (continued)

 

Corporate operating expenses include office expenses, travel expenses, (tele)communication expenses, D&O insurance and all other general expenses for Cypriot, Romanian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian and Greek operations.

 

13. Valuation gains / (losses) from investment properties

 

Valuation gains /(losses) from investment property for the reporting period, excluding foreign exchange translation differences which are incorporated in the table of Note 21.2, are presented in the tables below.

 

Continued operations
Property Name (€)	Valuation gains/(losses)
	31 Dec 2018	31 Dec 2017
	€	€
Delia Lebada	-	(13.618)
Praktiker Craiova	-	194.720
Total	-	181.102

 

Discontinued operations (Note 9)
Property Name (€)	Valuation gains/(losses)
	31 Dec 2018	31 Dec 2017
	€	€
Bela Logistic Park	(125.768)	356.575
Kiyanovskiy Residence	(23.024)	(166.603)
Tsymlyanskiy Residence	(7.914)	35.379
Balabino Project	(97.707)	51.460
Rozny Lane	(35.932)	(54.446)
Innovations Logistics Park	610.366	(734.463)
EOS Business Park	422.971	524.922
Residential Portfolio	1.362	121.357
GreenLake	(1.107.293)	510.107
Kindergarten	44.642	491.571
Victini Logistics	(900.000)	(500.000)
Boyana Land	-	(490.000)
Total	(1.218.297)	145.859

 

14. Gain/ (Loss) from disposal of properties

 

During the reporting period the Group proceeded with selling properties classified under either Investment Property (Romanian residential assets) or Inventory (Bulgarian residential assets), both designated as non-core assets. The gain/ (losses) from disposal of such properties are presented below:

 

14a Inventory (Note 26)

 

During 2018 the Group sold 3 apartments in Bulgaria (2017: 3 apartments). 

 

Discontinued operations (Note 9)	31 Dec 2018	31 Dec 2017
	€	€
Income from sale of inventory	194.953	171.833
Cost of inventory	(208.504)	(215.704)
Loss from disposal of inventory	(13.553)	(43.871)

 

14b Investment property

 

During October 2018, the Company proceeded with the sale of Praktiker Craiova.

 

Continued operations	31 Dec 2018	31 Dec 2017
	€	€
Income from sale of investment property	6.517.181	-
Cost of investment property	(7.362.362)	-
Loss from disposal of investment property	(845.181)	-

 

During 2018 the Group sold 10 apartments in Romfelt Plaza (Doamna Ghica) and 5 apartments and 2 parking spaces in Zizin while during 2017 the Group sold 4 apartments in Romfelt Plaza and 2 apartments in Zizin. Additionally a villa in SPDI Real Estate Srl was sold during 2018.

 

Discontinued operations (Note 9)	31 Dec 2018	31 Dec 2017
	€	€
Income from sale of investment property	1.499.392	363.985
Cost of investment property	(1.547.617)	(359.619)
(Loss)/ Gain from disposal of investment property	(48.225)	4.366

 

15. Provisions

 

Continued operations	31 Dec 2018	31 Dec 2017
	€	€
Provisions (Note 42.3)	-	150.000
Total	-	150.000

 

Provision was taken by management in 2015 for Delia Lebada amounting to €700.000 while finally the Company as part of the sale of the asset and the release of the corporate guarantee paid €550.000 and as such the difference of €150.000 was reversed in 2017 (Note 42.3).

 

16. Other operating income/(expenses), net

 

Continued operations	31 Dec 2018	31 Dec 2017
	€	€
Accounts payable written off	-	1.126
Other income	-	5
Other income	-	1.131
Impairment of prepayments and other current assets	(26.389)	(378.925)
Penalties	(4.959)	(133)
Other expenses	(368)	(149)
Other expenses	(31.716)	(379.207)
Other operating income/(expenses), net	(31.716)	(378.076)

 

Discontinued operations (Note 9)	31 Dec 2018	31 Dec 2017
	€	€
Accounts payable written off	85	20.735
Other income	30.010	11.360
Other income	30.095	32.095
Impairment of prepayments and other current assets	(388.900)	(2.680)
Penalties	(4.334)	(22.553)
Other expenses	(296)	(4.194)
Other expenses	(393.530)	(29.427)
Other operating income/(expenses), net	(363.435)	2.668

 

Total impairment of prepayments and other current assets includes the expected credit loss provision due to adoption of IFRS9 which amounts to €118.089 (continued operations €26.389 and discontinued operations €91.700), and in discontinued operations impairment of €297.200 for Monaco Towers (Note 23).

 

17. Finance costs and income

 

Continued operations
Finance income	31 Dec 2018	31 Dec 2017
	€	€
Interest received from non-bank loans (Note 41.1.1)	685.778	2.467
Interest income associated with banking accounts	405	1.096
Total finance income	686.183	3.563

 

 

Finance costs	31 Dec 2018	31 Dec 2017
	€	€
Interest expenses (bank)	(140.903)	(256.079)
Interest expenses (non-bank) (Note 41.1.2)	(120.376)	(29.975)
Finance charges and commissions	(24.329)	(36.175)
Bonds interest	(68.133)	(20.495)
Other finance expenses	-	(46.767)
Total finance costs	(353.741)	(389.491)
Net finance result	332.442	(385.928)

 

17. Finance costs and income (continued)

 

Discontinued operations (Note 9)
Finance income	31 Dec 2018	31 Dec 2017
	€	€
Interest received from non-bank loans (Note 41.1.1)	9.979	9.796
Interest income associated with banking accounts	-	17
Total finance income	9.979	9.813

 

Finance costs	31 Dec 2018	31 Dec 2017
	€	€
Interest expenses (bank)	(986.466)	(1.021.618)
Interest expenses (non-bank) (Note 41.1.2)	(7.251)	(33.565)
Finance leasing interest expenses	(513.461)	(567.850)
Finance charges and commissions	(35.402)	(31.810)
Other finance expenses	-	(6.445)
Total finance costs	(1.542.580)	(1.661.288)
Net finance result	(1.532.601)	(1.651.475)

 

Interest income from non-bank loans, reflects income from loans granted by the Group for financial assistance of associates. For 2018 this amount includes also interest on Loan receivables from 3^rd parties provided as an advance payment for acquiring a participation in an investment property portfolio (Olympians portfolio) in Romania. The loan provided under an agreement incorporating a convertibility option exercisable until 28 February 2018. Such option was not exercised and the loan is payable in a 12 month period from the exercise date or the relevant notification date, bearing a fixed interest rate of 10% and secured by relevant corporate guarantees, while the Company is in the process of getting agreed security in the form of pledge of shares following the relevant process provided in the Loan Agreement. Such interest calculated in 2018 for all amounts withdrawn under this loan agreement and their respective interest periods.

 

Borrowing interest expense represents interest expense charged on bank and non-bank borrowings (Note 32).

 

Finance leasing interest expenses relate to the sale and lease back agreements of the Group (Note 37).

 

Finance charges and commissions include regular banking commissions and various fees paid to the banks.

 

Bonds interest represent interest calculated for the bonds issued by the Company during 2017 (Note 33).

 

Other finance expenses for 2017 includes interest on tax for prior years related to Cyprus companies.

 

 

18. Foreign exchange profit / (losses)

 

a.     Non realised foreign exchange loss

 

Foreign exchange losses (non-realised) resulted from the loans and/or payables/receivables denominated in non EUR currencies when translated in EUR. The exchange loss for the year ended 31 December 2018 from continued operations amounted to €71.390 (2017: loss €695.043).

 

The exchange loss from discontinued operations for the year ended 31 December 2018 amounted to €10.233 (2017: loss €1.335.517) (Note 9).

 

b.     Exchange difference on intercompany loans to foreign holdings

 

The Company has loans receivable from foreign group subsidiaries which are considered as part of the Group's net investments in those foreign operations (Note 41.3). For these intercompany loans the foreign exchange differences are recognized initially in other comprehensive income and in a separate component of equity. During 2018, the Group recognized a foreign exchange profit of €1.850 (2017:loss €3.538). Upon disposal of such foreign operations and thus of Terminal Brovary during 2017, the accumulated foreign exchange difference amounting to €37.352.923 was transferred to the Consolidated Profit or Loss for the year.

 

19. Tax Expense

 

Continued operations	31 Dec 2018	31 Dec 2017
	€	€
Income and defence tax expense	(613.034)	(524.255)
Taxes	(613.034)	(524.255)