Adjustments to the basket of securities
necessitated by the rebalancing of or adjustment to an index could affect the
underlying market for constituent securities of the applicable index which in
turn would be reflected in the value of that index. Similarly, subscriptions for units of an ETF
by authorized participants may impact the market for constituent securities of
the index, as the authorized participant seeks to buy or borrow such securities
to constitute baskets of securities to deliver to the ETF as payment for the
units to be issued.
•ETF industry sector
risk. The Funds may invest in ETFs
that provide exposure to securities involving industry sector risks. Investing
in one specific sector of the stock market entails greater risk (and potential
reward) than investing in all sectors of the stock market. If a sector declines
or falls out of favor, the share values of most or all of the companies in that
sector will generally fall faster than the market as a whole. The opposite is
also true.
An industry can be significantly affected by, among
other things, supply and demand, speculation, events relating to international
political and economic developments, energy conservation, environmental issues,
increased competition from other providers of services, commodity prices,
regulation by various government authorities, government regulation of rates
charged to customers, service interruption due to environmental, operational or
other mishaps, the imposition of special tariffs and changes in tax laws,
regulatory policies and accounting standards, and general changes in market
sentiment. Moreover, it is possible that other developments, such as
increasingly strict environmental and safety laws and regulations and
enforcement policies thereunder and claims for damages to property or persons
resulting from operations, could result in substantial costs and liabilities,
delays or an inability to complete projects or the abandonment of projects.
Exposure to equity securities that have exposure to
commodity markets may entail greater volatility than traditional securities. The
value of securities exposed to commodity markets may be affected by commodity
index volatility, changes in interest rates, or factors affecting a particular
industry or commodity, such as drought, floods, weather, livestock disease,
embargoes and tariffs.
The extent of these factors cannot be accurately
predicted and will change from time to time, but a combination of these factors
may result in issuers not receiving an adequate return on invested capital. Many
industries are very competitive and involve many risks that even a combination
of experience, knowledge and careful evaluation may not be able to overcome.
Foreign
Currency Risk. Securities and
other instruments in which a Fund invests may be denominated or quoted in
currencies other than the U.S. dollar. For this reason, changes in foreign
currency exchange rates can affect the value of a Fund’s portfolio. Generally,
when the U.S. dollar rises in value against a foreign currency, a security
denominated in that currency loses value because the currency is worth fewer
U.S. dollars. Conversely, when the U.S. dollar decreases in value against a
foreign currency, a security denominated in that currency gains value because
the currency is worth more U.S. dollars. This risk, generally known as “currency
risk,” means that a strong U.S. dollar will reduce returns for U.S. investors
while a weak U.S. dollar will increase those returns.
Each Fund’s NAV is determined on the basis of U.S.
dollars; therefore, unless perfectly hedged, the Fund may lose value if the
local currency of a foreign market depreciates against the U.S. dollar, even if
the local currency value of the Fund’s holdings goes up. Currency exchange rates
may fluctuate significantly over short periods of time for a number of reasons,
including changes in interest rates and the overall economic health of the
issuer. Currency exchange rates also can be affected unpredictably by
intervention; by failure to intervene by U.S. or foreign governments or central
banks; or by currency controls or political developments in the United States or
abroad. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates may affect the NAV of a Fund
and the price of the Fund’s shares. Devaluation of a currency by a country’s government
or banking authority would have a significant impact on the value of any
investments denominated in that
currency.
Foreign
Securities Risk. Foreign
investments involve additional risks because financial markets outside of the
United States may be less liquid and companies may be less regulated and have
lower standards of accounting and financial reporting. There may not be an
established stock market or legal system that adequately protects the rights of
investors. Foreign investments can also be affected by social, political or
economic instability. Investment in foreign securities involves higher costs
than investment in U.S. securities, including higher transaction and custody
costs as well as the imposition of additional taxes by foreign governments.
Foreign governments may impose investment restrictions. In general, securities
issued by companies in more developed markets, such as the United States, Canada
and Western Europe, have a lower foreign market risk. Securities issued in
emerging or developing markets, such as Southeast Asia or Latin America, tend to
have a higher foreign market risk than securities issued in developed markets.